The resistance movement of the Soviet people during the Second World War. Resistance movement against fascism in the Second World War

The Resistance Movement is a national liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War against the German, Italian, Japanese occupiers, their allies and collaborators; gained great momentum in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The Resistance movement took the forms of civil disobedience, propaganda, sabotage and sabotage, assistance to escaped prisoners of war and downed allied pilots, and armed resistance. Separate detachments, reconnaissance, sabotage and organizational groups for operations in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. International Resistance Day is celebrated on April 10.

Resistance Forces

The broad masses of the people took part in the Resistance movement; two movements stood out in it: the left movement was led by the communists, who demanded not only national liberation, but also social reforms; the right movement was conservative in nature and sought to restore the order that existed before the occupation. Accordingly, the communists focused on the USSR, and the conservatives - on the USA and Great Britain. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway), cooperation was established between the left and right movements during the Resistance movement against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece), governments in exile, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created own organizations, who, speaking under the banner of liberation, actually fought against leftist forces. Being national in nature in each individual country, the Resistance movement was at the same time an international movement, having a common goal for all fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, liberation from the invaders of the territories of occupied countries. In many European countries, Soviet people who escaped from concentration camps fought in the Resistance movement. In the Resistance movement, the struggle against fascism and for national liberation was intertwined with the struggle for democratic and social transformation, and in colonial and dependent countries - with the struggle against colonial oppression. In a number of countries, people's democratic revolutions unfolded during the Resistance movement. In some countries, revolutions that began during the Resistance movement ended after the end of World War II.
The Resistance movement was distinguished by its variety of forms of struggle against the occupiers. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers and in transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, collection of intelligence information for the anti-Hitler armies coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of the Resistance movement was a nationwide armed uprising.
In a number of countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines) the Resistance movement grew into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway, the main forms of resistance were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of resistance were the clandestine activities of underground anti-fascist groups, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and in the army, and the provision of assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war deported to Germany.

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1939–45, national liberation, anti-fascist movement in the territories occupied by Germany and its allies and in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves.

It acquired the greatest scope in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, and Albania. The Resistance movement involved patriotic representatives of all segments of the population, as well as prisoners of war, people forcibly deported to work, and concentration camp prisoners. Significant role in the organization Resistance movements and the mobilization of its forces for the fight was played by the governments of the occupied states who were in exile, patriotic organizations and political parties and movements.

Common goal Resistance movements there was liberation from fascists. occupation, restoration of national independence and post-war government structure based on democracy. Powers Resistance movements used various shapes and methods of struggle: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, assistance to those persecuted by the invaders, intelligence activities in favor of the allies in anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass uprisings and demonstrations, partisan movement, armed uprisings, which developed in a number of countries into a national liberation war.

The USSR provided resistance movement many countries provide direct assistance in the training and transfer of national personnel for the deployment of guerrilla warfare, in the supply of weapons, ammunition, medicine, evacuation of the wounded, etc.

Scope and activity Resistance movements largely depended on the course of the armed struggle on the fronts of World War II. On Sept. – Oct. 1939 in Poland, small partisan detachments began to fight against the German occupation forces; sabotage was carried out at enterprises and railway transport. Political demonstrations, strikes, and sabotage at factories were held in Czechoslovakia. In Yugoslavia, immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941), the first partisan detachments began to be created.

After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow resistance movement began to acquire the character of national movements led by the National Fronts in Poland, France, the Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece, Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Main (from September - Supreme) headquarters of the people's liberation partisan detachments was created. By the end of 1942, the patriots liberated 1/5 of the territory of Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1942, the first partisan groups launched combat activities in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. On Dec. In 1941, Greek partisan units united into the People's Liberation Army.

The time from the end of 1942 to the spring of 1944 was marked by the development of the most active forms of struggle. On August 1, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 began in Poland. In China, the people's army, in battles with Japanese troops, liberated a number of regions of the country. Since spring 1944 forces Resistance movements directly participated in the liberation of countries from fascist occupation: the Slovak national uprising of 1944, the anti-fascist armed uprising in Romania, the September people's armed uprising in Bulgaria of 1944, the popular uprising in northern Italy, the May uprising of the Czech people of 1945. In Hungary, as the liberation of the country began, the Soviets. The Hungarian National Independence Front was created by troops. The struggle against the occupiers in France grew into a nationwide uprising, the pinnacle of which was the Paris Uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the country on their own. In Aug. 1945 The People's Uprising in Vietnam was defeated.

Resistance movement was international in nature. People of different nationalities fought in its ranks. In European countries there is an active struggle against fascism led thousands of owls. people who escaped from captivity, concentration camps, and places of forced labor. In Poland, the total number of owls. citizens fighting in partisan formations reached 12 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 6 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - about 13 thousand. In France, several thousand owls operated. citizens, more than 5 thousand fought in Italy. In collaboration with German and Romanian patriots of the Soviet Union. people actively fought against the Nazis in Germany and Romania.

Thousands of owls. people who participated in resistance movement abroad, awarded owls. orders and medals, as well as signs of military valor of the countries where they fought. The heroes of the anti-fascist struggle were: in Italy - F.A. Poletaev, M. Dashtoyan, in France - V.V. Porik, S.E. Sapozhnikov, in Belgium - B.I. Tyagunov, K.D. Shukshin, in Norway - N.V. Sadovnikov.

Research Institute (Military History) VAGS of the RF Armed Forces

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT - national liberation, anti-fascist democratic people's movement masses during the Second World War, 1939-45 against Germany, Italy. and Japanese invaders.

With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war carried out by the people. masses in the pre-war years (armed battles in Austria, the Popular Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascism. enslavement.

Ch. The goal that united heterogeneous layers of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the Nazis. aggressors and restoration of national independence. Thanks people. character D.S. fight for the national. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformations and social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries with the struggle for liberation from colonial oppression. In a number of countries, during the D.S. people began and won. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period successfully ended after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea).

D.S. was distinguished by its variety of forms and tactics. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, weapons. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the Ok-Kupats. administration, partisans war.

The process of the emergence and development of D.S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously. In Slovakia and in some countries where partisanship has become widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation movement. war against the fascists. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth occurred at different stages of the war, over several years, up to 1944 inclusive.

First period(beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organization. and the propaganda preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal antifascists were created and strengthened. org-tions.

Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, anti-fascists began in the occupied regions. speeches. In Poland in September - October. 1939 in the fight against Nazi Germany. okku-pats. The troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. During the autumn of 1939 - summer of 1940, D.S. covered, therefore, part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread.

In Czechoslovakia in the initial period of the German-fascist. occupations were an important form of struggle politically. demonstrations, boycott of fascists. press, there was also a strike movement. In Yugoslavia, the first partisans. The detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the D.S. were workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other industries. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. transport, etc. One of the first major protests against the occupiers organized by the communists was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. The peoples of other Europe also rose up to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the Nazi German army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However characteristic feature D.S. in the first period there was a predominance of elements of spontaneity and still insufficient organization.

Second period(June 1941 - Nov. 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia. Liberate, the struggle of peoples was led by mass patriots. org-tions - National front in Poland and France, Antifash. People's Liberation Assembly in Yugoslavia, National Liberation Front in Greece and Albania, Independence Front in Belgium, Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed the chapter. People's Liberation Headquarters partie. squads. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on armament. uprising On July 7, 1941, armament began. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Jan. 1942 Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which organized the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partiz. The detachments united in May 1942 into the Ludov Guard.

In Czechoslovakia, the first partisans were created in the summer of 1942. groups.

In Bulgaria in 1942, the Fatherland Front was created underground, uniting all anti-fascists. forces and began a wide partisan campaign. anti-fascist war.

In Romania, an anti-fascist program was developed in 1941. fight room people. Under her hand. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. Front.

In Greece he will liberate, the fight was led by the one created in September. 1941 National Liberation Front.

The struggle intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd half. 1941 anti-fascists intensified. and anti-war. speeches in Italy protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Nazis. Germany.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans formed and fought. squads. D.S. also developed in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In the end 1942 Anti-Japan was created. Malayan People's Army. Among citizens the population was organized against Japan. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians.

Third period(November 1942 to 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war.

D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries included in the Fascism. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; completed in basic national association of patriotic forces and unified national nationals were created. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. Partisans have reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in anti-fascists. struggle. Based on the partisans. detachments were created by People's Liberation. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. The Ludowa Guard acted in Poland, captivating the Home Army units with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reaction. leaders. 19 Apr 1943 An uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the Nazis. troops to take out another batch of Jews for destruction. population. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. The liberation struggle reached wide scale in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Arms have acquired a large scale. struggle in China. In the battles of 1943, the national revolutionary. army and other forces China. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "government" Wang Jing-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. There are many in Vietnam. partisan detachments expelled the Japanese by the end of 1943. occupiers from many districts in the north of the country.

The fourth period(late 1943 - May - September 1945). Aug 23 1944 anti-fascist occurred. adv. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the entry of the owls. troops in the territory Bulgaria began (September 9, 1944) armament. Bulgarian uprising people. Aug 1 1944 began the anti-fascist movement that lasted 63 days and ended tragically. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944, the Slovak uprising began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the Nazis. invaders.

In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country, the Soviet Union. troops 2 Dec. 1944 Weng was created. national Independence Front, and 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. national the meeting in Debrecen formed the Provisional. national production

In Yugoslavia it is still 29 November. 1943 National was created. liberation house Yugoslavia, performing the functions of Temporary. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of the Soviets. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democrat. production Legislation was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. national liberation, the council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist national liberation committee, endowed with temporary functions. pr-va.

In Greece, by the end of October 1944, the liberation of the entire territory. continental Greece from German-fascist. invaders.

In France, created in May 1943, the National. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (RCC) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for economic prospects. and democratic development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the militant organizations of the Resistance united and created unified army French internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, Paris uprising August 19-25. 1944. French. Patriots liberated most of the territory on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan force was created. the patriot army of the Freedom Volunteer Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters.

By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were operating in Belgium.

In France on November 1943 The Free German Committee for the West was formed.

D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines people. The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders in a number of areas of the island. Luzon, where democrats were held. transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Filipino people failed to consolidate the achieved successes.

In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of the partisans organized in 1941. units, the Vietnam Liberation Army was created.

D.S. became especially widespread immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Soviets. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory of the owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to launch a general offensive. They liberated us from the Japanese. occupiers of almost all of Northern and part of Central China. Will free, fight whale. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialist. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of the people. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 saw the victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic Party. Republic of Vietnam.

In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. There is anti-Japanese in Malaya. adv. the army liberated a number of districts of the country in 1944-45, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the English landed there. armed strength In March 1945, a national meeting began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers.

D.S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa.

In the fight against the fascist “new order”, a patriotic and anti-fascist resistance movement arose. In each country it had its own characteristics. In the occupied countries, the main goal of the resistance participants was liberation from the fascist occupiers. IN Western Europe The most common forms of resistance were initially the publication of illegal press, strikes, and assassination attempts on the occupiers.

In countries Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, where the occupation regime was more severe and where there were more favorable natural conditions for partisan actions, the resistance movement developed faster. In May 1941 Greek communists created the organization “National Solidarity”, which soon turned into the most massive organization of the Resistance.

Had a specific character liberation movement V Asian countries occupied by Japan. As a rule, it relied on the peasant masses and sometimes took on the character of a guerrilla war. The national liberation war acquired a particularly wide scope in China, where, in addition to the troops of the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek, the people's liberation armies formed under the leadership of the Communist Party operated. In May 1941 Resistance members in Indochina founded the Vietnamese Independence League (Viet Minh), led by communists.

In the countries of the fascist bloc Participants in the Resistance movement, operating deep underground, considered the overthrow of the fascist regime as their top priority. In addition to the communists, the fight against fascism was carried out by other anti-fascists political views, including Social Democrats and Catholics.

Tehran – Yalta – Potsdam.

The issue of opening a second front became the main one at the allied conference, which took place from November 28 to December 1, 1943. in Tehran. F. Roosevelt, I.V. took part in it. Stalin and W. Churchill. This was the first meeting of the Big Three. The conference participants agreed to establish the western border of Poland along the river. Oder. In general, despite the differences, the Tehran conference marked a significant strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition.

February 4, 1945 in Yalta An allied conference opened, which brought together Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. The main topic was the post-war structure of the world. The previously reached agreement was confirmed that after the surrender Germany should be occupied. Soviet troops were to occupy the eastern part of Germany, the British - the north-west, and the American - the south-west. For solutions general issues union was created Control Council, who was supposed to work in Berlin. Germany had to compensate for the losses caused by Hitler's aggression. The Allies agreed that the USSR should receive half, but it was not possible to reach an agreed decision on the issue of the amount of reparations.

The conference participants agreed on the creation of the UN and the convening of its first conference in San Francisco in April 1945. Stalin achieved UN membership not only for the USSR, but also separately for Belarus and Ukraine. All member countries were to participate in the UN General Assembly, but the main responsibility for maintaining peace and security rested with the Security Council, composed of five permanent and six rotating members. The USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China became permanent members of the UN Security Council.

The Polish question occupied an important place at the conference. It was decided that the border between Poland and the USSR would pass mainly along the “Curzon Line”. Thus, the USA and Great Britain recognized the accession of ZapBel and ZapUkr to the USSR. The basis of the future Polish government was to be the Polish Committee of National Liberation, subject to the inclusion of a number of representatives of other political forces, including the London government in exile.

A conference of leaders of the USSR, USA and Great Britain opened. The composition of the “Big Three” has changed: the USA - President G. Truman, the English - K. Attlee (Prime Minister). The German question occupied the main place in the work of the conference. It was decided to treat Germany as "a single economic whole" but not to create "any central German government." The conference decided to transfer the SS Konigsberg. The rest of East Prussia was transferred to Poland. Austria was separated from Germany and occupied by the four powers. Vienna, located in the Soviet zone of occupation, was, like Berlin, divided into four sectors. Serious disagreements also arose at the conference. Thus, the USSR failed to achieve quadrilateral control over the Ruhr. The USA and England insisted that each victorious power receive reparations from its zone of occupation.

The Polish question occupied an important place at the conference. The USA and Great Britain recognized the Polish Provisional Government created with the help of the USSR. The London government in exile was declared defunct. The Western powers insisted only on holding free elections in Poland. The border between Poland and Germany was established along the line of the Oder - West Neisse rivers. The Germans living in the territories transferred to Poland were deported to Germany.

Serious disagreements were caused by the issue of concluding peace treaties with Germany's former allies. The United States insisted on the “reorganization” of the governments of Romania and Bulgaria, seeking to weaken the influence of the Communists in these countries. It was possible to agree only on the preparation of peace treaties with Italy, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. The Potsdam Conference became the last stage cooperation between the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.

37 .Germany in mid. 20-beginning 21st centuries (21)

Germany has been divided since 1941. but most importantly the Yalta and Potsdam Conference (division into 4 zones and the principle of “demilitarization and democratization”). Surrender - everything is bad (inflation is 600%, everything is bombed (especially in the East), reparations. Directives “On the liquidation of the Wehrmacht” “On the prohibition of military construction”, each country has the right to veto any decision, but the administrator controls the zones autonomously. Manage Germany there is no one (no resistance => no personnel, and the fascists are on trial). They create parties: Savok KPD merged with the Social Democrats and organized the SED (Socialist United Party Ger), Zap Ger - CDU (Christ Democ Union) and the CSU (Chris Social Union) they rule in the administration. To restore the economy, there is a single economic space and in December 46 “Bizonia” (USA and Ang unified zones), France conit (supposedly we want decentralization of Germany), but 48 “Trizonia”. ZapGer Marshal's plan, money reform (new marks), the control over prices was canceled. Stalin wants to annex ZapBerlin and money reform is the reason for the blockade. On the night of June 23-24, 1948, all land communications between the zap zones and ZapBerlin were blocked. The supply of electricity to the city was stopped. and food products. The Allies organized an air bridge => bad for all relations. ZapGer May 23, 49 constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (2 chambers of parliament (Bundestag, Bundesrat), prezik, government headed by the chancellor). 49 elections to the Bundestag - CDU/CSU coalition Konrad Adenauer (1st Chancellor). In the east, on October 7, 49, the GDR was made in response. 50g constitution of Western Berlin.

Policy: 52g agreement with 3 okupats state - expansion of the rights of Germany, but the troops remain, that's all? about Berlin and going around Ger through them, they can declare a state of emergency. 1950 GDR - to CMEA; 55g NATO (at the same time the occupation status was cancelled), its own army of 500 thousand. Berlin crisis of '61 In 58, Savok proposed to make West Berlin a free demilitarized city, but Germany is against it (they think that the GDR will absorb it). Drop the plan to NATO atomic bomb at some object in the GDR, the FRG is terrified, but the military conflict did not take place and on August 13, 61 they built the Berlin Wall. => The FRG will increase the anti-war movement and for the revision of the East policy (the Hallstein doctrine - not cooperating with countries that recognized the GDR). Integration into Europe: 63 Elysee Treaty (reconciliation with France will be completed), in 52 the 1st agreement on payments to refugees was signed in Luxembourg financial assistance on the structure of life in Israel.

Against the backdrop of the fact that in the GDR tanks are crushing the uprising of workers (June 17, 53), and in Germany the growth of the economy, etc., in the elections of 53, the CDU/CSU was 45%. CNG did not reach the minimum (5%). 52g const court banning the neo-Nazi Socialist Imperial Party, and in 56 KKE. 63 83-year-old Chancellor Konrad Adenauer resigns, 66-67 crisis, the rule of the “grand coalition” (SDH/CSU, FDP/Freedom Democratic/, SPD) – “new east policy” - recognition of borders and cooperation with the east.

Economy: Minister of Economy L. Erhard “social market economy” - min government intervention in the economy (taxes, loans, export incentives), freedom of competition. The state rules in social policy. The public sector is only the property of the Reich. Total neoliberalism in Germany. The Marshall Plan from the USA is $3.6 billion, and for 50-57, investments in Germany amount to $60 billion. ZapGer concentrates reserves of raw materials and skilled labor force (+ refugees from the GDR), production on a new technical basis, min war costs, work week = 52 hours, high competition for work places. Salary increased by 300% (!), growth of industrial products 50th 10%, 60th 5% per year. In the 60s they overtook Japan.

Elections '69 SPD 42% CDU 36% => Willy Brandt(Hebert Fram) Chancellor. Calms the youth - elections from 18 years old, 72 years old, increased benefits, housing, social insurance; increases taxes, but there is a budget deficit, unemployment, inflation. External policy “building bridges”: “East treaties” Moscow, Warsaw 70g, Prague 73g, 71g USA, Fran, English and USSR according to Western Berlin “Treaty of Three” (refusal of the use of force, Western Berlin is not part of the Federal Republic of Germany, citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany can visit the German Democratic Republic) , 72 Bon recognized the GDR as an independent state. 72g CDU/CSU deputies vote of no confidence in Brandt (failed, 2 votes were not enough) Brandt dissolves parliament. => May 5, 1974 Willie resigns. Chancellor Schmidt. Economy crisis: GDP fell by 4%, unemployment 1.2 million people. Stimulating free enterprise, credit support for small and medium-sized businesses, tax reduction, accumulation of gold and foreign currency reserves => the exchange rate of the mark has increased. 78 Brezhnev visited Germany. Crisis due to the deployment of the SS-20 in VosEurope => in Germany "Pershing-2", boycott of the 80 Olympics in Moscow. There is a growing threat of terror inside Germany, driven by Greenpeace. Cyclical crisis of 80-82 – unemployment 9%, budget deficit 2 times. 82g, when discussing the budget, the FDP attached its plan, the SPD sends them to hell => the government is paralyzed. Schmidt is looking for a compromise, but the FDP on September 17, 1982 announces a break in the coalition. 1 Oct 82 vote of no confidence in Schmidt's government. New Chancellor, leader of the Christian Democratic Movement Helmut Kohl- Neoconservative course. Return to a “market social economy”, reducing costs for social policy. Restriction of the rights of trade unions, expansion of the rights of employers, etc. The peak of the rise of 90g GDP increased by 4.5%, developing the mechanical engineering, auto, chemical, and electrical industries at a high pace. Overtook Japan, 2nd place after the USA in exports. Kolya achieved the lifting of all restrictions on weapons in 1984. Friendship with France. Pan-Euro integration - 86 “Single Euro Act”. 87g liquid medium-range missiles (72 pcs in Germany).

The salary in Germany is 3 times higher than in the GDR. The Germans “vote with their feet” (executions of defectors have become more frequent). In the GDR, the people's movement vs. Honecker, the police and troops no longer save. 89 he is removed from his post. “GDR perestroika” The SED is reorganized into the PDS (Party of Democratic Socialists), the article on the leading role of the party is removed from the constitution, the purge of the party. 9 Oct 89 people dismantle the Berlin Wall. 90 elections to the People's Chamber - CDU 40% "Alliance for Germany" 48% (Supported Kolya). 28 Nov 89 Kohl spoke with the “Ten Points” in the Bundestag about a gradual rapprochement with the GDR and the creation of confederal structures, but already at the beginning of 90. proposed that the GDR switch to a single currency - the German mark. In May 1990, a state agreement was signed between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on foreign exchange and economics. and social Union, which entered into force on July 1, 1990. August 31, 1990 The Treaty of German Unification was signed. It came into force on October 3, 1990. Based on Art. 23. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany The GDR became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Foreign policy aspects were settled according to the “2+4” formula (2 German states and 4 great powers). 12 Sep 90 In Moscow, the foreign ministers of the Six signed the Treaty on the final settlement of the external aspects of the unification. 9 Oct 90 In Moscow, an Agreement on Good Neighborliness, Partnership and Cooperation was concluded between the USSR and Germany. 94g the troops were withdrawn.

18.05.90 - the first state agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic “on currency economic social Union". On ter. GDR Ra sprstran. Action zap. Germ. Stamps. The old ones were changed at a rate of 2:1.

March 31, 1991. agreement on the mechanism of joining the Federal Republic of Germany (the GDR was part of the form of 5 states. Capital - Berlin)

The unification strengthened the position of the CDU/CSU/FDP => victory in the elections in December 90. Kohl resigned 98g elections The SPD-Union 90/Greens government is in power. G. Schroeder(SPD) solving social and economic problems: creating new jobs, improving living conditions, especially in new lands, taking measures to improve the environmental situation, national development and education. In foreign policy, J. Fischer (Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) announced the possibility of applying nuclear strike other countries. They actively supported NATO and the USA in 1999 in Yugoslavia.

Nazi "New Order" in Europe

In the occupied countries, where almost 128 million people lived, the occupiers introduced the so-called “new order”, trying to achieve the main goal of the fascist bloc - the territorial division of the world, the destruction of entire nations, and the establishment of world domination.

The legal status of the countries occupied by the Nazis was different. The Nazis incorporated Austria into Germany. Parts of western Poland were annexed and settled by German farmers, mainly "Volksdeutsche" - ethnic Germans, several generations of whom lived outside Germany, while 600 thousand Poles were forcibly evicted, the rest of the territory was declared by the German governor-general. Czechoslovakia was divided: the Sudetenland was included in Germany, and Bohemia and Moravia were declared a “protectorate”; Slovakia became an "independent state". Yugoslavia was also divided. Greece was divided into 3 occupation zones: German, Italian and Bulgarian. Puppet governments were formed in Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Luxembourg was incorporated into Germany. France found itself in a special situation: 2/3 of its territory, including Paris, were occupied by Germany, and the southern regions centered in the city of Vichy and the French colonies were part of the so-called Vichy state, the puppet government of which, led by the old Marshal Pétain, collaborated with the Nazis.

The invaders plundered the conquered lands national wealth and forced peoples to work for the “master race.” Millions of people from occupied countries were forcibly taken to work in the Reich: already in May 1941, over 3 million foreign workers were working in Germany. To strengthen their dominance in Europe, the Nazis instilled collaborationism - cooperation with the occupation authorities of representatives of various segments of the local population to the detriment of the interests of the nation. To keep the peoples of the occupied countries in submission, a system of hostages and massacres of civilians was widely used. The symbols of this policy were the complete extermination of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Khatyn in Belarus. Europe took refuge in a network of concentration camps. Concentration camp prisoners were forced to do hard labor, starved, and subjected to savage torture. In total, 18 million people ended up in concentration camps, 12 million of whom died.

The policy that the Nazis carried out in different zones occupied Europe had some differences. The Nazis declared the peoples of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece and Albania to be an “inferior race” that was subject to complete enslavement and, to a large extent, physical destruction. Relations between the countries of the North and Western Europe the occupiers allowed a more flexible policy. In relation to the “Nordic” peoples - Norwegians, Danes, Dutch - their complete Germanization was planned. In France, the occupiers first pursued a policy of gradually drawing them into the orbit of their influence and becoming their satellite.

Fascist occupation policy in different countries Europe brought national oppression to the peoples, an extreme increase in economic and social oppression, a frantic rampant reaction, racism and anti-Semitism.

Holocaust

Holocaust (English: “burnt offering”) is a common term referring to the persecution and extermination of Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators after Hitler came to power until the end of World War II.

Anti-Semitic ideology was the basis of the program of the National Socialist Party of Germany, adopted in 1920 and substantiated in Hitler’s book “My Struggle”. After coming to power in January 1933, Hitler pursued a consistent policy of state anti-Semitism. Its first victim was the Jewish community of Germany, numbering more than 500 thousand people. By 1939 the Nazis were all possible methods tried to “cleanse” Germany of Jews by forcing them to emigrate. Jews were systematically excluded from the state and public life countries, their economic and political activity prohibited by law. It was not only the Germans who followed this practice. All of Europe and the United States were infected with anti-Semitism. But in no Western democracy was discrimination against Jews part of a systematic government policy, since it ran counter to the fundamental civil rights and freedoms.

Second World War turned around for Jewish people terrible tragedy in its history. After the capture of Poland, a new stage of the Nazis' anti-Jewish policy began. More than 2 million Jews living in this country came under their control. Many Polish Jews died, and the rest of the Jewish population that survived were herded into a ghetto - a part of the city fenced off by a wall and a police cordon, where Jews were allowed to live and fend for themselves. The two largest ghettos were in Warsaw and Lodz. Thanks to the ghetto, the Germans provided themselves with practically Jewish slave labor. Food shortages, diseases and epidemics, and overwork led to a huge mortality rate among the ghetto residents. Jews of all Nazi-occupied countries were subject to registration, they were required to wear armbands or stripes with a six-pointed star, pay indemnities and hand over jewelry. They were deprived of all civil and political rights.

After the German attack on Soviet Union The systematic general extermination of all Jews began. On the territory, 6 death camps were created for the extermination of Jews - Auschwitz (Auschwitz), Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek. These camps were equipped with special equipment to kill thousands of people every day, usually in huge gas chambers. Few people managed to live in the camp for a long time.

Despite the almost hopeless situation, in some ghettos and camps the Jews still resisted their executioners with the help of weapons that they managed to secretly obtain. The symbol of Jewish resistance was the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto (April - May 1943) - the first urban uprising in Nazi-occupied Europe. There were uprisings in the death camps at Treblinka (August 1943) and Sobibor (October 1943), which were brutally suppressed.

As a result of the Nazis' ruthless war against the unarmed Jewish population, 6 million Jews died - more than 1/3 of the total number of this people.

The resistance movement, its political orientation and forms of struggle

The Resistance Movement is a liberation movement against fascism for the restoration of independence and sovereignty of the occupied countries and the elimination of reactionary regimes in the countries of the fascist bloc.

The scope and methods of the struggle against the fascist invaders and their accomplices depended on the nature of the occupation regime, natural and geographical conditions, historical traditions, as well as on the position of those social and political forces participating in the Resistance.

In the Resistance of each of the occupied countries, two directions were identified, each of which had its own political orientation. There was competition between them for the leadership of the anti-fascist movement as a whole.

At the head of the first direction were emigrant governments or bourgeois-patriotic groups who sought to expel the occupiers, eliminate fascist regimes and restore pre-war conditions in their countries. political systems. The leaders of this direction were characterized by a focus on Western countries liberal democracy. Many of them initially adhered to the tactics of “attantism” (waiting) - that is, they conserved their strength and expected liberation from outside by the forces of Anglo-American troops.

The situation of the communist parties in the occupied countries was difficult. The Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) actually paralyzed the anti-fascist activities of the communists and led to the growth of anti-communist sentiment. By 1941, there could be no talk of any interaction between communists and anti-fascists. Only after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union did the Comintern call on the Communist Parties to resume the anti-fascist struggle. Courageous fight Soviet people against fascism led to an increase in sympathy for the USSR, which weakened anti-communist sentiments. The decision to dissolve the Comintern, taken in 1943 under pressure from the allies, allowed the communists to act as independent national forces and actively participate in the Resistance movement. Thus, another direction in the Resistance was determined. It was headed communist parties and political forces close to them, who selflessly fought for national liberation and hoped to carry out profound political and social changes after the end of the war. The leaders of this movement relied on military assistance from the Soviet Union.

An important condition for the development of the Resistance movement was the unification of anti-fascist forces. General governing bodies Resistance movements. So, in France they united under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle.

Anti-fascist resistance of the population of the occupied countries took two forms: active and passive. Active form consisted of partisan warfare, acts of sabotage and sabotage, collection and transmission of intelligence information to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, anti-fascist propaganda, etc. Passive form resistance to the occupiers consisted of refusing to hand over agricultural products, listening to anti-fascist radio broadcasts, reading prohibited literature, boycotting fascist propaganda events, etc.

The Resistance movement gained its greatest scope in France, Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece. In Yugoslavia, for example, the Communist-led People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1943 liberated 2/5 of the country's territory from the occupiers. The Resistance Movement played an important role in the fight against fascism and accelerated its defeat.