How did the Slavs develop new territories? How did the development (settlement) of America, Oceania, and Australia take place?

How did man explore the Earth? It was a very difficult and lengthy process. Even now it cannot be said that our planet has been 100% studied. There are still corners of nature that have never been touched by humans.

Studying the development of the earth by man 7th grade secondary secondary school. This knowledge is very important and helps to better understand the history of the development of civilization.

How did man explore the Earth?

The first stage of settlement, during which ancient erectus humans began to migrate from East Africa to Eurasia and explore new lands, began about 2 million years ago and ended 500,000 years ago. Later, ancient people die out, and with the appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000 years ago, the second stage began.

The main settlement of people was observed along the mouths of large rivers - the Tigris, Indus, Euphrates, and Nile. It was in these places that the first civilizations, called river civilizations, arose.

Our ancestors chose such areas in order to break settlements, which would later become the centers of states. Their life was subject to a clear natural regime. In the spring, the rivers flooded, and then, when they dried up, fertile water remained in this place. wet soil, ideal for sowing.

Dispersal across continents

The vast majority of historians and archaeologists consider Africa and Southwestern Eurasia to be the homeland of the first people. Over time, humanity has conquered almost all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. Where the Bering Strait is now located, 30 thousand years ago there was land that connected Eurasia and North America. It was along this bridge that people penetrated to more and more new places. Thus, hunters from Eurasia, having passed through North America, ended up in its southern part. Man came to Australia from Southeast Asia. Scientists were able to draw such conclusions based on the results of excavations.

Main areas of settlement

When considering the question of how man developed the earth, it will be interesting to know how people chose places to live. Very often, entire settlements left their familiar corner and went into the unknown to search for better conditions. The newly developed lands made it possible to develop livestock breeding and agriculture. The world population also increased very quickly. If 15,000 years ago there were about 3,000,000 people living on Earth, now this figure exceeds 6 billion. The vast majority of people live in flat areas. It is convenient to lay out fields on them, build factories and factories, and develop populated areas.

On globe Four areas can be distinguished where human settlement is most dense. These are Western Europe, Southern and East Asia, eastern North America. There are reasons for this: favorable natural factors, a long history of settlement and a developed economy. For example, in Asia, the population still actively sows and irrigates the soil. The fertile climate allows you to harvest several harvests a year to feed a large family.

IN Western Europe and North America, urban settlement predominates. The infrastructure here is very developed, many modern plants and factories have been built, industry predominates over agriculture.

Types of economic activities

Economic activities affect and change the environment. Moreover, different industries affect nature in different ways.

Thus, agriculture became the root cause of the reduction in areas of the planet where natural conditions. Everything was required for the fields and pastures more space, forests were cut down, animals lost their home. Due to constant load, the soil partially loses its fertile qualities. Artificial irrigation allows you to get good harvest, but this method also has its disadvantages. Thus, in arid areas, too much watering of the land can lead to salinization and a decrease in yield. Domestic animals trample vegetation and compact the soil cover. Often, in arid climates, pastures turn into desert.

Particularly harmful to environment rapid industrial growth. Solid and liquid substances penetrate into soil and water, and gaseous ones are released into the air. The rapid growth of cities necessitates the development of ever new territories where vegetation is destroyed. Environmental pollution has an extremely adverse effect on human health.

Human development of the Earth: countries of the world

People who live in the same territory have mutual language and one culture form an ethnic group. It may consist of a nation, tribe, people. In the past, great ethnic groups created entire civilizations.

Currently there are more than 200 states on the planet. They all differ from each other. There are states that occupy an entire continent (Australia), and there are very tiny ones, consisting of one city (Vatican City). Countries also differ in population size. There are billionaire states (India, China), and there are also those where no more than a few thousand people live (San Marino).

So, considering the question of how man developed the Earth, we can conclude that this process is not yet completed and we still have a lot of interesting things to learn about our planet.

The settlement of all continents (except Antarctica) occurred between 40 and 10 thousand years ago. It is obvious that getting to Australia, for example, was only possible by water. The first settlers appeared on the territory of modern New Guinea and Australia about 40 thousand years ago.

By the time Europeans arrived in America, it was inhabited big amount Indian tribes. But to this day, not a single Lower Paleolithic site has been found on the territory of both Americas: North and South. Therefore, America cannot claim to be the cradle of humanity. People appear here later as a result of migrations.

Perhaps the settlement of this continent by people began about 40 - 30 thousand years ago, as evidenced by the finds of ancient tools discovered in California, Texas and Nevada. Their age, according to the radiocarbon dating method, is 35-40 thousand years. At that time, the ocean level was 60 m lower than today. Therefore, in place of the Bering Strait, there was an isthmus - Beringia, which connected at the time ice age Asia and America. Currently, there are “only” 90 km between Cape Seward (America) and Eastern Cape (Asia). This distance was overcome by land by the first settlers from Asia. In all likelihood, there were two waves of migration from Asia.

These were tribes of hunters and gatherers. They crossed from one continent to another, apparently chasing herds of animals, in pursuit of the “meat El Dorado.” Hunting, mostly driven, was carried out on large animals: mammoths, horses (they were found in those days on both sides of the ocean), antelope, bison. They hunted from 3 to 6 times a month, since the meat, depending on the size of the animal, could last the tribe for five to ten days. As a rule, young men were also engaged in individual hunting of small animals.

The first inhabitants of the continent led a nomadic lifestyle. It took “Asian migrants” about 18 thousand years to fully develop the American continent, which corresponds to a change of almost 600 generations. Characteristic feature The life of a number of American Indian tribes is the fact that the transition to a sedentary life never happened among them. Until the European conquests, they were engaged in hunting and gathering, and in coastal areas - fishing.

Proof that migration from the Old World took place before the beginning of the Neolithic era is the lack of a potter's wheel, wheeled transport, and metal tools among the Indians (before the arrival of Europeans in America during the Great geographical discoveries), since these innovations appeared in Eurasia when New World was already “isolated” and began to develop independently.

It seems likely that settlement also came from the south of South America. Tribes from Australia could have penetrated here through Antarctica. It is known that Antarctica was by no means always covered with ice. The similarity of representatives of a number of Indian tribes with the Tasmanian and Australoid type is obvious. True, if we adhere to the “Asian” version of the settlement of America, then one does not contradict the other. There is a theory according to which the settlement of Australia was carried out by immigrants from Southeast Asia. It is likely that there was a meeting of two migration flows from Asia in South America.

Penetration into another continent - Australia - occurred at the turn of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Due to more low level ocean, there probably were “island bridges” when settlers did not just go into the unknown of the open ocean, but moved to another island, which they either saw or knew about its existence. Moving in this way from one island chain of the Malay and Sunda archipelago to another, people eventually found themselves in a certain endemic kingdom of flora and fauna - Australia. Presumably, the ancestral home of Australians was also Asia. But the migration took place so long ago that it is impossible to detect any close relationship between the language of the Australians and any other people. Their physical type is close to the Tasmanians, but the latter were completely exterminated by Europeans by the middle of the 19th century.

Australian society, due to its isolation, has largely stagnated. The aborigines of Australia did not know agriculture, and they only managed to domesticate the dingo dog. For tens of thousands of years, they never emerged from the infant state of humanity; time seemed to stand still for them. Europeans found Australians at the level of hunters and gatherers, wandering from place to place as the feeding landscape became scarce.

The starting point in the exploration of Oceania was Indonesia. It was from here that settlers headed through Micronesia to the central regions of the Pacific Ocean. First they explored the Tahiti archipelago, then the Marquesas Islands, and then the islands of Tonga and Samoa. Their migration processes were apparently “facilitated” by the presence of a group of coral islands between the Marshall Islands and Hawaii. Nowadays these islands are located at a depth of 500 to 1000 m. The “Asian trace” is indicated by the similarity of the Polynesian and Micronesian languages ​​with the group of Malay languages.

There is also an “American” theory of the settlement of Oceania. Its founder is the monk X. Zuniga. He is in early XIX V. published a scientific work in which he proved that in the tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Pacific Ocean currents and winds from the east dominate, therefore the South American Indians, “relying” on the forces of nature, were able to reach the islands of Oceania using balsa rafts. The likelihood of such trips has been confirmed by many travelers. But the palm in confirming the theory of the settlement of Polynesia from the east rightfully belongs to the outstanding Norwegian scientist and traveler Thor Heyerdahl, who in 1947, just as in ancient times, balsa raft"Kon-Tiki" managed to reach from the shores of the city of Callao (Peru) to the Tuamotu Islands.

Apparently, both theories are correct. And the settlement of Oceania was carried out by settlers from both Asia and America.

How did man explore the Earth? It was a very difficult and lengthy process. Even now it cannot be said that our planet has been 100% studied. There are still corners of nature that have never been touched by humans.

Studying the development of the earth by man in the 7th grade of a secondary school. This knowledge is very important and helps to better understand the history of the development of civilization.

How did man explore the Earth?

The first stage of settlement, during which ancient upright people began to migrate from East Africa to Eurasia and explore new lands, began about 2 million years ago and ended 500,000 years ago. Later, ancient people die out, and with the appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000 years ago, the second stage began.

The main settlement of people was observed along the mouths of large rivers - the Tigris, Indus, Euphrates, and Nile. It was in these places that the first civilizations, called river civilizations, arose.

Our ancestors chose such areas in order to establish settlements, which would later become centers of states. Their life was subject to a clear natural regime. In the spring, the rivers flooded, and then, when they dried up, fertile, moist soil remained in this place, ideal for sowing.

Dispersal across continents

The vast majority of historians and archaeologists consider Africa and Southwestern Eurasia to be their homeland. Over time, humanity has conquered almost all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. Where it is now located 30 thousand years ago there was land that connected Eurasia and North America. It was along this bridge that people penetrated to more and more new places. Thus, hunters from Eurasia, passing through North America, ended up in its southern part. Man came to Australia from Southeast Asia. Scientists were able to draw such conclusions based on the results of excavations.

Main areas of settlement

When considering the question of how man developed the earth, it will be interesting to know how people chose places to live. Very often, entire settlements left their familiar corner and went into the unknown in search of better conditions. The newly developed lands made it possible to develop livestock breeding and agriculture. The number also increased very quickly. If 15,000 years ago about 3,000,000 people lived on Earth, now this figure exceeds 6 billion. The vast majority of people live on flat areas. It is convenient to lay out fields on them, build factories and factories, and develop populated areas.

There are four areas where human settlement is most dense. These are South and East Asia, eastern North America. There are reasons for this: favorable natural factors, a long history of settlement and a developed economy. For example, in Asia, the population still actively sows and irrigates the soil. The fertile climate allows you to harvest several harvests a year to feed a large family.

In Western Europe and North America, urban settlement predominates. The infrastructure here is very developed, many modern plants and factories have been built, industry predominates over agriculture.

Types of economic activities

Economic activities affect and change the environment. Moreover, different industries affect nature in different ways.

Thus, agriculture became the root cause of the reduction of areas of the planet where natural conditions were preserved. More and more space was required for fields and pastures, forests were cut down, animals lost their home. Due to constant load, the soil partially loses its fertile qualities. Artificial irrigation allows you to get a good harvest, but this method also has its disadvantages. Thus, in arid areas, too much watering of the land can lead to salinization and a decrease in yield. Domestic animals trample vegetation and compact the soil cover. Often, in arid climates, pastures turn into desert.

The rapid growth of industry is especially harmful to the environment. Solid and liquid substances penetrate into the soil and water, and gaseous substances are released into the air. The rapid growth of cities necessitates the development of ever new territories where vegetation is destroyed. Environmental pollution has an extremely adverse effect on human health.

Human development of the Earth: countries of the world

People who live in the same territory, have a common language and the same culture form an ethnic group. It may consist of a nation, tribe, people. In the past, great ethnic groups created entire civilizations.

Currently there are more than 200 states on the planet. They all differ from each other. There are states that occupy an entire continent (Australia), and there are very tiny ones, consisting of one city (Vatican City). Countries also differ in population size. There are billionaire states (India, China), and there are also those where no more than a few thousand people live (San Marino).

So, considering the question of how man developed the Earth, we can conclude that this process is not yet completed and we still have a lot of interesting things to learn about our planet.

The process of human exploration of the Earth was very long and labor-intensive.

Even now it cannot be said that our planet has been completely developed, since there are individual regions, which require detailed study.

The beginning of the development of the Earth

Ancient people settled in valleys big rivers- Nile, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus. It was in these territories that the first civilizations, called “river civilizations,” began to form.

The climate on these lands was favorable for life, the fertile lands contributed to Agriculture. Humanity began to explore new lands with the advent of trade.

In search of new trade routes, new territories were opened, which were soon populated by settlers.

Land development

By the beginning of the Middle Ages, some continents, seas, islands and even oceans remained undiscovered. The peak of human exploration of the earth occurred during the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.

It was then that lands such as North America, Australia, and South America, and Pacific Ocean. New territories attracted the inhabitants of Europe with their natural resources- The continents were gradually populated by settlers.

Mostly the settlers settled in fertile lands: in mountainous regions, aboriginal people lived. The development of the mountains became necessary with the beginning of the heyday of industrial production.

By the end of the 19th century, people settled even in inaccessible areas, which was due to the development of production and the transport system.

Countries of the world

There are 193 independent states in the world, as well as several dozen dependent territories that were formed in different historical periods.

Today people live on all continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica. However, even there there are research stations where scientists carry out painstaking work to study the continent.

Studying geography, you will notice that some continents have many more countries than others. This is due to many factors, in particular the climatic properties of the territories, the presence water resources, terrain features.

Thus, there are more than 90 states on the territory of Eurasia, while there is only one country on the mainland of Australia.

All countries that exist on the planet were created through a historical process. Their inhabitants are united by a common cultural and spiritual heritage.

The geographical locations of countries that are located on the same continent can differ radically from each other: there are countries - peninsulas, island countries, landlocked countries.

State Duma D) Congress of the Communist Party2. The creation of the CIS took place: A) August 19, 1991. C) October 4, 1993 B) December 8, 1991 D) December 30, 19933. M. Gorbachev from March 1990 to December 1991 held the post of: A) Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR B) President of the RSFSR) First Secretary of the CPSU D) President of the USSR4. "Glasnost" is: A) renewal of Marxist-Leninist ideology B) implementation of the right of citizens to receive complete information and its discussion C) the policy of complete freedom of speech D) criticism of the socialist system, socialist values ​​5. Place in chronological order: A) election of the President of the RSFSR) creation of the State Emergency Committee and arrest of its members B) adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR) resignation of M.S. Gorbachev C) Belovezhskaya Accords6. What are we talking about? A term denoting the system of international relations after the Second World War and until the second half of the 1980s - early 1990s, which was characterized by states of military-political confrontation between states, a tough ideological struggle, an arms race, application of economic pressure measures, creation of military-strategic blocs, bases.7. Completing the output Soviet troops from Afghanistan: A) 1989 B) 1985 B) 1991 D) 19938. Arrange the leadership of the country in chronological order: A) K. Chernenko B) L. Brezhnev C) M. Gorbachev D) Yu. Andropov D) N. Khrushchev9. Indicate the correct statements: The concept of “new political thinking”: A) rejection of the conclusion about the split of the world into two opposing systems: socialist and capitalist and recognition of the world as integral and indivisible B) free international assistance to international anti-imperialist forces C) as the main method of solution international problems a balance of interests is declared, not a balance of forces D) recognition of universal human values ​​as a priority D) ensuring the country's security through increasing combat power10. What are we talking about? It was carried out during the nationalization of enterprises and other state-owned objects on the basis of state securities intended purpose with a specified nominal value. All citizens of Russia were given the right to receive such non-registered checks free of charge. The authors of this idea sought to short term create a layer of entrepreneurs as the main social support of power.11. B. Yeltsin's constitutional reform assumed: A) the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies B) the dissolution of the Supreme Council C) to present a new Constitution of the Russian Federation at a referendum) all of the above12. Transfer of state property into private ownership or labor collectives– this is: A) re-privatization B) privatization B) liberalization D) confiscation 13. Please indicate the correct statements: Course Russian leadership the beginning of the 1990s was aimed at: A) preserving the socialist system B) establishing market relations C) improving the socialist system D) accelerating the socio-economic development of the USSR) forming a new class of owners in the country14. On what basis is the series formed? V. Chernomyrdin, S. Kiriyenko, E. Primakov, S. Stepashin, V. Putin.15. The decree on the transition to free (market) prices was signed in: A) 1990 B) 1991 B) 1992 D) 1993