Legislative framework for fire safety of religious buildings and complexes. Fire alarm for a temple How to provide a fire alarm in the dome of a mosque
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A. Sobolev
deputy general director LLC "TechInSPAS" (Vladimir)
From the point of view of regulatory authorities, any Orthodox church is a building with a large number of people, where sources of open fire and possible smoke are used. This formulation certainly corresponds to reality: a church without burning candles and lamps would look strange, and it is difficult to imagine smokeless incense.
In the Fire Safety Rules that were in force in Russia until recently, a special section was devoted to the general approach to these issues, dealing exclusively with religious buildings. But in April 2012, by government decree Russian Federation To replace this document, a new one was adopted - Fire Regulations.
“There are no special chapters relating to religious buildings, or any other specific buildings,” says Andrey Aleksandrovich Makeev, deputy head of the regulatory and technical department of the department of supervisory activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. - The main document in matters fire safety For Orthodox parishes on the territory of Russia (as well as for any other individuals and legal entities conducting economic activity) remains the Federal Law signed by the President of Russia on July 22, 2008 and currently covering all state fire safety standards in our country. True, it (like any other laws) does not have retroactive force and only applies to newly constructed buildings and structures. For previously built churches, there are (to the extent that they do not contradict the Technical Regulations, but there are no such contradictions regarding Orthodox churches), and until a special order of the government, which subsequently cancels them, there are special rules dedicated to religious buildings Fire requirements(agreed with the Moscow Patriarchate)".
The Federal Law “On Fire Safety” dated December 21, 1994 No. 69-FZ determined legal basis ensuring fire safety. The requirements established by this law are mandatory for the Russian Orthodox Church and its canonical divisions (dioceses, monasteries, parishes, metochions) that have the legal capacity of a legal entity.
At the same time, the Church, in the course of its activities when addressing security issues, is guided by the norms of special legislation on non-profit, including religious organizations, namely the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations”, the Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations”. However, it is important to note that these laws do not contain rules on control and supervision in the field of fire safety. Thus, Article 25 of the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”, Article 32 of the Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations” determine the specifics of the implementation by Ro-registration (its territorial bodies) of control over the compliance of the activities of religious organizations with the goals provided for by their charters and the law. Russian Federation.
Now, in development of the Technical Regulations, Codes of Fire Safety Rules are being developed. There are currently thirteen of them, and with the exception of two of them (not related to religious organizations), the developers have moved away from the industry layout principle. Each Set of Rules will be devoted to one of the fire safety systems (for example, evacuation and vehicle access routes, general water supply, alarm system, fire water supply, etc.). In addition, a separate Set of Rules for voluntary application will appear, specifically relating to religious buildings.
Scattered Codes of Rules, and now new Rules of the fire safety regime, regulate the following: in the temple building itself there must be fire detectors, fire warning systems (POES), fire extinguishers and much more.
As you know, any building for religious purposes must have fire automatic systems - clause 12 of Table A.1 SP 5.13130.2009. "Set of rules. Systems fire protection. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems are automatic. Design norms and rules". This Code of Practice applies to the design of automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems for buildings and structures for various purposes, including those constructed in areas with special climatic and natural conditions.
Many church buildings and structures appeared in those ancient times, when the principles, methods and fire-fighting technologies themselves were very different from today. In this regard, the scientific and technical council of the Department supervisory activities The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation has developed the following recommendation. Objects older than half a century (as well as those built according to ancient standards that are now impossible to establish) should be operated not according to modern standards, but in accordance with the Declaration of Fire Safety. This document is drawn up by the owner of the building according to the declarative principle. “Next, the paper is submitted to the State Fire Supervision Department of our ministry, where it is simply registered,” assures A.A. Makeev, - and then the object can be used in accordance with the provisions stated there. Of course, in such a way that it does not threaten the life and health of people (we, of course, will not miss such positions in the Declaration).”
Specific requirements for ensuring fire safety at places of worship are set out mainly in the fire safety standards NPB 108-96 “Worship buildings. Fire safety requirements".
I would like to express my point of view on the substance of this document, which directly relates to the activities of religious organizations in the field of fire prevention. It was put into effect by order of the Main Directorate of the State Fire Service (GFS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 18, 1996 No. 32. NPBs affecting the interests of religious organizations are not registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 13, 1997 No. 1009 “On approval of the Rules for the preparation of normative legal acts of federal executive bodies and their state registration» , regulatory legal acts federal ministries, in particular orders, are subject to state registration with the Ministry of Justice of Russia. Thus, an order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that is not registered in accordance with the established procedure does not have legal force and is not required for use.
Another important detail is noteworthy. The specified NPBs have been agreed upon with the Russian Ministry of Construction (letter No. 13/132 dated 03/29/95) and the Russian Ministry of Culture (letter No. 495-41-14 dated 05/06/96). However, the provision of clause 7 of Art. was completely ignored. 8 of the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”, according to which the authorities state power when considering issues affecting the activities of religious organizations in society, take into account the territorial scope of activity of the religious organization and provide the relevant religious organizations with the opportunity to participate in the consideration of these issues.
In order to implement the provisions of paragraph 7 of Art. 8 of this law, the following advisory bodies have been created at the federal level, including representatives of interested religious organizations: Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation; Commission on Religious Associations under the Government of the Russian Federation. Structures for interaction with religious associations operate in the offices of the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts of the Russian Federation.
Despite these circumstances, the NPB was not agreed upon not only with religious organizations, but also with the mentioned advisory bodies created under the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation.
Analysis legal aspects ensuring fire safety inevitably put another important question on the agenda: why were special NPBs developed for religious organizations without any participation on their part, which set out a large volume of different requirements, subject to mandatory execution, and for other objects for various purposes there are no such NPBs.
At the end of March 2012, a fire in a nightclub located in the Lenkom Theater killed 10 people. According to media reports citing club staff, fire shows were held there every night using pure alcohol.
A similar fire took place in a bar in the city of Orsk, Orenburg region, where 10 people also died. Unfortunately, there are quite a lot of similar fires across the country.
At the same time, the following circumstance is puzzling: an imperative requirement has been established for religious organizations, according to which the storage of lamp oil in an amount of no more than 5 liters is allowed in the temple. At the same time, pure alcohol is used in a nightclub, and this is not regulated or stopped by anyone, especially since pure alcohol, in its physical and chemical properties, is much more dangerous than lamp oil.
In this regard, the question arises: why are there no special safety regulations for gaming and entertainment establishments, starting with bars, clubs, gaming halls, casinos, variety shows, etc., where a significant number of people are under the influence of alcohol or drugs?
It is not paradoxical, but in PPB 0103 there is no mention at all of casinos and other similar organizations, but an entire section is devoted to religious organizations.
What is the reason for such “love and care” of firefighters to regulate fire safety rules and regulations in buildings provided to religious organizations?
Clergy, employees of religious organizations, and parishioners cannot be compared to football or other fans. As a rule, these are law-abiding people. At the same time, for them, but, which is fundamentally important, without their participation, without taking into account the traditions and internal regulations of religious organizations, a lot of various prohibitive measures related to ensuring fire safety were invented. Fire inspection officials, on behalf of the state, demand their implementation, although elementary logic dictates that you cannot write the rules yourself and control them yourself.
In this regard, it is permissible to ask: “Where are the safety regulations developed by the State Border Guard Service for other objects with large numbers of people, for the same “beer festivals”, where the behavior of fans and youth intoxicated by beer cannot be compared with the behavior of parishioners in a church.
So a large number of The questions posed above are not intended to offend or embarrass anyone. This is a natural reaction to, to put it mildly, a not entirely legal attempt to put pressure on religious organizations by the State Fire Inspectorate.
Temples have stood for centuries; people, not systems, took care of them. The main cause of fire is careless handling of fire. The Russian Orthodox Church is interested in ensuring that religious objects provided to its canonical structures are fireproof, that there are no fires in churches, monasteries and other facilities, and that fire safety rules are strictly observed everywhere.
In conclusion of the analysis of NPB 108-96, I would like to once again emphasize that the legal status of this regulatory document is far from perfect. It is difficult to believe that lawyers and officials of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations did not know about the legal insolvency of these NBPs. However, on June 18, 2003, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations issues order No. 316 “On approval of fire safety standards.”
This order approved a list of 128 fire safety standards, which included NPB 106-96.
According to the conclusion of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (letter dated June 18, 2004 No. 07/5845-YUD), the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated June 18, 2003 No. 316 does not require state registration. There is a small legal subtlety here. Indeed, the list of fire safety standards itself does not require state registration, but this does not mean that the fire safety standards included in the specified list do not need it. Without state registration with the Russian Ministry of Justice, NPB 106-96 is nothing more than a recommendation.
Unfortunately, real life shows that sometimes fires occur at places of worship.
“The most common violations found in corrective orders include cluttered or blocked escape routes, non-functioning fire alarms and problems with candle holders. According to fire safety standards, candlesticks must be attached to the floor to prevent them from tipping over, spilling oil and getting fire on people, says A.A. Makeev. - Yes, we often encounter bewilderment and even misunderstanding about this. But the fact is that the term “attached” is quite liberal and broad; it does not necessarily mean welding the candlestick, concreting it, or even fastening it with screws. Many parishes have mastered the tongue-and-groove mechanical connection method. Using its geometry, the base of the candlestick easily mates with the floor structure and can also be easily removed, and the candlestick itself can be moved and installed in any other place in the temple room where a similar recess is made. Next, in the conditional rating of violations, I would place poor-quality electrical wiring and stove heating. In cities, stoves, of course, are not so relevant, but in the provinces they are still common. Suffice it to say that the worst fire in an Orthodox church in our country happened in 2012 precisely because of the stove: on Christmas Eve in the Chuvash village of Mirenki, the wooden church of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow,” built in 1896, completely burned down.”
In the country as a whole for six recent years In all religious buildings and structures, five people died in fires, and seven more were injured - numbers, by Russian standards, are modest. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation does not keep separate statistics on fires in Orthodox churches: there are only general data for religious organizations and institutions. But it is unlikely that the levels of fire safety culture among believers of traditional religions in Russia vary significantly. Most likely, fire incidents in Orthodox churches, Catholic churches, mosques, and synagogues are of the same nature and occur with approximately equal probability. If so, then the dynamics of fires in Orthodox churches should not cause serious concern. This assumption is confirmed when analyzing data for Moscow. In 2007, seven fires were registered here in Orthodox churches, in 2008 - six, in 2009 and 2010 - five each, in 2011 - two. There were no deaths in all these cases, and against the backdrop of about a dozen daily fires throughout the city, these figures look insignificant.
In 2012, only one church in the capital burned so far - St. Sergius of Radonezh in Bibirevo, this happened in February. “But that incident is not related to the operation of the temple for its main purpose,” explains Alexey Kott, deputy head of the State Fire Supervision Department of the Main Directorate of the Russian Federation Ministry of Emergency Situations in Moscow. - Restoration and reconstruction were going on, the building was surrounded with scaffolding, and it was the fault of the builders that they started doing it. In general, this is one of the most common fire scenarios in Orthodox churches.”
“Basically, Gospozhnadzor inspectors give us routine complaints: fire extinguishers are out of date, fire shields are not equipped, fire hydrants are not cleared in winter,” admits Valery Ulikov, head of the wooden church of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George in Koptev (Moscow, Bolshaya Akademicheskaya St.). - We have brought all electrical wiring in accordance with modern requirements(to be frank, the regulatory authorities forced us to do this), there are no more comments on this part. Since its construction, it has been updated three times (that is, approximately once every five years). fire impregnation. Each such procedure costs 40 thousand rubles, but the log house is completely protected from accidental fire from the inside.”
Fire protection of wooden buildings is a special topic. Suffice it to say that now in our country, precisely because of the high risk of fires, it is forbidden to build completely wooden buildings above three floors. This situation, however, did not prevent the tallest wooden Orthodox church in Russia at the moment from growing on the territory of the Russian Compound Crafts Center in the Izmailovo Kremlin (Moscow, Eastern Administrative District) in the early 2000s - the 46-meter St. Nicholas Tent Church. The fact is that the dry architectural term “floor” does not correlate well with traditional temple architecture.
“We have no questions about the Church of St. Nicholas the Pleasant,” admits Alexey Kott. -But questions constantly arise for the administration of the “Russian Compound”. To be fair, it is objectively difficult for her to fit into all the norms: overcrowding wooden buildings in a relatively small area there is always a risk of fire with serious consequences. Not to mention the fact of arson that took place here seven years ago. .."
“In addition, a new wooden church can give rise to sediment for several years,” reminds the head of the “Sen” club of craftsmen, Alexander Biletsky. - Therefore, the wires must be laid with large tolerances so that they do not stretch and burst (and the smallest spark that hits the insulation made of tow or flax is enough to cause a serious gunpowder fire, and no impregnation will save it). And, of course, all electrical wiring must have a serious power reserve factor, and meters and switches must be made only from the world’s best manufacturers.”
By the way, impregnation of wood and insulation with a special fire retardant compound - fire retardant - on wooden objects government agencies is not prescribed, it is voluntary. But in Orthodox churches, as a rule, such a measure is not neglected. Perhaps because wooden churches (at least in big cities) are still the exception rather than the rule, and their parishes treat their temple buildings with particular scrupulousness.
Of course, in such a matter as protecting churches from fire, relying only on professionals is too risky and presumptuous. After all, volunteer assistance to firefighters is available in Russia richest traditions(even before the revolution, many mechanized fire departments were created precisely on the basis of volunteer squads). But for the last two decades, the Church has had many other economic problems, so that the creation of voluntary fire brigades was only possible in monasteries (the brethren of the Holy Vvedenskaya Optina Hermitage gained fame as the most organized team in this sense). Now, a lot is changing in parishes, fortunately, the law “On Voluntary Fire Protection” that came into force last year provides for the creation of voluntary squads at religious organizations.
Thus, the initiative to organize such units at churches was taken by Metropolitan Kirill of Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye. The regional administration showed understanding and has already allocated funds for the purchase of backpack fire extinguishers, because in the parish it is not at all necessary for the vigilantes to be able to handle fire truck. And in general, as in any voluntary squad, in the fire department the main direction of activity is prevention. And, of course, we should not forget about the main “prevention” in the life of anyone Orthodox man- prayer. Moreover, there are many known prayer requests regarding protection from the destructive elements of fire.
LITERATURE:
1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390 “On the fire safety regime” // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 19, art. 2415.
2. Federal Law of July 22, 2008. No. 123-FZ “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2008 No. 30 (Part I), Art. 3579.
3. NPB108-96. Standards of the state fire service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements (approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, put into effect by Order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated June 18, 1996 No. 32) // Collection guidance documents State Fire Service. Part 4. M.: GUGPS Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1997.
4. Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 69-FZ “On Fire Safety” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1994 No. 35, Art. 3649.
5. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, Art. 4465.
6. Federal Law of January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ “On Non-Profit Organizations” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1996 No. 3, Art. 145.
7. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, Art. 4465.
8. Federal Law of January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ “On Non-Profit Organizations” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1996 No. 3, Art. 145.
9. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390 “On the fire safety regime” // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 19, Art. 2415.
10. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated March 25, 2009 No. 175 “On approval of the Code of Rules for the Fire Protection System. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design standards and rules" // Fire safety. 2010. No. 3.
11. NPB 108-96. Standards of the state fire service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements (approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, put into effect by Order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated June 18, 1996 No. 32) // Collection of governing documents of the State Fire Service. Part 4. M.: GUGPS Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1997.
12. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1997 No. 1009 “On approval of the Rules for the preparation of normative legal acts of federal executive bodies and their state registration” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of August 18, 1997 No. 33, Art. 3895.
13. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, Art. 4465.
14. Order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 08/02/1995 No. 357-rp “Approval of the Regulations on the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation and its composition” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation dated August 7, 1995 No. 32, Art. 3294.
15. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 15, 2006 No. 438 “On approval of the Regulations on the Commission on Religious Associations under the Government of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2006 No. 30, Art. 3400.
S. Svetushenko
Director of Audit Service Optimum LLC
This fire-orthodox story began in a fire-fighting equipment store. Father Vladimir purchased reception and control devices, detectors and wires for his church. As it turned out, the fire inspector proposed to equip the temple with a fire alarm, but promised not to impose a fine.
Abbot Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Davydovo Vladimir region Archpriest Vladimir Slinkin. In the bend of the Klyazma River is the ancient village of Davydovo. Popular legend says that it was founded by a shepherd named David. This land keeps many secrets... They say that on the site of Lake Svyato there was a church, which one day disappeared under water. And the high Mokeevsky Val is the remains of a guard fortress built on the approaches to the city of Vladimir in XII-XIII centuries. The remarkable Russian composer A.P. lived and worked here in 1877-1879. Borodin.
The village of Davydovo belonged to the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, for which Metropolitan John of Rostov and Yaroslavl bought it. In 1717, at the expense of peasants, a wooden church in honor of the Transfiguration was built in the village. In 1723, after a fire, a new wooden church was built in its place, which stood until 1841, when a modern stone church was built in its place. At the same time, another warm church was built next to it, which is now destroyed. There were three altars in the church: in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord, John the Evangelist and the Intercession Mother of God. The last one was consecrated in 1892.
While studying the problem of fire safety of religious buildings, we encountered an interesting problem.
Religious buildings, temples, churches, mosques, parishes, monasteries are special objects. Special not only from the point of view of spirituality, culture and historical heritage, but also from the point of view of fire safety. The issue of protecting them and preventing them from fires is not as simple as it seems at first glance. From point of view modern approaches in the field of fire safety, in the temple building itself there should be fire detectors, fire warning systems (SOUE), fire extinguishers and much of what is written in scattered sets of rules and now the new “Fire Regulations” (RF Government Decree dated April 25 .2012 No. 390 “On fire safety regime”).
As you know, any building for religious purposes must have fire automatic systems (clause 12 of Table A.1 SP 5.13130.2009. “Code of rules. Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design standards and rules” (as amended) No. 1, approved by Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2011 No. 274). The present vault rules apply to the design of automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems for buildings and structures for various purposes, including those built in areas with special climatic and natural conditions. The need to use fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems is determined in accordance with Appendix A, standards, codes of practice and other documents approved in in the prescribed manner. Clause 12 of Appendix A.1 indicates “Cult buildings and complexes” (industrial, warehouse and residential buildings of the complexes are equipped in accordance with the requirements of the relevant paragraphs of this set of rules), and the need to equip them with automatic fire alarm installations, regardless of the indicators of area and number of floors. An exception (there is no need for protection by automatic installations) is made only for rooms with wet processes (showers, toilets, refrigerated chambers, washing rooms, etc.); ventilation chambers (supply and exhaust, not serving industrial premises category A or B); pumping stations water supply, boiler rooms and other premises for engineering equipment buildings in which there are no flammable materials - premises of categories B4 and D according to fire danger; as well as staircases.
Obviously, in a rural church there is not a room that could not be equipped with an automatic fire alarm system or, relatively speaking, a fire alarm. Type automatic installation extinguishing, extinguishing method, type of fire extinguishing agents, type of equipment for fire automatics installations is determined by the design organization depending on the technological, structural and space-planning features of the protected buildings and premises, taking into account the requirements of the list in the appendix. A.1.
And although SP 5.13130 was included in the list of documents in the field of standardization, as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law of December 30, 2009 No. 384-FZ is ensured Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures" (clause
54 lists “54. SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems are automatic. Design norms and rules”, approved. By Order of Rostechregulirovanie dated 06/01/2010 No. 2079 (as amended on 05/18/2011), the GPN inspection (now called OND - department of supervisory activities) makes full reference to SP 5 in its instructions. Theoretically, it is possible not to comply with SP 5, but for this you will have to comply with the conditions for compliance of the object of protection with fire safety requirements, set out in Article 6 of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ (as amended on July 10, 2012) “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” , where it says: “1. The fire safety of the protected object is considered ensured when one of the following conditions is met:
1) fire safety requirements established by technical regulations adopted in accordance with the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” are fully met, and the fire risk does not exceed the permissible values established by this Federal Law;
2) fire safety requirements established by technical regulations adopted in accordance with the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” and regulatory documents on fire safety (Part 1 as amended by Federal Law dated July 10, 2012 No. 117-FZ) have been fully met.” .
As we see, it is said “if one of the following conditions is met,” but in practice the opposite happens - the inspector writes a reference in the order to the set of rules SP 5, without proving that the fire risk exceeds the permissible values. Although the burden of proof lies precisely with the government official (inspector) vested with power (see letter VNIIPO 11-1-02-5605 dated 10/08/10 according to the regulations of the State Fire Service). As they say, the road to... Rules is paved with good intentions. An online interview on the website of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation with the participation of the Director of the Department of Supervision Activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia Yuri Deshevykh was devoted to the issues of declaring fire safety and the entry into force of the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements.” The text of the interview includes the “Principle of good faith of the owner,” which is now completely forgotten in the local departments of the supervisory agency. Although you can write in the declarations that you are following the rules, the inspector will still write, without evidence, what he himself considers necessary. From the above interview: “If previously the owner proved that he complies with fire safety requirements, now, with the entry into force of the Technical Regulations, the inspector must prove that certain requirements are not met at the facility. Those. the principle of good faith of the owner is implemented.” Unfortunately, in practice this statement by Yu.I. Cheap ones don't work. All the meetings of the commissions in defense of small businesses do not give much effect. Fire Democracy is expanding by the Minutes of the meeting of the commission on the elimination of unnecessary administrative restrictions affecting the interests of small and medium-sized businesses dated March 14, 2012 No. 1, the benefit of which is not yet visible.
Perhaps, by carrying out fire risk calculations, it would be possible to show that the building complies with fire safety requirements, however, if we consider the letter from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations signed by the Deputy Chief State Inspector for Fire Supervision - Deputy Director of the Department of Supervisory Activities A.N. Gileticha, dated July 7, 2011 No. 192-4-2623 “On fire safety requirements implemented when designing buildings for which there are no regulatory requirements fire safety”, then we will read it verbatim: “At the same time, it is reported that, based on the analysis of reports provided to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, organizations were identified that do not comply with the rules for conducting calculations established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, allowing for the substitution of initial data, incorrect calculations and adjustment of results in order to reduce the costs of fire protection to the detriment of human safety in case of fire. Risk assessment methods are carried out in such a way that when objectively carried out calculations with the presence in the source data of deviations from the requirements of codes of rules and other regulatory documents on fire safety, the implementation of which should ensure the safety of people (escape routes, fire alarms, warning systems, smoke removal, fire extinguishing, etc.), without sufficiently seriously developed fire protection options, results will certainly be obtained that exceed permissible level fire risk."
This is how we come to the conclusion that all declarations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations about simplifying life ordinary people, clear and logical approaches, in practice are only intentions and not guidelines for the actions of inspections.
Without sufficiently seriously developed options for fire protection of churches, it is almost impossible to perform a fire risk calculation that would meet the requirements. There is no smoke removal in churches, no automatic fire extinguishing(AUPT), there are no warning systems for people about a type 3 fire, there are not all the parameters of evacuation routes (length, width and number of exits), there is not much that has appeared in various standards over the past two decades (SNiP 2.01.02, SNiP 2101, NPB 108, SNiP 2.08.02, etc.).
And if earlier it was said that the costs of fire prevention measures, fire protection and its technical equipment should be economically justified, but now no one remembers this. See paragraph 4.1. SNiP 21-01-97 “Fire safety of buildings and structures”: “Buildings must be provided with structural, space-planning and engineering solutions that ensure in the event of a fire: ... limitation of direct and indirect material damage, including the contents of the building and the building itself, with an economically justified ratio of the amount of damage and the costs of fire prevention measures, fire protection and its technical equipment.” The same was said in GOST 12.1.004-91 “FIRE SAFETY. General requirements", paragraph 1.4: "Objects classified in the appropriate fire hazard categories in accordance with the standards technological design to determine the categories of premises and buildings according to fire and explosion hazard, must have economic efficient systems fire safety", economic efficiency determined according to Appendix 4: “b. The economic effect of costs for ensuring fire safety is determined based on the results of operation for billing period. The economic effect for the billing period, regardless of the focus of the measures to ensure fire safety (development, production and use of new, improvement of existing elements of systems and measures to ensure fire safety) (Et), rub., is calculated using formulas 111 and 112.
where Et is the economic effect of implementing measures to ensure fire safety for the billing period (7);
Ppr f Ppr t - valuation prevented losses, respectively, for the billing period (7) and in the year (t) of the billing period;
Zt, 3t - cost estimate of the costs of implementing measures to ensure fire safety, respectively
for the billing period (7) and in the year (t) of the billing period;
at, atnp - coefficients for bringing costs and avoided losses at different times, respectively, to the accounting year;
tH is the starting year of the billing period;
tK is the final year of the billing period;
t- this year billing period.
The effectiveness of costs for ensuring fire safety is determined both by social (assesses the compliance of the actual situation with the established social standard) and economic (assesses the achieved economic result) indicators.
Cost-effectiveness of ensuring fire safety of national economic facilities is a prerequisite for the feasibility study of measures aimed at increasing fire safety. Calculations of economic effect can be used when determining prices for scientific and technical products fire-fighting purposes, as well as to justify the choice of measures to ensure fire safety when forming plans for research and development work, economic and social development objects.
Nowadays, no one cares about economically justified costs; they are not included in Federal Law-123. Therefore, it is possible to equip the entire temple and altar with devices and systems:
■ smoke removal - as candles burn, smoke is released;
■ fire extinguishing - as stated in NPB 108-96 “Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements”, clause 7.2: “To protect the prayer hall, altar room and other ritual premises, automatic water fire extinguishing installations may be used instead of automatic fire alarms”;
■ dry pipes with deluges - see paragraph 6.5 of NPB 108: “For internal extinguishing of temple domes made of flammable materials, it is necessary to install dry pipes with drainage sprinklers, equipped with fire connection heads for supplying water from vehicles”;
■ internal fire hydrants - see paragraph 6.2 of NPB 108: “Internal fire water supply in a religious building should be provided for building volumes of 7.5 thousand m3 or more”;
■ fire reservoirs (ponds and reservoirs) - see paragraph 6.4 of NPB 108: “In rural areas, in the absence of a water supply system, a fire reservoir or reservoir must be provided to ensure fire extinguishing within 2 hours,” estimated flow rate 20 or 25 l/s = 144 cubic meters or 180 cubic meters + reserve for sludge residue;
■ fire protection - see clause 2.10 NPB 108: “Fire resistance limit load-bearing structures(columns, beams) of balconies and choirs in prayer halls of buildings of I - III degrees of fire resistance must be at least 0.75 hours”;
■ fire alarm - see paragraph 12 of table. A.1 SP5.13130.2009.
The cost is “super”, the efficiency is “five”, but economically unjustified. And most importantly, it is impractical. Divine services are not held in churches around the clock, they are not held there entertainment activities with the use of special effects, there is no flammable load, and there are no special violations of the fire safety regime.
Temples have stood for centuries; people, not systems, took care of them. The main cause of fire is careless handling of fire. And in this regard, a striking example came to mind. In the tundra, people live in chums, and there are practically no deaths from fires (only one case was in practice in the village of Yurkharovo, and the person who died in the fire was intoxicated). People nowadays, so to speak, have lost the sense of danger, there is less “sensitivity to fire”, and there is a great disregard for fire safety measures in the home.
Basically, the problem of fire safety in churches comes down to detecting fires, how, how and where to output the signal, and also how much it will cost. The Argus Spectrum store (Vladimir) offered a range of detectors to choose from, including flame and linear smoke detectors.
I remembered the gas workers’ settlement of Yamburg, lost in the endless tundra on the shore of the Ob Bay, and the Temple built by the gas workers (Yamburggazdobycha LLC). The Orthodox Church of the Holy Apostle John the Theologian is one of the northernmost on the planet. It was built with the support of a gas company. The rite of consecration of the Temple at the Yamburg field in August 2001 was performed by Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II.
Then, in the distant 2000s, during the construction of the Temple in the Arctic Circle, new technologies were first used for the construction of such objects. The temple is installed on permafrost on a pile foundation; it uses low-flammability and non-flammable materials, flame detectors are installed in the Temple premises.
That’s when we had to face the problem of detecting a fire at an early stage in religious buildings (prayer halls of Temples). Let us remember how unsuccessfully the members of the acceptance committee (who were E.A. Samokhvalov on the fire side and V.A. Shiyanov on the gas side) argued about installing simply smoke fire detectors, linear or flame. As a result, the installed flame detectors simply triggered the candles. But then the gas workers could experiment; they had no problems with funds, unlike the Transfiguration Church in the village of Davydovo, Vladimir region. Here we had to think extremely practically, based on limited funds and the longevity of the system as a whole.
And although in the book of Sharovar F.I. "Methods early detection sunbathing" - M.: Stroyizdat, 1988. - 336 p. in the section “The theory of detecting fires in a room by the emitted smoke” it is said that “the distance between the detectors is determined based on the detection time of the OFP (smoke, heat) taking into account the economic costs of placement and the economic costs of losses from burning things (property) before detection time,” in our case, the placement of smoke fire detectors has to be taken based on the standards of SP 5.13130.2009, and not on economic grounds.
Unfortunately, the types of ceilings that exist in churches are not described in SP 5.13130.2009, there is no concept “ vaulted roofs" - in paragraph 13.3.5: "In premises with steep roofs, for example, diagonal, gable, hipped, hipped, serrated, with a slope of more than 10 degrees, some detectors are installed in vertical plane the ridge of a roof or the highest part of a building. The area protected by one detector installed in the upper parts of roofs increases by 20%. Note: If the floor plane has different slopes, then the detectors are installed on surfaces with smaller slopes.” The Ministry of Emergency Situations has previously explained that in hangars (vaulted and pitched roofs) one row of detectors can be installed (in the middle part of the ceiling) or three rows (see letter from VNIIPO EMERCOM dated 02/15/11 No. 12-4-02-711 on detectors in hangars). It seems to us that in churches with vaulted ceilings (domed vaults) not everything is as simple and deterministic as in the norms. The air, of course, rises, heat flows increase during a fire, but cold walls and low thermal conductivity of ceilings can affect the low smoke limit in the room. Smoke may fall down 0.5-2 m from the ceiling for some time, thereby increasing the inertia of the AUPS system. The standards do not say anything about this, so you have to install detectors strictly according to section 13.3 of SP 5.13130.2009.
Durability of the system in in this case plays an even greater role than detection time. After all, no matter what false alarm during the service, funeral service, baptism, it will simply be turned off, and this will end all efforts in the fire safety improvement of the temple.
From the point of view of fire load, the inside of the temple is a set of carpet runners on the floor, wooden lining lining the columns, and sometimes damp sections of the walls, a bookstore inside at the entrance, icons and images, candles, a small amount of incense and cable products (lighting and sockets).
From the fires in the Temples I remembered amazing case in the city of Suzdal.
On the evening of July 21, 2011, during a thunderstorm, the main building of the Transfiguration Church of the Museum of Wooden Architecture in Suzdal caught fire as a result of a lightning strike. The duty guard PCH-26, who promptly arrived at the scene, managed to quickly localize the fire and reduce the damage to a minimum.
But, as they say, no one inside the building is safe from fires from outside. It must be taken into account that the energy saturation of current temple buildings is quite high. Recently, gas pipelines for heating (gas boilers) have been connected to many of them; electricity has been installed inside the churches for lighting and the use of electrical appliances; synthetic materials the quality of finishing and carpet runners has also increased. And although there are significantly fewer wooden churches than stone ones, the question of equipping them with the necessary means remains open mainly due to the lack of proper funding (fire protection of attics and dome space, bell towers, fire automatics, escape routes, as required by the inspection, low-flammable finishing materials, etc. etc. as prescribed).
In the meantime, Father Vladimir and I came to the conclusion that, due to limited funds and the need to maintain the durability of the system, conventional IP 212-141 (120 rubles), the simplest, most reliable and inexpensive fire detectors, can be used as detection means. They were installed on metal connections under the ceiling (for aesthetics, the cable was hidden in a corrugation behind the profile). Buildings and premises listed in paragraphs 3, 6.1, 7, 9, 10, 13 of Table 1, paragraphs 14 - 19, 26 - 29, 32 - 38 of Table 3, SP 5.13130.2009. "Set of rules. Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems are automatic. Design standards and rules" (as amended by Amendment No. 1, approved by Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2011 No. 274), when using automatic fire alarms, they should be equipped with smoke fire detectors. Other premises not included in this list, incl. churches do not have to be equipped with smoke fire detectors, but the use of detectors turned out to be economically feasible. Why did the choice fall not on linear smoke, not flame, not on a heat cable and not on those “BATTERY POWERED”:
■ flame detectors - will be illuminated by candle flames, and also in initial stage a fire is more likely to produce smoke and heat than to be open flaming combustion;
■ linear chimneys - there is nowhere to place them; inside the temple the ceilings are vaulted and have a complex shape; it will not be possible to evenly protect the space under the ceiling;
■ linear thermal - you will have to entangle the walls with a cable that will be conspicuous;
■ spot thermal ones are not an option, since they will detect heat for a long time, there is nowhere to put them under the dome (there are frescoes), they are extremely inertial, maximum differentiated ones are also not suitable, since during the service the heat in the temple increases gradually, which can also cause an operation.
Regulatory document NPB 108-96 “Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements" is morally outdated and cannot be considered as a guideline for design, which is only the point "7.2. To protect the prayer hall, altar room and other ritual premises, automatic water fire extinguishing systems can be used instead of automatic fire alarms.” What the red ideologists did not destroy remains to be filled with water.
A room in the nearby temple gatehouse building was chosen as a room with round-the-clock staff presence. There really are people there around the clock.
Signs were placed above the exits Exit “Molniya-12 LIGHT”, 113 rubles (very convenient to connect wires), sound annunciators PKI “Ivolga”, 111 rubles (“wake up the dead”), a VERS-PK1 device with a built-in battery (920 rubles) were placed in the temple ), cable KSREVng(A)-ER1_5 4x0.5 (the most combat-ready and popular at 22 rubles/meter) - in total, we met 5,000 rubles.
Our fire-Orthodox history began to develop even more actively. There was a call with a similar problem and also from the “namesake” of Father Vladimir (Church of the Archangel Michael in the village of Krasnoe (Vladimir)). There, after the inspector left the Temple, only negatives and fines remained.
And I immediately remembered objects from construction practice - the Temple of the village. Yamburg, Church for 500 parishioners in the village of Tazovsky, Cathedral Mosque in Novy Urengoy, Mosque of the Tatar community on the street. Chubynin in Salekhard - this has never happened before, it hasn’t happened so harshly.
In one region and two different approaches - Davydovo (they did the Sinhala charity and avoided a fine) and in the village of Krasnoe (fines, complaints, negativity and misunderstanding). The temples stood before, their space-planning solutions are old. And escape routes are not always the same width and height. And the functional fire hazard class is not easy to determine for a prayer hall, and the requirements for finishing materials are not easy to select (taking into account the number of people). And placing smoke alarms in vaulted ceilings is not easy. And in general there is NOTHING TO BURN there and PEOPLE COME THERE ARE ADEQUATE in case of fire...
I don’t think that after strict supervision visits to church, it will be pleasant to bring colleagues and colleagues there and pray... For what? For fire safety?
But the reality of our life is such that, while working in the Temple, we began to simply go there. Just light candles, just pray, we began to be alone with ourselves and with God...
Leaving the Temple, professional look noticed an iron on a wooden table inside the prayer hall. I immediately thought - well, here is the source of the fire danger, where is the abbot looking, and maybe it’s true that we need to ask strictly, or maybe ask for the regime, and not for the capital?
The width of the evacuation exit from the middle part of the temple should be determined by the number of people evacuating through the exit according to
Table 13
| Premises | Fire resistance level of the temple | Number of people per 1 m of emergency exit width in churches with a volume, thousand m3 | ||
| Up to 5 | St. 5 to 10 | St. 10 | ||
| The middle part of the temple with a flow density in each main passage of no more than 5 people/m2 | I, II | 165 | 220 | 275 |
| III | 115 | 155 | - | |
| IV, V | 80 | - | - | |
| Auxiliary premises | I, II | 75 | 100 | 125 |
| III | 50 | 70 | - | |
| IV, V | 40 | - | - | |
When combining evacuation passages outside the middle part of the temple into a common passage, its width must be no less than the total width of the combined passages.
The number of risers in one flight of stairs or at a difference in levels should be at least 3 and no more than 18.
The height of the rise of each flight of the ramp for wheelchair users to the horizontal platform should be no more than 0.9 m, the slope should not be more than 1:20. The width of the ramp flight should be at least 1.2 m.
Smallest width and greatest slope flights of stairs should be taken according to
Table 14
For churches with a height of 10 m or more that do not have access to the roof, the installation of steel external fire escapes of the 1st type should be provided in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97*.
Rafters, roof sheathing, supporting structures of the dome, etc., made of flammable materials, must be treated with fire retardants. Their renewal should be carried out taking into account the effect of the fire retardant properties of the compositions.
The fire resistance limit of load-bearing structures (pillars, arches) and choirs in churches of fire resistance levels I - III must be at least 0.75 hours.
The finishing of the walls and ceilings of churches (with the exception of those located in buildings of IV and V degrees of fire resistance) should be made from low-combustible or non-combustible materials.
In churches of I - III degrees of fire resistance, the finishing of walls and ceilings may be made from wooden elements, treated on all sides with fire-retardant paints or varnishes that do not change the texture finishing material, on fire-resistant sheathing and fireproof frame. In churches with a capacity of over 1000 people, located in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, such finishing is allowed only for walls. The fire hazard of materials used in churches is determined according to GOST 30244-94.
Permanently placed carpets in altars must be securely fastened and made of materials that meet the requirements SNiP 2.08.02-89* (change 1).
Candlesticks should be installed on non-combustible bases.
Lamp oil should be stored in a utility room in metal cabinets in an amount of no more than 5 liters. In the prayer room, the supply of lamp oil should be no more than the daily requirement and stored in a metal container.
Interior fire water supply should be designed in accordance with Appendix 8 of SNiP 2.08.02-89*, NPB 108-96.
In church buildings with a capacity of up to 200 people, primary fire extinguishing means should be provided; more than 200 people - fire hydrants; in carpentry workshops, literature and candle warehouses located in a separate building on the temple building site - internal fire hydrants and sprinkler systems in accordance with the requirements of NPB 105-95.
Standards for providing churches with primary fire extinguishing means are adopted according to
Table 15
For other premises the required quantity primary funds fire extinguishing is determined in accordance with NPB 01-93.
Fire hydrants are installed in the vestibules at the entrances to the temple and at the entrances to the landings.
Automatic fire extinguishing systems consist of sensors that signal an increase in temperature in the room (thermal) or the appearance of smoke (smoke or combined) and a pipeline system transporting the extinguishing agent, usually water. Automatic fire alarms must be installed in all premises of churches with the obligatory output of the signal to premises with round-the-clock presence of people or to the nearest control authority fire department. When choosing smoke detectors The use of incense candles should be considered.
To protect the premises of churches, automatic water fire extinguishing systems can be used instead of automatic fire alarms.
Automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of NPB 88-2001*.
Opening window sashes can be used as smoke hatches, including in the light drums of the temple, the total area of which must be at least 2% of the area of the temple.
Facilities religious denominations, where fire alarms and fire alarm systems are installed:
- Orthodox churches, cathedrals, temples, chapels, house churches, Diocesan administrations, Church and clergy houses, religious schools, seminaries, Sunday schools (gymnasiums), clergy residential buildings, hotels, almshouses, cell buildings, houses of vicars, church shops, industrial workshops
- Islamic (Muslim) mosques, madrasahs (Muslim educational institution, which is high school and Muslim Theological Seminary), khanaka
- Catholic churches, parishes, cathedrals
- Protestant temples, churches, houses of worship
- Buddhist temples (datsans)
- Jewish temples
Features of the design and installation of fire alarms in temples and churches
When designing a fire alarm system in a church and fire alarm system, it is necessary to take into account the features architectural solutions religious buildings and structures (dome and vaulted structures), as well as the order of services, traditions and ongoing rituals.
The work of installing fire alarms in temples, churches and other religious structures and buildings requires special attention and additional knowledge, since objects are often of historical and architectural value.
The most convenient option seems to be the installation of radio channel (wireless) fire alarm and warning systems in churches, temples and mosques. Wireless system allows you to avoid working with decorative coatings, frescoes, mosaics, etc.
Due to lack standard projects calculating the costs of purchasing and installing an automatic fire alarm and warning and evacuation system in a church, mosque or temple is unique in each case. Each object requires detailed study and mandatory inspection by an engineer. Calculation of the cost of fire alarms and fire alarm systems should take into account the area, height and type of building structures.
After commissioning of the systems and further operation, the automatic fire alarm (AFS) and warning and evacuation control system (WEC) must be in working order and maintained in accordance with technical regulations. Documentation (projects, acceptance certificates, journals Maintenance) must be kept in a temple, cathedral, mosque, datsan and provided at the request of the relevant authorities.
Regulatory documents:
- Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements”;
- SP 31-103-99 “Buildings, structures and complexes of Orthodox churches”;
- NPB 108-96 “Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements";
- SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems are automatic. Design norms and rules";
- SP 3.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Warning and management system for evacuation of people in case of fire. Fire safety requirements."
Fire alarm project in a church (temple)
Chapter construction project developed on the basis of an assignment for the development of design documentation for the installation of a substation and a fire warning facility: "Reconstruction of a non-residential building (former pioneer building) into a specialized religious (cult) building - temple St. Seraphim Sarovsky.
The project provides:
1. Equipment of the premises of the APS building.
2. Transmitting a fire signal to the monitoring console of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
3. Equipment of the premises of the fire safety facility for people in accordance with the requirements of SNB 2.02.02-01.
COMPOSITION OF THE PS STANDARD SECTION OF THE TEMPLE BUILDING PROJECT
Automatic fire alarm and fire warning system
1. Terms of reference for the design of automatic fire alarms and fire warnings.
2. Terms of reference for the purchase of equipment and materials for automatic PS and OP systems
3. Explanatory note PS section.
3.1 General provisions.
3.2 Description and characteristics of the object.
3.3 Basic technical solutions.
3.4 Power supply and grounding of equipment.
3.5 Organization and execution of construction and installation works.
3.6 Safety requirements and fire safety measures during construction and installation work.
3.7 Operation of the PS and fire warning system.
4. Working drawings of the -PS brand
5. Specification of brand equipment - PS.S
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Description and characteristics of the object.
The premises of the facility are located in a 1-story building. Ceiling height is up to 3.5 m. The building's functional fire hazard class is F3.5. Post with 24/7 duty personnel is organized in the premises of the duty post.
The facility is subject to APS equipment in accordance with clause 9.3 of Table 1 and the technical specifications for the design of APS and CO. According to clause 1 of Table 13 of SNB 2.02.02-01, the building is equipped with a fire warning system of type SO-2 with light indicators for the evacuation direction (fire compartment area is more than 800 sq. m.). Output of signals about the operation of the ATP system and fire alerts to the dispatch console of the Ministry of Emergency Situations is provided using the UOO SPI "Molniya".
When installing fire detectors, maintain distances in accordance with TKP 5-2.02-190-2010 and the technical characteristics of fire detectors.
Manual call points are placed in accordance with the requirements of TKP 5-2.02-190-2010 on the wall at a height of 1.4 m. from the floor level, with the installation of indicator signs near them “Fire alarm system activation button” (Table 3, sign No. 1), the wiring to the IPR is lowered in a PVC box.
When programming the SPS control panel, include the RPI in a separate group.
Notification of an object fire is carried out in accordance with SNB 2.02.02-01 using the SO-2 system, using sound alarms and light banners, and the TANGO-PU control device. The fire warning network is made with a ShVVP 2x0.75 cord, in PVC boxes. The CO-2 fire warning system provides for the installation of sound alarms and light banners in the premises of the facility in such a way as to ensure audibility in all places where people are present. Sound annunciators and banners are installed at a height of at least 2.3 m from the floor and 0.15 m from the ceiling.
Installation, testing, adjustment and commissioning of the PS and fire warning system shall be carried out in accordance with PUE, TKP 45-2.02-190-2010 and technical descriptions on the devices used.
The power supply line to the ATP and fire warning equipment is laid from the ASU. Loops are not allowed to pass through door frames. The laying and passages through the walls should be carried out in accordance with the PUE.