Integrated system for the protection of cabbage from pests, diseases and weeds. Green bristles: characteristics, description, weed control methods List of used literature and photographs

weed plants

Bristle bristle gray

Gray bristle - Setaria glauca (L.) Bea-uv. - late spring weed. The plant is 5-50 cm high, usually grows as a bush. Stem straight, glabrous. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, rough above, gray-gray, smooth below, green. The tongue is in the form of a membranous rim. The vaginas are naked, squeezed from the sides, often the lower ones are reddish. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm long, single-flowered, with rufous bristles at the base, exceeding 2-3 times the spikelet and having notches facing forward. Inflorescence - Sultan. The root system is concentrated in the arable layer, but can penetrate up to 1.5 m deep.

The fruit is an ovoid-oval membranous caryopsis, rounded-convex on the outside, flat on the inside. Floral scales are cartilaginous. The surface is clearly transversely wrinkled, smooth at the edges, dull, from greenish-straw to brownish-gray. The grain length is 2-3.5 mm, width is 1.5-2 mm. Weight of 1000 seeds 3-4 g.

The germinal sheath of seedlings is short, lanceolate, has two brownish-dark veins. The first leaf is 15-20 mm long and 2.5-3 mm wide, almost flat, broadly linear, with many longitudinal veins, sharp at the apex. The vagina is open, there is no tongue. The second leaf is similar to the first, longer and closer to the vagina has sparse slightly wavy hairs. Seedlings are light green, often have an anthocyanin shade.

Blooms from June to August. One plant produces up to 5500 seeds, which begin to germinate at a soil temperature of 15-20°C, and mass seedlings appear at 30-35°C from a depth of up to 5 cm. It remains viable in the soil for up to 10-15 years. Propagated by seeds. However, under conditions of sufficient moisture, cut stems at the lower nodes often take root.

A plant of a temperate and hot climate, unpretentious to the soil. A common weed of late and tilled crops, sparse crops of alfalfa, sometimes spring crops. Specialized coriander weed. In grain crops, it remains in the soil layer and develops as a stubble weed. Distributed everywhere.

Yarutka field

Yarutka field - Thlaspi arvense L. - a wintering weed plant. In the middle zone, it is also widely represented by spring forms, and in the south by winter forms. A naked plant, with a heavy smell, 10-50 cm high. The stem is ribbed. The lower leaves are petiolate, oblong-obovate, and the rest are sessile, oblong-lanceolate, unequally notched-toothed along the edge. The flowers are small, white, collected in racemose inflorescences. The root is fusiform.

The fruit is a bilocular pod with a winged keel. Seeds obovate, flattened. The surface is shiny, parallel to the edge of the seed covered with arcuate-wrinkled folds, dark brown. Seed length 1.5-2.3 mm, width 1.2-1.6 mm. The weight of 1000 seeds is about 1.5 g.

Seedling cotyledons are round-oval, truncated at the apex, rounded at the base, petiolate, 5-8 mm long and 3-6 mm wide. The hypocotyl genu is poorly developed. The first leaf is round-oval or ovate, obtuse at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, petiolate, noticeable venation. The third leaf is oval-lanceolate, larger, a rare notch is clear. Seedlings are dark green, glabrous, rosette-shaped.

Blooms from May to late autumn. One plant produces from 900 to 2100 seeds. The germination of overwintered seeds increases significantly (up to 83-98%), the period of their germination is extended. It is better that the seeds of the field yarut germinate from a depth of 0.5-1 cm, retaining their germination capacity in the soil for about 10 years. The plant gravitates towards moist habitats with loose and fertile loamy soils.

Table 3. Characteristics of weeds.

Conclusion: weeds are distributed throughout the globe. Several thousand species of weeds are known. Weed damage is manifold. Weeds drown out cultivated plants, absorbing a large amount of water and nutrients from the soil, releasing harmful substances from the roots into the soil, depriving them of light; all this reduces the yield, and in some cases leads to the death of crops. Yield losses from weeds in cabbage are 17%.

Or bluegrass. The grass has a small fibrous root. It is able to quickly deplete and clog the soil cover. Many members of the family act in the role. They were known to people in ancient times, there are many varieties in the plant world such as chumiza, gomi, mogar. The genus of grass has about 120 species, one of which is the bristle.

Appearance

Gardeners and gardeners strive in every possible way to get rid of under the name green foxtail. The description of this herb is known to anyone who wants to grow a good crop of vegetables. The weed has dense spike-shaped flowers of a cylindrical (rarely lobed) shape. Spikelets in the form of panicles are located on shortened legs. Closer to the base, they have serrated bristles.

Bristle green blooms in July, August. The seeds of the plant ripen in late summer and have amazing vitality. The germination capacity of seed material is retained in the plant for 10 years.

Preferred Habitat

The grass is able to take the first place in terms of survival among its fellow spring weeds, spreading on millet crops and having similarities with millet grains. Due to this similarity, the plant is also known as millet. You can see green foxtail almost everywhere: in beds, gardens, along roads. It clogs varieties of late agricultural crops with its seedlings. The plant is resistant to adverse environmental conditions, perfectly tolerates dry periods. Grass propagation occurs with the help of seeds.

Measures of agrotechnical weed control

Agrotechnical measures to prevent weed propagation include:

1. Autumn processing, in which the seeds are not able to sprout.
2. Technologically correct care of planted crops.

The green bristle is able to clog with its sprouts:

• Grain plantings.
• Grain plantations.
• Technical plantations.
• Vegetable crops.
• Forage plantations.

Useful properties of green foxtail

The chemical composition of the plant has not been thoroughly studied, but the leaves of the grass contain magnesium oxalate. Chinese and Tibetan medical practitioners use the plant as a diuretic.

In folk medicine, green foxtail is not so often used, the healing properties of which some people use to relieve bruises and bruises, making compresses from its infusion. The seeds are used to treat eye diseases.

1. When harvesting hay forage, grass, getting into the feeder, can provoke diseases in animals. The disease is expressed in inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa. Spreading into the respiratory tract of the animal, the foxtail provokes purulent inflammatory formations. Grass-fed cows lose their milk yield and develop mouth ulcers and curd-like plaques caused by grass bristles.
2. Cats love this herb. Some owners of fluffy creatures specially plant foxtail seeds on the windowsills for their pets in order to pamper their pets with green vitamins in winter. In the summer, cats love to rest in the weeds.
3. If a cat or dog is sick, they find grass on their own and eat its green leaves.
4. In agriculture, the fight against the plant is carried out with the help of herbicides. In vegetable beds, it is uprooted. The land is also treated with special herbicidal preparations.

Weeds belong to the family Bluegrass (Grass)

culture.

Most often found on tilled and grain crops, in gardens.

Prevalence.

Everywhere, green - especially in the southern regions.

Description.

Bristle green. The first and second leaves of shoots are 8...16 long, 2...3 mm wide, broadly linear, sheaths are covered with hairs along the edge. There are no ears, instead of a tongue, a slightly protruding rim. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 75...170 cm, extending to the sides from the stem by 33...80 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 20...100 cm. The leaf blades are linear-lanceolate. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume. Spikelets ovate-oval or elliptical, surrounded by green or dark purple bristles with serrations. The fruit is an oval-ovoid, one-sided-convex yellow-brown membranous caryopsis, length 2...2.5, width 0.75...1.5, thickness 0.75...1 mm. Weight of 1000 filmy grains 1...1.5 g.

Bristle bristle gray. The first leaf of seedlings is 12...30 long, 2...3 mm wide, broad-linear. There are thin hairs at the base of the plate. The mesocotyl is well developed. The root is fibrous, penetrating into the soil by 105 ... 173 cm and extending to the sides of the stem by 35 ... 78 cm. The stem is straight (rough under the inflorescence), height 10 ... 60 cm. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate, from above rough. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical plume. Spikelets are awnless. The fruit is an ovoid-oval, one-sided-convex, transversely wrinkled, lemon-green or dark brown membranous caryopsis, length 2...2.75, width 1.5...1.75, thickness 1 mm. Weight of 1000 filmy grains 2...2.75 g.

weed biology.

Spring annuals.

Bristle green. Shoots appear in April - June (July - August). Blooms in June - September. Fruits in July - October. The maximum fecundity is 2300 caryopses, which in the freshly ripened and unripe state germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 12...14 cm, remain viable for more than 4 years. Grows in fields, gardens and orchards, in abundance on sandy and stony soils.

Bristle bristle gray. Shoots appear in April - May (June - July). Blooms in June - August (September). Fruits in July-September. The maximum fecundity is 13,800 caryopses, freshly ripened and unripe ones germinate in the soil from a depth of no more than 16...18 cm. Caryopses remain viable for up to 30 years, do not lose their germination capacity after prolonged exposure to water. More moisture-loving plant than green foxtail. It grows in fields and pastures, in abundance on loose sandy and loamy soils.

Conditions affecting the development of the weed.

Bristle green

Bristle bristle gray. The minimum temperature for germination of caryopses is 6...8 °C, the optimum temperature is 20...24 °C, and the maximum temperature is 42...44 °C.

Medicines for protection.

Agrotechnical control measures

Compliance with agricultural practices.

Bristle (mice) gray

Setaria glauca (L.) Pal. beauv.

Sem. Bluegrasses / Cereals / Poaceae / Graminae

Spring annual grassy weed, strongly propagated by seeds, with a fibrous root. Prefers soils rich in nutrients from loamy-sandy to slightly sandy-loamy.
Germination time: April-May (early summer).
Leaves: wide, linear-lanceolate, dull-gray, with a wide white midrib, the leaf sheath is flat, instead of a uvula there is a hair corolla, the edge of the sheath is smooth.
Stem: straight, branched at the base, gray-green, 10-40 cm high.
flowers: small, one-flowered spikelets, crowded into an inflorescence in the form of a cylindrical simple spike; flowers are awnless, but with a long bristle below the spikelet, at first reddish in color, the bristle protrudes 2-3 lengths beyond the spikelet.
Flowering time: summer.
Fetus: grain.

Systematic position (belonging to the family).

Bluegrass (Grass) (Russian)
Tonkonogovi (Zlakovi) (ukr.)
Poaceae (Gramineae) (lat.)

biological group.

An annual late spring plant, (it is also called a blue-gray mouse).

Morphology.

In adult plants stem ascending, cranked, smooth, rough only under the inflorescence. The root is fibrous, penetrating deeply into the soil and away from the stem. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, ciliated at the base and along the edge. Leaf sheaths are smooth, free. The tongue is in the form of a bundle of hairs. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical dense complex spike with yellowish-brown, reddish short bristles at the base of the spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, gray-green. Spikelet and flowering scales with clear transverse wrinkles. The plant is blue-green in color. These features differ from the green foxtail.

Fetus- ovoid-oval, unilaterally convex transversely wrinkled lemon-green or dark brown membranous caryopsis. Floral flakes are leathery, shell-shaped, the outer one covers the inner edges. Embryo wide, clearly protruding. The surface is finely pitted, slightly rough. Coloration greyish-greenish. Length 1.7 - 2.2, width 1.5 - 1.7, thickness 0.9 - 1.0 mm.

At seedlings the first leaf is 12–30 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, broadly linear, the subsequent ones are larger in size, pointed at the apex. The leaf sheath is flattened, 4-15 mm long, colored with a reddish pigment, especially in seedlings grown in good light. Venation in the form of three to five whitish or light green veins. At the base of the plate of the second and subsequent leaves there are white long hairs, which, closer to the sheath, pass into a membranous rim. The leaves are rough along the edge, otherwise the seedlings are bare. Starting from the second leaf, the plates are bluish above, green below. The mesocotyl is well developed, thin-cylindrical with a whitish bar.

Biology.

Propagated by seeds. Seedlings appear in April-May, mass - when the soil warms up to + 20 ... 24 ° C, individual - throughout the summer. Blossoms in June-August, bears fruit until autumn. A well-developed plant forms up to 3 thousand or more seeds. They are much larger - this is what distinguishes them from the seeds of green foxtail. Seeds more often fall on the soil and only a small part of them gets into the grain. Freshly ripened seeds have low germination capacity, germinate next year, have long-term viability, do not lose their germination capacity in the soil for more than ten years.

Economic value.

It clogs tilled, vegetable and heavily sparse crops of grain crops. It is especially harmful in crops of millet and Sudanese, since young plants of the weed are difficult to distinguish from cultivated plants. It develops after harvesting grains on the stubble as a stubble weed. The gray bristle is a more moisture-loving plant than the green bristle. A young plant is a good food for animals, but after flowering it becomes very coarse.

Control measures.

The weed is effectively destroyed by agrotechnical methods: peeling and plowing after crop harvesting, harrowing and cultivation during the growing season of crops. Of the chemicals, the most effective are herbicides with an anticereal orientation, applied before sowing or before crop emergence.

List of used literature and photographs.

1. Vereshchagin L.N. Atlas of herbaceous plants.-K.: Univest Marketing, 2002.-384p.