The first People's Commissar of Education in the Soviet government. Not the worst option. He created theaters, opened museums and monuments, and stood up for cultural figures before Lenin himself. However, there is a version that he is the prototype of the image of Woland in Bulgakov’s novel. There was blackness in Anatoly Vasilyevich, there was...

Biography of Anatoly Lunacharsky

He was born in 1875 in Poltava. From childhood, the boy had an undisguised antipathy towards religion. It happened that I split icons on the table. My stepfather drank heavily, and my mother was an eccentric lady with a difficult character. So Anatoly’s childhood could not be called happy. The boy studied poorly, and once even stayed for the second year. He looked eccentric and was the subject of everyone's ridicule. But in his soul he always wanted to become the first, the best. And he decided to definitely achieve this.

In 1892, the young man was captured by the ideas of Social Democracy, and he joined a secret school society. He quickly learned to manage his peers; it turned out to be not difficult at all. After graduating from high school, Anatoly decided to continue his studies in Switzerland, where he became interested in the works of French materialist philosophers. There he met and became close to the Liberation of Labor group.

Studying was combined with a stormy personal life. He was intelligent, witty and outwardly impressive. That is why he enjoyed success with the weaker sex. In Switzerland he became a member. The idea of ​​remaking the world completely captivated him. Returning to Russia, he began the active life of an underground revolutionary. In 1900, after another arrest, he was exiled to provincial Vologda. Here he met a psychiatrist and comrade-in-arms, A. Bogdanov, who dreamed of giving people immortality. Lunacharsky marries Bogdanov’s sister, strengthening his friendly ties with family.

In 1904, Lunacharsky was again in Switzerland, editing Bolshevik newspapers. The RSDLP split. He joined the Bolsheviks. This happened to a large extent thanks to my acquaintance with Lenin. Lunacharsky is in love with Lenin, actively participates in the work of congresses and the fight against the Mensheviks. He writes articles, speaks to workers and tries in every possible way to prove his loyalty to Lenin. but he accurately grasped that, despite all his erudition, Lunacharsky is prone to superficial generalizations and is politically unstable.

From the future leader of the revolution, Lunacharsky received the nickname “destroyer Frivolous.” Indeed, this man was a brilliant amateur, which allowed him to rise so high. He knew a little about everything and nothing exactly. It didn't cost him anything to change his views. After the Bolsheviks seized power, it was Lunacharsky who began to build bridges between the new government and the intelligentsia. He succeeded in something. He knew how to make a favorable impression on intellectuals. They believed him and followed him. It was to Lunacharsky from Poltava that the writer Korolenko appealed, asking him to stop.

Lunacharsky did his best to prevent the destruction of cultural monuments. In 1920, the People's Commissar headed Proletkult. Wide masses began to be introduced to culture. Learned to read and write in short term about 7 million people. Lunacharsky's star began to decline after Lenin's death. In 1933, he was appointed ambassador to Spain. However, on the way to his new duty station, he became seriously ill and died (12/26/1933) in the French town of Menton. Perhaps, having avoided the fate of being repressed in his homeland.

• One of the examples of Lunacharsky’s oratory was preserved in a phonographic recording. He makes a speech in memory of K. Liebknecht and R. Luxemburg.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilievich, Soviet statesman, one of the creators of socialist culture, writer, critic, art critic, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930). Member Communist Party since 1895. Born into the family of a major official. As a high school student, he joined the Marxist self-education circle of an illegal general student organization in Kyiv (1892), and conducted propaganda in workers’ circles. In 1895-98 - in Switzerland, France, Italy; took a course in philosophy and natural science at the University of Zurich; studied the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, as well as the works of the classics of French materialism of the 18th century and German idealistic philosophy of the 19th century; became close to the Liberation of Labor group. From 1898 he carried out revolutionary work in Moscow; in 1899 he was arrested, exiled to Kaluga, then transferred to Vologda, Totma (1900-04). The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries for L. was a period of internally contradictory process of developing a Marxist worldview and passion for the idealistic philosophy of R. Avenarius, which was later reflected in his philosophical views and aesthetic views: on the one hand, emphasizing the role of subjective and biological factors, the influence empirio-criticism (“Fundamentals of Positive Aesthetics”, 1904), on the other hand, highlighting social and class criteria (“Marxism and Aesthetics. Dialogue about Art”, 1905). After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) Bolshevik. In exile he carried out propaganda work. Collaborated in periodicals. In 1904, L., at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin went abroad, joined the editorial staff of the Bolshevik newspapers “Forward” and “Proletary”, and actively participated in the fight against Menshevism. He worked under the leadership of Lenin, who highly valued L.'s literary and propaganda talent. At the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP (1905) he made a report on the armed uprising, and participated in the work of the 4th Congress (1906). Representative of the Bolsheviks at the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) congresses of the 2nd International. In 1904-07, L. played a major role in the struggle for Lenin’s revolutionary tactics. At the same time, there were serious philosophical differences between him and Lenin, which deepened during the years of reaction of 1908-10. L. joined the “Forward” group, became a member of the faction of party schools on the island of Capri and in Bologna, under the influence of the philosophy of empirio-criticism, he preached the ideas of God-building (“Religion and Socialism”, vol. 1-2, 1908-11; “Atheism”, 1908 ; “Philistinism and Individualism”, 1909). Lenin's political and philosophical errors were sharply criticized by Lenin in his work “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.” However, in aesthetics, L. remained a consistent defender of realism, a critic of decadence, a supporter of the connection of art with the ideas of socialism and revolutionary struggle, and a theorist of proletarian art (“Tasks of Social Democratic Artistic Creativity,” 1907; “Letters on Proletarian Literature,” 1914; article on plays M. Gorky, etc.).
During the First World War 1914-18 - an internationalist. In May 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the “Mezhrayontsy”, with whom he was accepted into the party at the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b) (1917). In the October days of 1917, he carried out important assignments of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. After the October Socialist Revolution, in 1917-29, People's Commissar of Education. During the Civil War of 1918-20, he was authorized by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic at the fronts and in front-line areas. Since September 1929, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1927, deputy head of the Soviet delegation at the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. In 1933 he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Delegate to the 8th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 16th Party Congresses.
A man of encyclopedic knowledge, an outstanding theorist of art and literature, an original critic, writer and playwright, publicist and speaker, L. made an enormous contribution to the creation of socialist culture. The formation of the Soviet school, the system of higher and vocational education, the restructuring of scientific institutions, theater, cinema, and publishing are inextricably linked with his name. Together with N.K. Krupskaya, M.N. Pokrovsky and others developed the basic issues of the theory and practice of public education. L. did a lot to unite the old intelligentsia around the Soviet government and the Communist Party, to create a new intelligentsia from among the workers and peasants. In his creativity and activities great place occupied with such problems as culture and socialism, the intelligentsia and the revolutionary people, the relationship between the party, state and art, the tasks and methods of party leadership in the artistic sphere, the importance of cultural heritage for the literature and art of the victorious working class. Defending the position that the proletariat is the sole heir to all the cultural values ​​of the past, rebuffing nihilistic leftism, L. closely linked the issues of mastering the artistic heritage with the problems of proletarian, socialist art and literature. L. was the first major theorist and critic of Soviet art. He played a major role in the formation and development of Marxist aesthetics and art criticism, and made a huge contribution to the struggle for the ideological richness and artistic diversity of socialist art. In L.’s articles and speeches, for the first time, correct assessments of many Soviet artists were expressed, literary groups and artistic movements. In L.'s works, acute socio-political characteristics are combined with a subtle aesthetic analysis of works of art. L. was one of the first to point out the importance of Lenin’s epistemological and historical principles for all art, systematized Lenin’s statements about literature (“Lenin and Literary Studies,” 1932) and substantiated a new method of Soviet art (“Socialist Realism,” 1933). L.'s meetings with foreign artists contributed to the rallying of progressive artistic forces around the Republic of Soviets. A personal friend of R. Rolland, A. Barbusse, B. Shaw, B. Brecht and other Western artists, L. “was a universally respected ambassador of Soviet thought and art” (Rolland) abroad.
Works in recent years have testified to Lenin's revision of certain erroneous aspects of his philosophical and aesthetic views.

Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilievich
Born: November 11 (November 23), 1875.
Died: December 26, 1933 (58 years old).

Biography

From October 1917 to September 1929 - the first People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, an active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907 and October revolution 1917. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (02/01/1930).

Anatoly Lunacharsky was born in 1875 in Poltava, from an extramarital relationship between the actual state councilor Alexander Ivanovich Antonov (1829-1885) and Alexandra Yakovlevna Rostovtseva (1842-1914) who belonged to the Rostovtsev family. Lunacharsky received his patronymic, surname and noble title from his stepfather, Vasily Fedorovich Lunacharsky, who adopted him, whose surname, in turn, is the result of rearranging the syllables in the surname “Charnalusky”. Since Lunacharsky's stepfather was the illegitimate son of a nobleman and a serf peasant woman, he did not receive nobility at birth and rose to the rank of nobility in the public service. Difficult family relationships between mother and stepfather, unsuccessful attempts at divorce had a dramatic impact on little Anatoly: due to living in two families and quarrels between mother and stepfather, he even had to stay a second year at the gymnasium.

I became acquainted with Marxism while studying at the First Men's Gymnasium in Kyiv; in 1892 he joined an illegal student Marxist organization. Conducted propaganda among workers. One of Lunacharsky’s gymnasium comrades was N.A. Berdyaev, with whom Lunacharsky later polemicized. In 1895, after graduating from high school, he went to Switzerland, where he entered the University of Zurich.

At the university he took a course in philosophy and natural science under the guidance of Richard Avenarius; studied the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as the works of French materialist philosophers; Lunacharsky was also greatly influenced by the idealistic views of Avenarius, which conflicted with Marxist ideas. The result of the study of empirio-criticism was the two-volume study “Religion and Socialism”, one of the main ideas of which is the connection between the philosophy of materialism and the “religious dreams” of the past. The Swiss period of Lunacharsky’s life also included a rapprochement with Plekhanov’s socialist group “Emancipation of Labor”.

In 1896-1898, young Lunacharsky traveled through France and Italy, and in 1898 he came to Moscow, where he began to engage in revolutionary work. A year later he was arrested and deported to Poltava. In 1900, he was arrested in Kyiv, spent a month in Lukyanovskaya prison, and sent into exile - first to Kaluga, and then to Vologda and Totma. In 1903, after the split of the party, Lunacharsky became a Bolshevik (he had been a member of the RSDLP since 1895). In 1904, at the end of his exile, Lunacharsky moved to Kyiv and then to Geneva, where he became a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspapers Proletary and Forward. Soon Lunacharsky was already one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks.

He became close to A. A. Bogdanov and V. I. Lenin; under the leadership of the latter, he participated in the fight against the Mensheviks - Martov, Dan and others. Participated in work III(1905, made a report on the armed uprising) and the IV Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In October 1905 he went to Russia to campaign; started working at the newspaper New life"; was soon arrested and put on trial for revolutionary agitation, but fled abroad. In 1906-08, he led the art department of the Education magazine. By the end of the 1900s, philosophical disagreements between Lunacharsky and Lenin intensified; they soon developed into a political struggle. In 1909, Lunacharsky took an active part in organizing the extreme left group of “otzovists”, or “Vperyodists” (after the name of the magazine “Forward”, published by this group), who believed that Social Democrats had no place in the Stolypin Duma and demanded the recall of the Social Democratic faction . Since the Bolshevik faction excluded the group from its ranks, subsequently, until 1917, he remained outside the factions. “Lunacharsky will return to the party,” Lenin told Gorky, “he is less an individualist than those two (Bogdanov and Bazarov). An extremely richly gifted nature.” Lunacharsky himself noted about his relationship with Lenin (dating back to 1910): “We personally did not break off relations and did not aggravate them.”

Together with other “Vperyodists” (ultimatumists), he participated in the creation of party schools for Russian workers in Capri and Bologna; Representatives of all factions of the RSDLP were invited to give lectures at this school. During this period he was influenced by empirio-critical philosophers; was subjected to harsh criticism by Lenin (in his work “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism”, 1908). He developed the ideas of god-building.

Back in 1907, he participated in the Stuttgart Congress of the International, then in Copenhagen. Worked as a reviewer of Western European literature in many Russian newspapers and magazines, spoke out against chauvinism in art.

From the very beginning of the First World War, Lunacharsky took an internationalist position, which was strengthened under the influence of Lenin; was one of the founders of the pacifist newspaper “Our Word”, about which I. Deutscher wrote: ““Our Word” brought together a wonderful circle of authors, almost each of whom wrote his name in the annals of the revolution.”

At the end of 1915 he moved with his family from Paris to Switzerland.

In 1917

How I wish there was some Lunacharsky in France, with the same understanding, the same sincerity and clarity regarding politics, art and everything that is alive
! - Romain Rolland, 1917

News about February Revolution 1917 stunned Lunacharsky; On May 9, leaving his family in Switzerland, he arrived in Petrograd and joined the “Mezhrayontsy” organization. From them he was elected as a delegate to the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD (June 3-24, 1917). He advocated the idea of ​​dissolving the State Duma and the State Council and transferring power to the “working classes of the people.” On June 11, he defended internationalist positions when discussing the military issue. In July, he joined the editorial staff of the newspaper “Novaya Zhizn” created by Maxim Gorky, with which he collaborated from the moment of his return. But soon after the July Days he was accused by the Provisional Government of treason and arrested. From July 23 to August 8 he was in Kresty prison; At this time, he was elected in absentia as one of the honorary chairmen of the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b), at which the Mezhrayontsy united with the Bolsheviks.

On August 8, at the Petrograd conference of factory committees, he made a speech against the arrests of the Bolsheviks. On August 20, he became the leader of the Bolshevik faction in the Petrograd City Duma. During Kornilov's speech, he insisted on transferring power to the Soviets. From August 1917, Lunacharsky worked for the newspaper Proletary (published instead of Pravda, which was closed by the government) and for the magazine Prosveshchenie; conducted active cultural and educational activities among the proletariat; stood for the convening of a conference of proletarian educational societies.

In the early autumn of 1917, he was elected chairman of the cultural and educational section and deputy mayor of Petrograd; became a member of the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic. On October 25, at an emergency meeting of the Petrograd Soviet, the RSD supported the Bolshevik line; made a heated speech directed against the right-wing Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries who left the meeting.

After the October Revolution, he entered the government formed by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies as People's Commissar of Education. In response to the Bolsheviks' bombing of Moscow's historical monuments during the armed uprising in the second capital of Russia, he left the post of People's Commissar of Education on November 2, 1917, accompanying his resignation with an official statement to the Council of People's Commissars:

I just heard from eyewitnesses what happened in Moscow. St. Basil's Cathedral and the Assumption Cathedral are being destroyed. The Kremlin, where all the most important treasures of Petrograd and Moscow are now collected, is being bombarded. There are thousands of victims. The struggle becomes fierce to the point of bestial anger. What else will happen. Where to go next? I can't stand this. My gauge is full. I am powerless to stop this horror. It is impossible to work under the yoke of these thoughts that drive you crazy. I understand the gravity of this decision. But I can't take it anymore. The next day, the people's commissars recognized the resignation as “inappropriate”, and Lunacharsky recalled it. He was a supporter of a “homogeneous socialist government,” but, unlike V. Nogin, A. Rykov and others, he did not leave the Council of People’s Commissars on this basis. He remained People's Commissar of Education until 1929.

After the October Revolution

According to L. D. Trotsky, Lunacharsky y as People's Commissar of Education played an important role in attracting the old intelligentsia to the side of the Bolsheviks:

Lunacharsky was indispensable in relations with the old university and pedagogical circles in general, who confidently expected the “ignorant usurpers” to completely eliminate the sciences and arts. Lunacharsky enthusiastically and easily showed this closed world that the Bolsheviks not only respected culture, but were also not a stranger to getting to know it. More than one priest of the department in those days had to look with his mouth wide open at this vandal, who read half a dozen new languages ​​and two ancient ones and, in passing, unexpectedly discovered such versatile erudition that it could easily be enough for a good dozen professors. In 1918-1922, Lunacharsky, as a representative of the Revolutionary Military Council, worked in the front-line regions. In 1919-1921 he was a member of the Central Audit Commission of the RCP (b). He was one of the state prosecutors at the trial of the Social Revolutionaries in 1922. In the first post-revolutionary months, Lunacharsky actively defended the preservation of historical and cultural heritage.

Lunacharsky was a supporter of translating the Russian language into Latin [source not specified 302 days]. In 1929, the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR formed a commission to develop the issue of romanization of the Russian alphabet. From the minutes of the meeting of this commission dated January 14, 1930:

The transition of Russians to a single international alphabet on a Latin basis in the near future is inevitable.

They decided to start Latinization with the languages ​​of national minorities.

Without participating in the internal party struggle, Lunacharsky eventually joined the victors; but, according to Trotsky, “to the end he remained a foreign figure in their ranks.” In the fall of 1929, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Academic Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930).

In the early 1930s, Lunacharsky was director of the Institute of Literature and Language of the Comacademy, director of the Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and one of the editors of the Literary Encyclopedia. Lunacharsky was personally acquainted with such famous foreign writers as Romain Rolland, Henri Barbusse, Bernard Shaw, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Spitteler, Herbert Wells and others. In September 1933, he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR to Spain, where he was unable to arrive due to health reasons. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain from angina pectoris in the French resort of Menton. The body was cremated, the urn with the ashes was installed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

Family

First wife (1902-1922) - Anna Aleksandrovna Malinovskaya (1883-1959) - writer, sister of the philosopher and politician A. A. Bogdanov-Malinovsky
Son - Anatoly Anatolyevich (1911-1943) - writer, died during the landing in Novorossiysk
Second wife (1922-1933) - Natalya Alexandrovna Rosenel (1900-1962) - actress, translator, author of memoirs
Adopted daughter - Irina Lunacharskaya (1918-1991) - military chemical engineer, journalist
Brothers

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1862-1929) - cadet, collector of books on art.
Platon Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1867-1904) - physician, doctor of medicine, participant in the revolutionary movement of 1904-05.
Yakov Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1869-1929) - lawyer.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1879-1919) - until October 1917 he was a commissioner from the Union of Cities for the Kyiv region, and later was engaged in public activities. Died of typhus in Tuapse.

Creation

Lunacharsky made a huge contribution to the formation and development of socialist culture - in particular, the Soviet education system, publishing, theater and cinema. According to Lunacharsky, cultural heritage of the past belongs to the proletariat and only to it.

Lunacharsky acted as an art theorist. His first work on the theory of art was the article “Fundamentals of Positive Aesthetics.” In it, Lunacharsky gives the concept of the ideal of life - a free, harmonious, open to creativity and pleasant existence for a person. The ideal of personality is aesthetic; it is also associated with beauty and harmony. In this article, Lunacharsky defines aesthetics as a science. Undoubtedly, the works of the German philosopher Feuerbach and, in particular, N. G. Chernyshevsky had a strong influence on Lunacharsky’s aesthetic views. Lunacharsky is trying to build his theory on the basis of idealistic humanism and anti-dialecticalism. For Lunacharsky, the phenomena of social life are biological factors (this philosophical view was formed on the basis of the empirio-criticism of Avenarius). However, years later, Lunacharsky renounced many of his views set out in the first article. Lunacharsky's views regarding the role of materialism in the theory of knowledge underwent a major revision.

As a literary historian, Lunacharsky reviewed the literary heritage with the aim of cultural education of the proletariat, assessed the works of the greatest Russian writers, their significance in the struggle of the working class (collection of articles “Literary Silhouettes”, 1923). Lunacharsky wrote articles about many writers Western Europe; He considered the work of the latter from the point of view of the struggle of classes and artistic movements. The articles were included in the book “The History of Western European Literature in its Most Important Moments” (1924). Almost all of Lunacharsky's articles are emotional; Lunacharsky did not always choose a scientific approach when studying a subject.

Lunacharsky is one of the founders of proletarian literature. In his views on proletarian literature, the writer relied on Lenin’s article “Party Organization and Party Literature” (1905). The principles of proletarian literature are put forward in the articles “Tasks of Social Democratic Artistic Creativity” (1907) and “Letters on Proletarian Literature” (1914). According to Lunacharsky, proletarian literature, first of all, is of a class nature, and its main purpose is to develop a class worldview; the writer expressed hope for the emergence of “major talents” among the proletarians. Lunacharsky participated in the organization of circles of proletarian writers outside Soviet Russia, took an active part in the work of Proletkult.

From works of art Most of all written by Lunacharsky drams; the first of them - “The Royal Barber” - was written in January 1906 in prison; in 1907 the drama “Five Farces for Amateurs” was created, in 1912 - “The Stick of Babel”. Lunacharsky's plays are very philosophical and are based mostly on empiriocritical views. Of Lunacharsky’s post-October dramas, the most significant are the dramas “Faust and the City” (1918), “Oliver Cromwell” (1920; Cromwell in the play is presented as a historically progressive person; at the same time, Lunacharsky rejects the requirement of dialectical materialism to defend the point of view of a certain social group), “Thomas Campanella” (1922), “Don Quixote Unbound” (1923), in which famous historical and literary images receive a new interpretation. Some of Lunacharsky's plays were translated into foreign languages ​​and performed in foreign theaters.

Lunacharsky also acted as a translator (translation of “Faust” by Lenau and others) and memoirist (memories of Lenin, the events of 1917 in Russia).

Essays

Lifetime publications are posted in chronological order. Reissues are not included in the list.

The sketches are critical and polemical. - Moscow: Pravda, 1905.
Royal barber. - St. Petersburg: “Delo”, 1906.
Responses of life. - St. Petersburg: ed. O. N. Popova, 1906.
Five farces for fans. - St. Petersburg: “Rosehip”, 1907.
Ideas in masks. - M.: “Zarya”, 1912.
Cultural tasks of the working class. - Petrograd: “Socialist”, 1917.
A. N. Radishchev, the first prophet and martyr of the revolution. - Petrograd: publication of the Petrograd Council, 1918.
Dialogue about art. - M.: All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 1918.
Faust and the city. - Petrograd: ed. Literary and publishing department of Narkompros, 1918.
Magi. - Yaroslavl: ed. Theo Narkompros, 1919.
Vasilisa the wise. - Petrograd: Giza, 1920.
Ivan is in heaven. - M.: “Palace of Art”, 1920.
Oliver Cromwell. East. melodrama in 10 scenes. - M.: Giza, 1920.
Chancellor and locksmith. - M.: Giza, 1921.
Faust and the city. - M.: Giza, 1921.
Temptation. - M.: Vkhutemas, 1922.
Don Quixote Freed. - Guise, 1922.
Thomas Campanella. - M.: Giza, 1922.
Etudes are critical. - Guise, 1922.
Dramatic works, vols. I-II. - M.: Giza, 1923.
Fundamentals of positive aesthetics. - M.: Giza, 1923.
Art and revolution. - M.: “New Moscow”, 1924.
History of Western European literature in its most important moments, part. 1-2. - Guise, 1924.
Lenin. - L.: Gosizdat, 1924.
Bear wedding. - M.: Giza, 1924.
Arsonist. - M.: “Krasnaya Nov”, 1924.
Theater and revolution. - M.: Giza, 1924.
Tolstoy and Marx. - Leningrad: “Academia”, 1924.
Literary silhouettes. - L.: Giza, 1925.
Critical studies. - L.: ed. Lengubono Book Sector, 1925.
The fate of Russian literature. - L.: “Academia”, 1925.
Critical studies (Western European literature). - M.: “ZIF”, 1925.
I. - M.: ed. MODPiK, 1926.
In the West. - M.-L.: Giza, 1927.
In the West (Literature and Art). - M.-L.: Giza, 1927.
N. G. Chernyshevsky, Articles. - M.-L.: Giza, 1928.
About Tolstoy, Collection of articles. - M.-L.: Giza, 1928.
The Personality of Christ in Modern Science and Literature (about “Jesus” by Henri Barbusse)
Transcript of the dispute between A.V. Lunacharsky and Alexander Vvedensky. - M.: ed. "Atheist", 1928.
Maksim Gorky. - M.-L.: Giza, 1929.
Spinoza and the bourgeoisie 1933
"Religion and Enlightenment" (rar)
About everyday life: youth and the theory of a glass of water
Books by Lunacharsky removed from libraries in 1961
Lunacharsky A. Former people. Essay on the history of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. M., State ed., 1922. 82 p. 10,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. The Great Revolution (October Revolution). Part 1. Ed. Publishing house Z.I. Grzhebin. Pg., 1919. 99 p. 13,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Memoirs. From the revolutionary past. [Kharkov], “Proletary”, 1925. 79 p. 10,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. V. Gr. Hyacinth Serrati or revolutionary opportunistic amphibian. Pg., Ed. Comintern, 1922. 75 p.
Lunacharsky A.V. Ten years of cultural construction in the country of workers and peasants. M.-L., State. ed., 1927. 134 + p. 35,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Problems of education in the system of Soviet construction. Report at the First All-Union Teachers' Congress. M., “Education Worker”, 1925. 47 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. V. I. Idealism and materialism. II Bourgeois and proletarian culture. Prepared for publication by V. D. Zeldovich. Pg., “The Path to Knowledge”, 1923. 141 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. V. I. Idealism and materialism. II Bourgeois, transitional and socialist culture. M.-L" "Krasnaya Nov", 1924. 209 pp. 7,000 copies.
Lunacharsky A.V. Art and revolution. Digest of articles. [M.], “New Moscow”, 1924. 230 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Results of the decisions of the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the tasks of the cultural revolution. (Report at the university party event on January 18, 1928) M.-L., “Moscow. worker", . 72 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. V. Culture in the capitalist era. (Report made at the Central Club of the Moscow Proletcult named after Kalinin.) M., Vseros. Proletkult, 1923. 54 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Literary silhouettes. M-L., State. ed., 1925. 198 p. 7,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Our tasks on the fronts of labor and defense. Speech at a meeting of the Council of Workers, Peasants, Red Army and Cossack Deputies on August 18, 1920 in Rostov-on-Don. Rostov-on-Don, State ed., 1920. 16 p.
Lunacharsky A.V. Immediate tasks and prospects for public education in the republic. Sverdlovsk, 1928. 32 p. 7,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. V. Essays on the Marxist theory of art. M., AHRR 1926 106 with 4,000 copies.
Lunacharsky A.V. Party and revolution. Collection of articles and speeches. GM.1, “New Moscow”, 1924. 131 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Enlightenment and revolution. Digest of articles. M., “Education Worker”, 1926. 431 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Five years of revolution. M., “Krasnaya Nov”, 1923. 24 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Revolutionary silhouettes. All publications up to and including 1938.
Lunacharsky A.V. Social Basics art. Speech delivered before a meeting of communists of the Moscow Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). M., “New Moscow”, 1925. 56 p. 6,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. Third Front. Digest of articles. M., “Education Worker”, 1925. 152 p. 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A. and Lelevich G. Anatole France. M., “Ogonyok”, 1925. 32 p. 50,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. and Pokrovsky M.N. Seven years of the proletarian dictatorship. [M.], “Moscow. worker", 1925. 78 p. Mosk com. RKP(b). 5,000 copies
Lunacharsky A.V. and Skrypnik N.A. Public education in the USSR in connection with the reconstruction of the national economy. Reports at the VII Congress of the Union of Education Workers. M., “Education Worker”, 1929. 168 p. 5,000 copies

Memory

In 2013, 565 geographical objects (streets, squares, alleys, etc.) in Russia were named after Lunacharsky.
Krasnodar Regional Art Museum named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Theater Library named after. A. V. Lunacharsky (St. Petersburg)
Anatoly Lunacharsky Award for employees of cultural institutions, awarded by the Ministry of Culture
Leningrad Factory musical instruments named after A.V. Lunacharsky (1922-1993).
The Museum-Apartment of A.V. Lunacharsky operates.

Theaters, cinemas

Drama Theater named after Lunacharsky (Vladimir)
Sevastopol Academic Russian Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Kaluga Regional Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Penza Regional Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Armavir Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Vladimir Regional Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Kemerovo Drama Theater named after. A. V. Lunacharsky
Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater (1924-1991)
Rostov Drama Theater (1920-1935)
Cinema "Lunacharsky" (Chernogorsk)

Educational institutions

State Institute of Theater Arts named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Astrakhan State Medical Institute named after A.V. Lunacharsky
School named after A. V. Lunacharsky (Buinsk)
Order of the Badge of Honor, gymnasium No. 5 named after. A. V. Lunacharsky (Vladikavkaz)
Belarusian State Conservatory named after A.V. Lunacharsky
School named after A. V. Lunacharsky (Medvedovskaya station)

Georgy Lunacharsky told us how, after an affair between his grandfather and a 16-year-old ballerina, his mother Galina was born, how she was taken from her mother as a girl, telling her that the baby had died, and why he only learned about his relationship at the age of 50.

- Georgy Sergeevich, this year marks the 80th anniversary of the death of the Soviet political figure, writer, revolutionary and comrade-in-arms of Vladimir Lenin - Anatoly Lunacharsky. As a grandson on your mother's side, did this relationship help you or, conversely, hinder you?

I have never boasted about the status of a descendant. My mother Galina found out that she own daughter Soviet-era figure at only 18 years old. My mother raised us, her children - I also have a brother Alexander and a sister Elena, they are younger than me - in such a spirit that we would not do research on this family and would not communicate with relatives. Therefore, no one in our family made any career using the Lunacharsky surname. It seems to me that even if I had the surname Petrov, nothing would have changed in my life. My brother, when asked about Lunacharsky, says that he is simply a namesake. I myself work as the president of the Russian Football Federation for Disabled People, I have been writing poetry for more than forty years, I even wrote a whole poem about the unusual fate of my mother, called “Poetess”.

- Is it true that the last name helped your mother get Moscow registration?

Yes. This happened when we just arrived in Moscow. Now it’s easier: if you bought an apartment, you were registered, but then you couldn’t buy anything. I was forced to work at a construction site according to the limit, although I immediately became a foreman. And my mother, in order to get my sister into a music school, went to a reception with the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR (then he was Anastas Mikoyan. - Author). He accepted her, but left her alone with some old KGB general. Their meeting lasted 40 minutes. She answered three dozen questions he asked. At the end, he said with satisfaction: “Yes, you are Lunacharsky’s daughter.” He explained that he could not register my mother as a daughter because she did not have official status. “But we know about you, so we won’t touch you, but we ask you not to talk too much about your relationship,” the general said. This is how we lived: they didn’t bother us, but over time they gave us housing and registration.

- There is a lot of idle gossip about the novels of Lenin’s closest friend. Please tell us what connected your mother with Lunacharsky?

My mother Galina was the biological, but not legal daughter of Anatoly Lunacharsky. Anatoly Vasilyevich was very interested in women and often lost his head. The lady with whom he had an affair (my mother was born from him) was a rising ballerina of the Bolshoi Theater. Perhaps, as often happens with many people, an attraction arose between them, a momentary weakness... At the time of their meeting, she was 16 years old, and Lunacharsky was under 50. He managed to get a divorce and remarry the actress Natalya Rosenel. And when my grandmother, a ballerina and revolutionary, had a daughter, the doctors at the hospital told her that the baby had died during childbirth. In fact, the mother was born healthy, but Lunacharsky’s relatives wanted to hide this fact so much that they did everything in order not to recognize the child. She was even given a different middle name at birth - Galina Sergeevna. The girl was separated from her birth mother for life. In six months, Lunacharsky's first wife Anna Bogdanova became her godmother. And this story was told to my mother many years later by priest Alexander Vvedensky, who baptized her. He was then the recognized metropolitan of Rus' (he called Lenin a follower of Jesus Christ, and later he was anathematized. - Author). He was friends with Lunacharsky and participated in political disputes.

- Did Anatoly Vasilyevich himself know that his daughter was alive?

The whole story with the death of the child took place not without the intervention of his wife Natalya Rosenel. Lunacharsky himself knew everything perfectly well, but was completely in the hands of his second actress wife, whose brother was one of the leaders of the NKVD. She went out of her way to ensure that Lunacharsky’s reputation was impeccable. And, naturally, I didn’t want him to have any problems. By the way, when Lunacharsky died, she married a man from the NKVD. Officially, Lunacharsky had one son, Anton, from his first wife Anna, who died at the front during the war at the age of 32. She and Rosenel did not have any children together, but she had a daughter from her first marriage, Irina.

- Did Lunacharsky participate in your mother’s life, or was the baby simply sent to an orphanage?

Mom always believed that someone was secretly watching her life. After she was essentially left an abandoned orphan, she still did not live in orphanages. She had wealthy guardians who changed frequently. And Lunacharsky periodically visited her and paid money to her guardians for her maintenance. At first, people from the communist environment looked after her, then they were declared enemies of the people, and the girl was given to another elite family. As a rule, these were people who regular class population were treated with contempt. Then they too suddenly disappeared, then she was again transferred to another family. For some time, the first wife of the Soviet politician Georgy Malenkov looked after her. They lived in one-room apartment, and their neighbor was Mikhail Kaganovich, the brother of Joseph Stalin’s associate Lazar Kaganovich. When she grew up and became a pioneer, she was often taken on vacation to Artek. But even after the mysterious death of Lunacharsky, the guardians brought the girl to adulthood. And they didn’t say anything to her. Until 1944, she did not even know who Lunacharsky was.

- What memories does she have of her father?

They are very few in number. Mom was seven years old when he died. She remembered the moment when he specially came in 1930 from Moscow to Kyiv to see the people who were looking after her then. Mom, like all children, was playing in the garden, got dirty, and he took goat droppings out of her mouth. Also, remembering him, she said that some bearded guy with glasses came, picked me up in his arms, and began to kiss me. And I couldn’t even understand who he was. And then, many years later, the same priest Alexander Vvedensky told her that it was Lunacharsky.

“During all these years, has she never once had a desire to meet her relatives, to find her blood mother?”

She made such an attempt only once, in the 1940s, when she was already about 20 years old. She really wanted to talk with Lunacharsky’s widow, Natalya Rosenel, bought a large cake, an armful of flowers and came to her house. And when she rang the doorbell, Natalya, who by that time was nearly 60 years old, opened it, began to study it with a gaze, and when her mother told her who she was, she angrily said: “No, you died a long time ago!” And the door slammed in my face. Mom said that she left in tears and they never saw each other again.

There was another case when in the 60s we came from Kazakhstan to Moscow, and I already tried to contact Natalya’s daughter, Irina. But when we tried to meet her, she said that she didn’t want to hear anything about us. All I know about Irina is that she was a journalist, went to work in England and died there. And many years later in St. Petersburg I met the son of my mother’s blood mother, that is, my uncle, he said that she died in 1976. He showed us her photograph. A very nice woman. But what can I say, life has passed.

WHO IS ANATOLY LUNACHARSKY?

Meet the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, a Soviet writer, politician, ally of Lenin and hater of Stalin, a convinced atheist and Marxist, translator, publicist, critic and art critic. Anatoly Vasilyevich was born in Poltava, November 23, 1875, out of wedlock (his mother’s new husband adopted him and raised him as his own). Lunacharsky spent his youth and childhood in Poltava and Kyiv. He studied at the First Kyiv Gymnasium (his classmate was the philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev), then at the university in Zurich. In 1898 he returned to Russia, where he was engaged in revolutionary work. For which he was arrested, he spent a month in Lukyanovskaya prison, from where he was exiled to Vologda and Totma.

WITH THE LEADER. After his release in 1905, he became close to Lenin and, under his leadership, participated in the fight against the Mensheviks. Soon serious disagreements arose between them and Lunacharsky decided to part with the leader. But when he was asked about the breakup, he said that they personally did not break off the relationship, but did not aggravate it either. He was an active participant in the revolution. In 1917, he was appointed People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. One of the organizers and theorist of the Soviet education system, higher and vocational education. It is believed that Lunacharsky was involved in the mass expulsion of major Russian scientists and thinkers abroad, and the demolition is also associated with his name large number monuments and the creation of new ones dedicated to the figures of the revolution. In 1933, he was sent as plenipotentiary representative of the USSR to Spain, but on the way he became seriously ill and died (they say they helped him commit suicide for openly criticizing Stalin). He was 58 years old.

His ashes were buried on Red Square in Moscow. Lunacharsky is the author of a huge number of works on completely different issues: literature, music, theater, painting, architecture, anti-religious propaganda, international politics and, naturally, about Lenin and the leaders of the revolutionary movement. He was a polyglot, fluent in five languages, including Ukrainian. He has published about 20 books. One of the streets in Kyiv is named after him.

Lunacharsky A.V. (1875-1933; autobiography) - b. in Poltava, in the family of an official.

Due to the radical sentiments that dominated the family, very early, in childhood, he freed himself from religious prejudices and became imbued with sympathy for the revolutionary movement.

He received his education at the 1st Kyiv Gymnasium.

From the age of 15, under the influence of several Polish comrades, he began to diligently study Marxism and considered himself a Marxist.

He was one of the participants and leaders of an extensive organization of students that covered all secondary educational institutions in Kyiv. At the age of 17, he began to conduct propaganda work among railway workshop workers and artisans.

After graduating from high school, he avoided entering a Russian university and went abroad to study philosophy and social sciences more freely. He entered the University of Zurich, where for two years he worked in natural science and philosophy, mainly in the circle of the creator of the empiriocritical system, Richard Avenarius, while at the same time continuing a deeper study of Marxism under the leadership of Axelrod, and partly G.V. Plekhanov.

The serious illness of his older brother, Platon Vasilyevich, forced L. to interrupt this work.

He had to live for some time in Nice, then in Reims and finally in Paris.

His close acquaintance with Prof. dates back to this time. M. M. Kovalevsky, whose library and instructions L. used and with whom he established very good relations, which were, however, accompanied by constant disputes.

Despite his brother’s serious illness, L. managed to propagate him and his wife Sofya Nikolaevna, now Smidovich, so that they became Social Democrats and later both played a fairly prominent role in the labor movement.

In 1899, L. returned with them to Russia, to Moscow.

Here, together with A.I. Elizarova, the sister of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Vladimirsky and some others, he resumes the work of the Moscow Committee, conducts propaganda in workers' circles, writes leaflets, leads strikes along with other members of the Moscow. committee.

As a result of the provocation of A.E. Serebryakova, who was a member of a peripheral organization under Moscow. committee, most of the members of the organization are arrested, as is L. However, after a short period of time, due to the lack of serious evidence, L. is released on bail to his father in Poltava province, and then receives permission to move to Kyiv. Here, in Kyiv, L. begins work again, but an accident, his arrest along with everyone present at a charity talk in favor of students about Ibsen, stops his work.

Two months of imprisonment follow in the Lukyanovskaya prison, where, by the way, L. became friends with M. S. Uritsky.

Barely released from this prison, L. was again arrested in the Moscow case and transported to Moscow, where he remained in the Taganskaya prison for 8 months.

He used this conclusion for intensive work on philosophy and history, especially on the history of religion, which he studied for two years in Paris, at the Guimet Museum. Intensive training and solitary confinement greatly upset L's health. But finally he is released with the prospect of a further administrative sentence and temporary exile to Kaluga.

A close Marxist circle is being created in Kaluga, which, in addition to L., includes A. A. Bogdanov, I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov), V. P. Avilov, V. A. Bazarov.

Intensive intellectual work was in full swing here; translations of major German works were published with the help of the Marxist-minded young manufacturer D. D. Goncharov.

Soon after the departure of A.A. Bogdanov, L. and Skvortsov began active campaigning in the railway depot, among teachers, etc. At this time, L.’s friendship with the Goncharov family grew.

He moves to their factory "Polotnyany Zavod", works there among the workers and begins his first literary works, published. in the newspaper "Courier". Later, the workers of the linen factory renamed this factory into the "Paper Factory named after L." Finally, L. receives a sentence of three years of exile in the Vologda province. He manages to stay in the mountains. Vologda, which by that time was a very large emigrant center. A. A. Bogdanov already lived here, with whom L. settled.

Disputes with the idealists, led by Berdyaev, were in full swing here.

People such as Savinkov, Shchegolev, Zhdanov, A. Remizov and many others took an active part in them.

For L., his stay in Vologda was marked mainly by the struggle against idealism.

Here the late S. Suvorov joined the former Kaluga company, which had not broken its connection, and together they published the book “Problems of Idealism” and “Essays on a Rationalistic World Outlook.” This book went through two editions.

L. writes many articles on issues of psychology and philosophy in Education and Pravda, the main goal of which is the same struggle against idealism.

However, at the same time, the entire group is moving away from the interpretation of Marxist materialism that Plekhanov gave.

Thus, not all Social Democrats shared the views of the group, which nevertheless acquired significant weight in the Russian ideological world of that time. A quarrel with Governor Ladyzhensky, accompanied by many curious incidents, throws L. into small town Totma, where he is the only exile at that time. Attempts by the local intelligentsia to contact L. are stopped by the menacing shout of the local police officer, and L., together with his wife, A. A. Bogdanov’s sister, A. A. Malinovskaya, lives in almost complete isolation.

Here he wrote all the works that were later published in the collection “Critical and Polemical Etudes.” Here he wrote a popularization of the philosophy of Avenarius.

All the time, L. continues his education in the most energetic way, surrounding himself with books.

At the end of his exile in 1903, L. returned to Kyiv and began work in the then semi-Marxist legal newspaper “Kyiv Responses”. Meanwhile, a split occurred in the party, and the conciliatory Central Committee, headed by Krasin, Karpov and others, turned to L. with a request to support his policy.

However, soon, under the influence of Bogdanov, L. leaves the conciliatory position and completely joins the Bolsheviks.

In a letter from Geneva, V.I. Lenin invited L. to immediately go to Switzerland and take part in editing the center. organ of the Bolsheviks.

The first years of work abroad were spent in countless disputes with the Mensheviks.

L. worked not so much in the magazines “Forward” and “Proletary”, but rather in extensive tours of all the colonies in Europe and reports on the essence of the schism.

Along with political reports, he also spoke on philosophical topics.

At the end of 1904, illness forced L. to move to Florence.

There the news of the revolution and the order of the Central Committee found him to immediately leave for Moscow, which L. obeyed with the greatest pleasure.

Upon arrival in Moscow, L. entered the editorial office. "New Life", and then the legal newspapers that successively replaced it, and conducted intensive oral propaganda among workers, students, etc. Even before this, at the 3rd Party Congress, Vladimir Ilyich entrusted L. with a report on the armed uprising.

L. took part in the Stockholm unification congress. On January 1, 1906, L. was arrested at a work meeting, but a month later he was released from Kresty. However, a little later, serious charges were brought against him, threatening very grave consequences.

According to the advice of the party organization, L. decided to emigrate, which he did in March 1906 through Finland.

During the years of emigration, L. joined Bogdanov’s group and together with him organized the “Forward” group, participated in editing its magazine and was one of the most active leaders of the Vperyod workers’ schools in Capri and Bologna.

At the same time, he published a two-volume work, “Religion and Socialism,” which caused quite strong condemnation from the majority of party critics, who saw in it a bias towards some kind of sophisticated religion.

The terminological confusion in this book provided ample grounds for such accusations.

During L.'s stay in Italy, his rapprochement with Gorky dates back to which, by the way, was reflected in Gorky's story "Confession", also quite severely condemned by V. G. Plekhanov.

In 1911 L. moved to Paris. Here the “Forward” group takes on a slightly different slant, thanks to Bogdanov’s departure from it.

She is trying to create a united party, although her efforts in this regard have been in vain.

At that time, M.H. Pokrovsky, F. Kalinin, Manuilsky, Aleksinsky and others belonged to it. L., who was part of the Bolsheviks. delegation at the Stuttgart International Congress, represented the Bolsheviks there in the section that developed the well-known resolution on the revolutionary significance of the profession. unions.

Here there were quite sharp clashes on this issue between L. and G.V. Plekhanov.

Approximately the same thing happened at the Copenhagen Congress.

L. was delegated there by a group of Russian Vperyodists, but even here he came to an agreement on all the most important points with the Bolsheviks and, at the insistence of Lenin, represented the Bolsheviks in the commission on cooperatives.

And again he found himself in sharp opposition to Plekhanov, who represented the Mensheviks there.

As soon as the war broke out, L. joined the internationalists and, together with Trotsky, Manuilsky and Antonov-Ovseenko, edited an anti-militarist movement in Paris itself. magazine "Our Word", etc. Feeling the impossibility of observing events objectively great war from Paris, L. moved to Switzerland and settled in Saint-Liège near Vevey. By this time, he became quite close to Romain Rolland and friendship with August Forel, as well as a rapprochement with the great Swiss poet K. Spitteler, some of whose works L. translated into Russian (not yet published).

After the February Revolution, L. immediately went to Lenin and Zinoviev and told them that he irrevocably accepted their point of view and offered to work according to the instructions of the Bolshevik Central Committee.

This proposal was accepted.

L. returned to Russia a few days later than Lenin in the same order, i.e. through Germany.

Immediately upon arrival, the most vigorous work began to prepare the revolution.

There were no disagreements between L. and the Bolsheviks, but, according to the resolution of the Central Committee of the latter, it was decided that L., like Trotsky, would remain in the Mezhrayontsy organization in order to later join the Bolshevik organization with as many supporters as possible.

This maneuver was successfully completed.

The Central Committee sent L. to municipal work.

He was elected to the city duma and was the leader of the Bolshevik and inter-district factions in the duma. In the July days, L. took an active part in the events that took place, was accused, along with Lenin and others, of treason and German espionage and put in prison.

Both before prison and in prison, an extremely dangerous situation for his life was repeatedly created.

Upon release from prison, during the new Duma elections, the Bolshevik faction grew enormously, and L. was chosen as a commodity. urban heads with the entrustment of the entire cultural side of city affairs to him. At the same time and steadily, L. carried out the most ardent agitation, mainly in the Modern circus, but also in numerous plants and factories.

Immediately after the October Revolution, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party constituted the first council of people's commissars and included L. in it as the people's commissar for education.

When the entire government moved to Moscow, L. chose to stay in Petrograd to work together with comrades Zinoviev, Uritsky and others, who were left there in a dangerous post. L. remained in Petrograd for more than a year, and the People's Commissariat of Education was in charge of M.N. Pokrovsky from Moscow.

In the era civil war L. constantly had to break away from his People's Commissariat, since he traveled around almost all the fronts of the civil and Polish war as the plenipotentiary of the Revolutionary Military Council and conducted active agitation among the troops and among the residents of the front line.

He was also appointed as a representative of the Revolutionary Military Council in the Tula fortified camp during the most dangerous days of Denikinism.

Working as a party agitator, member of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Education, L. continued his literary work, especially as a playwright.

He wrote a whole series of plays, some of which were staged and were and are still being performed in capitals and many provinces. cities. [Since 1929, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1933, USSR plenipotentiary representative in Spain.

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930).] (Granat) Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilyevich (pseudonyms - Voinov, Anyutin, Anton Levy, etc.) - politician, art critic, literary critic, playwright and translator.

Genus. in Poltava in the family of a radical official.

Graduated from high school in Kyiv. At the age of 14 I became acquainted with Marxism.

Was a leader underground organization secondary school students, which united about 200 people, studied Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, Lavrov, etc., read illegal socialist democrats. literature, who organized May-wars on boats across the Dnieper.

In 1892, L. joined the social democrats. organization, worked as an agitator and propagandist in the working-class suburbs of Kyiv, participated in the hectographed social-democracy. newspaper.

A "B" in behavior in the high school certificate - the result of the political suspicions of the authorities - blocked Lunacharsky's access to the capital's universities, as a result of which he left for Zurich, where he studied natural science and philosophy for two years under the guidance of the empiriocritic philosopher R. Avenarius.

Abroad, L. met G.V. Plekhanov and other members of the Liberation of Labor group. Returning to Moscow in 1897, L., together with A. I. Elizarova and M. F. Vladimirsky, restored the MK destroyed by the arrests, worked as an agitator and propagandist, and wrote proclamations.

After the arrest, L. was given bail to his father in Poltava.

This is followed by: arrest at a lecture, 2 months in the Lukyanovskaya prison, a new arrest on a warrant from the Moscow secret police, 8 months in solitary confinement in Taganka, temporary deportation to Kaluga and finally exile by court for three years in the Vologda province. After serving his exile, L. moved to Kyiv, and in the fall of 1904, at the call of V.I. Lenin, he came to Geneva.

The Bolsheviks were going through a difficult time at that time. Governing bodies the parties fell into the hands of the Mensheviks, who persecuted Lenin and his like-minded people.

Deprived of the newspapers, who had against them most of the intellectual forces of the Social-Democrats. emigration, the Geneva Bolsheviks were forced to limit themselves to an everyday defensive war with the raging Martov, Dan, etc. L. immediately managed to show himself as a great master of speech. “What a wonderful combination it was, when the ponderous blows of the historical sword of Lenin’s indestructible thought were combined with the graceful swings of the Damascus saber of military wit” (Lepeshinsky, At the Turning).

L. became one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks and was a member of the editorial board of GAZ. “Forward” and “Proletary”, at the III Party Congress he read a report on the armed uprising, in October 1905 he was sent by the Central Committee to Russia, where he worked as an agitator and a member of the editorial board. "New life". Arrested on New Year's Day 1906, L. after 1? months prison was put on trial, but fled abroad.

In 1907, as a representative of the Bolsheviks, he participated in the Stuttgart Congress of the International.

When the ultra-left faction of A. A. Bogdanov emerged (the Ultimateists, then the “Forward” group), L. joined this movement, became one of its leaders, participated in the organization of two Bogdanov party schools (in Capri and Bologna), and participated as a representative of the “Forwardists” "at the Copenhagen Congress of the International.

During the days of the imperialist war, Lunacharsky took an internationalist position.

Returning to Russia after the March Revolution of 1917, he joined the inter-district organization, worked together with the Bolsheviks, in the July days he was arrested by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in the "Crosses", then, together with the inter-district members, returned to the ranks of the Bolsheviks.

Since the October Revolution, L. held the post of People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR for 12 years, in addition fulfilling a number of important political assignments of the party and government (during the civil war - detours of the fronts on behalf of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; in 1922 - acting as one of the state prosecutors at the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries; in recent years - participation as a representative of the USSR in international conferences on disarmament, etc.). Currently, L. is the chairman of the scientific committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, a member of the Academy of Sciences, director of the Scientific Research Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy, and executive editor of the Literary Encyclopedia. At the core philosophical quests Lunacharsky lies in the desire to philosophically comprehend his political practice.

However, these searches turned in a clearly wrong direction.

L. tried to combine dialectical materialism with the empirio-criticism of Avenarius, one of the countless varieties of modern bourgeois idealist philosophy.

This attempt culminated in L.’s two-volume work “Religion and Socialism,” where L. tried to prove that “Marx’s philosophy is a religious philosophy” and that “it follows from the religious dreams of the past.” These revisionist philosophical constructions of L. (along with his participation in the famous collection of Russian social-democratic Machists, “Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism,” St. Petersburg, 1908) provoked a sharp rebuff from G. V. Plekhanov, but especially from the Bolsheviks.

The destructive Bolshevik criticism of these constructions is given primarily in V. I. Lenin’s book “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.” In the Central Organ of the Party, articles sharply criticizing L.'s views appeared: “Not on the Road” and “Religion against Socialism, Lunacharsky against Marx.” In his main philosophical work, Lenin examines and criticizes the Machist constructions of L. in connection with the fascination with the bourgeois reactionary philosophical fashion, with those aspirations for an idealistic revision of the philosophical foundations of Marxism, which emerged with particular force after the defeat of the revolution of 1905 in part of the then social democracy. . intelligentsia.

Lenin's irreconcilable attitude towards these trends is well known, which he absolutely rightly regarded as one of the currents of international revisionism, as one of the manifestations of bourgeois influences in the labor movement.

And despite the fact that almost each of the representatives of the Machist revision (including Lunacharsky) spoke, so to speak, in the individual guise of his own “system,” Lenin, with brilliant insight and mercilessness, exposed the individual, tertiary, and often only terminological differences in school labels, the complete unity of the Russian Machists in the main and essential - in their denial of the very foundations of the philosophy of dialectical materialism, in their slide towards idealism, and through this to fideism as one of the varieties of the religious worldview.

Lenin does not make any exception in this regard for L.: “You have to be blind,” wrote V.I., “in order not to see the ideological kinship between Lunacharsky’s “deification of the highest human potentials” and the “universal substitution” of the psychic under the entire physical nature of Bogdanov.

This is one and the same thought, expressed in one case primarily from an aesthetic point of view, in another - from an epistemological point of view" (Lenin, Collected Works, 1st ed., vol. X, p. 292, our discharge). L . worked on a broad theory of art, which he first outlined in 1903 in the article “Fundamentals of Positive Aesthetics,” reprinted without any changes in 1923. L. proceeds from the concept of the ideal of life, that is, the most powerful and free life in which the organs perceived. if only rhythmic, harmonious, smooth, pleasant; in which all movements would occur freely and easily; in which the very instincts of growth and creativity would be luxuriously satisfied. The ideal of a personality - beautiful and harmonious in its desires, creative and thirsting for an ever-growing life for humanity, the ideal of a society of such people is an aesthetic ideal in the broad sense.

Aesthetics is the science of evaluation - from three points of view: truth, beauty and goodness. In principle, all these assessments coincide, but if there is a discrepancy between them, a single aesthetics distinguishes itself from the theory of knowledge and ethics. Anything that produces an unusually large mass of perceptions per unit of energy expended is aesthetically pleasing.

Each class, having its own ideas about life and its own ideals, leaves its stamp on art, which, being determined in all its destinies by the fate of its bearers, nevertheless develops according to its internal laws.

As later, in “Religion and Socialism,” this aesthetic concept was influenced by the very noticeable influence of L. Feuerbach and his greatest Russian follower N. G. Chernyshevsky (see). A number of formulations of "Positive Aesthetics" are extremely reminiscent of the provisions of " Aesthetic relations art to reality" by Chernyshevsky.

However, the school of empirio-criticism prevented L. from taking from Feuerbachianism its most powerful and revolutionary side - its clear materialist line in the basic questions of the theory of knowledge.

Feuerbachianism is assimilated here by L. mainly from the side of his abstract, ultimately idealistic, ahistorical humanism, growing out of the metaphysicality and anti-dialecticalism inherent in all pre-Marxian materialism.

This circumstance greatly depreciates L.'s interesting attempt to erect the edifice of Marxist art criticism on a broad philosophical basis, taking into account the conclusions of the social and natural sciences. L.’s constant repulsion from vulgarization, simplification, and fatalistic “economic materialism” does not save him from time to time from another type of simplification, reducing the phenomena of social life to biological factors.

It is quite obvious that here too L. adopted the main principle. thus the weakest side of Feuerbachianism, namely the replacement of the concrete historical dialectic of social development, class struggle with a completely abstract category biological kind- type (for an exhaustive criticism of this feature of Feuerbachianism, see excerpts from “German Ideology,” “Archive of K. Marx and F. Engels,” vol. I). It should be noted that the biology of “Positive Aesthetics” is, to a large extent, not materialistic biology, but only a biologized scheme of L. Avenarius’s empirio-criticism (the theory of “vitality,” “affectional,” etc.). And it is no coincidence that L. completely accepts the formula of the ancient sophist and subjectivist Protagoras: “Man is the measure of all things” (see “Fundamentals of Positive Aesthetics,” 1923, p. 71), this most ancient postulate of all subjective idealism.

Over the past 10 years, L. has renounced a number of his philosophical and aesthetic views.

He corrected his attitudes by studying Lenin's literary heritage and subjecting Plekhanov's literary views to critical revision.

Lunacharsky owns many works on issues of theater, music, painting and especially literature.

In these works, the author’s general theoretical views find development and deepening.

L.'s art criticism performances are distinguished by his breadth of outlook, wide variety of interests, extensive erudition, and lively and fascinating presentation.

L.'s historical and literary activity is based essentially on the experience of a systematic revision of the literary heritage from the point of view of the cultural and political tasks of the proletariat.

Numerous articles on major European writers various classes and eras paved the way for an interesting two-volume course of lectures for students at Sverdlovsk University - “The History of Western European Literature in its Most Important Moments.” By the very conditions of its origin, L.’s “History” could not help but be an improvisation, but an improvisation of an exceptionally well-educated art critic, who in this work was able to develop complex and abundant material as a fascinating, lively and plastic picture constant movement and the struggle of classes, artistic movements.

L. also did a lot of work to revise the heritage of Russian literature.

The works of Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Ostrovsky, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, Chekhov and Gorky, Andreev and Bryusov were appreciated in his articles (the most important of them were included in the book "Cast Silhouettes", M., 1923; 2nd edition, L., 1925). L. is not limited to establishing the social genesis of this or that artist, but always strives to determine the function of his work in the modern class struggle of the proletariat.

Naturally, not all of L.’s assessments are indisputable; emotional perception at times causes certain damage to genuine scientific research.

Lunacharsky is an extremely prolific critic.

His critical articles are characterized by a combination scientific approach and temperamental journalism, emphasizing political orientation.

In this regard, the collection of critical articles from the era of the first revolution, “Responses of Life,” is especially indicative. The passion of a fighter and sharp polemics completely permeate this book, in which there is not a grain of hypocritical bourgeois “objectivism.” L. is one of the instigators of class proletarian cultural construction.

Despite his long closeness to Bogdanov on political and philosophical issues, L. managed to avoid the fundamental political mistakes made by Bogdanov when developing the problem of proletarian culture.

L. did not mechanically identify the class culture of the proletariat and the culture of a classless socialist society and understood the dialectical relationship between these two cultures.

Lunacharsky was alien to Bogdanov’s assertion of the equality of the political and cultural movement of the proletariat and was always aware of the leading role of the political struggle in the life of the working class.

Contrary to Bogdanov’s emphasis on the laboratory development of proletarian culture, L. always defended the principle of the mass character of the proletarian cultural movement.

Needless to say, L. was deeply hostile to Bogdanov’s Menshevik thesis that the seizure of power by the proletariat was impossible until a developed proletarian culture had been built.

L. was one of the first to give a detailed formulation of the question of proletarian literature.

The starting point and main basis here was, of course, Lenin’s formulation of the question in the famous article “Party Organization and Party Literature.” The proletarian literary movement in L.'s articles began to theoretically comprehend itself and outline its path. At the beginning of 1907 in the Bolshevik magazine. "Bulletin of Life" appeared a historical article by L. "Tasks of social-democratic artistic creativity" - one of the earliest programmatic statements of proletarian literature, clear and consistent.

L. formulated even more clearly the basic principles of proletarian literature in several “Letters on Proletarian Literature,” which appeared in 1914. The first of these letters was called “What is proletarian literature and is it possible?” L. rightly wrote that not every work about workers, just as not every work written by a worker, belongs to proletarian literature. “When we say proletarian, we thereby say class.

This literature must have a class character, express or develop a class worldview." Refuting the liquidationist theses of the Menshevik A. Potresov about the impossibility of creating proletarian art, Lunacharsky, among other things, pointed to the collections of proletarian poets that had already appeared, to the direct participation of workers in the fiction department of the legal workers' press.

The article ended with the significant words: “The interest of the proletariat in the creation and perception of its own literature is obvious.

The enormous objective importance of this cultural work must be recognized.

The objective possibility of the emergence of the greatest talents among the working class and powerful allies from the bourgeois intelligentsia also cannot be denied... Do wonderful works of this newest literature already exist? Yes. They exist.

Perhaps there is no decisive masterpiece yet; there is no proletarian Goethe yet; there is no artistic Marx yet; but a huge life is already unfolding before us when we begin to get acquainted with socialist literature leading to it and preparing it." At the same time, L. took an active part in organizing abroad the first circles of Russian proletarian writers, among whom were such prominent figures , like F. Kalinin, P. Bessalko, M. Gerasimov, A. Gastev and others. In 1918-1921 Lunacharsky was an active figure in Proletkult.

During the literary and political discussion of 1923-1925, L. did not officially join any of the groups, but actively opposed the capitulators who denied the possibility of the existence of proletarian literature (Trotsky - Voronsky), as well as against the ultra-left trends in the proletarian literary movement (represented by Ch. arr. so-called Napostovskaya "left"). L. participated in the development of a resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the party’s policy in the field of fiction. From the founding in 1924 of the International Bureau of Relations of Proletarian Literature (now MORP) to the II international conference Revolutionary Writers (Kharkov, November 1930) L. headed this Bureau. Dramas occupy the most prominent place in Latvian artistic production. L.'s first play, “The Royal Barber,” was written in prison in January 1906 and published the same year. In 1907, Five Farces for Amateurs appeared, and in 1912, a book of comedies and stories, Ideas in Masks. L.'s most intense dramatic activity occurred in the pre-October period.

Lunacharsky's plays are characterized by widespread use experience of bourgeois drama during the rise of Western European capitalism.

The philosophical richness of the plays gives them depth and poignancy, but also often makes them controversial, because they often express controversial or clearly erroneous aspects of the author’s philosophical views.

Thus, in the comedy "Babel" the criticism of dogmatic metaphysical thinking is carried out not from the position of dialectical materialism, but from the position of empiriocritical agnosticism (see especially the last lengthy speech of Mercury).

The very idea of ​​the dramatic fantasy "The Magicians" is extremely controversial. In the preface, L. stipulates that he would never dare to put forward the idea of ​​“pan-psychic monism” carried out in the play as a theoretical thesis, because in life he considers it possible to rely only on scientific data, while in poetry any hypothesis can be put forward.

This opposition of the ideological content of poetry to the content of philosophy is of course erroneous.

Much more valuable and interesting are L.’s attempts to create a proletarian historical drama. The first such attempt - "Oliver Cromwell" - raises some fundamental objections.

Emphasizing the historical progressiveness of Cromwell and the groundlessness of the Levellers (albeit depicted with sympathy) contradicts, firstly, the requirement of dialectical materialism (as opposed to bourgeois objectivism) to take the point of view of a certain social group, and not limit itself to indications of progressiveness or reactionaryness, contradicts, in -secondly, the true correlation of class forces in the English revolution and in all great bourgeois revolutions.

For only the movement of the “groundless” plebeian elements of the city and countryside gave the struggle such a scale as was necessary to defeat the old order.

The Cromwells, Luthers, Napoleons could triumph only thanks to the Levellers, the peasant wars, the Jacobins and the rabid, who dealt with the enemies of the bourgeoisie in a plebeian manner.

There is reason to present to L.’s drama “Oliver Cromwell” the reproach made by Engels to Lassalle regarding the latter’s drama “Franz von Sickingen”: “What, it seems to me, you have not paid proper attention to is the unofficial plebeian and peasant elements with their corresponding theoretical representation." The second historical drama, Thomas Campanella, is much more indisputable. Among other plays by L., we note the drama “for reading” “Faust and the City” and “Don Quixote Unbound” - striking examples of a new interpretation of age-old images.

The image of Don Quixote serves, for example, to reveal the role of the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia in the class struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie.

These plays are characteristic and interesting experiments critical processing of the legacy of young bourgeois drama. Many of L.'s plays were repeatedly performed on the stage of various Soviet theaters, as well as in translation and on the foreign stage. Of the plays on Soviet themes, the melodrama “Poison” should be noted. Among L.'s literary translations, translations of Lenau's poem "Faust", a book of selected poems, are especially important. Petofi and K.F. Meyer.

In conclusion, it should also be noted that Lunacharsky is a co-author of a number of film scripts.

Thus, in collaboration with Graebner, he wrote “The Bear’s Wedding” and “Salamander”. Bibliography: I. Books by L. on literary issues: Critical and polemical studies, ed. "Pravda", Moscow, 1905; The Royal Barber, ed. "Delo", St. Petersburg, 1906; Responses of life, ed. O. N. Popova, St. Petersburg, 1906; Five farces for lovers, ed. "Rosehipnik", St. Petersburg, 1907; Ideas in masks, ed. "Zarya", M., 1912; The same, 2nd edition, M., 1924; Cultural Tasks of the Working Class, ed. "Socialist", P., 1917; A. N. Radishchev, the first prophet and martyr of the revolution, Peter's edition. council, 1918; Dialogue on Art, ed. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Moscow, 1918; Faust and the City, ed. Lit.-ed. Department of Narkompros, P., 1918; Magee, ed. Theo Narkomprosa, Yaroslavl, 1919; Vasilisa the Wise, Guiz, P., 1920; Ivan in Paradise, ed. "Palace of Art", M., 1920; Oliver Cromwell, Guise, M., 1920; Chancellor and mechanic, Guise, M., 1921; Faust and the City, Guise, M., 1921; Temptation, ed. Vkhutemas, M., ІУ22; Don Quixote Unbound, Guise, 1922; Thomas Campanella, Guise, M., 1922; Critical studies, Guise, 1922; Dramatic works, vols. I - II, Guise, M., 1923; Fundamentals of positive aesthetics, Guise, M., 1923; Art and Revolution, ed. "New Moscow", M., 1924; History of Western European literature in its most important moments, part. 1-2, Guise, 1924; Bear Wedding, Guise, M., 1924; Arsonist, ed. "Red Nov", M., 1924; Theater and revolution, Guise, M., 1924; Tolstoy and Marx, ed. "Academia", L., 1924; Literary silhouettes, Guise, L., 1925; Critical Studies, ed. Book sector Lengubono, L., 1925; The fate of Russian literature, ed. "Academia", L., 1925; Critical sketches (Western European literature), "ZIF", M., 1925; Poison, ed. MODPiK, M., 1926; In the West, Giza, M. - L., 1927; In the West (Literature and Art), Guise, M. - L., 1927; Velvet and Rags, Drama, ed. Moscow theater. publishing house, M., 1927 (together with Ed. Stukken);

N. G. Chernyshevsky, Articles, Giza, M. - L., 1928; About Tolstoy.

Sat. articles, Giza, M. - L., 1928; The Personality of Christ to modern science and literature (about “Jesus” by Henri Barbusse), Transcript of the dispute between A.V. Lunacharsky and Al. Vvedensky, ed. "Atheist", M., 1928; Maxim Gorky, Guise, M. - L., 1929. II. Kranichfeld V., About critics and one critical misunderstanding, "Modern World", 1908, V; Plekhanov G., Art and social life, Collection. works., vol. XIV; Averbakh L., Involuntary review.

Instead of a letter to the editor, "On duty", 1924, 1/V; Polyansky V., A. V. Lunacharsky, ed. "Education Worker", M., 1926; Lelevich G., Lunacharsky, “Journalist”, 1926, III; Pelshe R., A.V. Lunacharsky - theorist, critic, playwright, speaker, "Soviet Art", 1926, V; Kogan P., A.V. Lunacharsky, “Red Niva”, 1926, XIV; Dobrynin M., About some mistakes of Comrade Lunacharsky, “At the literary post”, 1928, XI - XII; Mikhailov L., On some issues of Marxist criticism, ibid., 1926, XVII; Dobrynin M., Bolshevik criticism 1905, “Literature and Marxism”, 1931, I; Sakulin P., Note on the scientific works of A.V. Lunacharsky, “Notes on the scientific works of full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, elected on February 1, 1930”, L., 1931; Sretensky N.N., Quiet Backwater, rec. at the station "Criticism" in the "Literary Encyclopedia", journal. "At the literary post", 1931, No. 19. III. Mandelstam R., Books by A.V. Lunacharsky, State Academy of Agricultural Sciences, L. - M., 1926; Her same Fiction in Assessing Russian Marxist Criticism, ed. N.K. Piksanova, Giza, M. - Leningrad, 1928; Hers, Marxist Art Criticism, ed. N.K. Piksanova, Giza, M. - Leningrad, 1929; Vladislavlev I.V., Literature of the great decade (1917-1927), vol. I, Guise, M. - L., 1928; Writers of the Modern Age, vol. I, ed. B. P. Kozmina, State Academy of Agricultural Sciences, M., 1928. R. K. (Lit. enc.) Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich b. November 23, 1875 in Poltava, d. 26 Dec 1933 in Menton (France).

Statesman and public figure, writer, publicist.

He studied philosophy and biology at the University of Zurich, and was self-educated. G.V. Plekhanov and other revolutionary figures.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, he was an active participant in the construction of the Soviet Union. culture.

In 1917-1929 people. Commissioner for Education, 1929-1933 before. Committee on Scientists and educational institutions at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1929, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was the initiator of many initiatives in the field of music, including the first music in the USSR. competitions (1925, 1927), contributed to the creation of philharmonic societies in Leningrad (1921) and Moscow (1922), a number of muses. groups, societies and committees.

Since 1903 he conducted systematic musical journalism. and kri-tich. activities, publishing in Russian. newspapers articles about the work of composers of the past and present, reviews of performances and concerts.

In Soviet times, he gave reports and speeches in connection with ceremonial music events. events, delivered the opening speech to the concerts.

Among the most significant works are articles and speeches “The Cultural Significance of Chopin’s Music” (1910), “On Musical Drama” (1920), “Boris Godunov” (1920), “Prince Igor” (1920), “Richard Strauss” (1920 ), "Beethoven" (1921), "About Scriabin" (1921), "The Death of Faust" by Berlioz (1921), "V. V. Stasov and his significance for us" (1922), "On the fortieth anniversary of the activity of A.K. Glazunov" (1922), "On the centenary of the Bolshoi Theater" (1925), "Taneev and Scriabin" (1925), "Fundamentals of theatrical policy Soviet power" (1926), "Franz Schubert" (1928), "Social origins of musical art" (1929), "New paths of opera and ballet" (1930), "The path of Richard Wagner" (1933), "N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov" (1933). L.'s musicological works were repeatedly published in various collections, the most complete of which is "In the World of Music" (M., 1958, 2nd ed. 1971). Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilyevich (1875 -1933). Russian prose writer, critic, literary scholar, prominent statesman and politician.

Genus. in Poltava (now Ukraine), attended a course in philosophy and natural science at the University of Zurich (Switzerland), but did not receive a formal higher education, completely devoting himself to revolutionary activities (member of the RSDLP since 1895). Member ed. Bolshevik gas. - “Forward”, “Proletary”, was arrested and exiled; active participant Oct. revolution, first People's Commissar of Education of the Soviet Union. pr-va, subsequently held positions before. Scientist at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, plenipotentiary representative in Spain.

He lived in Switzerland, Italy, France, where he died. One of the organizers of the owls. education system, author of works on revolutionary history and philosophy. thoughts, cultural problems.

Academician Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Among the numerous lit. L.'s inheritance is of interest in allegorical historical. plays with elements of fantasy - “Faust and the City” (1918), trilogy about T. Campanella, ed. in 2 h. - “The People” (1920), “The Duke” (1922); "The Chancellor and the Locksmith" (1922), "Arsonists" (1924); pl. compiled Sat. "Ideas in Masks" (1924). A.L. Lit.: A.A. Lebedev " Aesthetic views Lunacharsky" (2nd ed. 1969). I.P. Kokhno "Character Traits.

Pages of the life and work of A.V. Lunacharsky" (1972). N.A. Trifonov "A.V. Lunacharsky and modern literature" (1974). A. Shulpin "A.V. Lunacharsky.

Theater and Revolution" (1975). "About Lunacharsky.

Research.

Memoirs" (1976). "A.V. Lunacharsky.

Research and Materials" (1978).