Participation of the USSR in the liberation struggle of the peoples of Europe against fascism. The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

21.09.2019

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Plan: 1. Multinational Soviet people on the war fronts. 2. The economy of the USSR during the war years. 3. National movements during the war. 4. National policy.

1. The war did not leave other peoples of the USSR aside in their struggle against fascism. Dozens of national divisions and battalions were created. Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. For courage and heroism, this title was awarded to: 8160 Russians 2069 Ukrainians 309 Belarusians 161 Tatars 108 Jews 96 Kazakhs 90 Georgians 69 Uzbeks 61 Mordvins 44 Chuvash 43 Azerbaijanis 39 Bashkirs 32 Ossetians 18 Mari.

Felix Baltushis-Žemaitis, major general, commander of the 16th Lithuanian Rifle Division. Guard Major General, Hero of the Soviet Union Sabir Rakhimov, commander of the army of the Belarusian Front.

Unan Avetisya, assistant platoon commander of the 1st company of the 390th Infantry Regiment of the 89th Infantry Division of the 18th Army of the North. Caucasian Front, Hero of the Soviet Union, senior sergeant. Mame tova Manshuk machine gunner of the 21st Guards Rifle Division of the 3rd shock army Kalinin Front, guard senior sergeant. The first Kazakh woman to be awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Kim Il Sung, major, battalion commander of the 88th Independent Rifle Brigade. Future President of North Korea.

The main slogan of the home front in those years was the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for Victory,” which was steadily implemented. Hundreds of plants and factories were evacuated to Central Asia, along with engineers and workers. At the expense of the peoples of the country, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, thousands of tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats, guns, and mortars were created.

In those areas that were annexed to the USSR later than others, and those in which repression and collectivization hit the hardest, with the advent of the Nazis, nationalist sentiments grew, in which Hitler and the Reich were presented as liberators. This was especially active in Western Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic states, Crimea, Checheno-Ingushetia, etc.

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), created by nationalists in the occupied territories, was particularly cruel and atrocious. Among them stood out the elders and policemen, who were sometimes more cruel than the German occupiers. UPA victims

From captured Soviet soldiers, the Russian Liberation Army was formed on a voluntary basis, led by the traitor general Vlasov. Many white emigrant generals also went over to the fascists.

The intensification of national movements led to a tightening of national policies. In the summer of 1941, the Volga Germans were declared “saboteurs and spies.” (1.5 million people) and deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. At the same time, 50 thousand Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were deported to Siberia on the same charges. In October 1943, 70 thousand Karachais were evicted to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93 thousand Kalmyks and 40 thousand Balkars were deported to Siberia. Many were removed directly from the front, despite their posts and ranks, and were also deported. On February 23, 1944, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were sent to the East, and in May 1944, 180 thousand Crimean Tatars were sent to Uzbekistan. As a result of the deportation, tens of thousands died along the way. Waiting for deportation. Volga Germans at the station.

§ 35. The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

Multinational Soviet people on the war fronts. When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would collapse under the blow of his armies, “like a house of cards.” But not only did this not happen, but on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people united even more in a minute mortal danger. Protection single state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as a national task for each of its more than 100 peoples.

Representatives of all nations (KhSR) fought in the ranks of the Red Army from the first days of the war. Taking into account the increased national self-awareness during the war, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, warriors from among the peoples of the Volga region and North Caucasus, the Far North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic states and the Far East.

Among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were the first to take the blow of Hitler’s troops, representatives of 30 nationalities fought and died. The friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of different nationalities was equally evident in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals of the union republics of Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, centers autonomous republics and regions - Maykop, Rozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze. Heroes of different nationalities fought to the death defending Odessa and Sevastopol, Kyiv and Kharkov, Novorossiysk and Stalingrad, Smolensk and Tula.

The exploits of the Russian heroes A. M. Matrosov, A. K. Pankratov, V. V. Vasilkovsky, who covered the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their breasts, were repeated by the Ukrainian A. E. Shevchenko, the Estonian I. I. Laar, the Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, the Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldovan I. I. Soltys, Jew E. S. Belinsky, Kazakh S. B. Bai-bagambetov, Belarusian P. V. Kostyuchek, hundreds of fighters of other nationalities.

Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper.

On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, and on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60.

For the courage and heroism of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on the fronts of the war, 8160 Russians, 2069 Ukrainians, 309 Belarusians, 161 Tatar, 108 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 61 Uzbeks, 44 Chuvash, 43 Azerbaijani, 39 Bashkirs, 32 Bashkirs, 39 Bashkirs were awarded. Ossetian, 18 Mari, etc.

The economy of the Union republics during the war. Friendship from the first days of the war Soviet peoples manifested itself in the restructuring of the country's economy on a war footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees along with them. They were placed with local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijanis, etc., who shared not only shelter, but also food with evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. Most of the enterprises moved to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left there after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

The initiators of important initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Kazakh S. Bekbosynov, the Belarusian D. F. Bosy and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. IN agriculture collective farmers of different nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiev, M. I. Brovko, D. M. Garmash, P. I. Kovardak, T. S. Maltsev and others.

In all national regions of the country, from the first days of the war, the movement of people of different nationalities to collect Money, clothing and shoes, food to help the army, refugees and displaced persons. During the war, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats were built at the expense of the people of the country during the war, and thousands of guns and mortars were created.

Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation special fund help liberated areas. The fighting was still ongoing, and workers of different nationalities were already rebuilding enterprises in the autonomous regions of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

National movements during the war. At the same time, the war caused a revival of national movements, as a rule, in those areas of the country where the authorities’ policies pre-war years caused the strongest protest from the local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the goal of achieving national independence. The largest of them was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which operated in Ukraine since the late 20s. Similar, but less numerous organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the outbreak of war, especially as it approaches German troops, the activities of these organizations have intensified. The creation of armed detachments began to fight the Red Army. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The armed struggle against the government was carried out by the Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others. Cases of attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or surrounded units of the Red Army became more frequent.

The Germans tried to bring national movements in the USSR under their control in order to facilitate the task of military defeat of the Red Army. From captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) was formed under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were headed by former generals and officers of the White armies.

However, despite the measures taken, the Germans were never able to create a sufficiently serious military force from the national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National policy. The intensification of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specificity, much less armed resistance, was declared treason. Often, not only those who actually collaborated with the Germans, but all representatives of a given people were accused of treason.

In this regard, during the war years it was carried out deportation entire peoples and the liquidation of a number of national autonomies.

In summer 1941 The entire German population of the country (almost 1.5 million people) was declared “saboteurs and spies” and subject to deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans was liquidated. At the same time, more than 50 thousand Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were deported to Siberia.

In October 1943, almost 70 thousand Karachais were evicted to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93 thousand Kalmyks to Siberia. Soon, in just one day, 40 thousand Balkars were loaded into freight cars and sent to the east. At the same time, 15 thousand Balkars who fought at the front were exiled to Kazakhstan directly from the front. No exceptions were made even for the Heroes of the Soviet Union and the party and state leadership of the autonomous republics and regions. The only difference was that they were transported to their places of exile not in “heatboxes”, but in reserved seat or even compartment carriages.

On February 23, 1944, a large-scale operation to deport Chechens and Ingush began. People were invited to rallies dedicated to the Day Red Army, after which they forced me to my knees and read out the eviction order. They were given 15 - 20 minutes to take with them a bundle of food and things, after which they were driven to the railway stations and loaded into freight cars. In total, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself was abolished.

In April - May 1944, more than 180 thousand Crimean Tatars were taken from Crimea to Uzbekistan. Following them, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Greeks were also deported. The resettlement also partially affected Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Ossetians, Abazas, Avars, Nogais, Lazy, Laks, Tavlins, Dargins, Kumyks, and Dagestanis.

As a result of the deportation, up to 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush died, half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachai.

This approach of Stalin to national politics not only did not solve the existing problems in interethnic relations, but also inevitably led to the formation of a new wave of national movements in the post-war years.

Thus, Hitler’s calculations for the collapse of the allied Soviet state under the blows of the Wehrmacht did not come true. The moral and political unity of the multinational Soviet people became the most important condition his victories in the Great Patriotic War.

QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Why did the Germans’ hopes for the collapse of the Soviet multinational state collapse? 2. Tell us about the contribution of various peoples of the USSR to the victory over Germany. 3. Tell us about the attempts of the Hitlerite leadership to use national movements in the USSR. What are the results of these attempts? Why did they end unsuccessfully? 4. Determine your attitude towards collaboration during the war. Can the actions of the collaborators be justified by the idea of fighting the Stalinist regime?

Expanding vocabulary:

AUTONOMY - the right of a territory to self-government.

§ 36. USSR at the final stage of World War II

Military-strategic situation at the beginning of 1944 By early 1944, Germany had suffered significant losses, but was still a strong opponent. It kept almost 2/3 of its divisions (up to 5 million people) on the Soviet-German front. Almost 75% of its tanks and self-propelled guns (5.4 thousand), guns and mortars (54.6 thousand), and aircraft (more than 3 thousand) were concentrated here. However, having suffered a heavy defeat in 1943, the German army switched to strategic defense.

At the cost of the heroic efforts of the entire Soviet people, by this time the superiority of the Red Army was ensured not only in numbers (6.3 million people), but also in aircraft (10.2 thousand), guns and mortars (up to 96 thousand). Only in terms of the number of tanks and self-propelled guns were the forces of the parties approximately equal (there were about 5.3 thousand of them in our troops).

By this time, Soviet military enterprises were producing 8 times more tanks, 6 times more guns, 8 times more mortars, and 4 times more aircraft than before the war.

In an effort to consolidate military success, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered in 1944 to ensure the final defeat of the German army and the liberation of the territory of the USSR.

"Ten Stalinist blows." In January, the first major blow was struck against the enemy near Leningrad. The blockade was broken, and German troops were driven back to Narva and Pskov.

In February - March a major offensive Soviet troops was undertaken in Ukraine. As a result, almost all of Right Bank Ukraine was liberated from occupation.

In April - May, the defeat of German troops in Crimea was completed. If the Germans needed in 1941 - 1942. 250 days to end up in Sevastopol, the Soviet troops needed only three days to liberate it.

On June 6, Allied troops began a grand landing operation in Normandy. This meant the opening of the long-awaited second front. To prevent the Germans from transferring troops to the west, on June 10, the Red Army launched a summer offensive on the Karelian Isthmus. Having broken through the Mannerheim Line and captured Vyborg and Petrozavodsk, Soviet troops forced Finland to leave the war and begin peace negotiations.

The most powerful offensive was the offensive of our troops in Belarus (Operation Bagration), which began on June 23. The main blow was delivered in the central direction, where, due to the abundance of lakes and swamps, the enemy did not expect an attack. What was especially unexpected for him was the tank breakthrough of the Soviet troops in this sector of the front. As a result, German troops were completely defeated in the area of Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Mogilev, and Orsha. Up to 30 enemy divisions were surrounded. Not only all of Belarus was liberated from the enemy, but also a significant part of Lithuania and eastern Polynya. The German Army Group North in the Baltics was also cut in two.

In July, troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front began an offensive, encircling 8 enemy divisions and liberating Lviv.

In August, in the southern direction, the Red Army defeated German-Romanian troops in the Chisinau region. 22 enemy divisions were surrounded and destroyed after refusing to surrender. As a result, the entire southern flank of the German army collapsed. Romania was withdrawn from the war. Its capital, Bucharest, was occupied by Soviet troops on August 31. On September 8, the Red Army crossed the border of Bulgaria. On October 20, Belgrade was liberated by the joint efforts of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Romania and Bulgaria opposed Germany.

In September - October, the main territories of Estonia and Latvia were liberated from the Germans, and 38 enemy divisions were surrounded and destroyed south of Riga.

In the fall, Soviet troops reached the border of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Fearing Hungary's withdrawal from the war, Hitler sent his troops into Budapest. But this could no longer change the situation at the front. With attacks from the north and south, the Red Army closed a ring around the Hungarian capital. Almost 200 thousand enemy troops were surrounded.

At the same time, a blow was struck against German troops in northern Finland, after which the liberation of Norway from the Germans began.

As a result of the “ten Stalinist strikes” in 1944, according to Soviet official data, it was concluded T building 120 enemy divisions.

Crimean (Yalta) conference. In January 1945, Soviet troops, at the request of W. Churchill, launched an offensive along the entire line of the Soviet-German front ahead of schedule in order to help the Anglo-American troops who were experiencing serious difficulties in the Ardennes region.

In the conditions of the rapidly developing offensive of the Red Army, on February 4 - 11, near Yalta (Crimea), the second personal meeting of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition I.V. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill took place. The main issues were no longer so much military plans for the defeat of Germany, but post-war structure peace. The terms of Germany's unconditional surrender were agreed upon, and the terms of its occupation and demilitarization were stipulated.

It was decided to convene a founding conference of the United Nations, main task which was supposed to be the prevention of new wars in the future. The Declaration of a Liberated Europe was also adopted, which proclaimed that when resolving all issues of European development after the war, the USSR, USA and Great Britain must coordinate their actions. The USSR reaffirmed its promise to enter the war against Japan 2 - 3 months after the defeat of Germany.

Liberation of Europe from fascism. Meanwhile, the Soviet offensive continued. Gripped by a war on two fronts, Germany was quickly losing strength for further resistance. However, its main troops were still concentrated on the Soviet-German front, which remained the main one.

Front commanders final stage Great Patriotic War: I. S. Konev, A. M. Vasilevsky, G. K. Zhukov, K. K. Rokossovsky, K. A. Meretskov (sitting, left to right), F. I. Tolbukhin, R. Ya. Malinovsky, L. A. Govorov, A. I. Eremenko, I. Kh. Bagramyan (standing, left to right).

The fight against Germany was carried out by 10 Soviet fronts consisting of 6.7 million people, equipped with 107.3 thousand guns and mortars, 12.1 thousand tanks and SLU, 14.7 thousand aircraft.

By the beginning of April, the territory of Hungary, Poland and East Prussia was liberated. Ra (the battle for Berlin returned, which Stalin ordered to take at any cost without the help of the Western allies. The troops of the 1st Belorussian (Marshal G. K. Zhukov), 2nd Belorussian (Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky) and I to ) Ukrainian (Marshal I. S. Konev) fronts with a total number of 2.5 million people. On April 24, the ring of Soviet troops closed around Berlin. To save the capital, Hitler began to withdraw troops from Western Front, which made the task of the Anglo-American divisions easier. Already on April 25, they linked up with Soviet units on the Elbe in the Torgau region.

On April 30, 1945, soldiers of the 150th Infantry Division M.A. Egorov and M.V. Kantaria hoisted the Red Banner of Victory over the Reichstag. Hitler committed suicide that same day. The Berlin garrison capitulated.

On May 8, in Karlshorst near Berlin, representatives of the victorious countries and Hitler’s military leadership signed an act of unconditional surrender of Germany. From the USSR, the document was signed by Marshal G.K. Zhukov.

But the war for our country ended only on May 9, when the remnants of the German army in Czechoslovakia capitulated. This day was declared Victory Day.

On June 24, exactly four years after the start of the war, the Victory Parade took place on Red Square.

Potsdam Conference. On July 17 - August 2, 1945, a conference of leaders of the victorious powers was held in the suburbs of defeated Berlin - Potsdam. The Soviet delegation was headed by J.V. Stalin, the American by G. Truman, the British by W. Churchill (and from July 28 by his successor as Prime Minister, C. Attlee).

The German question took center stage. It was decided to preserve Germany as a single state, to take measures to disarm it and completely eliminate the remnants of the fascist regime (i.e., denazification). To accomplish this task, it was decided to introduce troops of the victorious countries (including France) into German territory, and the period of their stay was not limited. The issue of reparations from Germany in favor of the USSR, as the country that suffered most from Hitler’s aggression, was also resolved.

The conference established new boundaries in Europe. The pre-war borders of the USSR were recognized, and the territory of Poland was expanded to include German lands. The territory of East Prussia, called in the conference documents “a constant source of military danger in Europe,” was also divided between Poland and the USSR.

The issues of the upcoming Allied war with Japan were also discussed.

The entry of the USSR into the war with Japan. Results of the Second World War. The defeat of Germany did not mean the end of World War II. It lasted for Far East, where the USA, England and China fought a war with Japan.

Fulfilling allied obligations, the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, after which it dealt a crushing blow to the million-strong Japanese Kwantung Army located in Manchuria. In just two weeks, the Soviet army under the command of Marshal A.M. Vasilevsky defeated the main forces of the Japanese and occupied not only Harbin and Mukden in Northeast China, but also Port Arthur and Dalny (on the Liaodong Peninsula), as well as Pyongyang. During the landing operations, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were liberated.

On September 2, 1945, the Japanese delegation aboard the American battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay signed an act of unconditional surrender. World War ended in complete defeat and capitulation of those who unleashed it.

The victory in World War II had world-historical significance. The huge military forces of the aggressor countries were defeated. The military defeat of the Axis powers meant the collapse of the most brutal dictatorial regimes.

The victory over Germany and Japan strengthened sympathy for the USSR throughout the world and immeasurably raised the authority of our country.

The Soviet army ended the war as the most powerful army in the world, and the Soviet Union became one of the two superpowers.

The main source of the USSR's victory in the war was unparalleled courage and heroism Soviet people at the front and in the rear.

The outcome of the struggle with Germany and Japan was decided on the Soviet-German and Soviet-Japanese fronts. On the Soviet-German front, 607 enemy divisions were defeated. Germany lost more than 10 million people (80% of its military losses), 167 thousand artillery pieces, 48 thousand tanks, 77 thousand aircraft (75% of all its equipment) in the war against the USSR ).

The victory came at a huge cost to us. The war claimed the lives of almost 27 million people (including 10 million soldiers and officers). 4 million partisans, underground fighters, and civilians died behind enemy lines. Over 6 million people found themselves in fascist captivity.

Nevertheless, in the popular consciousness, the long-awaited Victory Day became the brightest and most joyful holiday, marking the end of the bloodiest and most destructive of wars.

DOCUMENT

FROM J.V. STALIN’S SPEECH AT THE RECEPTION

Our government made many mistakes; we had moments of despair in 1941 - 1942, when our army retreated, abandoned our native villages and cities... because there was no other way out. Another people could say to the government: “You have not lived up to our expectations, go away, we will install another government that will make peace with Germany and provide us with peace.” But the Russian people did not agree to this, because they believed in the correctness of their government’s policy and made sacrifices to ensure the defeat of Germany. And this trust of the Russian people in the Soviet government turned out to be the decisive force that ensured historic victory over the enemy of humanity - over fascism. Thanks to him, the Russian people, for this trust!

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PEOPLES OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST FASCISM

Multinational Soviet people on the war fronts. When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would collapse under the blow of his armies “like a house of cards.” But not only did this not happen, but, on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even more in a moment of mortal danger. The defense of a single state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as the national task of each of its more than one hundred peoples.

From the first days of the war, envoys from all the peoples of the USSR fought in the ranks of the Red Army. Taking into account the increased national self-awareness during the war, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, representatives of the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, the North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic states and the Far East fought.

Among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were the first to take the blow of Hitler’s troops, representatives of 30 nationalities fought and died. Friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of different nationalities were equally evident in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals of the union republics of Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, the centers of the autonomous republics and regions of the North Caucasus - Maykop, Grozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze.

Exploits of Russian heroes A. M. Matrosov, A. K. Pankratov, V. V. Vasilkovsky, who covered the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their breasts, were repeated by the Ukrainian A. E. Shevchenko, the Estonian I. I. Laar, the Moldavian I. I. Soltys, the Jew E. S. Belinsky, Kazakh S. B. Baybagambetov, Belarusian P. V. Kostyuchek, hundreds of fighters of other nationalities. Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper. On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought with the enemy, on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60. For courage and heroism, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on the war fronts was awarded to 8,160 Russians, 2,069 Ukrainians, 309 Belarusians, 161 Tatars, 108 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 69 Uzbeks, 61 Mordvins, 44 Chuvash, etc.

The economy of the Union republics during the war. From the first days of the war, the friendship of the Soviet peoples was manifested in the transfer of the country's economy to a war footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees along with them. They were placed with local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijanis, etc., who shared not only shelter, but also food with evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. Most of the enterprises evacuated to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left there after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

Representatives of all nations and nationalities of the country participated in the All-Union Socialist Competition, various forms movement of production innovators. The initiators of valuable initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. In agriculture, collective farmers of different nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiev, M. I. Brovko, T. S. Maltsev and others.

In all national regions of the country, from the first days of the war, there was a growing movement of people of different nationalities to collect money, clothing and shoes, and food to help the army, refugees and displaced persons. During the war, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats were built at the expense of the people of the country during the war, and thousands of guns and mortars were created.

Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation of a special fund to help the liberated areas. The fighting was still ongoing, but workers of different nationalities had already begun to restore enterprises in the autonomous regions of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

National movements. The war revived national movements, as a rule, in those areas of the country where the harsh policies of the authorities in the pre-war years caused the strongest protest from the local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the goal of achieving national independence. The largest of them was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), created in Ukraine back in the late 20s. Similar, but less numerous organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the beginning of the war, especially as German troops approached, the activities of these organizations intensified. The creation of armed detachments began to fight the Red Army. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The armed struggle against Soviet power was carried out by the Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others. Cases of attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or surrounded units of the Red Army became more frequent.

The Germans tried to bring national movements in the western regions of the USSR under their control in order to facilitate the task of defeating the Red Army. From captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) was formed under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were headed by former generals and officers of the White armies.

However, despite the measures taken, the Germans were never able to create a sufficiently serious military force from the national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National policy. The intensification of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the national policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specificity, much less armed resistance, was declared treason. However, not only those who actually collaborated with the Germans, but also all representatives of one or another nation were accused of treason. The most reactionary feature of Stalin's national policy was the deportation of entire peoples and the liquidation of a number of national autonomies.

In the summer of 1941, the entire German population of the country (almost 1.5 million people) was declared “saboteurs and spies” and subject to deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans was liquidated. At the same time, more than 50 thousand Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were deported to Siberia.

In October 1943, almost 70 thousand Karachais were evicted to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93 thousand Kalmyks to Siberia. Soon 40 thousand Balkars were loaded into freight cars and sent to the east. At the same time, the Balkars who fought at the front were exiled to Kazakhstan directly from the active army.

On February 23, 1944, the largest operation to deport Chechens and Ingush began. People were invited to rallies dedicated to Red Army Day, after which they were forced to kneel and the eviction order was read out. They were given 15-20 minutes to take a bundle of food and things with them, after which they were driven to the station and loaded into freight cars. In total, 516 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself was abolished. The authorities tried to destroy the very memory of the indigenous inhabitants of these places.

In April-May 1944, more than 194 thousand Crimean Tatars were taken from Crimea to Uzbekistan. Following them, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Greeks were also deported. The resettlement partially affected Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Ossetians, Abazas, Avars, Nogais, Lazy, Laks, Tavlins, Dargins, Kumyks, and Dagestanis.

Losses along the way from hunger, cold and disease led to huge sacrifices. As a result of the deportation, more than 144 thousand people died, including half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachay.

These brutal repressions caused a new surge of national movements in the post-war years.

What you need to know about this topic:

Socio-economic and political development Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Nicholas II.

Domestic policy tsarism. Nicholas II. Increased repression. "Police Socialism"

Russo-Japanese War. Reasons, progress, results.

Revolution 1905 - 1907 Character, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. stages of the revolution. The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Dispersal of the Duma. II State Duma. Coup d'etat June 3, 1907

Third June political system. Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State thought. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. Activities of the Duma. Government terror. Decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910.

Stolypin agrarian reform.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Activities of the Duma.

Political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war. Labor movement summer of 1914. Crisis at the top.

International position of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

The beginning of the First World War. Origin and nature of the war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude to the war of parties and classes.

Progress of military operations. Strategic forces and plans of the parties. Results of the war. The role of the Eastern Front in the First World War.

The Russian economy during the First World War.

Workers' and peasants' movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. The growth of anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition.

Russian culture XIX- beginning of the 20th century

The aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Interim Committee State Duma. Order N I. Formation of the Provisional Government. Abdication of Nicholas II. The reasons for the emergence of dual power and its essence. The February revolution in Moscow, at the front, in the provinces.

From February to October. The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, and labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. Arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd.

Political parties (Cadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government. Attempted military coup in the country. The growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital's Soviets.

Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd.

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decisions about power, peace, land. Formation of organs state power and management. Composition of the first Soviet government.

Victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Government agreement with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Elections in constituent Assembly, its convening and dispersal.

The first socio-economic transformations in the fields of industry, agriculture, finance, labor and women's issues. Church and State.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918. Aggravation of the food issue. Introduction of food dictatorship. Working food detachments. Combeds.

The revolt of the left Socialist Revolutionaries and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia.

The first Soviet Constitution.

Reasons for intervention and civil war. Progress of military operations. Human and material losses during the civil war and military intervention.

Domestic policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War communism". GOELRO plan.

The policy of the new government regarding culture.

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Russia's participation in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 20s. Famine 1921-1922 Transition to a new economic policy. The essence of NEP. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. Financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP period and its collapse.

Creation projects USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The first government and the Constitution of the USSR.

Illness and death of V.I. Lenin. Intra-party struggle. The beginning of the formation of Stalin's regime.

Industrialization and collectivization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition - goal, forms, leaders.

Formation and strengthening state system economic management.

Course on complete collectivization. Dispossession.

Results of industrialization and collectivization.

Political, national-state development in the 30s. Intra-party struggle. Political repression. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalin's regime and the USSR Constitution of 1936

Soviet culture in the 20-30s.

Foreign policy of the second half of the 20s - mid-30s.

Domestic policy. Growth of military production. Emergency measures in the area labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Armed forces. The growth of the Red Army. Military reform. Repressions against the command cadres of the Red Army and the Red Army.

Foreign policy. Non-aggression pact and treaty of friendship and borders between the USSR and Germany. Entry Western Ukraine and Western Belarus in the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. Inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories into the USSR.

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. First stage war. Turning the country into a military camp. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Major military events. Surrender of Nazi Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Soviet rear during the war.

Deportation of peoples.

Guerrilla warfare.

Human and material losses during the war.

Creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. "Big Three" conferences. Problems of post-war peace settlement and comprehensive cooperation. USSR and UN.

Start " cold war". The USSR's contribution to the creation of the "socialist camp". Formation of the CMEA.

Domestic policy of the USSR in the mid-40s - early 50s. Recovery National economy.

Social and political life. Policy in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad case". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "The Doctors' Case"

Socio-economic development of Soviet society in the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s.

Socio-political development: XX Congress of the CPSU and condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult. Rehabilitation of victims of repression and deportation. Internal party struggle in the second half of the 50s.

Foreign policy: creation of the Department of Internal Affairs. Entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. Split of the "socialist camp". Soviet-American relations and Caribbean crisis. USSR and "third world" countries. Reduction in the size of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty of Limitation nuclear tests.

USSR in the mid-60s - first half of the 80s.

Socio-economic development: economic reform of 1965

Growing difficulties economic development. Declining rates of socio-economic growth.

Constitution of the USSR 1977

Social and political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign Policy: Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow Treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 70s. Soviet-Chinese relations. Entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation international tension and the USSR. Strengthening Soviet-American confrontation in the early 80s.

USSR in 1985-1991

Domestic policy: an attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. Attempt at reform political system Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation political crisis.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. "Novoogaryovsky trial". Collapse of the USSR.

Foreign policy: Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Agreements with leading capitalist countries. Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact Organization.

Russian Federation in 1992-2000

Domestic policy: “Shock therapy” in the economy: price liberalization, stages of privatization of commercial and industrial enterprises. Fall in production. Increased social tension. Growth and slowdown in financial inflation. Intensification of the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. Dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies. October events 1993 Abolition of local bodies of Soviet power. Elections in Federal Assembly. Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 Formation of a presidential republic. Aggravation and overcoming national conflicts in the North Caucasus.

Parliamentary elections of 1995. Presidential elections of 1996. Power and opposition. Attempt to return to course liberal reforms(spring 1997) and its failure. Financial crisis August 1998: reasons, economic and political consequences. "Second Chechen War". Parliamentary elections of 1999 and early presidential elections 2000 Foreign Policy: Russia in the CIS. Participation of Russian troops in “hot spots” of the neighboring countries: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Relations between Russia and foreign countries. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia’s position.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of the state and peoples of Russia. XX century.

Multinational Soviet people on the war fronts. When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would collapse under the blow of his armies, “like a house of cards.” But not only did this not happen, but on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even more in a moment of mortal danger. The defense of a single state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as the national task of each of its more than 100 peoples.

Representatives of all nations (KhSR) fought in the ranks of the Red Army from the first days of the war. Taking into account the increased national self-awareness during the war, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, warriors from the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus fought, The Far North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic states and the Far East.

Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper.

On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, and on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60.

The economy of the union republics during the war. From the first days of the war, the friendship of the Soviet peoples was manifested in the restructuring of the country's economy on a war footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees along with them. They were placed with local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijanis, etc., who shared not only shelter, but also food with evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. Most of the enterprises moved to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left there after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

The initiators of important initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Kazakh S. Bekbosynov, the Belarusian D. F. Bosy and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. In agriculture, collective farmers of different nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiev, M. I. Brovko, D. M. Garmash, P. I. Kovardak, T. S. Maltsev and others.

Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation of a special Fund for Assistance to the Liberated Regions. The fighting was still ongoing, and workers of different nationalities were already rebuilding enterprises in the autonomous regions of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

National movements during the war. At the same time, the war caused a revival of national movements, as a rule, in those areas of the country where the policies of the authorities in the pre-war years caused the strongest protest from the local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the goal of achieving national independence. The largest of them was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which operated in Ukraine since the late 20s. Similar, but less numerous organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the beginning of the war, especially as German troops approached, the activities of these organizations intensified. The creation of armed detachments began to fight the Red Army. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The armed struggle against the government was carried out by the Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others. Cases of attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or surrounded units of the Red Army became more frequent.

However, despite the measures taken, the Germans were never able to create a sufficiently serious military force from the national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National policy. The intensification of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specificity, much less armed resistance, was declared treason. Often, not only those who actually collaborated with the Germans, but all representatives of a given people were accused of treason.

In this regard, during the war years it was carried out deportation entire peoples and the liquidation of a number of national autonomies.

On February 23, 1944, a large-scale operation to deport Chechens and Ingush began. People were invited to rallies dedicated to Red Army Day, after which they were forced to kneel and the eviction order was read out. They were given 15 - 20 minutes to take with them a bundle of food and things, after which they were driven to the railway stations and loaded into freight cars. In total, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself was abolished.

As a result of the deportation, up to 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush died, half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachai.

QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS:

Expanding lexicon:

AUTONOMY - the right of a territory to self-government.

Participation of the USSR in the liberation struggle of the peoples of Europe against fascism. The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

Read also

§ 35. The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

Expanding vocabulary:

§ 36. USSR at the final stage of World War II

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