Who is responsible for the microclimate in medical institutions. Air exchange, microclimate, lighting of the main premises of hospitals, significance, rationing. Sanitation of the air environment
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The internal environment of premises affects the body by a complex of factors: heat, air, light, color, acoustic. Acting together, these factors determine the well-being and performance of a person indoors.
Thermal factor is a combination of four physical indicators: air temperature, humidity, air speed and temperature internal surfaces rooms (ceiling, walls).
Air environment
premises - these are the gas and electrical composition of the air, dust (mechanical impurities), anthropogenic chemicals and microorganisms
Optimizing the microclimate in large rooms contributes to a favorable course and outcome of the disease. The patient's compensatory capabilities are limited, sensitivity to unfavorable factors environment increased.
The microclimate standards of wards and other hospital premises should take into account:
- age of the patient;
Features of heat exchange in patients with various diseases;
Functional purpose of the premises;
Climatic features terrain.
The temperature in most wards of multidisciplinary hospitals is 20°; Age characteristics children are determined by the highest temperature standards in the wards of premature babies, newborns and infants -25°; Features of heat exchange in patients with thyroid dysfunction determine high temperature in the wards - for patients with hypothyroidism (24°). On the contrary, the temperature in wards for patients with thyrotoxicosis should be 15°. Increased heat generation in such patients is a specific feature of thyrotoxicosis: “sheets” syndrome, such patients are always hot; Temperature in the halls physical therapy- 18°.
Air environment premises: the chemical composition of the air and bacterial contamination are normalized.
Chemical composition indoor air
Standards for bacterial contamination depend on functional purpose and room cleanliness class. Three types of sanitary and bacteriological indicators are monitored: before starting work and during work.
Total number microorganisms in 1 m of Air (CFU m)
Number of colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in 1 m 3 of air
The number of mold and yeast fungi in 1 dm3 of air
Heating. IN medical institutions cold period year, the heating system must ensure uniform heating of the air throughout heating season, exclude contamination with harmful emissions and unpleasant odors indoor air, do not create noise. The heating system should be easy to operate and repair, linked to ventilation systems, and easily adjustable. Heating devices should be placed near the external walls under the windows, which provides them with more high efficiency. In this case, they create uniform heating of the air in the room and prevent the appearance of cold air currents above the floor near the windows. It is not allowed to place heating devices in rooms near interior walls. Optimal system is central heating. Only water with a maximum temperature of 85° is allowed. Heating devices only with smooth surface allowed on hospital premises. Devices must be resistant to daily exposure to cleaning and disinfecting solutions and not absorb dust and microorganisms.
Heating appliances in children's hospitals are fenced. From a hygienic point of view, radiant heating is more favorable than convective heating. It is used for heating operating rooms, preoperative, intensive care, anesthesia, maternity, psychiatric departments, as well as intensive care and postoperative wards.
As a coolant in systems central heating Medical institutions use water with a maximum temperature in heating devices of 85°C. The use of other liquids and solutions as coolants in heating systems of medical institutions is prohibited.
Ventilation. The buildings of medical institutions must be equipped with three systems:
·
supply- exhaust ventilation with mechanical urge;
·
natural exhaust ventilation without mechanical stimulation;
·
conditioning
Natural ventilation(aeration) through windows, transoms is mandatory for everyone medical premises except for operating rooms.
Outdoor air intake for ventilation and air conditioning systems is carried out from a clean area atmospheric air at a height of at least 2 m from the ground surface. Outside air, served air supply units, cleaned with coarse and fine structure filters.
The air supplied to operating rooms, anesthesia rooms, maternity rooms, resuscitation rooms, postoperative wards, intensive care wards, as well as wards for burn patients and AIDS patients, must be treated with air disinfection devices that ensure the effectiveness of inactivation of microorganisms and viruses in the treated air without less than 95%.
There are methods for a comprehensive assessment of the microclimate and its effect on the body:
1) Assessment of the cooling capacity of air. The cooling capacity is determined using a catathermometer and is measured in μcal/cm"s. The norm (thermal comfort) for a sedentary lifestyle is 5.5-7 μcal/cm 2 s. For an active lifestyle - 7.5-8 μcal/cm 2 s. For large rooms where heat transfer is higher, the standard cooling capacity is approximately 4-5.5 μcal/cm s.
2) Definition of EET (equivalent effective temperature) - an indicator characterizing the complex impact on a person of temperature, humidity and speed of movement
ambient air, as well as infrared (thermal) radiation of the environment; determined using
nomograms or tables for the values of equivalent effective and radiation temperatures, radiation temperature and RT (resulting temperature).
The recorded number of nosocomial diseases often does not reflect the true state of affairs due to the concealment of cases of hospital infections and the objective state of health medical personnel and his professional preventive training, as well as the quality of the hospital environment.
The proper quality of the hospital environment is ensured optimal combination objective prerequisites taken into account during the construction and reconstruction of health care facilities (sanitary-topographical, architectural-planning, sanitary-technical, medical-technological, etc.), and social-subjective factors (organization of the treatment and diagnostic process, conditions of stay for patients, staffing and qualifications of medical personnel , volume and quality of fulfillment of sanitary and epidemiological requirements, etc.).
Hygiene of health care facilities (hospital hygiene)- the hygiene industry that develops hygienic standards and requirements for the hospital environment, aimed at ensuring favorable conditions for treating patients and creating optimal conditions labor of medical personnel in health care facilities.
6.1. Hygienic requirements to the location of hospitals
Hospitals are divided into republican, regional, regional, city, central, district, rural, and district. According to their purpose, they can be multidisciplinary With different number specialized departments and specialized(single-profile - infectious diseases, tuberculosis, psychiatric, oncological, etc.). In 1968, pain-
ambulance medical care. Large specialized centers have been created in Russia (oncology, cardiology, maternal and child health, pediatric care, etc.).
Health care facilities should be located on the territory of residential and green areas settlement taking into account functional zoning, local sanitary-topographical and climatic conditions. Specialized health care facilities with long-term stay of patients, special internal regime and additional area The site must be located in suburban green areas, maintaining a gap of at least 500 m to the residential area. Health care facilities areas should be removed from railways, airports and highways at distances allowed by the requirements in force for these objects regulatory documents. In the residential area of a populated area, health care facilities should be located no closer than 50 m from the red building line. Location of healthcare facilities in sanitary protection zones industrial facilities, in the first zone of the sanitary protection zone of water sources, in areas contaminated with chemical and radioactive waste, in areas of former cemeteries and landfills is prohibited.
Very great importance microclimatic conditions have a healing factor, and in winter and transition periods year, the temperature in the wards should be between 18 - 21 ° C, and in the summer upper limit comfort zone should not exceed 24 °C. To do this, the heating devices located there must have devices for their regulation. In particular, have already been developed special devices to conventional radiators that automatically maintain the set air temperature.
To prevent overheating in the hot summer months, the only radical remedy is to install air conditioners, which should first of all be installed in wards for patients suffering from severe disorders of the cardiovascular system.
As palliative measures, it is advisable to use the correct orientation of windows according to the cardinal directions, painting the external walls in White color, vertical gardening, installation of shutters, blinds and curtains, application special types heat-retaining glass, increasing air speed using room fans, etc.
Considering the beneficial biological and psychophysiological effects solar radiation, it is necessary to ensure sufficient insolation of the ward premises, and their best orientation is considered to be southern. It has been established that even weakened ultraviolet irradiation, penetrating through ordinary glass, can have a detrimental effect on pathogenic flora. At the same time, the rays of the sun penetrating into the ward lift the mood of the patients to some extent and improve their well-being.
Finally, proper orientation of windows is one of the prerequisites for sufficiency natural light, the indicators of which for ward premises are equal in terms of light coefficient 1:5 - 1:6 and EEC of at least 1.0.
The sections for drip and intestinal infections, where boxes, half-boxes and boxed wards should be equipped. Of these, the first ones have an external entrance with a vestibule, a bath, a toilet, a room with 1 bed, a gateway for staff and a transfer locker for transferring dishes and food. Semi-boxes usually consist of two compartments, united by a common bath and shower room.
As for boxed chambers, they only have glass partitions between the beds, which to a certain extent protect against infection.
“Hygiene”, V.A. Pokrovsky
See also:
Microclimate- complex physical factors internal environment premises, affecting the body’s heat exchange and human health. Microclimatic indicators include temperature, humidity and air speed, temperature of the surfaces of enclosing structures, objects, equipment, as well as some of their derivatives (air temperature gradient vertically and horizontally in the room, intensity thermal radiation from internal surfaces).
The influence of a complex of microclimatic factors affects a person’s sense of heat and determines the characteristics of the physiological reactions of the body. Temperature effects that go beyond neutral fluctuations cause changes in muscle tone, peripheral blood vessels, sweat gland activity, and heat production. At the same time, constancy heat balance is achieved due to significant stress on thermoregulation, which negatively affects the well-being, performance of a person, and his state of health.
The thermal state in which the voltage of the thermoregulation system is negligible is defined as thermal comfort. It is provided in the range of optimal microclimatic conditions, within which lowest voltage thermoregulation and comfortable feeling of warmth. Optimal M standards have been developed, which should be ensured in medical and preventive institutions and children's institutions, residential and administrative buildings, as well as at industrial facilities where optimal conditions are necessary for technological requirements. Sanitary standards for optimal hygiene are differentiated for the cold and warm periods of the year ( table 1 ).
Table 1
Optimal norms of temperature, relative humidity and air speed in residential, public, administrative premises
|
Indicators |
Period of the year |
|
|
cold and transitional |
||
|
Temperature |
||
|
Relative humidity, % |
||
|
Air speed, m/s |
No more than 0.25 |
No more than 0.1-0.15 |
For the premises of medical institutions, the calculated air temperature is standardized, while for premises for various purposes (wards, offices and treatment rooms), these standards are differentiated. For example, in wards for adult patients, rooms for mothers in children's departments, wards for tuberculosis patients, the air temperature should be 20°; in wards for convalescent patients, postpartum wards - 22°; in wards for premature, injured, infants and newborns - 25°.
In cases where, for a number of technical and other reasons, optimal M. standards cannot be ensured, they are guided by acceptable standards (table 2 ).
table 2
Permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in residential, public, administrative and service premises
|
Indicators |
Period of the year |
|
|
cold and transitional |
||
|
Temperature |
No more than 28° |
|
|
for areas with an estimated air temperature of 25° |
No more than 33° |
|
|
Relative humidity, % |
||
|
in areas with an estimated relative humidity of more than 75% |
||
|
Air speed, m/s |
No more than 0.5 |
No more than 0.2 |
Acceptable sanitary standards M. in residential and public buildings is provided with the help of appropriate planning equipment and the heat-protective and moisture-proof properties of enclosing structures.
When conducting routine sanitary inspection in residential, public, administrative and medical institutions, the air temperature is measured at 1.5 and 0.05 m from the floor in the center of the room and in the outer corner at a distance of 0.5 m from the walls; relative humidity air is determined in the center of the room at a height of 1.5 m from the floor; air speed is set at 1.5 and 0.05 m from the floor in the center of the room and at a distance of 1.0 m from the window; the temperature on the surface of enclosing structures and heating devices is measured at 2-3 points on the surface.
When carrying out sanitary supervision in multi-storey buildings, measurements are carried out in rooms located on different floors, in end and row sections with one-sided and two-sided orientation of apartments at an outside air temperature close to the calculated one for given climatic conditions.The air temperature gradient along the height of the room and horizontally should not exceed 2°. The temperature on the surface of the walls can be lower than the air temperature in the room by no more than 6°, the floor - by 2°, the difference between the air temperature and the window glass temperature in the cold season should not exceed an average of 10-12°, and the thermal effect on human body surface flow infrared radiation from heated heating structures - 0.1 cal/cm 2 × min.
Industrial microclimate. Us. production premises The technological process has a significant impact on the climate and weather of the area on workplaces located in open areas.
In a number of industries, the list of which is established by industry documents agreed with state sanitary inspection bodies, an optimal production microclimate is provided. In cabins, on consoles and control stations of technological processes, in halls computer technology, as well as in other rooms in which operator-type work is performed, optimal M values must be ensured: air temperature 22-24°, humidity - 40-60%, air speed - no more than 0.1 m/s regardless of the period of the year. Optimal norms achieved mainly through the use of air conditioning systems. However, the technological requirements of some industries (spinning and weaving shops of textile factories, individual workshops) Food Industry), as well as technical reasons and economic opportunities for a number of industries (open hearth, blast furnace, foundry, forging shops of the metallurgical industry, enterprises heavy engineering, glass production and food industry) do not allow for optimal production microclimate standards. In these cases, at permanent and non-permanent workplaces, in accordance with GOST, acceptable standards of M are established.
Depending on the nature of heat input and the prevalence of one or another indicator of microclimate, workshops are distinguished primarily with convection (for example, food shops of sugar factories, machine rooms of power plants, thermal shops, deep mines) or radiation heating (for example, metallurgical, glass production) microclimate. Convection heating M. is characterized by high air temperature, sometimes combined with high humidity (dying departments of textile factories, greenhouses, sinter shops), which increases the degree of overheating of the human body (see. Overheating of the body ). Radiation heating M. is characterized by a predominance of radiant heat.
If preventive measures are not observed in persons working long time in heating M., dystrophic changes in the myocardium, asthenic syndrome may be observed, the immunological reactivity of the body decreases, which contributes to an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory diseases, sore throat, bronchitis, and myocardial in workers. When the body overheats, the adverse effects increase chemical substances, dust, noise, fatigue sets in faster.
Table 3
Optimal values of temperature and air velocity in the production work area of other premises, depending on the category of work and periods of the year
|
Energy consumption, W |
Periods of the year |
||||
|
cold |
cold |
||||
|
Temperature (°C) |
Air speed, ( m/s) |
||||
|
light, Ia |
|||||
|
light, Ib |
|||||
|
moderate severity, IIa |
|||||
|
moderate severity, IIb |
|||||
|
heavy, III |
|||||
Cooling M. in industrial premises can be predominantly convection ( low temperature air, for example, in certain preparatory workshops of the food industry), mainly radiation (low temperature of fences in refrigeration chambers) and mixed. Cooling contributes to the occurrence of respiratory diseases and exacerbation of diseases of the cardiovascular system. When cooled, coordination of movements and the ability to perform precise operations deteriorate, which leads to both a decrease in performance and an increase in the likelihood of industrial injuries. When working in open areas in winter period opportunity arises frostbite, it becomes difficult to use personal protective equipment (respirators freeze when breathing).
Sanitary standards provide for the provision of optimal or acceptable parameters of M. industrial premises, taking into account 5 categories of work, characterized by different levels of energy consumption ( table 3 ). The standards regulate temperature, humidity, air speed and the intensity of thermal radiation of workers (taking into account the area of the irradiated body surface), the temperature of internal surfaces enclosing the work area of structures (walls, floors, ceilings) or devices (for example, screens), the temperature of the external surfaces of technological equipment, air temperature differences vertically and horizontally working area, its changes during the shift, and also provide necessary measures to protect workplaces from radiation cooling. emanating from the glass surface of window openings (during the cold season) and heating from direct sunlight (during the warm period).
Prevention of overheating of workers in heating equipment is carried out by reducing the external thermal load through automation technological processes, remote control, use of collective and individual funds protection (heat-absorbing and heat-reflecting screens, air showers, water curtains, radiation cooling systems), regulation of the time of continuous stay in the workplace and in a recreation area with optimal microclimatic conditions, organization of drinking regime.
To prevent overheating of workers in summer period In open areas, special clothing made from air- and moisture-permeable fabrics and materials with high reflective properties is used, and rest is organized in sanitary facilities with optimal M., which can be ensured by using air conditioners or radiation cooling systems. Important have measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance to thermal effects, including adaptation to this factor.
When working in cooling M., preventive measures include the use, first of all, of special clothing (see. Cloth ), shoes (see Shoes ), hats and mittens, the heat-protective properties of which must correspond to meteorological conditions and the severity of the work performed. The time of continuous stay in the cold and rest breaks in sanitary premises, which are included in work time. These rooms are additionally equipped with devices for heating hands and feet, as well as devices for drying work clothes, shoes, and mittens. To prevent freezing of respirators, devices are used to heat the inhaled air.
Bibliography: Hygienic regulation of factors of the production environment and the labor process, ed. N.F. Measured and A.A. . Kasparova, p. 71, M., 1986; Provincial Yu . D. and Korenevskaya E.I. Hygienic basics microclimate conditioning of residential and public buildings, M., 1978, bibliogr.; Guide to occupational health, ed. N.F. Izmerova, vol. 1, p. 91, M., 1987, Shakhbazyan G.X. and Shleifman F.M. Hygiene of industrial microclimate, Kyiv, 1977, bibliogr.
Microclimate- a complex of physical factors of the internal environment of premises that influence the body’s heat exchange and human health. Microclimatic indicators include temperature, humidity and air speed, temperature of the surfaces of enclosing structures, objects, equipment, as well as some of their derivatives (air temperature gradient vertically and horizontally in the room, intensity of thermal radiation from internal surfaces).
The influence of a complex of microclimatic factors affects a person’s sense of heat and determines the characteristics of the physiological reactions of the body. Temperature effects that go beyond neutral fluctuations cause changes in muscle tone, peripheral blood vessels, sweat gland activity, and heat production. At the same time, the constancy of the thermal balance is achieved due to a significant tension in thermoregulation, which negatively affects the well-being, performance of a person, and his state of health.
The thermal state in which the voltage of the thermoregulation system is negligible is defined as thermal comfort. It is provided in a range of optimal microclimatic conditions, within which the lowest thermoregulation stress and a comfortable feeling of heat are observed. Optimal microclimate standards have been developed, which should be ensured in medical and preventive and children's institutions, residential and administrative buildings, as well as at industrial facilities where optimal conditions are required according to technological requirements. Sanitary standards for optimal microclimate are differentiated for cold and warm periods of the year ( table 1 ).
Table 1
Optimal norms of temperature, relative humidity and air speed in residential, public and administrative premises
|
Indicators |
Period of the year |
|
|
cold and transitional |
||
|
Temperature |
||
|
Relative humidity, % |
||
|
Air speed, m/s |
No more than 0.25 |
No more than 0.1-0.15 |
For the premises of medical institutions, the calculated air temperature is standardized, while for premises for various purposes (wards, offices and treatment rooms), these standards are differentiated. For example, in wards for adult patients, rooms for mothers in children's departments, wards for tuberculosis patients, the air temperature should be 20°; in wards for burn patients, postpartum wards - 22°; in wards for premature, injured, infants and newborns - 25°.
In cases where, for a number of technical and other reasons, optimal microclimate standards cannot be ensured, they are guided by acceptable standards ( table 2 ).
table 2
Permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in residential, public, administrative and service premises
|
Indicators |
Period of the year |
|
|
cold and transitional |
||
|
Temperature |
No more than 28° |
|
|
for areas with an estimated air temperature of 25° |
No more than 33° |
|
|
Relative humidity, % |
||
|
in areas with an estimated relative humidity of more than 75% |
||
|
Air speed, m/s |
No more than 0.5 |
No more than 0.2 |
Acceptable sanitary microclimate standards in residential and public buildings are ensured with the help of appropriate planning equipment, heat-protective and moisture-proof properties of enclosing structures.
When conducting routine sanitary inspection in residential, public, administrative and medical institutions, the air temperature is measured at 1.5 and 0.05 m from the floor in the center of the room and in the outer corner at a distance of 0.5 m from the walls; relative air humidity is determined in the center of the room at a height of 1.5 m from the floor; air speed is set at 1.5 and 0.05 m from the floor in the center of the room and at a distance of 1.0 m from the window; the temperature on the surface of enclosing structures and heating devices is measured at 2-3 points on the surface. When carrying out sanitary supervision in multi-storey buildings, measurements are carried out in rooms located on different floors, in end and row sections with one-sided and two-sided orientation of apartments at an outside air temperature close to the calculated one for given climatic conditions.
The air temperature gradient along the height of the room and horizontally should not exceed 2°. The temperature on the surface of the walls can be lower than the air temperature in the room by no more than 6°, the floor - by 2°, the difference between the air temperature and the window glass temperature in the cold season should not exceed an average of 10-12°, and the thermal effect on surface of the human body flux of infrared radiation from heated heating structures - 0.1 cal/cm 2 × min.
Industrial microclimate . The microclimate of industrial premises is significantly influenced by the technological process; the microclimate of workplaces located in open areas is significantly influenced by the climate and weather of the area.
In a number of industries, the list of which is established by industry documents agreed with state sanitary inspection bodies, optimal production microclimate. In cabins, at consoles and control stations for technological processes, in computer rooms, as well as in other rooms in which operator-type work is performed, optimal microclimate values must be ensured: air temperature 22-24°, humidity - 40-60%, speed air movement - no more than 0.1 m/s regardless of the period of the year. Optimal standards are achieved mainly through the use of air conditioning systems. However, the technological requirements of some industries (spinning and weaving shops of textile factories, individual shops of the food industry), as well as technical reasons and economic opportunities of a number of industries (open-hearth, blast furnace, foundry, forging shops of the metallurgical industry, heavy engineering enterprises, glass production and food industry ) do not allow for optimal production microclimate standards. In these cases, at permanent and non-permanent workplaces, in accordance with GOST, permissible microclimate standards are established.
Depending on the nature of the heat supply and the prevalence of a particular microclimate indicator, workshops are distinguished mainly with convection (for example, food shops of sugar factories, machine rooms of power plants, thermal shops, deep mines) or radiation heating (for example, metallurgical, glass production) microclimate. Convection heating microclimate is characterized by high air temperature, sometimes combined with high humidity (dying departments of textile factories, greenhouses, sintering shops), increasing the degree of overheating of the human body (see. Overheating of the body). Radiation heating microclimate is characterized by a predominance of radiant heat.
If preventive measures are not observed, people who work for a long time in a heating microclimate may experience dystrophic changes in the myocardium, arterial hypertension, hypotension, asthenic syndrome, the immunological reactivity of the body decreases, which contributes to an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory diseases, sore throat, bronchitis, myositis, and neuralgia among workers. When the body overheats, the adverse effects of chemicals, dust, noise intensify, and fatigue sets in faster.
Table 3
Optimal values of temperature and air velocity in the production work area of other premises, depending on the category of work and periods of the year
|
Energy consumption, W |
Periods of the year |
||||
|
cold |
cold |
||||
|
Temperature (°C) |
Air speed, ( m/s) |
||||
|
light, Ia |
|||||
|
light, Ib |
|||||
|
moderate severity, IIa |
|||||
|
moderate severity, IIb |
|||||
|
heavy, III |
|||||
The cooling microclimate in industrial premises can be predominantly convective (low air temperature, for example, in certain preparatory workshops of the food industry), predominantly radiation (low temperature of enclosures in refrigeration chambers) and mixed. Cooling contributes to the occurrence of respiratory diseases and exacerbation of diseases of the cardiovascular system. When cold, coordination of movements and the ability to perform precise operations deteriorate, which leads to both a decrease in performance and an increase in the likelihood of work-related injuries. When working in an open area in winter, it becomes possible frostbite, it becomes difficult to use personal protective equipment (respirators freeze when breathing).
Sanitary standards provide for ensuring optimal or acceptable parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises, taking into account 5 categories of work, characterized by different levels of energy consumption ( table 3 ). The standards regulate temperature, humidity, air speed and the intensity of thermal radiation of workers (taking into account the area of the irradiated body surface), the temperature of internal surfaces enclosing the work area of structures (walls, floors, ceilings) or devices (for example, screens), the temperature of the external surfaces of technological equipment, differences in air temperature along the height and horizontal of the working area, its changes during the shift, and also provide for the necessary measures to protect workplaces from radiation cooling. emanating from the glass surface of window openings (during the cold season) and heating from direct sunlight (during the warm period).
Prevention of overheating of workers in a heating microclimate is carried out by reducing the external heat load by automating technological processes, remote control, using collective and individual protective equipment (heat-absorbing and heat-reflecting screens, air showers, water curtains, radiation cooling systems), regulating the time of continuous stay at work place and in a recreation area with optimal microclimatic conditions, organization of drinking regime.
To prevent overheating of workers in open areas in the summer, work clothes made of air- and moisture-permeable fabrics and materials with high reflective properties are used, and rest is organized in sanitary premises with an optimal microclimate, which can be ensured by using air conditioners or radiation cooling systems. Measures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to thermal effects, including adaptation to this factor, are important.
When working in a cooling microclimate, preventive measures primarily involve the use of protective clothing (see. Cloth), shoes (see Shoes), hats and mittens, the heat-protective properties of which must correspond to meteorological conditions and the severity of the work performed. The time of continuous exposure to the cold and rest breaks in sanitary facilities, which are included in working hours, are regulated. These rooms are additionally equipped with devices for heating hands and feet, as well as devices for drying work clothes, shoes, and mittens. To prevent freezing of respirators, devices are used to heat the inhaled air.
Bibliography: Hygienic regulation of factors of the production environment and the labor process, ed. N.F. Measured and A.A. . Kasparova, p. 71, M., 1986; Provincial Yu . D. and Korenevskaya E.I. Hygienic principles of microclimate conditioning in residential and public buildings, M., 1978, bibliogr.; Guide to occupational health, ed. N.F. Izmerova, vol. 1, p. 91, M., 1987, Shakhbazyan G.X. and Shleifman F.M. Hygiene of industrial microclimate, Kyiv, 1977, bibliogr.