Mongol invasion of Kazakhstan: consequences. What peoples are direct descendants of the "Mongol-Tatars"

As part of the repatriation program, up to 20,000 Kazakh families moved from Mongolia to Kazakhstan in the 90s. Since Mongolian Kazakhs use the Cyrillic alphabet, they are usually also familiar with the Russian language, and therefore, in general, they integrate in Kazakhstan better than Chinese or Iranian Kazakhs, but worse than Kazakh immigrants from the CIS countries (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). It was the Mongolian Kazakhs who became the first "oralmans" in Kazakhstan in 1991, having settled in the Taldy-Kurgan region.

Education

In Mongolia, there are Kazakh schools in a small number, the Kazakh language is mainly taught within families. In places of dispersed settlement of Kazakhs, their partial mongolization is observed.

Religion

The Kazakhs of Mongolia mostly profess Sunni Islam, however, those Kazakhs who have assimilated with the indigenous Mongolian population profess Buddhism (like the Tuvans).

Notes

Links

Mongolian Kazakhs are a people of Turkic origin. They are called differently: Cossack, Kazakh or Khasag. But most Kazakhs do not like being called "Khasag", comparing it with "Khuzhaa" - this is how the Mongols call the Chinese.

The Kazakhs themselves say and write that 120 years ago, having overcome the Altai Mountains, they settled in these places. But in the first half of the 19th century, there was not a single Kazakh family on the territory of the current Bayan-Ulgiy aimag, only Uriankhais lived here.

Uriankhais and Kazakhs are completely different nations. These nationalities appeared in the course of historical processes. The Mongolian Kazakhs separated and moved to Mongolia not from Kazakhstan, as it is understood today, but from Xinjiang. In the middle of the 19th century, they lived in the territory from the foothills of the Altai Mountains to Xinjiang. AT summer season they, having passed through the Altai mountains, spent the summer in the territory of the Uriankhians, and in the autumn they again wandered south through the Altai. They lived in the vicinity of the sources of the rivers Bukhtarm and Erchis in Xinjiang. Today's Kazakhs living in the Bayan-Ulgiy aimag separated and moved to Mongolia from there.

The resettlement of the Kazakhs had the following reasons:

• In the 1850s, the Taiping Rebellion took place in China, which also affected the Muslims and engulfed the whole of Xinjiang. As a result of these events, people were forced to flee for the Altai Mountains.
• Another reason was the conflict between the tribes. Smaller tribes, in order not to become dependent on larger ones, moved in the direction of the Altai Mountains.
• third and main reason was that in the 18th century the Manchu rule had not yet reached the mountainous regions of Altai and these lands became a safe haven for people seeking freedom. The Kazakhs, in search of lands suitable for pastures, made an agreement with the Uriankhais and in summer time grazed their cattle in the vicinity of Lake Dayan. But over time, they began to stay there for the winter.

Thus, the Kazakhs gradually began to settle on the lands of the Uriankhians and from the second half of the 19th century, or rather from 1869, they completely moved there. Since 1870, land disputes began to arise between the Uriankhais and the Kazakhs, which eventually turned into armed conflicts. There are even cases when the Kazakhs submitted a petition to the Manchu ruler for the issuance of land to them.

Large Uriankhai princes gave the Kazakhs land for rent, and in return received cattle, gold and jewelry, furs and fuel. Until 1911, the Kazakhs were part of Manchuria, and after the revolution of 1911, by the Decree of Bogdo Khan, they became part of autonomous Mongolia. As a result of the victory of the people's revolution in 1921, the Kazakhs received lands and the same rights as the Uriankhais.

In 1930, the Central Committee of the party and the government of the MPR adopted a resolution on the allocation of a separate territory to the Kazakhs. According to the decree, the southern border of the territory is state border, in the east and north covers Delүүn, Khongor өlөn, Khatuu, Ulgiy, and the Kazakhs could own the lands south of Orogt with the Uriankhais for equal rights. Since the 1930s, the party and the government began to build schools, hospitals, shops, etc. in the places of residence of the Kazakhs. But, despite this, the Kazakhs did not sit quietly in one place, moreover, they repeatedly carried out sabotage work. In the spring of 1931, the leaders of the Kazakh tribes, along with their people, began to move back through the Altai Mountains. Party and government officials who wanted to prevent this were killed. The situation sometimes escalated and turned into an armed conflict.

The tribes that had moved returned in 1932. They lost all their livestock and were on the verge of poverty. The Kazakh princes took various measures to separate the Mongolian Kazakhs from their lands, up to collusion with the Kuomintang. In 1943-1948, riots took place on the western outskirts of Mongolia, which were suppressed in time.

We all know about Osman. I will write about it later. Until 1931, the Kazakhs were part of the Chandman uul aimag, and in 1940 a separate Bayan-Ulgiy aimag was created. In 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, the Republic of Kazakhstan, which was part of it, declared its independence. More than 20 thousand Kazakh families moved to live in Kazakhstan. But soon most of them went back, not finding happy life. Here is such Short story entry of the Kazakhs into Mongolia.

Noteworthy is the opinion of a resident of the city of Almaty Bremen Nurbolata Husmagula(Nurbolat Kusmagul), a student at Jacob University.

Nurbolat Khusmagul

His following words received the highest support: “The vast majority of Kazakhs have no opinion - positive, negative or neutral - about the Mongols. It's the same as asking what the Kazakhs think about Nepal, what the Nepalese think about the Kazakhs, and what - nothing at all. In fairness, it should be noted that Mongolia is not as far from Kazakhstan as Nepal, but, despite the proximity of the countries and somewhat common ancient and medieval history, we haven't interacted with the Mongols in the last couple of centuries. There is currently very little economic or cultural cooperation between our countries.

I am writing this as a Kazakh living in Kazakhstan, but there is a significant minority (about 5% of the total population) of ethnic Kazakhs living in Mongolia. They probably have their own opinion about their Mongolian compatriots, with whom, unfortunately, I am not familiar.”

Another Kazakh named Gulanda Tokhtarkhan(Gulanda Tokhtarkhan - a former journalist, specialist in culture and social affairs) wrote: “In Kazakhstan, most people believe that the Mongols and Kazakhs have some kind of blood ties. They also know about the Kazakh-Dzungarian war, which lasted over 300 years. Some historians or Turkologists urged Kazakhstan to make some comments about the personality of Genghis Khan.

But those Kazakhs who are from Mongolia, we consider as brothers or sisters. For example, I was a big fan of the Kazakh R&B group Orda, and I know that their members are from Mongolia. The Government of Kazakhstan continues to help the construction of Bayan-Olgiy every year.”

Gulanda Tokhtarkhan

Another Kazakh from Astana Konkal Kanai(Konkal Kanay) demonstrated true Kazakh thinking: “Being a Kazakh from Kazakhstan, I can say that many Kazakhs love Mongolia and perceive it as their homeland. Some Kazakh clans are closely related to the Mongolian clans, the Mongolian culture and spirituality are very close to the Kazakh ones. So in terms of history and culture, many people would call them brothers. Of course there are different opinions, but in general, intuitively, people associate Mongolia with their spiritual and historical roots.”

One Mongol from Ulaanbaatar, Khongor Shatar writes: “Mongols, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. Despite our difference, we are the last representatives of the nomadic culture of Eurasia.

I am a Mongol and I believe that the Kazakhs are just one of our long-lost brothers.”

Khongor Shatar

Kazakh Saddam Gaddafi, a marketing consultant, writes: “Honestly, I do NOT want to offend anyone. The Kazakhs believe that the Mongols are poor and their country is undeveloped. This is the only thing I can remember from what I heard in my life from the Kazakhs.

I, on the other hand, know the Mongols well enough not to perceive their country as exotic, which was mentioned above, in the same way that Nepal was once considered exotic (for Kazakhstanis).

Saddam Gaddafi

In fact, the Mongols are very similar to the Kazakhs in many primitively deep behavioral patterns, which surprises me as a Kazakh. They eat the same as we do, but we still perceive this country as exotic. At the same time, Mongolia is very well known in Asia (which is obvious), in contrast to Kazakhstan, which Asians know relatively little about (depending on the country, but in linear dependence from the country's GDP and PPP).

Please do not take my answer as ignorant or rude or arrogant, I have great respect for the Mongols and any other nation, I just answered sincerely and to the point, expressing my subjective point of view, which may be wrong.”

Kazakh Ablaykhan Bennett Ospanov(Ablaikhan Bennett Ospanov), who lives in London, writes: “I consider them brothers, we have different religions and languages, but our culture is almost the same, since both our peoples lived and live in the steppes.”

Ablaykhan Bennett Ospanov

The Mongol invasion of Kazakhstan in the 13th century influenced ethnic composition population, the development of the culture and economy of the people. Find out how the empire of Genghis Khan was formed and why he attacked the Kazakh steppes.

The formation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol invasion of Kazakhstan

The Mongol Empire is a state that occupied the largest territory in the entire world history. United the lands from the Sea of ​​Japan to of Eastern Europe commander Genghis Khan. He was born under the name Temujin. From the age of nine he was engaged and lived in the family of a bride named Borte.

Temujin became ruler at the age of 44 or 51 (sources indicate different dates of birth - 1155 and 1162). Honorary Turkic warriors and nobility during the Kurultai proclaimed him Khan and gave the name Genghis Khan.

The formation of the Mongol Empire began with the fact that the sovereign put things in order on the entrusted lands. He divided the dominions into administrative divisions. It looked like this:

1. Three districts (uluses): Barungar, Zhongar, Kul.
2. Uluses were divided into tumens, which numbered 10 thousand people.
3. Thousands (aimags) were further allocated.
4. The aimags consisted of hundreds.
5. Hundreds divided by tens.

This way of life made it possible to effectively manage the regions.

Genghis Khan issued a kind of constitution - the "Great Yasa", which was divided into the following sections:

• "Bilik" - moral and normative charters for subjects;
• "Jasak" - religious, criminal, disciplinary and military laws.

Some of the postulates from Yasa were subsequently used for the Kazakh code of laws Zhety Zhargy in the 18th century.

Genghis Khan in all his undertakings was driven by three ideas, namely:

1. Unification of nomadic peoples into a single state.
2. Consolidation of power for their heirs.
3. Subjugation to the nomads of all the lands of the world.

He expanded his possessions with the help of ruthless war. When the Naiman Khan Kuchluk tried to subdue the Kangly, Uighurs and Karluks, their rulers Arslan Khan and Barchuk turned to Genghis Khan for help. So the Mongol warriors appeared near Semirechye. As a result, Kuchluk was destroyed.

Later, the Kazakh steppe witnessed the attack of Mohammed II, Shah of Khorezm, on the son of Genghis Khan Jochi. This event gave rise to enmity between the rulers.

Genghis Khan made inquiries about the military and economic condition of Central Asia and the lands of Kazakhstan. He sent a merchant caravan to the city of Otrar. Gayir Khan mistook the merchants for spies and, after consulting with Mohammed, executed the Mongol ambassadors.

After that, the Mongol invasion of Central Asia began. The territory of Kazakhstan was surrounded.

The sons of Genghis Khan, Chagatai and Ogedei, led the troops that besieged Otrar. The city resisted for five months, then the governor Karadzha-hajib with ten thousand soldiers went over to the side of the Mongols and opened the gates to them. Gair Khan hid in the fortress with his army and held the defense for another 30 days, but the Mongols destroyed them. Such was the death of Otrar.

As a result, the possessions of the mighty empire of Genghis Khan expanded rapidly. He moved further to the northeast, established his own order on subordinate lands, fought fierce battles, destroyed everything that stood in the way.

The conquest of the territory of Kazakhstan by the Mongols: the consequences

The conquest of the territory of Kazakhstan by the Mongols radically changed the history of the region. The southern lands and Zhetysu became part of the empire. Some cities offered bloody resistance, others surrendered immediately.

Genghis Khan acted cruelly, his troops had good military training. The Mongols used the following weapons:

• ballista for throwing stones;
• catapults;
• machines for launching pots of burning oil;
• assault ladders.

Effects Mongol invasion were the following:

1. The troops of Genghis Khan spared neither women nor children. Warriors destroyed buildings, deprived people of their homes, robbed. During excavations at the site of Otrar, 40 skulls were found in one house, which indicates the mass extermination of the population. Even those cities that surrendered without a fight did not survive. For example, in the Zhetysu region before the war there were about 200 settlements, Genghis Khan's troops wiped out 180 of them.
2. Kazakhstan during the period of the Mongol conquest suffered economically, ceased international trade. People could not work the fields and raise livestock due to poverty, the destruction of inventory and buildings. Previously plowed lands were abandoned, many artisans died or fell into slavery.
3. The development of culture has stopped. Mosques and palaces were destroyed. Many material and cultural values ​​were destroyed.
4. With the Mongols, the Mangut tribes appeared in Kazakhstan (historians claim that this is a Mongolian clan). There was incest between ethnic groups. The Kypchak tribes have lost their authenticity.

Genghis Khan divided the Kazakh lands into districts and appointed his sons as leaders, namely:

• the Juchi ulus consisted of the north of Semirechye and the steppes to the lower Volga region;
• the ulus of Chagatai is the south and southeastern lands;
• the north-east of Kazakhstan entered the ulus of Ogedei.

The Mongols forced the inhabitants to comply with the laws of Yasa, and severely punished for violation. They were executed for robbery, murder, adultery, hiding an escaped slave.

After the death of Genghis Khan, Ogedei became his successor. There was no peace between the brothers, the uluses did not interact, the struggle for power continued.

The invasion of the Mongols into the territory of Kazakhstan had a negative impact on the development of the region. Thousands of ethnic residents died, the development of culture and economy slowed down.

The regions within the Mongol Empire were constantly fighting for freedom. The Kazakhs formed a separate khanate two centuries later.

They are the largest ethnic minority in Mongolia. According to the 2010 census, there were 101,526 Kazakhs in Mongolia, which is almost 4% of the country's population. At the same time, in the westernmost region of Mongolia, Bayan-Ulgiy, Kazakhs make up the vast majority - 88.7% of the population.
Mongolian Kazakhs retain their language and culture, including the ancient trade of hunting with golden eagles. The tradition of hunting with a golden eagle has a very ancient history- this, in particular, is evidenced by rock paintings (petroglyphs) found on the territory of Mongolia and related to the Andronovo period bronze age(16-14 centuries BC). The hunters, who Kazakhs call golden eagles, start teaching their children how to work with golden eagles when they are 13 years old. Before reaching this age, children try hunting with smaller birds - sparrowhawk, hobby, goshawk, saker falcon, peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon. Hunting with bekut is taught not only to boys, but also to girls. Israeli photographer Asher Svidensky / Asher Svidensky found in Mongolia 13-year-old Kazakh woman Aisholpan, who is already hunting with a golden eagle. Photos of the young Kazakh golden eagle went around many world media.

Next - photos of Aisholpan and other Kazakh golden eagles. In addition to the already mentioned Asher Svidensky, this collection features the work of British photographer Jimmy Nelson / Jimmy Nelson from his photo project "Before They Disappear".

Mongolian - Berkutchi Aisholpan:

Photographer Asher Svidensky and Aisholpan:

On the domestication of golden eagles from Wikipedia (article "Berkut"):
As a rule, young, but already flying eagles are taught to hunt. The process of catching a wild bird takes one to two days: the hunter places a net with a bait (for example, a pigeon or a keklik) in the places where the bird hunts. A caught golden eagle is starved and sleepless for several days. The hunter is constantly next to the bird, talking to it, playing the dombra. Then they are trained to be hand fed. At first, a wild eagle does not accept food from a person and often rushes at him, but after a while he gets used to it and becomes more obedient. The next stage is baiting with a stuffed fox stuffed with straw, tied to a long rope (in the old days they trained with a live dog). A hungry bird is taken out into the street with a leather cap put on its head - a hood (otherwise a tomago) and removed in the presence of the victim. A bird attacking its prey is not allowed to tear it apart, but is rewarded with a piece of meat.
The golden eagle is also accustomed to the saddle, taken out with the owner to the steppe, allowed to get used to the constant swaying and clatter of hooves. A special moment is training to return to the hunter's hand. After long lessons, the golden eagle is ready to hunt and at the same time gets used to his master so much that he no longer wants to fly away from him.
They hunt from a horse in winter, usually in the morning or in the evening. The golden eagle is not kept on weight like light falcons, but is seated in front of the golden eagle on a horse. To the protruding bend of the saddle, the pommel, a special support with a crossbar is attached, on which is placed dressed in a thick and long leather glove the hand of the rider, and a bird sits on top of it. A leather cap with bells put on the eyes gives the golden eagle a feeling of night and does not distract on the road, leather straps and a leash do not allow to take off ahead of time. Noticing the game, the hunter with an alarming cry loosens the fetters, throws off the cap from the head of the golden eagle and pushes it up. The flying eagle with unusual speed attacks the pursued animal, clings to it with its claws, beats its wings, pecks its head with its beak, or bites its throat. Jumping, the hunter persuades the bird to let the beast go, talking to him affectionately and rewarding him with a piece of meat. Having accepted the prey, the berkutchi immediately removes the skin from it, and again puts a cap on the bird's eyes, tightens its legs with fetters and puts it on the saddle.

young Kazakh berkutchi.