Events of the revolution of 1917 October Revolution

According to modern history There were three revolutions in Tsarist Russia.

Revolution of 1905

Date: January 1905 - June 1907. The impetus for the revolutionary actions of the people was the shooting of a peaceful demonstration (January 22, 1905), in which workers, their wives and children took part, led by a priest, whom many historians later called a provocateur who deliberately led the crowd under rifles.

The result of the first Russian revolution was the Manifesto adopted on October 17, 1905, which provided Russian citizens with civil liberties based on personal integrity. But this manifesto did not solve the main issue - hunger and industrial crisis in the country, so tension continued to accumulate and was later discharged by the second revolution. But the first answer to the question: “When was the revolution in Russia?” it will be 1905.

February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917

Date: February 1917 Hunger, political crisis, a protracted war, dissatisfaction with the tsar's policies, fermentation of revolutionary sentiments in the large Petrograd garrison - these factors and many others led to a complicated situation in the country. The general strike of workers on February 27, 1917 in Petrograd developed into spontaneous riots. As a result, the main government buildings and main structures of the city were captured. Most of the troops went over to the side of the strikers. The tsarist government was unable to cope with the revolutionary situation. The troops called from the front were unable to enter the city. The result of the second revolution was the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a Provisional Government, which included representatives of the bourgeoisie and large landowners. But along with this, the Petrograd Council was formed as another government body. This led to dual power, which had a bad effect on the establishment of order by the Provisional Government in the country exhausted by the protracted war.

October Revolution of 1917

Date: October 25-26, old style. The protracted First continues World War, Russian troops retreat and suffer defeat. Hunger in the country does not stop. The majority of people live in poverty. Numerous rallies are taking place at plants, factories and in front of military units stationed in Petrograd. The majority of the military, workers and the entire crew of the cruiser Aurora took the side of the Bolsheviks. The Military Revolutionary Committee announces an armed uprising. October 25, 1917 There was a Bolshevik coup led by Vladimir Lenin - the Provisional Government was overthrown. The first Soviet government was formed, later in 1918 peace was signed with Germany, already tired of the war (Brest-Litovsk Peace), and the construction of the USSR began.

Thus, it turns out that the question “When was the revolution in Russia?” You can briefly answer this: only three times - once in 1905 and twice in 1917.

, Civil War in Russia 1918-20 – chronology.

October 10, 1917 – The Bolshevik Central Committee decides on an armed uprising.

October 12– Creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet ( VRK) to guide the seizure of power.

Mid October – Kerensky is making an attempt to bring part of the Petrograd garrison to the front. This pushes the garrison, who does not want to fight, to the side of the Bolsheviks, becoming the main condition for the success of the October Revolution.

October 23– Trotsky dispatched Military Revolutionary Committee commissars to most of the Petrograd military units of the garrison. The Peter and Paul Fortress (where there are cannons and an arsenal with 100 thousand rifles) goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

October 24– Under the guise of defense against the “counter-revolution,” the Military Revolutionary Committee begins a systematic, silent capture of the capital by small groups of soldiers and Red Army soldiers.

Pre-Parliament actually denies Kerensky the authority to suppress the Bolshevik rebellion, so as not to “provoke a civil war.”

Deputies gather in Petrograd " II Congress of Soviets" Its composition was rigged in advance by the Bolsheviks: representatives of only 300 (according to other sources, only 100) of the 900 existing in the country gather at the congress Soviets- and predominantly members of the Leninist party (335 out of 470 deputies, while the true proportion in local councils is completely different).

On a front completely destroyed by the communists, it is almost impossible to gather troops to help the Provisional Government. Kerensky accidentally finds a general's detachment near Pskov Krasnova, in which there are only 700 Cossacks. Krasnov agrees to lead him against the Bolsheviks to Petrograd (where there is a 160,000-strong garrison of reserve regiments who refused to go to the front, not counting the sailors).

29th of October– The Bolsheviks begin to disarm the Petrograd cadets. They resist. The result is fierce battles with artillery around the Pavlovsk and Vladimir schools; There were twice as many casualties as on Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905.

Reinforcements arrive at Krasnov in the evening: another 600 Cossacks, 18 guns and an armored train. However, his forces are still insignificant for further movement towards Petrograd.

The cowardly Colonel Ryabtsev negotiates a daily truce with the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. During these days, the Bolsheviks are pulling reinforcements to Moscow from everywhere.

October 30– Krasnov is organizing an attack on the Pulkovo Heights. The garrison soldiers and workers flee in fear from a bunch of Cossacks, but the sailors resist and fight off the attack. In the evening, Krasnov retreats to Gatchina. Vikzhel, in the hope of success in negotiations with the Bolsheviks on a homogeneous socialist government, prevents the transportation by rail of reinforcements still collected at the front to Krasnov.

In Moscow in the evening, the Military Revolutionary Committee violates the truce. Bloody battles between Bolsheviks and cadets on Tverskoy and Nikitsky boulevards.

Fights with the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, Vinnitsa, and some other cities.

October 31- The All-Army Soldiers' Committee at Headquarters declares that the front considers the Bolshevik coup illegal and opposes any negotiations with them.

Bolshevik agitators arrive in Gatchina, persuading Krasnov’s small Cossacks not to defend who had already betrayed them in July and August Kerensky, and return to the Don.

The Moscow Bolsheviks begin shelling the Kremlin and cadet schools from Vorobyovy Gory and Khodynka with heavy artillery.

Nov. 1- Flight from Gatchina of Kerensky in disguise. Trotsky brings large Bolshevik detachments to Gatchina, and Krasnov has to stop further actions. Indecisive Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin orders from Headquarters to stop sending new troops to Petrograd.

November 2– Having got rid of the danger from Krasnov, Lenin orders to stop negotiations on a homogeneous socialist government. A group of influential Bolsheviks (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Nogin), who do not believe that their party will maintain power alone.

the 3rd of November- By morning the cadets surrender the Moscow Kremlin, terribly mutilated by red artillery. Ruthless reprisals against cadets and the looting of Kremlin churches begin.

Consequences of the Bolshevik coup in Moscow. Documentary newsreel

November 4– Bolshevik supporters of a homogeneous socialist government leave the Central Committee (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin, Nogin) and the Council of People’s Commissars (they soon return, unable to withstand Lenin’s pressure).

November 7 – Left Social Revolutionaries They form a party separate from the right and begin negotiations with the Bolsheviks about joining the Council of People's Commissars.

November 8– Lenin removes Dukhonin from his post as commander-in-chief, replacing him with a Bolshevik ensign Krylenko. Lenin's radiogram: let all soldiers and sailors, regardless of their superiors, enter into negotiations on a truce with the enemy - the final surrender of Russia to the mercy

By the evening of February 27, almost the entire composition of the Petrograd garrison - about 160 thousand people - went over to the side of the rebels. The commander of the Petrograd Military District, General Khabalov, is forced to inform Nicholas II: “Please report to His Imperial Majesty that I could not fulfill the order to restore order in the capital. Most of the units, one after another, betrayed their duty, refusing to fight against the rebels.”

The idea of ​​a “cartel expedition”, which provided for the removal of hotels from the front, also had no continuation. military units and sending them to rebellious Petrograd. All this threatened to result in a civil war with unpredictable consequences.
Acting in the spirit of revolutionary traditions, the rebels released from prison not only political prisoners, but also criminals. At first they easily overcame the resistance of the “Crosses” guards, and then took the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The uncontrollable and motley revolutionary masses, not disdaining murders and robberies, plunged the city into chaos.
On February 27, at approximately 2 o'clock in the afternoon, soldiers occupied the Tauride Palace. The State Duma found itself in a dual position: on the one hand, according to the emperor’s decree, it should have dissolved itself, but on the other, the pressure of the rebels and the actual anarchy forced it to take some action. The compromise solution was a meeting under the guise of a “private meeting.”
As a result, a decision was made to form a government body - the Temporary Committee.

Later former minister Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government P. N. Milyukov recalled:

"Intervention State Duma gave the street and military movement a center, gave it a banner and a slogan, and thereby turned the uprising into a revolution, which ended with the overthrow of the old regime and dynasty.”

The revolutionary movement grew more and more. Soldiers seize the Arsenal, the Main Post Office, the telegraph office, bridges and train stations. Petrograd found itself completely in the power of the rebels. The real tragedy took place in Kronstadt, which was overwhelmed by a wave of lynching that resulted in the murder of more than a hundred officers of the Baltic Fleet.
On March 1, the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Alekseev, in a letter begs the emperor “for the sake of saving Russia and the dynasty, put at the head of the government a person whom Russia would trust.”

Nicholas states that by giving rights to others, he deprives himself of the power given to them by God. The opportunity to peacefully transform the country into a constitutional monarchy had already been lost.

After the abdication of Nicholas II on March 2, a dual power actually developed in the state. Official power was in the hands of the Provisional Government, but real power belonged to the Petrograd Soviet, which controlled the troops, railways, mail and telegraph.
Colonel Mordvinov, who was on the royal train at the time of his abdication, recalled Nikolai’s plans to move to Livadia. “Your Majesty, go abroad as soon as possible. At current conditions Even in Crimea there is no living,” Mordvinov tried to convince the tsar. "No way. I wouldn’t like to leave Russia, I love it too much,” Nikolai objected.

Leon Trotsky noted that the February uprising was spontaneous:

“No one outlined the paths of the coup in advance, no one from above called for an uprising. The indignation that had accumulated over the years broke out largely unexpectedly for the masses themselves.”

However, Miliukov insists in his memoirs that the coup was planned soon after the start of the war and before “the army was supposed to go on the offensive, the results of which would radically stop all hints of discontent and would cause an explosion of patriotism and jubilation in the country.” “History will curse the leaders of the so-called proletarians, but it will also curse us, who caused the storm,” wrote the former minister.
British historian Richard Pipes calls the actions of the tsarist government during the February uprising “fatal weakness of will,” noting that “the Bolsheviks in such circumstances did not hesitate to shoot.”
Although the February Revolution is called “bloodless,” it nevertheless claimed the lives of thousands of soldiers and civilians. In Petrograd alone, more than 300 people died and 1,200 were injured.

The February Revolution began the irreversible process of collapse of the empire and decentralization of power, accompanied by the activity of separatist movements.

Poland and Finland demanded independence, Siberia started talking about independence, and the Central Rada formed in Kyiv proclaimed “autonomous Ukraine.”

The events of February 1917 allowed the Bolsheviks to emerge from underground. Thanks to the amnesty declared by the Provisional Government, dozens of revolutionaries returned from exile and political exile, who were already hatching plans for a new coup d'etat.

October Revolution(full official name in the USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, alternative names: October Revolution, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution listen)) - a stage of the Russian revolution that occurred in Russia in October of the year. As a result of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government was overthrown, and the government formed by the Second Congress of Soviets came to power, the majority in which, shortly before the revolution, was received by the Bolshevik party - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), in alliance with part of the Mensheviks, national groups, peasants organizations, some anarchists and a number of groups in the Socialist Revolutionary Party.

The main organizers of the uprising were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and others.

The government elected by the Congress of Soviets included representatives of only two parties: the RSDLP (b) and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries; other organizations refused to participate in the revolution. Later, they demanded the inclusion of their representatives in the Council of People's Commissars under the slogan of a “homogeneous socialist government,” but the Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries already had a majority at the Congress of Soviets, allowing them not to rely on other parties. In addition, relations were spoiled by the support of the “compromising parties” of the persecution of the RSDLP (b) as a party and its individual members by the Provisional Government on charges of treason and armed rebellion in the summer of 1917, the arrest of L. D. Trotsky and L. B. Kamenev and leaders of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, wanted notices for V.I. Lenin and G.E. Zinoviev.

There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it was a national catastrophe that led to the Civil War and the establishment of a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death Great Russia like empires); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which made it possible to abandon capitalism and save Russia from feudal remnants; Between these extremes there are a number of intermediate points of view. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.

Name

S. Lukin. It's finished!

The revolution took place on October 25 of the year according to the Julian calendar, which was adopted in Russia at that time. And although the Gregorian calendar was introduced already in February of the year ( a new style) and already the first anniversary of the revolution (like all subsequent ones) was celebrated on November 7, the revolution was still associated with October, which was reflected in its name.

Name " October Revolution” has been found since the first years of Soviet power. Name Great October socialist revolution established itself in Soviet official historiography by the end of the 1930s. In the first decade after the revolution, it was often called, in particular, October Revolution, while this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the mouths of the Bolsheviks themselves), but, on the contrary, emphasized the grandeur and irreversibility of the “social revolution”; this name is used by N. N. Sukhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanov, N. I. Bukharin, M. A. Sholokhov. In particular, the section of Stalin’s article dedicated to the first anniversary of October () was called About the October Revolution. Subsequently, the word “coup” became associated with conspiracy and illegal change of power (by analogy with palace coups), and the term was removed from official propaganda (although Stalin used it until his last works, written in the early 1950s). But the expression “October revolution” began to be actively used, already with a negative meaning, in literature critical of Soviet power: in emigrant and dissident circles, and, starting with perestroika, in the legal press.

Background

There are several versions of the reasons for the October Revolution:

• version of the spontaneous growth of the “revolutionary situation”
• version of a targeted action by the German government (See Sealed Car)

Version of the “revolutionary situation”

The main prerequisites for the October Revolution were the weakness and indecisiveness of the Provisional Government, its refusal to implement the principles it proclaimed (for example, the Minister of Agriculture V. Chernov, the author of the Socialist Revolutionary program of land reform, pointedly refused to carry it out after he was told by his government colleagues that expropriation damage to landowners' lands banking system, which provided loans to landowners against the security of land), dual power after the February Revolution. During the year, the leaders of radical forces led by Chernov, Spiridonova, Tsereteli, Lenin, Chkheidze, Martov, Zinoviev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Kamenev and other leaders returned from hard labor, exile and emigration to Russia and launched extensive agitation. All this led to the strengthening of extreme leftist sentiments in society.

The policy of the Provisional Government, especially after the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets declared the Provisional Government a “government of salvation”, recognizing for it “unlimited powers and unlimited power,” led the country to the brink of disaster. The production of iron and steel fell sharply, and the production of coal and oil decreased significantly. Railway transport came to almost complete disarray. felt severe deficiency fuel. Temporary interruptions in the supply of flour occurred in Petrograd. Gross industrial output in 1917 decreased by 30.8% compared to 1916. In the fall, up to 50% of enterprises were closed in the Urals, Donbass and other industrial centers; 50 factories were stopped in Petrograd. Mass unemployment arose. Food prices rose steadily. Real wage workers fell by 40-50% compared to 1913. Daily war expenses exceeded 66 million rubles.

All practical measures taken by the Provisional Government worked exclusively for the benefit of the financial sector. The provisional government resorted to money emission and new loans. In 8 months it released paper money in the amount of 9.5 billion rubles, that is, more than the tsarist government during 32 months of war. The main burden of taxes fell on workers. The actual value of the ruble compared to June 1914 was 32.6%. Russia's national debt in October 1917 amounted to almost 50 billion rubles, of which the debt to foreign powers amounted to over 11.2 billion rubles. The country was facing the threat of financial bankruptcy.

The provisional government, which did not have any confirmation of its powers from any expression of the people's will, nevertheless declared in a voluntaristic way that Russia would “continue the war until the victorious end.” Moreover, he failed to get his Entente allies to write off Russia’s war debts, which had reached astronomical amounts. Explanations to the allies that Russia is not able to service this public debt, and the experience of state bankruptcy of a number of countries (Khedive Egypt, etc.) were not taken into account by the allies. Meanwhile, L. D. Trotsky officially declared that revolutionary Russia should not pay the bills of the old regime, and was immediately imprisoned.

The provisional government simply ignored the problem because the grace period for loans lasted until the end of the war. They turned a blind eye to the inevitable post-war default, not knowing what to hope for and wanting to delay the inevitable. Wanting to delay state bankruptcy by continuing an extremely unpopular war, they attempted an offensive on the fronts, but their failure, emphasized by the “treacherous”, according to Kerensky, surrender of Riga, caused extreme bitterness among the people. Land reform was also not carried out for financial reasons - expropriation of landowners' lands would have caused mass bankruptcy financial institutions, lending to landowners against the security of land. The Bolsheviks, historically supported by the majority of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, won the support of the peasantry and soldiers (“peasants dressed in greatcoats”) through the consistent implementation of the policy of agrarian reform and the immediate end of the war. In August-October 1917 alone, over 2 thousand peasant uprisings took place (690 peasant uprisings were registered in August, 630 in September, 747 in October). The Bolsheviks and their allies actually remained the only force that did not agree to abandon their principles in practice to protect the interests of Russian financial capital.

Revolutionary sailors with the flag "Death to the Bourgeois"

Four days later, on October 29 (November 11), there was an armed revolt of the cadets, who also captured artillery pieces, which was also suppressed using artillery and armored cars.

The workers of Petrograd, Moscow and other countries acted on the side of the Bolsheviks industrial centers, land-poor peasants of the densely populated Black Earth Region and Central Russia. An important factor in the victory of the Bolsheviks was the appearance on their side of a considerable part of the officers of the former tsarist army. In particular, the officers of the General Staff were distributed almost equally between the warring parties, with a slight advantage among the opponents of the Bolsheviks (at the same time, on the side of the Bolsheviks there were a larger number of graduates of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff). Some of them were subjected to repression in 1937.

Immigration

At the same time, a number of workers, engineers, inventors, scientists, writers, architects, peasants, politicians from all over the world who shared Marxist ideas moved to Soviet Russia, to participate in the program of building communism. They took some part in the technological breakthrough of backward Russia and the social transformation of the country. According to some estimates, the number of Chinese and Manchus alone who immigrated to Tsarist Russia due to the favorable socio-economic conditions created in Russia by the autocratic regime, and then taking part in building a new world, more than 500 thousand people. , and for the most part these were workers creating material values and transforming nature with their own hands. Some of them quickly returned to their homeland, most of the rest were subjected to repression in the year

A number of specialists from Western countries. .

During Civil War Tens of thousands of internationalist fighters (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs, etc.) who voluntarily joined its ranks fought in the Red Army.

The Soviet government was forced to use the skills of some immigrants in administrative, military and other positions. Among them are the writer Bruno Yasensky (shot in the city), administrator Belo Kun (shot in the city), economists Varga and Rudzutak (shot in the year), special services employees Dzerzhinsky, Latsis (shot in the city), Kingisepp, Eichmans (shot in the year), military leaders Joakim Vatsetis (shot in the year), Lajos Gavro (shot in the year), Ivan Strod (shot in the year), August Kork (shot in the year), the head of the Soviet justice Smilga (shot in the year), Inessa Armand and many others. Can be named financier and intelligence officer Ganetsky (shot in the city), aircraft designers Bartini (repressed in the city, spent 10 years in prison), Paul Richard (worked in the USSR for 3 years and returned to France), teacher Janouszek (shot in the year), Romanian, Moldavian and Jewish poet Yakov Yakir (who ended up in the USSR against his will with the annexation of Bessarabia, was arrested there, went to Israel), socialist Heinrich Ehrlich (sentenced to death and committed suicide in the Kuibyshev prison), Robert Eiche ( executed in the year), journalist Radek (executed in the year), Polish poet Naftali Kohn (twice repressed, upon release he went to Poland, from there to Israel), and many others.

Holiday

Main article: Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution

Contemporaries about the revolution

Our children and grandchildren will not be able to even imagine the Russia in which we once lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand - all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness...

• October 26 (November 7) is L.D.’s birthday. Trotsky

Notes

1. MINUTES of August 1920, 11-12 days, judicial investigator for particularly important cases at the Omsk District Court N.A. Sokolov in Paris (in France), in accordance with Art. 315-324. Art. mouth corner. court., inspected three issues of the newspaper “Obshchee Delo”, submitted to the investigation by Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev.
2. National Corpus of the Russian Language
3. National Corpus of the Russian Language
4. J.V. Stalin. The logic of things
5. J.V. Stalin. Marxism and issues of linguistics
6. For example, the expression “October revolution” is often used in the anti-Soviet magazine Posev:
7. S. P. Melgunov. Golden German Bolshevik Key
8. L. G. Sobolev. Russian Revolution and German gold
9. Ganin A.V. On the role of General Staff officers in the Civil War.
10. S. V. Kudryavtsev Elimination of “counter-revolutionary organizations” in the region (Author: Candidate of Historical Sciences)
11. Erlikhman V.V. “Population losses in the 20th century.” Directory - M.: Publishing house "Russian Panorama", 2004 ISBN 5-93165-107-1
12. Cultural Revolution Article on the website rin.ru
13. Soviet-Chinese relations. 1917-1957. Collection of documents, Moscow, 1959; Ding Shou He, Yin Xu Yi, Zhang Bo Zhao, The Impact of the October Revolution on China, translated from Chinese language, Moscow, 1959; Peng Ming, History of Sino-Soviet Friendship, translated from Chinese. Moscow, 1959; Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916, Official documents, Moscow, 1958
14. Border sweeps and other forced migrations in 1934-1939.
15. "Great Terror": 1937-1938. Brief chronicle Compiled by N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky
16. Among the descendants of immigrants, as well as local residents who originally lived on their historical lands, as of 1977, 379 thousand Poles lived in the USSR; 9 thousand Czechs; 6 thousand Slovaks; 257 thousand Bulgarians; 1.2 million Germans; 76 thousand Romanians; 2 thousand French; 132 thousand Greeks; 2 thousand Albanians; 161 thousand Hungarians, 43 thousand Finns; 5 thousand Khalkha Mongols; 245 thousand Koreans, etc. Most of them are descendants of colonists from tsarist times, who have not forgotten their native language, and residents of the border, ethnically mixed regions of the USSR; some of them (Germans, Koreans, Greeks, Finns) were subsequently subjected to repression and deportation.
17. L. Anninsky. In memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Historical magazine "Motherland" (RF), No. 9-2008, p. 35
18. I.A. Bunin "Cursed days" (diary 1918 - 1918)

The Great Russian Revolution is the revolutionary events that occurred in Russia in 1917, starting with the overthrow of the monarchy during February Revolution, when power passed to the Provisional Government, which was overthrown as a result of the October Revolution of the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed Soviet power.

February Revolution of 1917 - Main revolutionary events in Petrograd

Reason for the revolution: Labor conflict at the Putilov plant between workers and owners; interruptions in the food supply to Petrograd.

Main events February Revolution took place in Petrograd. The army leadership, led by the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General M.V. Alekseev, and the commanders of the fronts and fleets, considered that they did not have the means to suppress the riots and strikes that had engulfed Petrograd. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. After his intended successor, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich also abdicated the throne, the State Duma took control of the country, forming the Provisional Government of Russia.

With the formation of Soviets parallel to the Provisional Government, a period of dual power began. The Bolsheviks formed detachments of armed workers (Red Guard), thanks to attractive slogans they gained significant popularity, primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, in large industrial cities, the Baltic Fleet, and the troops of the Northern and Western Fronts.

Results of the revolution and dual power

October Revolution of 1917 main events

During October revolution Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, established by the Bolsheviks led by L.D. Trotsky and V.I. Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the Bolsheviks withstood a difficult struggle with the Mensheviks and right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, and the first Soviet government was formed. In December 1917, a government coalition of Bolsheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries was formed. In March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany.

By the summer of 1918, a one-party government was finally formed, and the active phase of the Civil War and foreign intervention in Russia began, which began with the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps. The end of the Civil War created the conditions for the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Provisional Government of Russia in 1917

Heads of the Russian government in 1905 - 1917.