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The ancestor of the person bearing such a surname was neither a general nor a count. They had their own surnames. Such a surname could have been given to either a peasant who belonged to a general or a count (countess); or the son of a man nicknamed Count or General for some quality of character or behavior. (F) About Grafov also see Evgrafov

Version 2. What does the name Generalov mean?

The surname Generalov is derived from a similar nickname. However, it is unlikely that the founder of the Generalov family held this high military rank, since representatives of the authorities and the upper classes of society already had certain surnames. Therefore, most likely, the serf peasant who belonged to the general was recorded as Generalov.

The word “general” itself comes from the Latin generalis - “general, chief”. In addition to the designation military rank(or rank) of the highest officers in the army, this concept began to be used to designate the heads of monastic and knightly orders.

The rank of general first appeared in France in the 16th century. The first mentions of it in Russia date back to 1657, when Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich reigned.

The first Russian general was Agey Alekseevich Shepelev, who participated in meetings of the Boyar Duma with the title of “Duma General” and from 1661 commanded the Moscow elected soldier regiment. Peter I introduced the rank of general as an addition to titles senior officials and positions in the army: Field Marshal General, Field Marshal General, Chief General, Wagenmeister General, Auditor General and others. The number of these persons was determined in 1711 by the law “Table of Ranks”, which was subsequently supplemented and changed several times.

No less plausible is the hypothesis that, given surname received by the son of a man nicknamed the General for such qualities of character or behavior as authority, desire to command, etc. This nickname is recorded in historical documents of the 16th century, where General Shpak, a Minsk peasant, 1589, is mentioned. The descendants of this man could become Generals. General, over time received the surname Generals.

How to spell the Generals' surname in English (Latin alphabet)

Generalov

When filling out a document in English, you should first write your first name, then your patronymic in Latin letters, and then your last name. You may need to write the Generals' surname in English when applying for a foreign passport, ordering a foreign hotel, when placing an order in an English online store, and so on.

Your version of the meaning of the surname Generals

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We've probably all heard the saying:

« Scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar! »

Russian and Tatar culture were in such close contact with each other that today we sometimes do not even suspect the Tatar origin of some Russian surnames...

How did Tatar surnames appear in Rus'?

Russian surnames of Tatar origin appeared, of course, during the period Tatar-Mongol yoke. Then many Tatars served at the court of Ivan the Terrible and other Russian tsars. There were many mixed marriages between representatives of the Russian and Tatar nobility. As a result, anthroponymic experts count over 500 noble and noble families that were originally of Tatar origin.

Russian Tsar Boris Godunov

Among them Aksakovs, Alyabyevs, Apraksins, Berdyaevs, Bunins, Bukharins, Godunovs, Gorchakovs, Dashkovs, Derzhavins, Ermolovs, Kadyshevs, Mashkovs, Naryshkins, Ogarevs, Peshkovs, Radishchevs, Rastopchins, Ryazanovs, Timiryazevs, Turgenevs, Ulanovs, Khrushchevs, Chaadaevs, Emetevs, Yusupovs and many others.

Examples of the origin of Russian surnames from the Tatars

Take, for example, the last name Anichkovs. Its ancestors came from the Horde. The first mention of them dates back to 1495. The Atlasovs' ancestors bore the common Tatar surname Atlasi.

Kozhevnikovs, according to one version, they received this surname not at all from the tanner’s profession, but from their family surname, which included the word “Khoja” (in Tatar “lord”). Representatives of this family were given a new surname after they entered the service of Ivan III in 1509.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - historian, poet, prose writer,

Russian reformer literary language

Karamzins descended from the Tatar Kara Murza (which literally means “Black Prince”). The surname itself has been known since the 16th century. At first, its representatives bore the surname Karamza, and then turned into the Karamzins. The most famous descendant of this family is the writer, poet and historian N.M. Karamzin.

Types of Tatar surnames in Russia

Most Tatar surnames come from the name borne by one of the male ancestors in the family. In ancient times, the surname was given by the father, but in early XIX centuries, both children and grandchildren bore the same surname. After the arrival of Soviet power, these surnames were enshrined in official documents and did not change.

Many surnames were given by profession. Yes, last name Baksheev came from “bakshi” (scribe), Karaulov- from “karavyl” (guard), Beketov- from “beket” (the so-called teacher of the khan’s son), Tukhachevsky- from “tukhachi” (standard bearer).

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - Russian commander

Surname Suvorov, which we are accustomed to consider Russian, became known in the 15th century. It comes from the profession of a horseman (in Tatar - “suvor”). The first person to bear this surname was the serviceman Goryain Suvorov, who was mentioned in the chronicles for 1482. Subsequently, a legend was invented that the founder of the Suvorov family was a Swede named Suvore, who settled in Russia in 1622.

And here is the last name Tatishchev was assigned by Grand Duke Ivan III to Ivan Shah’s nephew, Prince Solomersky, who was something of an investigator and was distinguished by his ability to quickly identify thieves, who were called “tats” in Tatar.

But much more often, Tatar surnames were based on the distinctive qualities of their bearers. So, the ancestors of the Bazarovs received this nickname because they were born on market days. The brother-in-law (husband of his wife’s sister) was called “bazha” in Tatar, hence the surname Bazhanov. The Tatars called respected people “Veliamin”, this is how the Russian surname Veliaminov was born, later converted into Velyaminov.

Proud people were called “Bulgaks”, hence the surname Bulgakov. Those who loved and loved were called “dauds” or “dawoods”, later this was transformed into Davydovs.

Denis Vasilievich Davydov - Russian poet, the most brilliant

representative of “hussar poetry”, memoirist, lieutenant general

Surname Zhdanov received widespread in Rus' in the XV-XVII centuries. Presumably it comes from the word “vijdan”, which in Tatar meant both passionate lovers and religious fanatics.

The last name stands out Akchurin. In the Russian version, Tatar surnames usually end in -ov (-ev) or -in (-yn). But certain family names, derived from the names of the Tatar Murzas, were left unchanged even in documents: Enikei, Akchurin, Divey.

In the surname Akchurin, “-in” is not a Russian ending, it is part of an ancient family name. One of the variants of its pronunciation is “ak-chura” - “white hero”. Among the representatives of the Akchurin family, whose ancestor is the Mishar-Mordovian prince Adash, who lived in the 15th century, there were famous officials, diplomats, and military men.

Of course, it is simply impossible to list all Russian surnames with Tatar roots. To do this, you need to know the etymology of each specific surname.

Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish for you the answers to the quiz in the “Question - Answer” format. We have a variety of questions, both simple and quite complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, we are simply helping you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen correct option answer, out of four proposed. And we have another question in the quiz - What was the last name of the Russian general in the Bond film “A View to a Kill”?

• A. Pushkin
• B. Gogol
• S. Dostoevsky
• D. Chekhov

Correct answer V. Gogol

A View to a Kill is the fourteenth film in the James Bond film series. It features the head of the KGB intelligence service, played by actor Walter Gotell. But the name of this general is Gogol, or Anatoly Alekseevich Gogol.

General Gogol (Anatoly Alekseevich Gogol, English: Anatol Alexis Gogol) is the head of the Soviet intelligence service, the KGB. Despite the fact that he is a potential enemy of the British intelligence service MI6, he is rather a positive character. As a rule, he cooperates with MI6 in the eradication of common enemies. Four times Hero Soviet Union. Likes to personally take part in field operations abroad, despite the fact that this is completely incompatible with his status.

Appears as Walter Gotell in The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker, For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, A View to a Kill, Living Daylights . In the last film, Gogol is officially transferred from the KGB to the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is probably an honorable resignation, since in the same film the “main party” of the Soviet intelligence services is led by General Pushkin.

IN big politics Gogol adheres to the ideas of detente and peaceful coexistence (detente). He proves his words with deeds in the film “Octopussy”, personally organizing the hunt for General Orlov, who decided to blow up the world. In the film A View to a Kill, after defeating another common enemy, Gogol celebrates the victory with Sir Fredric Gray and M in London. All that is known from Gogol’s personal life is that he selected exclusively beautiful employees for his service and received them in his Kremlin bedroom (“For Your Eyes Only”). Gogol is bald, wears nice glasses and jackets light colors loose fit. Nothing is known about Gogol’s fate after the events of the film “Sparks from the Eyes”.

There are many misconceptions about the nationality of certain surnames. Thus, some surnames are traditionally considered Jewish, while others are considered Russian. Although this may not be the case.

Myths about Jewish surnames

Thus, any of our compatriots identifies as Jewish surnames Abramovich, Bergman, Ginzburg, Goldman, Zilberman, Katsman, Cohen, Kramer, Levin, Malkin, Rabinovich, Rivkin, Feldstein, Etkind.

It is generally accepted that all surnames with the suffix “-sky” or “-ich” are Jewish in Russia. But in fact, these are most often the surnames of Polish or Ukrainian origin, indicating the name of the area where the person’s ancestors came from. And they can be worn by both Jews and Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians... And surnames such as Preobrazhensky or Rozhdestvensky were given to seminary graduates, most of whom were Russian.

Another mistake is to consider all surnames with the suffixes “-ov” or “-in” to be Russian. In Russia, indeed, most surnames have such suffixes. But they all have different origins: some were given by the names of their parents, others by their professional affiliation, and others by nicknames. During administrative recording of documents, surnames could be “Russified.” So, who would think that the Russian composer Rachmaninov has Jewish roots? But the surname Rachmaninov owes its origin to the Hebrew “Rahman”, which means “merciful” - this is one of the names of God.

What surnames do Jews in Russia have?

Mass emigration of Jews to Russia began during the time of Catherine II, after the annexation of Poland. In order to assimilate with the local population, representatives Jewish people sometimes they took surnames similar to Russian or Polish ones: Medinsky, Novik, Kaganovich.

There is also a group of surnames of non-Jewish origin, which, however, are predominantly borne by Jews: Zakharov, Kazakov, Novikov, Polyakov, Yakovlev. This is how it happened historically.

Jewish surnames that we mistake for Russian

Russian Jews were often given surnames based on their professional affiliation or the profession of their parents. So, the Russian surname Shkolnikov seems to come from “schoolboy” (that’s what they called a servant in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church). Many Jews have this surname. The surname Shelomov comes from “shelom”. Its representatives were helmet makers. Dyers and Sapozhnikov - these are the names of Jews whose ancestors were engaged in painting and sewing shoes. These were common Jewish professions in pre-revolutionary Russia. We are accustomed to considering the Russian surname Moiseev, but it comes from Jewish name Moses! The same thing with the surname Avdeev. But Abramov is really a Russian surname: in Rus' there was also the name Abram!

The surnames Shapkin, Tryapkin, Portyankin came from Jewish nicknames. Few people think that the Jewish surnames Galkin, Dolin, Kotin, Lavrov, Plotkin, Sechin, Shokhin, Shuvalov are Jewish...

Everyone knows that Lenin’s comrade-in-arms, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov was a Jew. It was even rumored that he real name Katz. But in fact, he never changed his last name: Sverdlov is a fairly common last name among Jews.