Problems of heavy engineering. Engineering. Factors affecting the placement of engineering

26.01.2022

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The engineering industry remains one of the most important in the Russian economy. Development of mechanical engineering in Russia will have a positive impact on other industrial segments, but this will require the introduction of a number of new scientific and technological developments. In August 2017, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedem signed a strategy for the development of mechanical engineering until 2030, this document reflects the main prospects for this segment.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia: areas of work

The increased attention is due to a new look at the economy: the country must get rid of its dependence on raw materials and develop its own production. Since 1991, the advanced machine-building complex has been practically destroyed, and many of the leading manufacturers in the past have closed. In 2013, the Government approved a new strategy for the development of mechanical engineering in order to strengthen the military defense complex. The program, designed for 3 years, assumed large investments in the defense segment, as well as in related areas.

The focus is on three sectors:

Transport. It is supposed to recreate the construction of modern vehicles that can compete in the export market.
Machine tool. Today, new factories for the production of machine tools are opening in Perm and Ryazan, in Azov, in the Sverdlovsk region. In just a year, the cost of manufactured products in the annual volume increased by three billion rubles.
Agricultural. About 3 trillion rubles have been allocated from the budget to restore the production of agricultural machinery necessary for the growing agro-industrial complex.

These are just some of the areas where big changes are expected. The government is looking for an opportunity to modernize production so that products can compete with foreign counterparts.

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering

Cash investments are only one of the conditions for the successful development of mechanical engineering. A reasonable introduction of modern IT technologies is necessary, which should increase the efficiency of the production complex and create conditions for increasing labor productivity. So far, the introduction of digital technologies in enterprises is just beginning, and it does not always give the expected results.

Enterprises are currently investing heavily in the purchase of modern equipment, but it should be used as efficiently as possible. For this purpose, IT systems are installed and implemented in the work, aimed at the relationship between departments.

An example of an effective solution to the problem is the modernization of the KAMAZ enterprise, which remains one of the largest in Russia. The modernization strategy is designed until 2020 and involves the introduction of 900 robotic systems into practice. As a result, most of the production cycle will become automated.

Development issues

The machine-building industry is not developing at the pace that is necessary for a rapid rise in production and an increase in the competitiveness of products. The development of mechanical engineering is hampered due to a number of systemic problems associated with the following factors:

Science intensity. Enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of personnel: the lack of qualified engineers is associated with an education crisis.
Labor intensity. The development of mechanical engineering requires an influx of skilled labor, and for this it is necessary to reconsider the attitude to the organization of labor.
Metal consumption. The development of mechanical engineering requires a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and the metallurgical complex also suffered greatly during the liberal reforms of past years.

These are just some of the difficulties that the country's leadership will have to overcome in the coming years. The revival of giant enterprises in the conditions of a changed economy is becoming unpromising, they are being replaced by smaller enterprises, but they must have a more flexible structure and easily adapt to changing circumstances.

What is in store for the industry in the coming years?

The development of mechanical engineering should become a priority direction of state policy. It will require significant financial investments in modernization, as well as support at the state level, in order to provide Russian products with a way to the market. So far, Russia is just beginning to move in this direction, and the successes achieved are only the first step towards the goal.

The industry will develop if the strategy of abandoning commodity revenues is implemented fully and consistently. It is still difficult to predict what the market situation will be like in the next 5 years.

It is one of the most important industries. Its development is in close relationship with scientific and technological progress. The industry is less knowledge-intensive than information and communication technologies or the pharmaceutical sector. Despite this, the state of the entire industry depends on its development. The engineering sector provides other industries with equipment, machinery, and auxiliary tools.

Development Features

Mechanical engineering has a number of features that affect the location of its main production facilities. Based on the factors listed below and their combinations, this area is classified. Allocate heavy, medium, general machine-building complex.

Large industries that produce technologically sophisticated products are located near large scientific and educational centers. This is due to the need for qualified personnel, new developments in various industries. For example, in Russia, the main high-tech industries are located near Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg.

Labor intensity

For the proper organization of the production process at the enterprises of the machine-building industry, qualified personnel are needed. For the production of most of the equipment and machinery, it is necessary to spend a huge amount of labor time.

That is why the main enterprises of this sphere are mainly located near large cities with a large concentration of the population. At the same time, high requirements are placed on the employed workers in terms of their qualifications. The greatest labor intensity is inherent in the following branches of engineering:

machine tool building. The largest enterprises are located near Moscow;
aviation industry. Well developed in Samara, Kazan;
electrical engineering production. The largest enterprises are located in Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk.

All branches of engineering are consumers of a huge amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Therefore, plants that are especially in need of this resource gravitate towards large metallurgical bases. The largest metal-intensive industries include:

production of mining equipment;
metallurgical industry;
energy sphere.

Availability of developed transport hubs

Some branches of engineering, when locating their production facilities, are guided by the possibility of organizing cooperation. These areas include the automotive industry. Its main production facilities are located in the Center and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that manufactured products in the form of cars are transported over long distances and in different directions. Therefore, these enterprises are located near major transport routes.

Some machine-building enterprises focus only on their consumers. This is due to the difficulty of transporting manufactured equipment due to their large dimensions and significant weight. It is more profitable to produce such products directly in the region of their consumption.

For example, the production of tractors for transporting timber is carried out only in Karelia. The production of combines for processing grain crops is well established in the North Caucasus.

Features of location of machine-building enterprises in Russia

When locating enterprises, the ideal option is the coincidence of the territory with sources of raw materials and with consumers of finished products. In this case, the forecast for the development of such enterprises is comforting, since they are exempted from high transportation costs.

It becomes possible to establish close ties between mechanical engineering and metallurgy. Enterprises of the first type are exempted from many technological operations, which reduce the cost of finished products. In turn, metallurgical plants receive waste from mechanical engineering and use it for their own needs.

Considering that the raw material bases and consumers of products are located in different territories, the production capacities of enterprises are located taking into account the possibility of a quick sale of equipment. This is due to the fact that the cost of transporting metal is several times lower than the necessary investments for transporting finished products. That is why many production lines mainly gravitate towards the regions where finished products are sold, despite their metal consumption.

Factors affecting the location of engineering enterprises

Considering the main trends in the development and territorial distribution of engineering enterprises, specialization and cooperation play an important role. The first direction makes it possible to involve powerful and efficient equipment in the production process, which ensures the automation of many operations. Specialization is divided into the following types:

detailed. Allows for the release of individual parts for certain equipment;
subject. It implies the release of certain varieties of finished products;
technological. Allows you to release semi-finished products or perform any one series of operations.

It should not be forgotten that specialization is closely related to cooperation. It involves the involvement of several enterprises to organize the release of one final product.

The following problems of mechanical engineering, which are inherent in the domestic industry, can be distinguished:

insufficient pace of development of leading industries or in some cases even their decline;
downtime of many production lines, which is caused by various reasons;
incorrect organization of technological connections;
due to poor quality control, 20-30% of manufactured products need to be repaired after a year of operation;
the need to ensure the accelerated growth of production capacities of machine tool building, instrument making and electronics;
in the world economy, domestic equipment does not occupy a leading position due to low quality;
insufficient pace of equipment renewal, which leads to the production of obsolete products;
Previously, most enterprises were focused on meeting the needs of the defense industry;
the need to re-profile large factories;
the need to eliminate dispositions to balance the development of all areas of engineering.

Priority directions for the development of domestic engineering

Prospects for the development and placement of mechanical engineering in the domestic production complex are determined by the solution of the following tasks:

predominant development of industries that are characterized by high science intensity (automotive industry);
elimination of monopolies. At the moment they make up 80% of all existing production facilities in Russia;
an increase in the number of highly developed industries for the production of oil equipment, various machine tools, minibuses;
establishing old and opening new economic and technological ties with countries near and far abroad;
stimulation of investment attractiveness of domestic enterprises;
state support for enterprises that have great development prospects.

What influences the development of the domestic machine-building complex?

For the successful development of mechanical engineering, certain rules must be observed. In particular, it is very important to adhere to the condition - 1:2:4. This means that with the rate of development of the economy and the economy of the country at 1, the state of the machine-building sector should be 2, and electronics, instrumentation - 4. This ratio is ideal, since it provides the best forecast for the country's industry.

In Russia, this proportion has a completely different form - 1: 0.98: 1. That is why the domestic machine-building complex cannot compete with foreign industries. Achieving these proportions is the main task that must be completed in the near future.

Other features of Russian engineering

Mechanical engineering is of great importance in the Russian economy, and its effective functioning is ensured by the presence of a wide network of inter-industry and intra-industry relations. When studying this sphere of production, the following features can be distinguished:

mechanical engineering accounts for a third of the total volume of products produced by Russia;
40% of the country's industrial and production personnel are employed in this area;
Mechanical engineering accounts for 25% of fixed production assets;
The products manufactured in this industry are very diverse.

Mechanical engineering enterprises are distributed throughout the country. This industry is represented in almost all regions of Russia. Only in some it is leading, while in others it functions to meet exclusively internal needs.

Investment attractiveness of Russian engineering

The investment attractiveness of Russian engineering enterprises is very low. This is due to a sharp decrease in the rate of development during crises, the moral and physical deterioration of equipment, and the lack of promising scientific developments. All the presented factors negatively affect the development of the economy of the whole country, which is in close relationship with mechanical engineering.

Today, Russia ranks 30th in the world in terms of the number of patent applications filed and 31st in terms of R&D spending. Therefore, it is behind many countries of the world.

Mechanical engineering is largely dependent on economic market conditions. With a decrease in the investment ability of companies that buy equipment produced by the industry, the production capabilities of the entire industry are reduced. Therefore, this industry is highly dependent on the alternation of periods of economic growth and crises.

The weight of machine-building industries in the Russian economy

Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia determine that this industry is one of the most depressing. In 1999, the production of personal computers and cars kept its previous pace or even increased it. At the same time, the production of other types of engineering products decreased by more than 2 times. For example, the production of grain harvesters decreased by 25 times.

At the end of the twentieth century, the pace of production of equipment for public consumption increased. In 1999, the output of televisions, refrigerators and other household appliances began to increase. In this industry, there is a differentiation of enterprises based on their ability to adapt to new conditions. For example, in 1999, the production of TV sets in the Novosibirsk region decreased by more than 7 times. At the same time, the output of the same products in Russia as a whole increased by 2.5 times.

Since 2000, the development of mechanical engineering has been more intensive. It has its own characteristics:

high rates of increase in production capacity were observed on the territory of the European part of Russia;
the eastern regions developed less intensively;
increase in the production of the Central region by 41% due to the production of electric trains and cars;
the development of enterprises in Western Siberia is based on the implementation of the state program for the production of oil and gas equipment;
enterprises in Eastern Siberia are not so developed. The jump in production is only in heavy, transport and agricultural engineering.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia by industry

The industry structure of Russian engineering is complex. Enterprises of this sphere of production are located in almost all regions of the country.

heavy engineering

The heavy branch of the machine-building industry is characterized by high metal and labor intensity. It is divided into the following areas:

metallurgical. It is characterized by a high cost of finished products, and its enterprises are located near the regions of steel production;
mountain. It produces equipment for the extraction of minerals of various types, and is located in the regions of consumption of finished products;
lifting and transport. The industry is of great importance for meeting the needs of construction and industry;
locomotive building, car building, track engineering. Works to meet the needs of railway transport;
pipe building. Produces turbines (hydraulic, steam, gas) for the needs of power plants, gas pumping and other equipment;
atomic. Produces equipment for the operation of nuclear power plants;
electrotechnical. Produces more than 100 types of products to meet the needs of almost the entire national economy;
machine tool. It specializes in the production of machine tools for processing metal, wood and in the repair of manufactured equipment.

For the production of instrument-making products, it is necessary to attract qualified personnel and constantly engage in research work. The industry is characterized by low metal and energy intensity. In Russia, the share of instrument-making products in relation to the total volume of equipment manufactured by mechanical engineering is 12%.

Machine-building complex for light and food industry

This includes areas that specialize in the production of equipment for the following industries:

knitted;
fur;
leather;
production of chemical fibers;
food.

About 90% of the plants belonging to the sphere are located in the European part of Russia. This is due to their consumer orientation.

Aviation industry

For the efficient operation of the aviation industry in the country, other industries were developed that supply component equipment. It can function only through the involvement of qualified personnel. Therefore, its enterprises are located in large industrial centers of Russia - Moscow, Voronezh, Kazan, Samara and others.

It specializes in the production of orbital spacecraft, satellites and other products of this type.

The automotive industry is considered the largest branch of engineering in Russia. More than 80% of the produced cargoes fall on the products of this sphere. The main enterprises are located in the European part of the country near large transport hubs.

The main production facilities of the industry are located in the following regions of the country:

Volga region;
North Caucasian;
Ural;
Central;
Volga-Vyatka;
West Siberian.

Shipbuilding industry

The main enterprises, despite the high metal consumption, are located far away from metallurgical bases. This is due to the difficulties of transporting finished products. Most of the enterprises are located in estuaries or sheltered harbours.

The development of mechanical engineering in the world

In the world economy, the European Union, China, the United States of America and Japan occupy leading positions in the output of engineering products. The first of them is the leader in terms of gross output of equipment. At the same time, in recent years, China has been the world leader in the production of conditionally pure products.

Over the past decade, the European Union has seen a 1.1% increase in production. At the same time, in the US and Japan, there is a slight decline in engineering by 1.1% and 3.1%, respectively.

In the period from 2000 to 2002, the total employment of the population in the industry in developed countries is gradually declining. At the same time, the number of workers in China is growing by 5.8% annually. In this country, more than 6 million people are employed at machine-building enterprises, which is several times higher than in the European Union. This feature is due to the fact that wages in China are an order of magnitude lower than in other developed countries of the world.

The competitive position of the European Union is significantly lower than that of Japan and the United States. This is due to the different development of the economies of the countries in the EU. Even economically stable Germany is characterized by a labor productivity in the engineering sector of 70,000 dollars.

The strengthening of China's position in the world is caused by an increase in the number of imported products, which make up a large part of the world trade market. This figure has grown from 3% to 13% over the past few years. Such rates of development are not observed in any country of the world. At the same time, the share of the USA decreased from 25% to 17%, Japan - from 21% to 16%.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Irkutsk State Technical University

Department of World Economy

Course work

on the topic:

“The current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation. Development prospects"

Irkutsk 2008

Introduction1. The current state of engineering and placement in the Russian Federation1.1Heavy engineering1.2 General engineering1.3 Medium engineering2. Prospects for the development of the machine-building complex2.1 Nanotechnologies in the aircraft industry2.2 Nanotechnologies in the automotive industry2.3 Nanotechnologies in the railway engineering industryConclusion

Introduction

The machine-building complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex, this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering also produces commodities, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the location factors of its industries and industries, as well as to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for overcoming the current difficult economic situation.

Taking into account the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will cover theoretical issues: the role and significance, the specifics of placement, the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third, the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and practical prerequisites for getting out of it .

1. The current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation

The machine-building complex is a complex cross-industry formation, including mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering combines specialized industries that are similar in technology and the raw materials used. Metalworking includes the industry of metal structures and products, as well as the repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the country's heavy industry. By creating the most active part of the main production assets - tools of labor, mechanical engineering largely influences the pace and direction of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the economic complex, the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators that determine the effectiveness of the development of social production. Mechanical engineering accounts for about 1/5 of the output of the country's industry, almost 1/4 of the main industrial production assets and 1/3 of the industrial production personnel.

The range of manufactured products of mechanical engineering is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and affects the location of industries that produce various types of products.

Currently, in mechanical engineering, according to the degree of technical equipment, there are five levels of technological structure.

First level is represented by the production of equipment for the mining industry and enterprises processing primary raw materials.

Second level associated with the production of equipment for agriculture.

Third level represented by the production of equipment for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the production of building materials.

Fourth level includes the automotive and bearing industries, electrical engineering, etc.

Fifth level represent enterprises associated with high technology: these are the production of computers, optical fiber technology, robotics, the production of machine tools and equipment with numerical control (CNC), rocket and space production, and the aviation industry.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, there are 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries.

Complex industries similar in technological processes and raw materials used include heavy, energy and transport engineering, electrical industry, chemical and petroleum engineering, machine tool and tool industries, tractor and agricultural engineering, machine building for light and food industries.

For a long period, the pace of development of mechanical engineering outpaced the development of industry as a whole. High rates were characteristic of industries that determine scientific and technological progress, and primarily machine tool building, instrument making, the electrical and electronic industry, the production of computer equipment, and aerospace production.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by the growth of its production volumes, but also by the creation and production of progressive types of products, the introduction of more modern technologies.

In recent decades, the machine-building complex has been formed in accordance with the current needs of the country's economy and defense for a specific range of end products. As a result, subject-specialized enterprises with rigid technological ties, low flexibility and mobility of production were created.

The crisis situation that had matured in the country by the beginning of the 1990s had a significant impact on the industry. The structure of mechanical engineering was characterized by extreme heaviness with a high degree of militarization. There was a high level of concentration and monopolization of production, excessive, inefficient production activity. Only about 1/4 of new technologies corresponded to the world level.

As a result, violations of contractual obligations for the supply of products began to occur in the USSR, the naturalization of exchange, and the emergence of barter transactions on a large scale. Established ties for the supply of components and final products of mechanical engineering were changing. The high level of territorial division of labor, as well as the monopolism inherent in the machine-building complex of the USSR, caused the absence in Russia of a number of industries necessary for the normal functioning of both machine building and the entire economic complex of the country.

For the period 1998-2004. the volume of industrial output of mechanical engineering increased by 7.1 times and amounted to 1.8 trillion rubles. The deindustrialization of the economy also affected the machine-building complex. Tier 5 engineering industries, focused on the production of science-intensive products, reduced production from 45.3% to 22.5%. The output of high-performance science-intensive equipment, equipped with electronic devices and microprocessor control, has decreased tenfold over the noted period, and for some nomenclature items - hundreds of times. Thus, the production of CNC machine tools decreased by 142 times. In the country in 2004, only 200 CNC machine tools were manufactured, and in Japan (for comparison) - about 35 thousand, more than half of them were sold on the world market. The production of CNC forging and pressing machines decreased from 370 to 22 units, or 16.8 times. The production of advanced cutting tools, especially those made of ceramics, polycrystalline synthetic diamonds and superhard materials, abrasive micropowders, also decreased significantly. While the production of products of the fourth order (cars) remained virtually unchanged and amounted to 1.1 million units.

The foreign trade balance in engineering products worsened: if in 1990 the volume of imports exceeded the volume of exports by 33%, then in 2004 it was almost 90%. The overall decline in the export potential of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The former include the destruction of the subject specialization that existed within the framework of the CMEA and the USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of prices between producers in the raw materials and manufacturing industries. Price growth indices for raw materials sectors exceeded the corresponding figures for the machine-building complex in the electric power industry by more than 4 times, the fuel industry by about 3 times, and ferrous metallurgy by almost 2 times. As a result, the price of the factors of production of machine-building products (with the exception of labor) approached the world price.

The external factors of reducing the export potential include the low (compared to foreign analogues) competitiveness of manufactured products and the unwillingness to be active in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.

Since 1992, the main limiting factor in the development of mechanical engineering has been the reduction in investment in the development of the machine-building complex, the high wear and tear of fixed production assets, and outdated technologies in the machine-building complex.

Structural changes in the output of engineering products reflect shifts in the economy as a whole and in its sectors.

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Future technologies and smart factories

"Smart" enterprises mean a set of all available automation tools in combination with robotics, software, lasers, multifunctional machines that will be controlled by artificial intelligence. The availability of such technologies will maximize the technical efficiency of the enterprise through monitoring and planning operations. But of course this is not the limit of possibilities.

In the future, it will be possible for the mechanisms themselves to make adjustments to their technological process, adapt to the needs of the client, regulate changes in the production process, and there will be opportunities for self-management.

Remark 2

It is worth noting that the new "smart" production will include waste processing and have a minimal impact on the environment.

To increase the flexibility of the enterprise, the introduction of open technologies is required. Cheapness is the main advantage of such technologies, besides, such technologies can reduce costs. To achieve the goals, it will also require the introduction of 3D technologies for faster and more efficient design.

It will be possible to reduce the size of the factories, which will allow the enterprise to achieve economic efficiency.

However, it cannot be said that the introduction of such technologies into production will be fast. There are a number of problems slowing down the modernization process, first of all, the lack of investment, and secondly, the underdevelopment of the electronics industry.

But that doesn't mean that nothing is being done at all. It is worth noting the remote monitoring system of Triol companies - Trioli Drive. This software allows you to control industrial processes in real time, remotely. And besides, it allows you to control the consumed resources, temperature, pressure, noise, etc.

This program allows you to reduce maintenance costs, minimize costs, and provide maintenance and diagnostics of equipment in production.

It should be noted that the availability of such technologies will make it possible to make a huge step forward in the machine-building complex.