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PALACE CULTURE, archaeol. culture of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. It is represented by 2 groups of monuments located in steppe areas in the center. and southeast Zab district kr., in bass. pp. Ingoda, Shilka, Argun. Named after the location of the burials found in 1974 in the Dvortsy tract on the river. Kadala, 20 km to the north-west. from Chita. Chronological framework of D.K. - ser. 2nd - mid. 1st millennium BC e. The Ingoda group of monuments is characterized by the ritual of burial under large, oval-shaped mound-type layings with a diameter of 6-8 m. Under the laying there were grave pits, tightly packed with stone. The buried were lying on their backs, with their heads to the east-north-east. surrounded by the skulls of sacrificial animals. Number of skulls: from 2-3 to 10-20. In the funeral rite, those elements can be consistently traced that the palace workers adopted from the more ancient inhabitants of the region, who left large dome-shaped round mounds on the tops of hills in the late Neolithic and early metal eras. In them they find things that resemble those of the palace, but are made of different materials.

D.K.'s grave goods are represented by objects made of bronze, stone, and bone. In early burials, clothing sets include items for decorating braids and belts. The details of the belts consist of plaque buttons and tiered overlays without ornament. Sometimes there are products in the form of sub-quadrangular plates as part of a typesetting belt. On the back of these plates there are 4 loops for fastening, and on the outside - graphic images soaring eagles and dancing men, similar topics that are depicted in red ocher on the rocks. The composition of the braids and chest set included the same unornamented tiered plaques and beads from zab. minerals, less often bronze beads and end spoon-shaped pendants, cast in one-sided casting molds. In some burials, cross-shaped pendants made of bronze and mirrors, sometimes with a relief pattern, were found. Occasionally, grave goods contain tools and household items. Mostly bladed knives are Glazkovsky (leaf-shaped, single-edged) or Amur (leaf-shaped, 2-edged) types. The latter have a semilunar shape with a ridged vein closer to one of the sides. There are rare examples of knives with a straight back and a grooved handle. Sometimes 4-sided awls and stalked arrowheads made of bone, or less often metal, are found.

At the later stages of the ancient culture, jewelry items appeared, made in the “animal style” with the image of a curled up predator, a horse, etc. The palace ceramics are represented by a special type of bucket-shaped vessels with a narrow flat bottom on small pallet, decorated at the top. parts with “pearl” and comb stamp impressions. In the funeral rite of the Shilka group, the ritual of sacrifices with elements of partial magic is preserved, which is reflected in the placement of animal heads in the grave (according to the principle “a part replaces the whole”) and serves as an indicator of the stability of the composition of the herd, in which cattle and horses predominate and a sheep. In some cases, skulls were taken outside the burial and placed in specially prepared niches for the whole group graves Sometimes, instead of skulls, parts of the skeleton of animals were used: the spine, ribs, horse pasterns and lamb alchiks, small bones. In the early palace graves, the skulls were laid down with the eye sockets, up with the jaw sled, and less often vice versa. In the Shilkino group, a significant number of skulls lie upward with the frontal lobes. They surrounded the buried person, sometimes arranged in a semi-arc with a lion. sides. The orientation of the buried was with their heads to the east. with a slope to the north, less often to the south. In funeral complexes, jewelry items prevail, which are represented by a chest set, elements of a headdress, belt sets, and, less often, tools of labor and everyday life. Details of horse harness and weapons were added to them. On most objects, an ornament appeared in the form of a graphic and three-dimensional image or made using the champlevé technique using different colored fillers. Instead of the usual tiered overlays and buttons, products with figured wedges appeared. partly also objects with bizarre ribbon-spiral curls, reminiscent of the ornaments of the peoples of Wed. Cupid. Such patterns also cover larger objects in the form of horse cheekpieces or quadrangular belt clips. Similar curls form the masks in the middle of the frames with a pair of eyelets at the edges, similar to mask masks on the coastal stones of Sakachi-Alyan on the Amur. The details of the bridle in the burial consist of bronze collars, distribution and end frames-plaques, sometimes made in a developed “animal style”. The luxurious chest set included the smallest beads, larger cylindrical, barrel-shaped and other beads made of zab. minerals. They were complemented by various bronze pendants of lyre-shaped, trapezoidal, whip-shaped shapes, jagged pendants and items depicting scenes of contrast between a ram-goat and a duck bird - the demiurge of the Universe, according to the myths of the Amur peoples. Bimetallic and iron objects appeared in these burials, incl. arrows and knives. It is becoming less common in them ceramic tableware. A cauldron-shaped vessel on a pallet was restored. To the top. parts of it are decorated with applied rollers and a wide-toothed stamp with a belt of pins and smooth walls. D.'s settlements were seasonal. Household the basis was cattle breeding. Hunting and primitive agriculture played a supporting role. Among the animals, domestic species (ram, horse, cow) were more common, and wild species (deer, roe deer, wild sheep) were less common. Many items made of stone and bone were discovered at the settlements, incl. tools for metal processing, bronze slag and individual bronze objects are found. The ceramics are much more diverse; in type and ornamentation they go back to earlier Stone Age ceramics. On the forget. The materials traced the main stages of the emergence and development of D. k. The largest monuments were found in the ss. Ugdan, Kolochnoye, Cheremkhovo, Arta, Zhipkovshchina, Aleksandrovka in bass. R. Ingoda, Novoilinskoye on the river. Shilka, near the town of Kang in the Argunsky district.

Vitaly Solomin was born in Chita into the family of music teachers Zinaida Ananyevna Ryabtseva (1910-1992) and Methodius Viktorovich Solomin (1905-1960). Since childhood, he was fond of music and studied piano under the guidance of his parents. After graduating from the Chita school in 1959, he went to Moscow and entered the Higher Theater School named after M. S. Shchepkin, which by that time Vitaly’s older brother, Yuri Solomin, had already graduated from. In Nikolai Annenkov’s class, Vitaly’s teacher for a number of years was B. M. Kazansky, and Oleg Dal, Mikhail Kononov and Viktor Pavlov studied in the same course with him.

Yuri Solomin was born in Chita into the family of music teachers Zinaida Ananyevna Ryabtseva (1910-1992) and Methodius Viktorovich Solomin (1905-1960). Since childhood, he took part in performances at the city Palace of Pioneers. While still in Chita, he saw the film “Maly Theater and Its Masters,” filmed for the 125th anniversary of the theater; then I learned about the Supreme theater school them. M. S. Shchepkina at the Maly Theater and after graduating from school in 1953 he entered the school, taking the course of the great actress Vera Pashennaya

Alexander Mikhailov was born in the village of Olovyannaya, Chita region (now Trans-Baikal Territory) on Karataev Street (in his own words, in the Buryat village of Tsugolsky datsan). One of his grandfathers, a Don Cossack, was an officer of the White Guard, the second grandfather was an officer of the Red Army, which did not prevent both of them from loving Russia, being friends with each other and not betraying each other. As an adult, Mikhailov reveres both grandfathers and admits that their views, covenants and upbringing influenced his patriotic worldview. Alexander spent his childhood in the village of Tsugol, in the Mogoituysky district of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Then the family moved to Steppe station. Soon the parents separated, the mother, who worked for railway, brick factory and mines, Alexandra was raised alone, his home name was Shurka. In his youth, he dreamed of the sea, was fond of the works of Jack London, and after the 7th grade he persuaded his mother to move to Vladivostok. After unsuccessful attempts to enroll in the Nakhimov School, in the maritime schools of Primorye, Mikhailov graduated from a vocational school and was a sailor-motor operator on the fishing diesel-electric ship "Yaroslavl", on other ships in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan, in Pacific Ocean, gained invaluable experience working on deck in cold weather, blizzards and force six storms.

To your main thing space flight Our fellow countryman Vladimir Titov's year-long journey was long and difficult. It seemed that everything was going against him, and fate itself would not allow him to achieve his main goal. Seeing reports about the next space flight When reading the biographies of astronauts, few people think about the fact that an astronaut is an incredibly difficult profession: first, long, incredibly painstaking and tough training, and then work on the edge of human capabilities. Activity ordinary person even in simple conditions not always productive. And in conditions of weightlessness, the difficulties of achieving even an elementary result multiply, increase tens and hundreds of times. Let us now imagine that these difficulties last not one day, or even one month - but a whole year. What kind of person should be in order to overcome these difficulties? What kind of character and will, training and experience are needed? The beginning of the journey Vladimir Georgievich was born on January 1, 1947 in the city of Sretensk, Chita region. In 1970 he graduated from Chernigov flight school. Subsequently, he mastered 10 types of aircraft and flew over 1,400 hours; in 1975, he was awarded the qualification “Military instructor pilot 1st class.” – Vladimir Georgievich, how did you become an astronaut? I must say that as a child I did not dream of becoming an astronaut, but wanted to be a test pilot. But it turned out that after graduating from college in 1970, I was left as an instructor pilot. Later, in 1974, he was invited to the position of aviation flight commander in the regiment named after V.S. Seryogin. In 1976, recruitment for the cosmonaut corps was announced. The regiment commander invited me to his place, and we had a conversation, during which he suggested that I undergo a medical examination to enroll in the detachment. During selection in 1976, many pilots were tested in combat units: as we were told, about 2,000 people. At that time, only nine pilots were enrolled in the cosmonaut corps. From Seryogin’s regiment, I was the only one who got into the detachment. On August 23, 1976, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, Vladimir Titov was enrolled as a student-cosmonaut in the cosmonaut corps. In order to obtain qualifications as a test pilot for further work under the Buran program in 1977-1978. underwent training at the Center for Testing Aviation Equipment and Training Test Pilots (CPLI) in the city of Akhtubinsk, special parachute training and general space training at the Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC). Upon completion, he received the qualification of a test cosmonaut. On January 30, 1979, Vladimir Titov was appointed to the post of cosmonaut of the space group aircraft special purpose.

story Transbaikal region t, history of the Transbaikal region on
Transbaikal region formed on March 1, 2008 as a result of the merger of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

• 1 History before the 17th century
• 2 composition of the Russian state (XVII-XIX centuries)
• 3 XX century
• 4 End XX - beginning of XXI century
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Literature

History before the 17th century

For the first time, Homo habilis came from the south, from the territory of modern Mongolia and China during the Paleolithic. Neanderthals lived in the region for a long time, as evidenced by archaeological sites located in the valleys of the Chikoy (Kovrizhka, Priiskovoe) and Ingoda (Sukhotino-1) rivers. Most of the studied ancient settlements date back to the Upper Paleolithic (35-11 thousand years ago). One of the notable ones is the village of Tolbaga on the Khilok River. The settlements of Studenoye, Ust-Menza, and Sukhotino-4 are also widely known. The settlements of Chindant and Aryn-Zhalga on the Onon River, Darasun on Ingoda, Ust-Menza and Studenoye on Chikoy and Altan on Menza belong to the New Stone Age (Neolithic, 7 thousand years ago). At this time, along with hunting and fishing, agriculture came from China.

Tiled grave on Mount Baga-Zarya

Until the annexation of Transbaikalia to Russia, the history of its southern part was closely connected with nomadic cattle breeding. The tribes that lived here created the so-called slab grave culture. The “tilers” lived throughout the entire territory of modern Mongolia: from Altai to Khingan from west to east and from Lake Baikal to the foothills of the Nan Shan from north to south. Mongolian scientists believe that this culture belonged to the proto-Mongols.

The first people who lived in Transbaikalia, about whom much is known both from archaeological finds and from written sources (mainly Chinese), were the nomadic Xiongnu people (209 BC - 93 AD), who created a vast a state in the Central Asian steppes, with the collapse of which the former Xiongnu lands came under the control of the Mongol-speaking Xianbi (93-234) and the Rouran Khaganate (330-555).

In the 6th-9th centuries, the Uyghur Turks lived in Transbaikalia. In the 10th-12th centuries, the southern part of the region became part of the state of the Mongolian Khitan tribes. This state is known as the Liao Empire. The most famous monuments of these times are the necropolis in Ilmovaya Pad, the Kokuy settlement and the Wall of Genghis Khan.

In the 13th century, Taijiut Mongols lived in the southern part of what is now Transbaikal Territory. The Jalair Mongols lived along the Onon River. The southern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Mongolian aimak Khentii were the center of the Khamag-Mongol Khanate.

In 1206, at the kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed the great khan of the Mongolian state, taking the new name Genghis Khan. The territory of the region formed an integral part of the empire. There are many monuments left from the Mongols in the region. Among them are cities, palaces, estates, monuments such as the Genghis Stone, the Chalice of Genghis Khan, the Gate of Genghis Khan. With all this, these monuments have nothing to do with Genghis Khan himself, but are an integral part of many legends.

Chum - traditional home Tungus

The indigenous people of Transbaikalia, who have lived here since Neolithic times, are the Evenks. They professed shamanism and maintained patriarchal-tribal relations. During the time of the Mongols, most of the Tungus were under the control of the princely family of Gantimurovs.

In the 14th century, the Mongol Empire broke up into separate states. Before mid-17th century centuries, Mongol-speaking Daurs (together with a subgroup of Goguli) lived in the valley of the Shilka River, in the upper reaches of the Amur and on the Zeya River. Their territory bordered the lands of the Duchers, who lived along the Amur east of Zeya. By the name of this people, the region of their residence at that time was called Dauria by Russian explorers. The territory of the modern Transbaikal Territory was part of the Mongolian state of Northern Yuan until the 17th century.

As part of the Russian state (XVII-XIX centuries)

Since the middle of the 17th century, Transbaikalia became part of the Russian state. The first explorers crossed Dauria (as the lands beyond Baikal were called) along rivers. The Buryats and Tungus, after long resistance, recognized the new government and paid yasak to the Russian treasury. A number of forts appeared in Transbaikalia: Ust-Strelochny, Irgensky, Nerchinsky, Telembinsky, Eravninsky, Argunsky, Sretensky. Beginning in 1704, Nerchinsky, Shilkinsky, Gazimursky and other silver smelting plants appeared. In the 18th century, the population of the region grew rapidly due to the influx of settlers and the sending of criminals to the mines. Exiled participants in the December uprising also played a major role in the development of the region. In 1851, the Transbaikal region was formed. In the same year, in order to strengthen the border, the Transbaikal Cossack Army was created, numbering more than 3.5 thousand people. late XIX century, railway construction began in the region. Industry rose, new cities and towns grew and appeared.

XX century

At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary sentiments came to Transbaikalia, caused by the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars. After October revolution Soviet power was established in Chita on February 16, 1918. On initial stage Civil War at the end of August 1918, the power of the Soviets was eliminated by the combined forces of the Whites, Cossacks and Czechoslovaks. The Transbaikal Cossack Republic was formed on the territory of the region. at the same time the wide spread partisan movement. April 1920 on the territory of Transbaikalia and Far East The Far Eastern Republic was created, with its center in Verkhneudinsk, and then in Chita, which existed until November 1922.

On November 15, 1922, the Far Eastern Republic became part of the RSFSR as the Far Eastern Region with its capital in Chita. The arrival of Soviet power in Transbaikalia was marked by the construction of a socialist society, the nationalization of enterprises, the collectivization of agriculture, and the cultural revolution. In 1935, in order to strengthen the military potential, the Trans-Baikal Military District (ZabVO) was created. years of the Great Patriotic War Tens of thousands of Transbaikal residents were drafted into the army. Due to the threat of an attack by the Kwantung Army of Japan, the Transbaikal Front was created on the basis of the Western Military District. In 1943, 37 evacuation hospitals operated in the region. In 1945, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, military operations against Japan began. The guidance was carried out from the military sanatorium Molokovka. This war became the most difficult for the people.

After the war, due to the drought of 1946 and the lack of large-scale industry, there was famine. Until 1949, the area was restored by 77 thousand Japanese prisoners of war. The economy was fully restored by 1950. Until the 1990s, many different businesses emerged in the region. Among them are mining plants in Pervomaisky, Krasnokamensk, Orlovsk and Zhireken, Chitinskaya State District Power Plant, KSK, the Kharanorsky coal mine, and the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline is nearing completion.

End of XX - beginning of XXI century

The 1990s saw a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production and a decline in the standard of living of the population. Kindergartens, camps were closed, sports facilities, the Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant and the Chita Comvolt and Cloth Mill ceased to exist. With the collapse of the forestry industry, massive illegal logging began and huge supplies of unprocessed wood to China began. The Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug became an independent entity on March 31, 1992 Russian Federation. The economy was stabilized only towards the end of the 1990s. In the 2000s, the construction of the second track of the Southern Passage was underway, and today it is being electrified. Construction of the Naryn-Lugokan railway line is underway. On March 1, 2008, a new federal subject arose on the territory of the Chita region and ABAO - the Trans-Baikal Territory. Also in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory, it is planned to build and open two new large mining and processing plants: Bystrinsky and Bugdainsky.

see also

• History of Mongolia
• Northern Mongolia
• History of Buryatia
• Transbaikal region
• Chita region
• Uniting regions of Russia

Notes

1. N. Navaan, Bronze Age of Eastern Mongolia,
2. History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
3. FAZLALLAH RASHID-AD-DIN->COLLECTION OF CHRONICLES->VOLUME I->BOOK 1->SECTION 2
4. Amur region: History. PEOPLES OF THE AMUR LAND
5. The Bystrinsky GOK in Transbaikalia may be launched in December 2016 - Chita.ru.

Literature

• Konstantinov A.V., Konstantinova N.N. History of Transbaikalia (from ancient times to 1917). - Chita: ZabGPU Publishing House, 2002. - 248 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5851582170.
• Geography of the Trans-Baikal Territory / Chief Editor Kulakov V.S. - Chita: Express publishing house, 2009. - 308 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 9785956601266.

history of the Trans-Baikal region of Latvia, history of the Trans-Baikal region in, history of the Trans-Baikal region of Russia, history of the Trans-Baikal region

History of the Trans-Baikal Territory Information About

At this time, along with hunting and fishing, agriculture came from China.

Until the annexation of Transbaikalia to Russia, the history of its southern part was closely connected with nomadic cattle breeding. The tribes that lived here created the so-called slab grave culture of the Bronze and Iron Age. The “tilers” lived throughout the entire territory of modern Mongolia: from Altai to Khingan from west to east and from Lake Baikal to the foothills of the Nan Shan from north to south. Mongolian scholars believe that this culture belonged to the proto-Mongols.

The first people who lived in Transbaikalia, about whom much is known both from archaeological finds and from written sources (mainly Chinese), were the nomadic Xiongnu people (209 BC - 93 AD), who created a vast a state in the Central Asian steppes, with the collapse of which the former Xiongnu lands came under the control of the Mongol-speaking Xianbi (93-234) and the Rouran Khaganate (330-555).

In the 6th-9th centuries, the Uyghur Turks lived in Transbaikalia. In the X-XII centuries, the southern part of the region became part of the state of the Mongol Khitan tribes. This state is known as the Liao Empire. The most famous monuments of these times are the necropolis in Ilmovaya Pad, the Kokuy settlement and the Wall of Genghis Khan.

Development of the region by Russian settlers

Since the middle of the 17th century, Transbaikalia became part of the Russian state. The first explorers crossed Dauria (as the lands beyond Baikal were called) along rivers. The Buryats and Tungus, after long resistance, recognized the new government and paid yasak to the Russian treasury. A number of forts appeared in Transbaikalia: Ust-Strelochny, Irgensky, Nerchinsky, Telembinsky, Eravninsky, Argunsky, Sretensky. Beginning in 1704, Nerchinsky, Shilkinsky, Gazimursky and other silver smelting plants appeared. In the 18th century, the population of the region grew rapidly due to the influx of settlers and the sending of criminals to the mines. The exiled participants in the December uprising also played a major role in the development of the region. In 1851, the Transbaikal region was formed. In the same year, in order to strengthen the border, the Transbaikal Cossack Army was created, numbering more than 3.5 thousand people. At the end of the 19th century, railway construction began in the region. Industry rose, new cities and towns grew and appeared.

Events of the 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary sentiments came to Transbaikalia, caused by the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars. After the October Revolution, Soviet power was established in Chita on February 16, 1918. At the initial stage of the Civil War at the end of August 1918, the power of the Soviets was eliminated by the combined forces of Whites, Cossacks and Czechoslovaks. The Transbaikal Cossack Republic was formed on the territory of the region. At the same time, a widespread partisan movement developed. In April 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was created on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Far East, with its center in Verkhneudinsk, and then in Chita, which existed until November 1922.

The 1990s saw a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production and a decline in the standard of living of the population. Kindergartens, camps, and sports institutions were closed, the Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant and the Chita Comvolent Cloth Factory ceased to exist. With the collapse of the forestry industry, massive illegal logging began and huge supplies of unprocessed wood to China began. The Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug became an independent subject of the Russian Federation on March 31, 1992. The economy was stabilized only towards the end of the 1990s. In the 2000s, construction of the second track of the Southern Passage was underway, and today it is being electrified. Construction of the Naryn-Lugokan railway line is underway. On March 1, 2008, a new federal subject arose on the territory of the Chita region and ABAO - the Trans-Baikal Territory. Also in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory, it is planned to build and open two new large mining and processing plants: Bystrinsky and Bugdainsky.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Konstantinov A.V., Konstantinova N.N. History of Transbaikalia (from ancient times to 1917). - Chita: ZabGPU Publishing House, 2002. - 248 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5851582170.
• Geography of the Trans-Baikal Territory / Chief editor Kulakov V.S. - Chita: Express publishing house, 2009. - 308 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 9785956601266.

An excerpt characterizing the History of the Trans-Baikal Territory

In St. Petersburg at this time in high circles, with greater fervor than ever, there was a complex struggle between the parties of Rumyantsev, the French, Maria Feodorovna, the Tsarevich and others, drowned out, as always, by the trumpeting of the court drones. But calm, luxurious, concerned only with ghosts, reflections of life, St. Petersburg life went on as before; and because of the course of this life, it was necessary to make great efforts to recognize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. Only in the highest circles were efforts made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. It was told in whispers how the two empresses acted opposite to each other in such difficult circumstances. Empress Maria Feodorovna, concerned about the welfare of the charitable and educational institutions under her jurisdiction, made an order to send all institutions to Kazan, and the things of these institutions were already packed. Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, when asked what orders she wanted to make, with her characteristic Russian patriotism, deigned to answer that government institutions she cannot make orders, since this concerns the sovereign; about the same thing that personally depends on her, she deigned to say that she will be the last to leave St. Petersburg.
Anna Pavlovna had an evening on August 26, the very day of the Battle of Borodino, the flower of which was to be the reading of the letter from the Eminence, written when sending the image of the venerable saint Sergius to the sovereign. This letter was revered as an example of patriotic spiritual eloquence. It was to be read by Prince Vasily himself, famous for his art of reading. (He also read for the Empress.) The art of reading was considered to consist in pouring out words loudly, melodiously, between a desperate howl and a gentle murmur, completely regardless of their meaning, so that, quite by chance, a howl would fall on one word, and a murmur on others. This reading, like all Anna Pavlovna’s evenings, had political significance. At this evening there were to be several important persons who had to be shamed for their trips to the French theater and encouraged into a patriotic mood. Quite a lot of people had already gathered, but Anna Pavlovna had not yet seen all the people she needed in the living room, and therefore, without starting to read yet, she started general conversations.
The news of the day that day in St. Petersburg was the illness of Countess Bezukhova. A few days ago the Countess unexpectedly fell ill, missed several meetings of which she was an adornment, and it was heard that she did not see anyone and that instead of the famous St. Petersburg doctors who usually treated her, she entrusted herself to some Italian doctor who treated her with some new and in an extraordinary way.
Everyone knew very well that the illness of the lovely countess was due to the inconvenience of marrying two husbands at once and that the Italian’s treatment consisted in eliminating this inconvenience; but in the presence of Anna Pavlovna, not only did no one dare to think about it, but it was as if no one knew it.
- On dit que la pauvre comtesse est tres mal. Le medecin dit que c"est l"angine pectorale. [They say that the poor countess is very bad. The doctor said it was a chest disease.]
- L"angine? Oh, c"est une maladie terrible! [Chest disease? Oh, this is a terrible disease!]
- On dit que les rivaux se sont reconcilies grace a l "angine... [They say that the rivals were reconciled thanks to this illness.]
The word angine was repeated with great pleasure.
– Le vieux comte est touchant a ce qu"on dit. Il a pleure comme un enfant quand le medecin lui a dit que le cas etait dangereux. [The old count is very touching, they say. He cried like a child when the doctor said that dangerous case.]
- Oh, ce serait une perte terrible. C"est une femme ravissante. [Oh, that would be a great loss. Such a lovely woman.]
“Vous parlez de la pauvre comtesse,” Anna Pavlovna said, approaching. “J"ai envoye savoir de ses nouvelles. On m"a dit qu"elle allait un peu mieux. Oh, sans doute, c"est la plus charmante femme du monde," Anna Pavlovna said with a smile at her enthusiasm. – Nous appartenons a des camps differents, mais cela ne m"empeche pas de l"estimer, comme elle le merite. Elle est bien malheureuse, [You are talking about the poor countess... I sent to find out about her health. They told me she was feeling a little better. Oh, without a doubt, this is the loveliest woman in the world. We belong to different camps, but that doesn't stop me from respecting her on her merits. She is so unhappy.] – added Anna Pavlovna.
Believing that with these words Anna Pavlovna was slightly lifting the veil of secrecy over the countess’s illness, one careless young man allowed himself to express surprise that famous doctors were not called in, but that the countess was being treated by a charlatan who could give dangerous remedies.
“Vos informations peuvent etre meilleures que les miennes,” Anna Pavlovna suddenly attacked the inexperienced young man venomously. – Mais je sais de bonne source que ce medecin est un homme tres savant et tres habile. C"est le medecin intime de la Reine d"Espagne. [Your news may be more accurate than mine... but I am from good sources I know that this doctor is a very learned and skillful person. This is the life physician of the Queen of Spain.] - And thus destroying the young man, Anna Pavlovna turned to Bilibin, who, in another circle, picked up the skin and, apparently, about to loosen it to say un mot, spoke about the Austrians.
“Je trouve que c"est charmant! [I find it charming!],” he said about the diplomatic paper with which the Austrian banners taken by Wittgenstein were sent to Vienna, le heros de Petropol [the hero of Petropol] (as he was called in Petersburg).
- How, how is this? - Anna Pavlovna turned to him, awakening silence to hear the mot, which she already knew.
And Bilibin repeated the following original words of the diplomatic dispatch he compiled:
“L"Empereur renvoie les drapeaux Autrichiens,” said Bilibin, “drapeaux amis et egares qu"il a trouve hors de la route, [The Emperor sends the Austrian banners, friendly and lost banners that he found outside the real road.],” Bilibin finished , loosening the skin.
“Charmant, charmant, [Lovely, charming,” said Prince Vasily.
“C"est la route de Varsovie peut être, [This is the Warsaw road, maybe.] - Prince Hippolyte said loudly and unexpectedly. Everyone looked back at him, not understanding what he wanted to say by this. Prince Hippolyte also looked back with cheerful surprise around him. He, like others, did not understand what the words he said meant. During his diplomatic career, he more than once noticed that the words spoken in this way suddenly turned out to be very witty, and he said these words just in case. the first to come to his mind. “Maybe it will work out very well,” he thought, “and if it doesn’t work out, they will be able to arrange it there.” Indeed, while an awkward silence reigned, that insufficiently patriotic face entered. Anna Pavlovna, and she, smiling and shaking her finger at Ippolit, invited Prince Vasily to the table, and, presenting him with two candles and a manuscript, asked him to begin. Everything fell silent.
- Most merciful Emperor! - Prince Vasily declared sternly and looked around the audience, as if asking if anyone had anything to say against this. But no one said anything. - “The Mother See of Moscow, New Jerusalem“, accepts his Christ,” he suddenly emphasized his words, “like a mother into the arms of her zealous sons, and through the emerging darkness, seeing the brilliant glory of your power, sings in delight: “Hosanna, blessed is he who comes!” – Prince Vasily said these last words in a crying voice.
Bilibin examined his nails carefully, and many, apparently, were timid, as if asking what was their fault? Anna Pavlovna repeated in a whisper forward, like an old woman praying for communion: “Let the impudent and insolent Goliath…” she whispered.
Prince Vasily continued:
– “Let the daring and insolent Goliath from the borders of France carry deadly horrors to the edges of Russia; meek faith, this sling of the Russian David, will suddenly strike down the head of his bloodthirsty pride. This is the image St. Sergius, an ancient zealot for the good of our fatherland, is presented to your imperial majesty. I am sick because my weakening strength prevents me from enjoying your kindest contemplation. I send warm prayers to heaven, that the Almighty may magnify the race of the righteous and fulfill your Majesty’s good wishes.”
– Quelle force! Quel style! [What power! What a syllable!] - praise was heard to the reader and writer. Inspired by this speech, Anna Pavlovna’s guests talked for a long time about the situation of the fatherland and made various assumptions about the outcome of the battle, which was to be fought the other day.
“Vous verrez, [You will see.],” said Anna Pavlovna, “that tomorrow, on the sovereign’s birthday, we will receive news.” I have a good feeling.

Anna Pavlovna's premonition really came true. The next day, during a prayer service in the palace on the occasion of the sovereign's birthday, Prince Volkonsky was called from the church and received an envelope from Prince Kutuzov. This was a report from Kutuzov, written on the day of the battle from Tatarinova. Kutuzov wrote that the Russians did not retreat a single step, that the French lost much more than we did, that he was reporting in a hurry from the battlefield, without having yet had time to collect the latest information. Therefore, it was a victory. And immediately, without leaving the temple, gratitude was given to the creator for his help and for the victory.
Anna Pavlovna's premonition was justified, and joy reigned in the city all morning. festive mood spirit. Everyone recognized the victory as complete, and some were already talking about the capture of Napoleon himself, his deposition and the election of a new head for France.

In the first millennium AD. e. On the territory of the Chita region lived the Evenki tribes, and later the Buryats. From the 18th century Russian colonists began to develop the territory of Transbaikalia. Among the first colonists were many exiled Old Believers. From 1782-1783 The Chita region was part of the Nerchinsk (Trans-Baikal) region of the Irkutsk governorship, since 1851 the Trans-Baikal region was part of the Irkutsk province, with its capital in Chita. In 1870, three new districts were formed in the region: Barguzinsky, Selenginsky, Chita, and in 1872 - Troitskoslavsky, Akshinsky and Nerchinsko-Zavodsky. Since the 19th century The main industry is mining. Many convicts worked in the mines and factories of the region. After the uprising on December 14, 1825, dozens of Decembrists (the Bestuzhev brothers, M. S. Lunin, N. M. Muravyov, S. G. Volkonsky, A. I. Yakubovich etc.), later some of their wives came (E.I. Trubetskaya, M.N. Volkonskaya, A.G. Muravyova). The Decembrists influenced the development of the culture of the region. In 1851, the Transbaikal Cossack Army was created with its center in Chita.

At the end of the 19th century. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway gave impetus to the economic development of the region. During the Civil War, fierce battles between the Red Army and the armies of Admiral Kolchak and Ataman G.M. Semenov took place in the region. On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was created. In 1922, the Far Eastern Republic became part of the RSFSR. In April 1926, the Transbaikal province was divided into the Chita and Sretensky districts, which were part of the Far Eastern Territory. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, during collectivization, Cossack farms were destroyed; Buryat pastoralists were forcibly transferred to a sedentary lifestyle. In March 1934, a decision was made to create the Chita region, which became part of the East Siberian Territory. On September 26, 1937, the East Siberian Territory was divided into the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian National District was formed as part of the Chita region. In 1948, in connection with the formation of the Amur Region, 6 districts were separated from the Chita Region. On March 2, 1969, an armed conflict occurred on the Soviet-Chinese border near the Nizhne-Mikhailovka border point on Damansky Island.

M. S. Lunin

N. M. Muravyov

S. G. Volkonsky

A. I. Yakubovich

Culture

Chita. A monument of Russian wooden architecture is the wooden Church of the Archangel Michael (“Church of the Decembrists”). 1776.

Historical monuments: complex of monuments of the Nerchinsk fort (17-18 centuries), wooden St. Michael the Archangel Church (18 century, Chita), wooden church of Saints Peter and Paul (19 century, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky), Akatui prison, Decembrist museum, cemetery ( 19th century, Shilka), Resurrection Cathedral (1825, Nerchinsk), Aginsky Buddhist datsan (19th century, Aginsky-Buryat Autonomous Okrug). Natural and religious complexes of the Chita region: Alkhanay (Duldurginsky district), “Lamsky town” (Krasnochikoysky district), “ Stone City» in the middle reaches of the Delovun River (Tungokochinsky district), etc. On the territory of the Nerchinsky district there is a unique Savvateevsky gem quarry.

There are 5 state museums in the Chita region, and there is a Regional Drama Theater and a circus. In 1921, the first higher education institution opened in Chita educational institution - State Institute Public education.
Natives of the region are Ataman G. M. Semenov, actors Solomin brothers, politician A. A. Sobchak, musician and conductor O. L. Lundstrem and others.