Municipal educational budgetary institution

“Secondary school No. 20 named after Hero Soviet Union F.K.Popova"

urban district "city of Yakutsk"

APPROVED

Director of MOBU Secondary School No. 20

________________________

U.A. Argunova

« »______________

Position

on the forms, frequency, procedure for ongoing monitoring of progress and intermediate certification of students

1. General Provisions

1.1. This Regulation on the forms, frequency, procedure for ongoing monitoring of progress and intermediate certification of students (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation) has been developed in accordance with:

1.1.1. normative legal documents federal level:

– Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in Russian Federation";

– Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ;

– Federal State Educational Standard for Primary general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 6, 2009 No. 373;

– Federal state educational standard of basic general education, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 17, 2010 No. 1897;

– Federal state educational standard of secondary (complete) general education, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated May 17, 2012 No. 413;

– The procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities in basic general education programs - educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated August 30, 2013 No. 1015;

– The procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities in additional general education programs, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated August 29, 2013 No. 1008;

– The procedure for admitting citizens to study in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated January 22, 2014 No. 32;

– Regulations on the Psychological-Medical-Pedagogical Commission, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated September 20, 2013 No. 1082;

– SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions,” approved. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 No. 189;

1.1.3. legal documents and local regulations in general educational organization(hereinafter – OO):

– Charter of the PA;

– basic general education programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education;

– Regulations on the Governing Council and the Pedagogical Council of the public organization;

– Regulations on the system for assessing the educational achievements of students in educational institutions;

– Regulations on internal system assessment of the quality of education in public organizations;

–Regulations on individual accounting of the results of students’ mastery of educational programs in educational institutions;

Regulations on intra-school control in educational institutions;

– Regulations on forms of education in public organizations;

– Regulations on the individual curriculum;

– Regulations on home education in educational institutions, etc.

1.2. This Regulation determines the forms, frequency, procedure for ongoing monitoring of progress and intermediate certification of students in educational institutions, their transfer to the next class (level) based on the results of the academic year (mastery of the general education program of the previous level).

1.3. Current monitoring of academic performance and intermediate certification are part of the system of in-school monitoring of the quality of education in the area of ​​"quality" educational process" and reflect the dynamics of individual educational achievements of students in accordance with the planned results of mastering the main educational program of the corresponding level of general education.

1.4. The educational achievements of students are subject to ongoing monitoring of progress and mandatory intermediate certification only in subjects included in the curriculum of the class/group in which they are studying.

1.5. Current monitoring of progress and intermediate certification students are carried out teaching staff in accordance with job responsibilities and local regulations of the PA.

1.6. The results obtained during the ongoing monitoring of progress and interim certification for the reporting period (academic year, half-year, quarter) are the documentary basis for drawing up the annual public report of the head on the results of the activities of the public organization, a self-examination report and are published on its official website in in the prescribed manner in compliance with the provisions of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data”.

1.7. The main consumers of information on the results of ongoing monitoring of academic performance and intermediate certification are participants in educational relations: teachers, students and their parents (legal representatives), Governing and pedagogical councils, expert commissions during licensing and accreditation procedures, the founder.

1.8. The regulations on the forms, frequency, procedure for ongoing monitoring of progress and intermediate certification of students in an educational institution are developed by the school’s pedagogical council, agreed with the representative bodies of students, parents, employees and approved by order of the head of the educational institution.

1.9. Changes and (or) additions may be made to these Regulations in accordance with the established procedure.

2. Current monitoring of student progress

2.1. The purpose of ongoing progress monitoring is to:

– determining the degree to which students have mastered the basic educational program of the corresponding level of general education during the academic year for all academic subjects, curriculum courses in all classes/groups;

– correction of work programs of academic subjects, courses, depending on the analysis of the pace, quality, features of mastering the material studied;

– prevention of academic failure;

2.2. Current monitoring of students' progress in educational institutions is carried out:

- lesson, dark;

– by academic quarters and half-years;

– in the form of: diagnostics (starting, intermediate, final); oral and written responses; project protection; and etc.;

2.3. Frequency and forms of ongoing monitoring of student progress:

2.3.1. lesson and dark control:

– determined by PO teachers independently, taking into account the requirements of federal state educational standards of general education (by education level), individual characteristics students of the corresponding class/group, the content of the educational program used educational technologies;

– indicated in work program educational subjects, courses.

2.3.2. for academic quarters and half-years is determined based on the results of ongoing monitoring of academic performance in the following order:

– in quarters – in grades 2-9 in subjects with a weekly load of more than 1 hour;

– in quarters – in grades 2-4 in subjects with a weekly load of 1 hour;

– by half-year – in grades 5–9 in subjects with a weekly load of 1 hour;

– by half-year – in grades 10–11 in all subjects;

2.4. Current monitoring of student progress:

2.4.1. in 1st grades the following is carried out:

– without recording educational results in the form of marks on a 5-point scale and uses only positive recording that does not differentiate between levels;

2.4.2. in grades 2–11 the following is carried out:

– in the form of marks on a 5-point scale in academic subjects;

– without grade (“passed”) for training courses: “Your Health”, special course on career guidance, elective courses by subject.

2.4.3. for an oral answer, a mark is given by the teacher during the lesson and entered in the class journal and student’s diary;

2.4.4. for a written answer, a mark is given by the teacher in the class register in the manner determined by the Regulations on the system for assessing the educational achievements of students in educational institutions;

2.4.5. current control of students temporarily staying in sanatorium and medical organizations (other organizations that do not have a license to carry out educational activities) is carried out in these educational institutions and the results obtained are taken into account when issuing quarter/semi-annual marks;

2.4.6. conducting ongoing monitoring is not allowed immediately after a long absence from classes for a good reason with an unsatisfactory grade;

2.4.7. The procedure for issuing marks based on the results of current control for a quarter/half year:

– for students who missed 2/3 (60%) of study time for a valid reason, confirmed by relevant documents, a mark for the quarter/semester is not given (it is recorded as “passed”). Current control of these students is carried out individually by the administration of the educational institution in accordance with the schedule agreed upon with the pedagogical council of the educational institution and the parents (legal representatives) of the students;

– students’ grades for a quarter/semester are set based on the results of ongoing progress monitoring, carried out in the dark/lesson, 3 days before the start of the holidays or the start of the intermediate/final assessment;

2.4.8. in order to improve grades for a quarter/semester in grades 5–9 of the educational institution, preliminary issuance of grades for each subject of the curriculum is provided 2 weeks before the start of the holidays or the start of the intermediate/final certification;

2.4.9 current control within the framework of extracurricular activities is determined by its model, the form of organization of classes, and the characteristics of the chosen direction. Assessment of extracurricular achievements of students in educational institutions is carried out in accordance with the Regulations on extracurricular activities

3. Interim certification of students

3.1. The purpose of intermediate certification of students is to determine the degree to which they have mastered educational material on completed academic subjects, courses within the framework of mastering the basic educational programs of general education (by level of general education) for the academic year.

3.2. Interim certification in OO:

3.2.1. Students who master the basic general education programs of primary general education, basic general education, and secondary general education in all forms of education are required to undergo; as well as students mastering educational programs of public education according to individual curricula, including those carrying out accelerated or other training, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student;

3.2.2. At the request of parents (legal representatives), students mastering basic general education programs may undergo:

3.3. Interim certification of students can be carried out in the form of:

– comprehensive control work;

– final test;

– written and oral examinations;

– testing;

– protection of an individual/group project;

– other forms determined by educational programs of educational institutions and (or) individual curricula.

3.4. The list of academic subjects and courses submitted for intermediate certification, their number and form of delivery are determined by the relevant curricula and are reviewed annually at a meeting of the pedagogical council, with subsequent approval by order of the head of the educational institution.

3.5. The procedure for conducting intermediate certification of students:

3.5.1. intermediate certification of students is carried out in the form of a final control once a year as control of mastery of an academic subject, course, discipline (module) and (or) educational program of the previous level, with the exception of 1st grade;

3.5.2. Based on the decision of the pedagogical council of the educational institution and these Regulations, students are allowed to undergo intermediate certification: those who have mastered the basic general education program of the appropriate level of general education; having one unsatisfactory grade in an academic subject or course;

3.5.3 Students are exempt from intermediate certification:

– for health reasons based on the conclusion medical organization;

– those who have mastered the basic general education programs of the appropriate level of general education individually at home, provided that they have positive marks in all academic subjects, courses, and curriculum;

– who have achieved outstanding success in studying academic subjects and curriculum courses (winners of subject Olympiads at the regional and federal levels);

3.5.4. Interim certification of students in educational institutions is carried out:

– in accordance with the schedule approved by the head of the public organization, 2 weeks before the event;

– an attestation commission of at least 3 people, including a representative of the administration of the educational institution, a subject teacher of a given class and an assistant from among the teachers of the same cycle, approved by order of the head of the educational institution;

– based on control and measurement materials that have undergone examination in the prescribed manner and approved by order of the manager in compliance with the confidentiality regime;

3.5.5. Students who become ill during the interim assessment period can:

– be transferred to the next class conditionally, with subsequent submission of academic debts;

– undergo intermediate certification within additional periods determined by the schedule of the educational process and intended for retaking academic debts;

– be exempt from certification on the basis of clause 3.5.3 of these Regulations.

3.6. Information about the intermediate certification (list of academic subjects, courses, form, timing and procedure) is communicated to students and their parents (legal representatives) at the end of the third quarter by posting it on an information stand in the lobby of the educational institution, study room, or on the official website of the educational institution.

3.7. Interim certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by these Regulations (Section 7).

3.8. The procedure for using the results of students' mastery of academic subjects, courses, additional educational programs in other organizations carrying out educational activities as the results of intermediate certification is determined by the relevant Regulations of the educational institution.

3.9. Interim certification as part of extracurricular activities is not provided for in the OO.

4. Results of intermediate certification of students

4.1. Students who have fully mastered the content of the educational program of general education (by level of education) of the current academic year, based on positive results, including the results of intermediate certification, are transferred to the next class (to the level of education).

4.2. Students who have not passed the intermediate certification, for valid reasons, or who have academic debt, are conditionally transferred to the next class.

4.3. Students who have academic debt in one subject at the end of the school year can be promoted to the next grade.

4.4. In order to implement the position of clauses 4.2, 4.3. of this Regulation:

4.4.1. valid reasons are:

– illness of the student, confirmed by an appropriate medical certificate from a medical organization;

– tragic family circumstances;

– force majeure circumstances determined in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation;

4.4.2. academic debt is unsatisfactory results of intermediate certification in one or more academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules) of an educational program or failure to pass intermediate certification in the absence of valid reasons;

4.4.3. conditional transfer to the next class is the transfer of students who have not passed the intermediate certification for valid reasons or who have academic debt, with the obligatory liquidation of academic debt within a specified time frame.

5. Elimination of academic debt by students

5.1. Rights and obligations of participants in educational relations to eliminate academic debt:

5.1.1. students are obliged to eliminate academic debt in academic subjects and courses of the previous academic year within the time limits established by the order of the head of the educational institution;

5.1.2. students have the right:

– pass intermediate certification in relevant academic subjects, courses no more than two times within one year from the date of academic debt, not including the student’s illness and (or) other valid reasons;

– receive advice on academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules);

– receive information about the terms and dates of work of commissions for submitting academic debts;

– receive help from an educational psychologist;

5.1.3. When organizing and conducting intermediate certification of students, a general education organization is obliged to:

– create conditions for students to eliminate academic debts;

– ensure control over the timeliness of liquidation of academic debts;

– create a commission to carry out the delivery of academic debts (intermediate certification of students for the second time);

5.1.4. Parents (legal representatives) of students are obliged to:

– create conditions for the student to eliminate academic debt;

– ensure control over the timely elimination of academic debt by students;

– be responsible for eliminating student academic debt during the next academic year;

5.1.5. To conduct intermediate certification for the second time, a corresponding commission is created in the PA:

– the commission is formed on a subject-by-subject basis;

– the composition of the subject commission is determined by the head of the public organization (or structural unit (subject methodological association, department) in the amount of at least 3 people;

– the composition of the commission is approved by order of the head of the public organization;

5.1.6. the decision of the subject commission is formalized in the protocol for accepting the intermediate certification of students in an academic subject, course, discipline (module);

5.1.7. Students who have not eliminated academic debt within a year from the date of formation of academic debt in general education programs of the corresponding level of general education, at the discretion of their parents (legal representatives) and on the basis of an application, may be:

– left for repeated training;

– transferred to training in adapted basic educational programs in accordance with the recommendations of the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission;

– transferred to training according to an individual curriculum (within the limits of the educational program being mastered) in the manner established by the Regulations on the individual educational plan of an educational institution;

6. Re-training of students due to non-certification

6.1. Students may be retained for repeated studies at the request of their parents (legal representatives) only if they have academic debts that have not been liquidated within the established time frame, and not on the basis of:

– opinions of parents (legal representatives) that the child has not mastered the curriculum in an academic subject/part of an educational program/educational program due to large number missed lessons/days;

– missing lessons/days for a valid or unexcused reason.

6.2. 1st grade students may be retained for a repeat year of study:

– with the consent of parents (legal representatives) in accordance with the reasoned conclusion of the pedagogical council of the educational institution about the student’s failure to master the 1st grade program.

7. Interim certification of external students

7.1. Students who are mastering the basic general education program of the appropriate level of general education in the form of self-education, family education, or who have studied in an educational program that does not have state accreditation, have the right to undergo external intermediate certification in an educational institution.

7.2. External students, when passing intermediate certification, enjoy the academic rights of students in the corresponding general education program.

7.4. Enrollment of an external student for intermediate certification is carried out by order of the head of the public organization based on the application of his parents (legal representatives) in the manner prescribed by federal legislation. The procedure for enrolling an external student to undergo intermediate certification is necessarily preceded by the procedure for familiarizing his parents (legal representatives) with these Regulations.

Upon completion of the intermediate certification, the external student is expelled from the educational organization by the appropriate order of the head of the educational organization.

7.5. A general education organization provides free textbooks and textbooks to external students during the intermediate certification process. teaching aids, other teaching aids from the library fund of the public organization, subject to written consent with the Rules for the use of the library fund of the public organization.

7.6. At the request of the parents (legal representatives), the external student can be provided free of charge with assistance from an educational psychologist from the educational institution.

7.7. Interim certification of external students in an educational institution is carried out:

– in accordance with the schedule/schedule approved by the head of the public organization 10 days before the event;

– a subject commission of at least 3 people, the composition of which is determined by the subject methodological association;

– the subject commission is approved by order of the head of the public organization.

7.8. The progress and results of the interim certification of the external student are documented in the appropriate protocol, which is maintained by the secretary of the specified commission.

The protocol is signed by all members of the subject commission for the intermediate certification, its contents are brought to the attention of the external student and his parents (legal representatives) against signature.

7.9. The external student has the right to challenge the results of the interim certification conducted by the relevant commission of the PA in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

7.10. Based on the protocol for the intermediate certification, the external student is issued a document (certificate) in the form established by the educational institution on the results of passing the intermediate certification in the general education program of the appropriate level for the period or course.

7.11. In case of unsatisfactory results in one or more academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules) of the general education program of the appropriate level, obtained by an external student during an intermediate certification, the external student has the right to retake it in the manner established by clause 5.1.2. of this Regulation.

7.12. Externs who have not eliminated their academic debt within the established timeframe may be accepted to continue their studies at an educational institution in accordance with the Admission Procedure established by federal legislation, if available free seats to continue studying.

7.13. If, when an external student passes intermediate certification, none of the disciplines submitted for intermediate certification was assessed positively by the certification commission and academic debts were not eliminated within the appropriate time frame, the head of the educational institution reports this fact to the Department of Education of the city of Yakutsk in accordance with the norms of the Family Code RF dated December 29, 1995 No. 223-FZ.

8. The procedure for making changes and (or) additions to the Regulations

8.1. The initiative to make changes and (or) additions to these Regulations may come from the Pedagogical Council, students, parents, or the administration of the public organization.

8.2. Changes and (or) additions to these Regulations are subject to open public discussion at meetings of the Pedagogical Council and those specified in clause 8.1. representative bodies.

8.3. Changes to these Regulations are made if they are approved by the bodies specified in clause 8.1., and are approved by order of the head of the PA.

8.4. The changes made come into force from the academic year following the year the decision to make the changes was made.

Position

on the current monitoring of the progress of students of the MBOU "Gultyaevskaya Secondary School"

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. This Regulation has been developed in accordance with Federal Law No. 273 “On education in the Russian Federation”, federal state educational standards, The charter of the institution and regulates the content and procedure for ongoing monitoring of the progress of school students.

1.2. These Regulations are adopted by the Council of the institution, which has the right to make its own changes and additions to it.

1.3. This “Regulation on the ongoing monitoring of student progress” is a local act of the school regulating the order, frequency, assessment system and forms of ongoing monitoring of student progress.

1.4. The goals of ongoing monitoring of student progress are:

A) establishing the actual level of theoretical knowledge of students in the subjects of the curriculum, their practical skills; correlation of this level with the requirements of the level of the state educational standard;

B) control over the implementation of educational programs and the calendar-thematic schedule for studying academic subjects.

The main principle of organizing ongoing monitoring of academic performance, due to systematic approach to the problem of knowledge assessment is the complexity of the use of various types of control, distributed over time and across the disciplines studied.

Types of current control

When studying an academic discipline, provisions may be made different kinds current monitoring of students' knowledge:

2.1.1. Oral survey - control carried out after studying the material on one or more topics (sections) of the discipline in the form of answers to questions and discussion of situations;

2.1.3. Combined survey - control involving the simultaneous use of oral and written forms of knowledge assessment on one or more topics;

2.1.4. Protection and presentation of homework - control of knowledge on individual or group homework in order to verify the correctness of their completion, the ability to summarize the material covered and publicly present it, to trace the logical connection between the topics of the course;

2.1.5. Discussions, trainings, round tables - group servicing of problematic issues that allow you to demonstrate independent thinking skills and the ability to make decisions;

2.1.6. Tests are a set of tasks of a certain form (open, closed, combined), allowing to objectively and qualitatively evaluate the educational achievements of students.

2.1.7. Other types of current monitoring of knowledge are also possible, which are determined by teachers in agreement with methodological associations of teaching staff.

Organization and conduct of ongoing monitoring of student progress

Current monitoring of students' progress is carried out independently by the teacher leading the lesson. The forms of ongoing monitoring of progress are determined by the teacher, taking into account those provided for in the calendar - thematic planning types of training sessions in the discipline.

At the beginning of the school year, the teacher, at his discretion, conducts input control knowledge of students acquired at the previous stage of training and necessary for successful mastery of a new discipline within the established time frame.

The teacher carrying out ongoing monitoring of progress is obliged to bring to the attention of students the criteria for their certification as part of the ongoing monitoring of progress during the first lesson.

Under no circumstances can participation in the work of a scientific society of students, the availability of a textbook, the acquisition of certain literature by a student, or visits to additional paid or free classes, as well as fulfillment of other requirements that are not determined by the needs of the process of mastering the course program or that contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation, the School Charter, these Regulations or other regulatory documentation.

Current monitoring data should be used by the administration of the institution, methodological associations of teaching staff and teachers to ensure rhythmic academic work students, instilling in them the ability to clearly organize their work, timely identifying those lagging behind and providing them with assistance in studying educational material, organizing individual creative lessons with the most prepared students, as well as improving the methods of teaching academic disciplines.

IV. Student performance assessment system

4.1. Current monitoring of students’ progress is carried out by teachers using a five-point system (minimum score 1 “unit”, maximum score 5 “excellent”), except for 1st grade (no-grade assessment).

4.2. The teacher, checking and evaluating the work (including tests), students’ oral answers, the skills and abilities they have achieved, puts a grade in the class journal and the student’s diary.

4.3. A point system for assessing progress in mastering the curriculum is introduced from the second grade.

4.4. When determining the requirements for assessments in disciplines, it is proposed to be guided by the following:

4.4.1. A grade of 5 - “excellent” is deserved by a student who has demonstrated a comprehensive, systematic and deep knowledge program material, ability to freely perform tasks provided curriculum, who has mastered the basic and is familiar with additional literature, recommended by the program. As a rule, an “excellent” grade is given to students who have demonstrated Creative skills in understanding, presentation and use of educational material;

4.4.2. A grade of 4 - “good” is earned by a student who has demonstrated complete knowledge of the program material, successfully completes the tasks provided in the program, and has mastered the basic literature recommended in the program. As a rule, a “good” grade is given to students who have demonstrated the systematic nature of knowledge in the discipline and are capable of independently replenishing and updating it in the course of further educational work;

4.4.3. A grade of 3 - “satisfactory” is deserved by a student who has demonstrated knowledge of the basic program material to the extent necessary for further study, copes with the tasks provided for by the program, and is familiar with the basic literature recommended by the program. As a rule, a “satisfactory” grade is given to students who made errors of an unprincipled nature while completing the tasks provided for in the program;

4.4.4. A grade of 2 - “unsatisfactory” is assigned to a student who has discovered gaps in the knowledge of the basic program material, or who has made fundamental errors in completing the tasks provided for in the program.

4.4.5. Grade 1 - “one” is given to the student in case of failure to master the curriculum.

4.5. To carry out ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge, teaching staff use testing and measuring materials provided for in work programs, approved by the director of the educational institution, and meeting the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for primary general education.

4.6. The subject of assessment of educational activities of students in primary school are the expected results that are determined by the goals of the main educational program of primary general education and constitute three groups of interrelated results: subject, meta-subject, personal results. Assessment of knowledge and educational achievements of 1st grade students consists of:

4.6.1. Individual observation of the student’s work: attentiveness when explaining the material, activity and creativity to work in the classroom, attitude to the study of this or that material and to learning in general;

4.6.2. Indicators of completeness and depth of assimilation of the material, the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practical activities and non-standard situations. Indicators are assessed as follows: “clever”, “well done”, “you and I need to work, and everything will work out”, indicating errors and ways to correct them.

4.7. Taking into account the stated criteria and the specifics of specific disciplines, the teacher uses the requirements for assessing knowledge in disciplines, the mastery of which is associated primarily with the formation of practical skills.

V. Current monitoring of student progress by the administration

5.1. Ongoing monitoring of progress can also be carried out at the initiative of the school administration. Carrying out ongoing monitoring of academic performance by the administration does not cancel the ongoing monitoring of academic performance carried out by the teacher as part of the implementation of calendar and thematic planning.

5.2. Forms of ongoing monitoring of academic performance by the administration are testing and administrative control work. Depending on the tasks at hand, ongoing monitoring of academic performance can be carried out in other forms that do not contradict current legislation.

5.3. Conducting ongoing monitoring of academic performance by the administration is announced by order of the director of the institution, indicating the forms and timing of its implementation.

5.4. During the academic quarter or half a year, deputy directors conduct an analysis and summarize the interim results of the current monitoring of students’ progress in order to discuss them at methodological associations of teachers, the Pedagogical Council of the institution and adopt the necessary management decisions, as well as making a forecast of academic results at the end of the academic quarter.

RESEARCH REPORT

At the end of the research work (stage/stage), it is necessary to submit the final report to the VNTICentre within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of completion of the work.

The report is submitted together with an information card (IC). The report must be drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the state standard regulating the general requirements for the report and the rules for its preparation.

All documents (both reporting and for opening new state budget topics) must be submitted to the planning and organization department of research work of the research department of RUDN University.

General requirements and design rules

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. A research report is a scientific and technical document that contains comprehensive, systematized information about the work performed (its stage).

1.2. The release of a research report must be provided for in the terms of reference, plan or program for performing the work.

1.3. When carrying out research, a final report on the work as a whole and interim reports on individual stages of research may be issued.

1.4. The research report is drawn up by the performers of the work, reviewed and approved in the prescribed manner.

1.5. General requirements for the report are:

· clarity and logical sequence of presentation of the material;

· persuasiveness of argumentation;

· brevity and precision of wording, eliminating the possibility of ambiguous interpretation;

· specific presentation of the results of the work;

Note. Simultaneously with the preparation of the report, the responsible executor, in accordance with the established procedure for state registration and accounting of research work, fills out an information card of the approved sample.

2. REPORT STRUCTURE

2.1. The research report (its stage) must contain:

· title page;

· list of performers;

· abstract;

· list of symbols, symbols, units and terms;

· introduction;

· main part;

· conclusion;

· list of sources used;

· applications.

Required structural elements are highlighted in bold. The remaining structural elements are included in the report at the discretion of the research performer, taking into account the requirements of Section. 3 and 4.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURE ELEMENTS OF THE REPORT

3.1. Title page

3.1.1. The title page is the first sheet of the report and serves as a source of information necessary for processing and searching the document.

3.1.2. On title page provide the following information:

1) name of the organization performing the research work;

3) state registration number, as well as the inventory number of the report (not provided by the executing organization). These data are placed one below the other;

4) approval and approval columns;

5) name of the work;

6) title of the report;

7) type of report (final, interim);

8) number (code) of the topic;

9) positions, academic degrees, academic titles, surnames and initials of the heads of the organization performing the research work, heads of the research work;

10) place and date of preparation of the report.

3.1.3. If a research report consists of two or more books, each book must have its own title page, corresponding to the title page of the first book and containing information related to this book.

An example of the design of title pages is given below.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RUSSIAN PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY

Index UDC 624.01(07)

State No. registration 01.2.00 089456

Inv. No. “APPROVED”

Vice-Rector for Scientific Affairs

Kirabaev N.S.

ABOUT RESEARCH WORK

Study bearing capacity foundations of the Facility under construction and development of recommendations for their strengthening

(final)

Subject code 012409-1-075

Topic leader (signature) Ivanov A.I.

Responsible executor (signature) Fedorov I.A.

Moscow - 2006

3.2. List of performers.

3.2.1. The list should include the names and initials, positions, academic degrees, academic titles of research leaders, responsible executors, performers and co-executors who took a creative part in the work.

3.2.2. If the report was completed by one executor, his name, position, academic title and signature are placed on the title page.

3.3. Essay

3.3.1. General requirements for the abstract - according to GOST 7.9.

3.3.2. The abstract must contain:

· information about the volume, number of illustrations, tables, number of books of the report, number of sources used, language (if the text is not written in Russian);

· list of keywords;

· abstract text.

3.3.2.1. The list of keywords should characterize the content of the reviewed report. The list should include from 5 to 15 keywords per nominative case, printed on a line, separated by commas.

3.3.2.2. The text of the abstract should reflect:

· object of research or development;

· Objective;

· research method and equipment;

· the results obtained and their novelty;

· main design, technological and technical-operational characteristics.

· application area;

· economic efficiency or significance of the work;

· predictive assumptions about the development of the research object.

If the report does not contain information on any structural part of the abstract, then only the remaining parts are reflected in the abstract, maintaining the sequence of presentation.

3.3.3. An example of writing an abstract:

Report 85 pp., 1 book, 24 figures, 12 tables, 50 sources, 2 appendices.

FLOW METERING INSTALLATIONS, PISTON FLOW METERS, TACHOMETRIC FLOW METERS, MEASUREMENT, HIGH FLOWS, GASES.

The object of the study is piston installations for accurately reproducing and measuring large gas flow rates.

The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for metrological studies of installations and non-standard equipment for their implementation.

During the work, experimental studies of individual components and the overall error of the installations were carried out.

As a result of the research, for the first time in Russia, two piston reversible flow metering installations were created: the first for flow rates up to 0.07 m3/s, the second - up to 0.33 m3/s.

Main design and technical and operational indicators: high measurement accuracy at large values gas consumption.

Degree of implementation - the second installation using the developed methodology is certified as exemplary.

The effectiveness of installations is determined by their small influence on the course of the measured processes.

Both units can be used for calibration and testing of industrial rotary gas meters, as well as tachometer flow meters

3.4.2. When preparing a report consisting of two or more parts (books), each of them must have its own “Contents”. In this case, the first book contains the contents of the entire report, indicating the part numbers, and the subsequent books contain only the contents of the corresponding part. It is allowed in the first book, instead of the contents of subsequent books, to indicate only their name.

3.4.3. In a research report of less than 10 pages, content may not be drawn up.

3.5. List of symbols, symbols, units and terms.

3.5.1. If the report adopts specific terminology, and also uses less common abbreviations, new symbols, designations, etc., then their list should be presented in the report as a separate list.

3.5.2. The list should be arranged in a column in which on the left (in alphabetical order) give, for example, an abbreviation, on the right - its detailed transcript.

3.5.3. If special terms, abbreviations, symbols, designations, etc. are repeated less than three times in the report, the LIST is not compiled, and their decoding is given in the text at the first mention.

3.6. Introduction

3.6.1. The introduction of the report should contain an assessment of the current state of the scientific and technical problem being solved, the basis and initial data for developing the topic, and the justification for the need for research. The introduction should show the relevance and novelty of the topic, the connection of this work with other research works.

3.6.2. The introduction of the interim report on the research stage should indicate the goals and objectives of the research at the stage and their place in the implementation of research as a whole and the rationale for highlighting the stage.

3.6.3. In the introduction of the final research report there is a list of the names of all prepared interim reports by stages and their inventory numbers.

3.7. Main part

3.7.1. The main part of the reports on scientific research work should contain data reflecting the essence, methodology and main results of the research work performed.

3.7.2. The main part should contain:

· choice of direction of research, including justification for the choice of the adopted direction of research, methods for solving problems and their comparative assessment, development general methodology carrying out research;

· theoretical and (or) experimental research, including determination of the nature and content theoretical research, research methods, calculation methods, justification of the need for experimental work, operating principles of the developed objects, their characteristics, justification of the selected metrological support for the work, data on measurement objects, measured quantities and measuring instruments, their metrological characteristics, assessment of the correctness and cost-effectiveness of the choice of measuring instruments and measurement techniques, information about their certification, measurement error assessment, experimental data obtained;

· generalization and evaluation of research results, including an assessment of the completeness of the solution to the problem and proposals for further areas of work, assessment of the reliability of the results obtained and their comparison with similar results of domestic and foreign work, justification for the need for additional research, negative results leading to the need to stop further research .

3.7.3. Depending on the specifics of the research work, the main part is presented in the form of text, tables, a combination of illustrations and tables, or a combination of text, illustrations and tables.

The main part of the report should be divided into sections and paragraphs. Sections of the main part can be divided into paragraphs or into subsections and paragraphs. Points, if necessary, can be divided into sub-points. Each item must contain complete information.

3.7.4. Presentation of data on the properties of substances and materials in the report - in accordance with GOST 7.54.

3.7.5. Units of physical quantities in the report are in accordance with GOST 8.417.

3.8. Conclusion

The conclusion should contain:

· brief conclusions on the results of the completed research work or its individual stages, assessment of the completeness of solutions to the assigned tasks, development of recommendations and initial data on the specific use of research results, assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of implementation. In conclusion to the report on research work, for which determination of the technical and economic effect is impossible, it is necessary to indicate the national economic, scientific, social value of the results of the work;

· assessment of the scientific and technical level of the research carried out in comparison with the best achievements in this field.

3.9. List of sources used

The list should contain information about the sources used to compile the report. Information about sources is provided in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7.1.

3.10. Applications

Applications may include:

· materials supplementing the report;

· intermediate mathematical proofs, formulas and calculations;

· tables of auxiliary digital data;

· test reports and reports;

· descriptions of equipment and instruments used during experiments, measurements and tests;

· instructions and techniques, descriptions of algorithms and programs for problems solved on a computer, developed in the process of performing research;

· supporting illustrations;

· a copy of the technical specifications for research work, work program, contract or other source document for carrying out research work;

· protocol of consideration of the completed research work at the scientific and technical council;

· acts of implementation of research results, etc.

3.10.2. Applications should include illustrations, tables and computer printouts made on A3 sheets.

3.10.3. The appendices to the report on research and development prior to putting the product into production must include a draft technical specification for the development (modernization) of the product or a document (application, protocol, contract, etc.) containing justified technical and economic requirements for the product.

3.10.4. The appendices to the report on research work, which includes patent research, must include a report on patent research, drawn up in accordance with GOST 15.011, a bibliographic list of publications and patent documents obtained as a result of research work, in accordance with GOST 7.1.

4. RULES FOR REPORTING

4.1. General requirements

4.1.1. The pages of the text of the research report and the illustrations, tables and computer printouts included in the report must comply with A4 format in accordance with GOST 9327. It is allowed to submit illustrations, tables and computer printouts on A3 format sheets.

4.1.2. The report must be typewritten (or computer typed) on one side of a sheet of white A4 paper with one and a half line spacing. It is allowed to print the report with two line spacing. Minimum height 2.5mm font.

The text of the report should be printed, observing the following margin sizes: left - at least 30 mm, right - at least 10 mm, | upper - at least 15 mm, lower - at least 20 mm.

4.1.3. The font should be clear, medium-weight black. The density of the report text should be the same.

4.1.4. It is allowed to enter individual words, formulas, and symbols into the text of the report only in black ink or black ink, and the density of the entered text should be close to the density of the main text.

4.1.5. Typos, clerical errors and graphic inaccuracies discovered during the execution of the report may be corrected by erasing or painting over with white paint and applying the corrected text (graphs) in the same place using a typewritten method or black ink handwritten method.

4.1.6. Last names, names of institutions, organizations, companies, names of products and others proper names"in the text of the report they are given in the original language. It is allowed to transliterate proper names and give the names of the organization translated into the language of the report with the addition (at the first mention) of the original name.

4.1.7. The report should use abbreviations of Russian words and phrases in accordance with GOST 7.12.

4.1.8. Printouts from the computer must correspond to A4 format (must be cut). Printouts are included in the overall page numbering of the report and are placed after the conclusion, and if there is an illustration larger than A4, after them.

4.1.9. The report is divided into parts (books). The volume of each part, including attachments, should not exceed 90 pages.

4.1.10. The text of the main part of the report is divided into sections, subsections, and paragraphs.

4.1.11. Words printed on a separate line in capital letters (“LIST OF PERFORMERS”, “ABSTRACT”, “CONTENTS”, “LIST OF CONVENTIONS OF SYMBOLS, UNITS AND TERMS”, “INTRODUCTION”, “CONCLUSION”, “LIST OF SOURCES USED”) should serve as headings relevant structural parts of the report.

4.1.12. Headings structural elements the report and sections of the main part are printed in the middle of the line without a dot at the end, in capital letters, without underlining.

4.1.13. Headings of subsections and paragraphs are printed from paragraph * with a capital letter in place, without underlining, without a dot at the end.

4.1.14. If the title consists of two sentences, they are separated by a period. Hyphenation of words in headings is not allowed.

4.1.15. The distance between the title and the text should be 3-4 spaces.

4.1.16. Each section should begin on a new sheet (page).

4.2. Numbering.

4.2.1 Report pages are numbered Arabic numerals observing continuous numbering throughout the text of the report. The page number is placed in the upper right corner without a period at the end.

4.2.2. The title page is included in the overall numbering of the report. There is no number on the title page.

4.2.3. Illustrations and tables located on separate sheets and computer printouts are included in the overall page numbering of the report.

Illustrations, tables and computer printouts on A3 sheets are counted as one page.

4.3. Numbering of sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs and books of the report

4.3.1. Sections, subsections, clauses, sub-clauses and books of the report should be numbered in Arabic numerals.

4.3.2. Sections of the report should be sequentially numbered within the main body of the report and designated in Arabic numerals with a dot, for example, 1., 2., 3., etc.

4.3.3. Subsections are numbered with Arabic numerals within each section. The subsection number consists of the section number and subsection number, separated by a dot. There should be a dot at the end of the subsection number, for example: “2.3.” (third subsection of the second section).

4.3.4. Paragraphs must be numbered sequentially within each section or subsection. The item number consists of the numbers of the section, subsection, item, separated by dots. There should be a period at the end of the number, for example: “1.1.2.” (second paragraph of the first subsection of the first section).

4.3.5. If a section or subsection has only one paragraph or one subparagraph, then the paragraph (subparagraph) should not be numbered.

4.3.6. The report books must be sequentially numbered throughout the report. The number of each part (book) is indicated in Arabic numerals on the title page, indicating the type of report, for example, “Book 3”.

4.4. Illustrations

4.4.1. Illustrations (tables, drawings, diagrams, graphs) should be placed in the report immediately after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page.

4.4.2. Drawings, graphs, diagrams placed in the report must comply with the requirements state standards ESKD.

4.4.3. Photographs smaller than A4 size must be pasted onto standard sheets of white paper.

4.4.4. Illustrations must have a title, which is placed above the illustration. If necessary, explanatory data (text below the figure) is placed under the illustration.

Illustrations are designated by the word “Fig.”, which is placed after the explanatory data.

4.4.5. Illustrations should be numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals throughout the report, with the exception of illustrations given in the appendix.

4.4.6. If the report contains one illustration, then it is not numbered and the word “Fig.” they don't write.

4.4.7. Illustrations should be on one page. If the illustration does not fit on one page, you can transfer it to other pages, while the name of the illustration is placed on the first page, explanatory data is placed on each page and “Fig. , leaf " .

4.5. Tables

4.5.1. Digital material should be presented in the form of tables.

4.5.2. The table should be placed in the report immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page.

4.5.3. Tables should be numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals (except for tables given in the appendix) throughout the report. In the upper right corner of the table above the corresponding heading the inscription “Table” is placed indicating the table number.

4.5.4. If there is only one table in the report, it is not numbered and the word “Table” is not written.

4.5.5. The formatting of tables in the report is in accordance with GOST 2.105.

4.6. Listings and notes

4.6.1. Listings, if necessary, can be given within paragraphs or subparagraphs. Listings should be numbered in Arabic numerals with a parenthesis, for example 1), 2), 3), etc., and printed in lowercase letters from the paragraph.

More than one group of transfers is not allowed within one clause or subclause.

4.6.2. Notes should be placed in the report when it is necessary to clarify the content of the text, table or illustration. Notes are placed immediately after the paragraph, subparagraph, table, illustration to which they relate, and are printed in capital letters and indented.

The word “Note” should be typed in capital letters, indented, and not underlined.

4.6.3. If there is one note, then it is not numbered and a dot is placed after the word “Note”. Several notes should be numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals with a dot, for example:

Note.

………………………………………

………………………………………

Notes:

1. ……………………………………

2. ……………………………………

4.7. Formulas and equations

4.7.1. An explanation of the meanings of symbols and numerical coefficients should be given directly below the formula in the same sequence in which they are given in the formula. The meaning of each symbol and numerical coefficient should be given with new line. The first line of the explanation begins with the word “where” without a colon.

4.7.2. Equations and formulas should be separated from the text in free lines. At least one free line must be left above and below each formula. If an equation does not fit on one line, it must be moved after the equal sign (==) or after the plus (+), minus (-), multiplication (x), and division (:) signs.

4.7.3. Formulas in the report (if there is more than one of them) are numbered sequentially throughout the entire report with Arabic numerals in parentheses in the extreme right position on the line.

If there is only one formula or equation in the report, they are not numbered.

Decor references - according to GOST 7.1

If the report contains one illustration, one table, one formula, one equation, one appendix, when making references you should write “in the figure”, “in the table”, “by the formula”, “in the equation”, “in the appendix”.

4.9. Title page

4.9.1. The title page contains the details:

1) the name of the ministry (department) or other structural entity, the system of which includes the executing organization, the name of the organization (including abbreviated);

2) UDC index, VKG OKP code (for reports on research work preceding the development and modernization of products) and state registration number, affixed by the executing organization, as well as the inscription “Inv. No. - these data are placed one below the other;

3) special marks (if the report contains numerical data on the properties of substances and materials, the abbreviation GSSSD is placed in this part - civil service standard reference data);

4) approval stamp, approval stamp.

On the left side of the field there should be an approval stamp consisting of the word “AGREED”, the name of the position indicating the name of the organization, academic degree, academic rank of the person with whom the report is being agreed, his personal signature, its transcript, and the date of approval. The seal of the organization that approved the report is also affixed here.

On the right side of the field, an approval stamp is placed, consisting of the word “APPROVE”, the name of the position indicating the name of the organization, academic degree, academic rank of the person who approved the report, personal signature, its transcript and the date of approval of the report. The seal of the organization that approved the report is also affixed here.

Signatures and signature dates must be written in black ink only. The date should be written in Arabic numerals in the following sequence of elements: day of the month, month, year, for example: the date October 1, 2002 should be written as 01.10.90.

5) type of document, in lowercase letters with the first capital - the name of the registered research work, in capital letters - the name of the report, and in parentheses in lowercase letters - the type of report (interim or final).

If the name of the registered work coincides with the name of the report, then it is printed in capital letters.

6) code of the state scientific and technical program, code of work assigned by the implementing organization;

7) positions, academic degrees, academic titles of the heads of the organization performing the research work, heads of the research work. To the right of each signature are the initials and surname of the person who signed the report, and below - the date of signing. If all the necessary signatures are not placed on the title page, then they can be transferred to the next page.

8) city and year of release of the report, for example, “Moscow 2002”.

4.9.2. A sample title page is provided in section 3.1.

4.10. List of performers.

4.10.1. Last names and initials, positions, academic degrees, academic titles in the list should be placed in a column. Positions, academic degrees, academic titles of performers and co-executors are indicated on the left, then a free field is left for original signatures, and the initials and surnames of performers and co-executors are indicated on the right. Next to each surname of the performer and co-executor, you should indicate in brackets the number of the section (subsection) of the report prepared for the stage of research work completed by him, and the name of the co-executor organization.

4.10.2. Example of a list of performers:

LIST OF PERFORMERS

Work manager,

Art. scientific co-workers,

Ph.D. (signature, date) A.I. Dotsenko

(abstract, introduction,

conclusion, sec. 1)

Responsible executor

junior researcher (signature, date) Etc. Merkulova

(section 4)

4.11. List of abbreviations, symbols, symbols, units and terms.

The list should be arranged in a column. On the left are abbreviations, symbols, units and terms in alphabetical order, on the right is their detailed explanation.

4.12. List of sources used

The list should contain a list of sources used to run the report. Sources should be arranged in the order in which references appear in the text of the report.

4.13. Applications

4.13.1. Appendices are designed as a continuation of the report on its subsequent pages or as a separate part (book), arranging them in the order that links to them appear in the text of the report.

4.13.2. Each application should start on a new sheet (page) and have a meaningful title, printed in capital letters. The word “APPLICATION” should be printed in capital letters in the upper right corner above the title.

If there is more than one appendix in the report, they are numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign), for example,

APPENDIX 1, APPENDIX 2, etc.

4.13.3. When preparing appendices as a separate part (book), the word “APPLICATIONS” is printed in capital letters on the title page under the title of the report.

4.13.4. The text of each application, if necessary, can be divided into sections, subsections and paragraphs, numbered in Arabic numerals within each application, preceded by the letter “P”, for example “P. 1.2.3" (third paragraph of the second subsection of the first appendix).

4.13.5. Figures, tables and formulas placed in an appendix are numbered with Arabic numerals within each appendix, for example: “Fig. P. 1.1" (first picture of the first appendix); "Table. Clause 1.1" (first table of the first appendix).

4.13.6. Listings and notes in the text of the application are formatted and numbered in accordance with the requirements of subsection 4.6.

4.13.7. If a document that has independent significance and is drawn up in accordance with the requirements for a document of this type is used as an appendix in a report, it is included in the report without changes to the original. On the title page of the document in the upper right corner the word “APPENDIX” is printed and its number is indicated, and the pages on which the document is placed are included in the overall page numbering of the report.

ATTENTION: a report prepared in accordance with these requirements must be submitted unbound in a hard folder with ties. You need to stick a sheet on the folder on which the following data should be printed.

Recently I had a chance to read several research reports. And the idea occurred to me that writing reports is a separate art. This skill should not necessarily be possessed by scientists, but by people far from science, but who have a good idea of ​​how to show the “product face to face.” In fact, this is the lowest level of “science officials” (although they sometimes combine the position with a leadership position). They are well aware that the report will be assessed at the top, that is, by “scientific officials” of the highest level. What do they need? First of all, volume. The bigger, the better. I once heard a peculiar positive feedback to one scientific group. “You know, they really work, they wrote such a report! (size shows with hands).”

In addition, the report requires the signatures of persons with regalia, all kinds of professors, doctors, directors, etc. Even if they don’t always read the reports, and perhaps they don’t work in this area, but is it difficult for them to get a visa based on an acquaintance? Today there was a television program discussing research on a new material, graphene, which, as you know, was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. In the program, our famous researcher Viktor Petrik, who claims primacy in the discovery of graphene, cited the signatures of 21 professors on his report as a convincing argument for the importance of his work.

Of the contents of the report, the conclusion is most important, followed by the introduction. These parts are read by almost everyone who has to evaluate the report. In conclusion, it is very important to write that the planned work has been completed in full. It can, of course, be noted that some difficulties in carrying out the planned individual experiments are associated with insufficient material resources and insufficient funding. At the same time, the work opens up prospects for a new direction in instrument engineering, metrology, materials science, etc. If possible, we can evaluate the expected economic effect and be sure to say that “in some respects” we are ahead of the rest.

The introduction appreciates the formulation of the problem, based on a review of previous publications, of which as many as possible should be foreign. Even if they are very distantly related to the subject of research. Articles should be both old and modern. To show the contribution of the report's authors to science, references to almost all of their own publications, regardless of topic, should be included in the review. The statement of the problem itself must be modern, as they say, “popular” in our time and supported by government programs. It is very desirable to at least somehow connect the work with “nanotechnology”. Now it is also important to apply “high-tech” production and information-managed network resources somewhere, and write that the ideas may be able to be further developed in the future Skolkovo scientific center.

The amount of work required is elementary. For example, one graph is taken, and then it is plotted in different coordinates and resolutions. Or two graphs, then their relationship is built and conclusions are drawn about the possible influence of one on the other.

As for metrology specifically, it is considered very advantageous to link the results obtained with SMS tables showing the level of measuring capabilities of our and foreign laboratories. I once read a report by the head of the VNIIM museum, and even there it was considered the highest achievement of VNIIM recent years, SMS tables are mentioned, in which VNIIM supposedly entered a huge number of lines. (SMS - of course important document, but what does science have to do with it and what are the actual achievements? It is known that SMS are tables of measurement capabilities and depend on how much imported equipment is in the laboratory and whether the laboratory can take part in comparisons of standards).

I don’t want to say in any way that we don’t have science. True, sometimes you come across reports and even doctoral dissertations that lead to reflections that there are already a lot of “near-scientific” circles around science. Please note that I did not coin the term “quasi-scientific”. Also, the term “science officials” began to appear more and more often in the press. In fact, this is nothing more than corruption, and it must be fought. The Academy of Sciences has created a special commission to combat falsifications in science and has already exposed several “pseudo-scientific” discoveries. It’s strange, but for some reason we don’t usually talk about the moral side of science. Medicine is another matter. The doctor takes the Hippocratic oath, pledging not to harm the patient. If scientists also thought about the moral side of their work, about honesty, then we probably wouldn’t have so many “science officials.”

Sincerely,

Ch. website editor
Moiseeva Natalia Pavlovna

Other articles in this section

Comments:

Alexander Magunov

Alexander Magunov, 13.10.2010 03:10 | NIIPMT

Natalia Pavlovna, in 1966, an article was published in the book “Physicists Are Joking,” excerpts from which are given below. It can be found on the Internet. Dwight E. Gray. Reports I have read... and perhaps written... (\"Physics today\". 1960. Vol. 13, No. 11) Ideally, the main purpose of each report is to convey scientific information - convey accurate, accurate and unambiguous. Alas, in practice, all "reports" are divided into many categories, both according to the degree of approximation to this ideal, and for specific reasons that prevent it from being achieved. The most important categories with which the author had to deal during his fifteen years of activity in the field of scientific information are described and qualified below. With regard to the most meaningless reports, it should be said that they are not divided into clear, limited, mutually exclusive groups. I chose the names of the various categories based on the dominant feature, but in general such reports are “not a proud people” and easily adopt bad habits from each other. 1. A mysterious report When reading such a work, it seems that the author is almost deliberately trying to keep the reader in the dark as long as possible as to what, in fact, it was written about and why. In some cases, success is complete, and the mystery remains unsolved until the very end. The mystery, of course, thickens even more if the document bears a title that contains absolutely no information. 2.Report like \"Please repeat again\" To achieve best results, the author must strive to maintain two numerical coefficients at an extremely high level - \"average number of syllables in a word\" and \"average number of words in a sentence\". In the first case, follow the motto: "Never use a one-syllable word if there is a synonym of six or seven syllables." Your report will especially benefit if, in addition, you use these long words inappropriately. 3. Report of the “I lost my thought” type 4. Masking reports Characteristic features (they can occur all at once or in certain combinations): A). The results are not presented in full. B). The conclusions drawn do not follow from the results. IN). The recommendations given do not follow from the conclusions. In the same collection there are articles on other topics: L. Solimar “How to write science articles” and K. Darrow “How to speak at a meeting.”

E Ivanchura, 10/14/2010 01:10

where can one get such a rarity? Since the laws of society do not change :) I think the circulation was unlikely to be large and cannot be found in the "Old Book"

Alexander Magunov, 14.10.2010 02:10

You can download this book from several sites. For example: http://lib.ru/ANEKDOTY/FIZIKI/fizikishutyat.txt It was republished in the 90s. And before that, an expanded edition was published called "Physicists Continue Joking."

Elena Ivanchura, 10/14/2010 03:10

Thank you! I'll definitely download it - I like this genre

Alexander Magunov, 14.10.2010 08:10

In the past, copies of research reports were sent by the All-Union Scientific and Technical information Center(VNTIC) at the request of organizations. The libraries of the research institutes contained hundreds of such reports from other research institutes and universities. Why did you order them? The reports contained more data than the articles by the same authors. But the reports were always second-rate scientific products because they were not peer-reviewed, were not designed for a qualified reader, and were prepared hastily. In this regard, everything remains the same now. Natalia Pavlovna, in the second paragraph of your text, part of the sentence asks for quotation marks: “our famous researcher.” Known for his illiterate boasting. The character “claiming to discover graphene” is familiar to everyone who has read the play “The Inspector General.” No one would have known him if he had not needed to steal the budget.

Moiseeva N.P. , 20.10.2010 12:10 | VNIIM

I would not like to put Professor Petrik in quotation marks. I don’t want to attack anyone specifically, we have many professors who have not yet been “caught” by pseudoscientific ideas worth big money. In my note I also wrote about how reports are made that are aimed specifically at obtaining money from the budget or from wealthy military customers. The problem is that they are evaluated by “science officials” and are actually written for them. It is possible to take a humorous view of some of the reports and even classify them as Dwight Gray. But they won’t give you money for such reports. Corruption in academia is a serious matter. Given this state of affairs, I doubt that those 85 billion rubles that are allocated from the budget for the organization scientific center Skolkovo will contribute to the development of science in our country. In general, the creation in one special place on Earth of a “special atmosphere of a scientific center” for the “commercialization of scientific ideas” is very similar to O. Bender’s utopian idea “New Vasyuki”. And we pay for this idea out of our own pockets. However, as well as for the population census. I would like to know whose idea it was to organize a paper census in the 21st century and how much money was spent on this, or “used”? Maybe someday, when another major official is removed, we will find out about this.

Alexander Magunov, 20.10.2010 09:10

Natalia Pavlovna, there are no accidental scientific and technical insights. To create new technologies, you need to graduate not from a psychology department, but from a technical university, and spend several years not in a colony or in the St. Petersburg mayor's office, but in the institute library, and even work 10-12 hours daily in a laboratory. The origin of radio-transparent heat-resistant caps for rockets and crystal growth installations in Petrik’s household has already been revealed. Gradually everything else will be revealed, including filters. Who prompts him with insights and terms is not so important. Yesterday he was given time on Echo of Moscow. There, this Leonardo could not talk coherently about any of his “works” because he does not know the subject. But he told about many enemies and intrigues, listed names, names of institutions, showed certificates. He is carried away by squabbles, because understanding does not rise higher. He is not the author of the developments, because the author always talks first of all about the essence of the matter, the rest is not important to him. Petrik is right-brained in his perception; he is incapable of analytical work, sequential thinking and bringing insights to technology. These are not his insights and not his technologies. What, in my opinion, are the patents and other miracles of Petrik connected with? Most likely, the intellectual property of timid and unknown authors, of whom there are plenty in St. Petersburg institutes, was alienated. Kind enterprising people offered to write reviews for institutes that were in a pre-infarction state for little money. the most important problems, results, possible applications. These reviews went to the owners of the money, and from them to Petrik. Then the theme began to be redesigned for the new pioneer. The creators of the technologies explained to the pioneer the content and likely profits from implementation. Gradually, he mastered the key words and logic of presentation, became imbued with the greatness of the idea and began to declare his priority with pathos. That is why, apparently, there is no direct evidence of the participation of the pioneer Petrik in research and development, for which he subsequently received patents. There are several articles (from the last decade) where he is a co-author. I don’t know how and why he became a co-author of the articles, but there were patents before and they came straight out of thin air. To see what a person understands and what he does not understand, you need to give him the floor. Reservations, errors and nonsense in Petrik’s statements indicate his illiteracy (“In nature, a ruby ​​is obtained in the depths of the Earth at highest pressure, temperature and at the highest vacuum”, “We break the bonds between atoms without any expenditure of energy”, “For the first time I created the technology of a single crystal of silicon”, “A nanoparticle cannot exist”, etc.). P.S. Neither Skolkovo nor Rusnano are designed to obtain or use scientific results for common benefit. There are many things that do not correspond to our previously announced goals. As you know, “what we said about communism turned out to be untrue; but everything they said about capitalism turned out to be true.” Taxpayer money goes not only to Skolkovo, but also to the Temperature conference, which is a close relative of Skolkovo. The problem is always closer than we think and want, and often it is not even outside.

Moiseeva N.P. , 21.10.2010 12:10 | VNIIM

And yet, the problem is not Petrik. The road to pseudoscience will be open as long as scientific programs are promoted by politicians. Boris Gryzlov said in his interview: “Two years ago we held a party competition with the participation of a high-level commission - these were specialists, certified doctors of sciences, candidates, heads of enterprises - this commission recognized that of the total number of filters in closed mode, best parameters showed the filter to which the diploma was awarded best filter In the project's boundaries " United Russia"\". It is planned to allocate 165 billion rubles for the state program \"Clean Water\", in the implementation of which \"Petrik filters\" should be used, in the next few years. I don't want to particularly defend the TEMPERATURE conference, but no money is being spent on it from the budget The conference is held with contributions from participants from industrial enterprises and contributions from sponsors and advertisers. Of course, the conference cannot yet be called “scientific”, but it is very useful for communication between industry experts.

Alexander Magunov, 25.10.2010 11:10

Natalia Pavlovna, politics probably always acts like a knife on science - it either cuts off its fingers, or pokes it in the direction where it urgently needs to move so that the practical result is ready by lunch today. This happened in the 30s - 50s (known from the history of our science), and in the 70s - 80s (many of my generation remember), and now. It’s just that before the Petriks were less known because they proposed military projects (shooting down missiles with concentrated thought, spying on the secrets of the Pentagon with the help of a trained psychic). Reports, dissertations, books. Moral devastation in science is now supported at all levels, at the top with zeal, at the bottom in silence. Reports are only a small fragment of the whole picture. Why you thought this was an unusual or new phenomenon is unclear to me. Just as officials used to love to defend dissertations on the role of the CPSU in anything, on the economics of socialism and the merger of city and countryside, so now deputies and officials climb out of the trees and bring their dissertations to the faculties of economics, sociology, political science and other pathologies. And books on federal program scientific book publishing are empty, and often such books appear from technical universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The problem is that you can't find critical reviews of specific reports, dissertations, or books. This requires a vibrant scientific community. Conference. If enthusiastic temperature monitors finance their own all-Russian conference and don’t look into the budget, then, of course, asking questions about its topic is even indecent. As they say, “this is my fish, if I want it, I’ll paint it, if I want it, I’ll hang it.” I believe that the conference is “useful for communication between industry experts”, since you say so. It is, of course, useful for communication, although it cannot be ruled out that this communication itself is completely useless. Reports from earlier times. From A. Platonov’s story “City of Grads” (1926): “In Moscow, the leaders of the province told the government that although it cannot be said for sure what the five million allocated last year for agriculture were spent on, these millions should be of some use - after all, the money was spent in the Gradov province, and not in a foreign place, and it will have an impact somehow. - Maybe ten years will pass, and our rye will begin to grow as big as a shaft, and potatoes as big as a wheel. Then it will be clear where the five million rubles went!”

Source of this content:

Sazonov V.F. The basic structure for presenting the results of students’ research work, recommended for coursework and graduation papers qualification works experimental type in the natural sciences. // Trends in science and education in modern world. 2016. No. 15-3. pp. 30-34.

Research work can be very interesting and exciting in itself. It captivates the researcher and gives him many emotions: both positive and negative. But there comes a time when you need to stop, look back, think and take stock. After all, if we don’t sum up the results, they will let us down! And most importantly, you need to write a report on the work done and the results obtained. Here we are talking about both a formal report, when you just need to submit at least something by the due date, and about a real scientific report, which helps to better understand the results that exist. Publishing an article based on the results of a study is also a report, and a public one at that. Of course, we should be most interested in the second direction - understanding our own work and sharing the results of our research with everyone who is interested.

The answer is obvious: you need to communicate your research in a way that is clear and that draws the most attention to the most important things.

For this purpose, science uses a special form and a special order of presentation of what has been done and what has been achieved. This is a research report written according to special rules. This report has a standard structure that makes it easier to read and understand.

Of course, it is not always necessary to include all the points we have given in your actual report. For example, the presentation will be shorter, the article will be longer, coursework or graduate work- even longer, the dissertation - longer and more complete, and the book - even longer and more complete. But in order not to miss anything, to analyze your own research it is better to use the complete report structure we offer, from which you can always easily throw out everything unnecessary if you wish.

Once again, we draw the attention of readers to the fact that we provide a universal internal structure of the report, which is suitable for many different specific forms of presenting the results of research activities.

Complete structure of a research report

Introduction

Introduction is a small chapter that informs about the relevance of the problem and formulates the purpose of the work. And this is the main point!

Brief introduction:

1. Problem.
2. The relevance of the study of this topic.
3. The purpose of this study.

It is completely normal for the research purpose to be reformulated more than once. And the true purpose of the work can only be understood when the results have already been obtained and comprehended. Then the researcher can answer the question important questions: “Why did I do all this?” and “What did I finally learn?” This answer will be the goal of the research!

Detailed introduction (for course and final qualifying papers):

1. Problem (what’s bad, what’s wrong, what’s missing).
2. Possible causes of this problem (at least some of them can be eliminated by your research).
3. The demand for solving the problem (and at the same time the demand for your work).
4. Relevance of the work (i.e. its timeliness, topicality).
5. Novelty (this is an important point; it is marked in the general text with the word “for the first time”).
6. Purpose (corresponds to the topic, title of the work and conclusions).
7. Objectives (correspond to conclusions, these are the stages of achieving the goal).
8. Subject of research (what phenomenon did you study).
9. Object of research (on whom or what did you study this phenomenon).
10. Hypotheses (null and alternative, which you intend to prove or disprove).

Review of literature on the topic (works of predecessors)

A literary review is not just a listing of other people's articles and retelling their content in your own words, but it also has its own goal: to lead the reader to what you will say later.

If the work affects several areas and different topics(and this usually happens), then you have to look and analyze publications on all these topics and areas. But the more you narrow the topics of other people’s publications, the closer you select them to your specific topic, the less work you find from your predecessors. The number of authors is already in units or dozens. You should study this narrow topic in the most detail and cover it in your literature review. And then you can already be considered an expert in this narrow field of knowledge.

In general, the literature review leads the reader to the purpose of your own research, which, in turn, comes from the relevance that you wrote in the introduction.

Research methods(description of the study)

The research method is what the researcher himself has in his arsenal. He describes exactly the method he uses. Other and alien methods are described in the literature review.

The course of the experiment is also described here. The description should be such that other researchers can, if desired, repeat this experiment and make sure that their results are the same as yours.

results

1. Tables with primary data (as a rule, they are not provided, but you should have them available).
2. Secondary tables with statistical processing.
3. Verbal description of each table. The description draws the reader's attention to what is important to see and understand in the table. Remember that without your comments the reader may not notice in the table even what seems completely obvious, explicit and understandable to you.
4. Diagram based on a table. A diagram, unlike a table, provides more clarity and makes it easier to perceive all kinds of differences.
5. Verbal description of the diagram. The description draws the reader's attention to the most important things in the diagram.
6. General conclusions after each description (“Thus...”).
7. Repetition of this cycle with other tables (if any).

Keep in mind that in many areas of science, a table is considered the worst way to present results! It should be brought to a diagram, or even better, to a graph. But if the work does not have at least a table, then it should not be called a scientific work at all! The best thing for scientific work is a graph, because it reflects the flow of the process, the dynamics of change. But if the work reaches the level of theoretical generalization, then even an empirical formula may appear as a result. The formula reflects the mathematical relationship between the parameters found in the study. But the formula is not mandatory requirement to present the research results. No need to open new law nature, it is enough just to compare something with something and assume a relationship of a certain nature between these indicators. This will be an important conclusion from your research.

The discussion of the results(what do they mean, comparison with the results of predecessors)

This means that in a free form the researcher puts forward hypotheses, enters into polemics with someone, argues or, conversely, agrees. It is in the results discussion section that you can realize your imagination, your doubts or assumptions. But precisely because of this, discussion of the results is usually not included in serious scientific article and in official report. But for a dissertation, it’s possible.

Due to practical recommendations scientific work and the scientific report acquire special significance, weight and completeness. They seem to be beneficial to the entire society or even humanity as a whole. Sometimes it even comes to calculating the economic effect, which, fortunately, can be actually verified after the acceptance of your report.

Conclusion(brief summary of the conclusions given in the results)

This is a short chapter that lists all the main results of the work. The fewer items in the list of results, the better! This is typical for intelligent research work with specific scientific achievements.

conclusions(brief summary of the meaning of the results)

Conclusions are what follows from the conclusion. They must correspond to the topic, purpose and objectives of the study that you put forward at the beginning of the report.

Literature(list of information sources, compiled according to the bibliographic standard)

It is advisable to indicate in the list solid, trustworthy sources, new sources over the past 5 years, works by supporters and opponents of your ideas, as well as your previous works on this topic. Don’t forget to include electronic information sources (websites) in your list - this is very modern.

annotation(summarizing the main provisions of the work).

An abstract is the entire meaning of the study expressed in free form, given in a very short volume. Try to keep it to 13 lines. You can insert something very interesting there, obtained in the study, something that may be of interest to a wide range of readers. By the way, the abstract is not always written by the author himself; it can be written by any person who was able to understand the meaning of this study.

Keywords:

Usually this is no more than 10 words by which readers can find your work on the Internet. Check that your same keywords should reveal works similar to your research on similar topics.

This is a universal decimal classifier that helps to sort various studies into certain areas and certain topics. It is used in librarianship and looks like a series of numbers separated by dots. You are required to find a suitable place for your report in one or several sections of the UDC. The same sections should contain works similar to yours and works with similar topics.