State in southeast Africa. East African countries

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East Africa. Economic-geographical characteristics

Table of contents

Introduction
General information
Geographical position
Natural conditions and resources
Population of the region
General information
Demographic situation
Economy East Africa
General information
Agriculture
Transport
External Relations
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

East Africa is a region of the world distinguished, on the one hand, by magnificent natural resources and attractions, but on the other hand, it is one of the poorest regions of the world. Most countries in the region have a clearly agriculturally oriented economy. The exception is Zambia, which has an export-oriented economy based on the mining industry (copper mining and export).

The region occupies a significant area. This territory is home to a significant part of the African population. Therefore, the task of describing and studying this region is of particular relevance.

Thus, the purpose of this work was to study and analyze the current economic situation in the region, taking into account the specifics of the spatial organization of both the resources of the economic system and the location of its main nodes.

General information

The East Africa region is located in the eastern part of the continent and includes 10 countries (Figure 1, Table 1) - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.

Table 1 - Composition of the East Africa region

The total area of the region is 4,561,190 km2. The region has a population of 153,741,344 (2005).

Geographical position

The region is characterized by a fairly favorable geographical position. Economically, the region is located among states characterized by rather underdeveloped economies. However, in relation to the main mineral resource bases, the region has a fairly advantageous position - in the northeast (Arabian Peninsula) and west (Gulf of Guinea) there are rich oil and gas deposits, in the south there is a continuation of Africa's largest copper belt. In terms of transport, the region occupies a fairly advantageous position - proximity to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea provides quite significant potential benefits. Geopolitically, the situation is somewhat worsened by the situation among poor African countries, which are characterized by extremely unstable political conditions.

Figure 1 - East Africa: composition of the region

Natural conditions and resources

Tectonic and geomorphological conditions. Mineral resources

In tectonic-geomorphological terms, the region is heterogeneous. The Ethiopian Highlands (Ethiopia, Eritrea) is a highly elevated block of the African Platform, which is characterized by high tectonic fragmentation and diversity of landscapes due to the clear separation of structural and morphological regions and altitudinal zonation. In terms of the degree of potential development, the region is difficult to access and poorly developed. The Somali Plateau in the east of the region is much lower in altitude and much less dissected, which greatly increases the potential for development. The East African Plateau (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) is a mobile, tectonically active part of the African Platform. The greatest rift system and the greatest heights of the continent are concentrated here. The region is characterized by extremely difficult terrain and low rates of potential development.

In terms of availability of mineral resources, the region is classified as moderately endowed. There are no fuel and energy resources (natural gas, oil). The exception is the coal deposits in southwestern Zambia.

Metallic minerals are sufficiently represented. Gold deposits are located in the south of Ethiopia, in the west of Uganda, in the south of Zambia. Copper ore is a separate element in the spectrum of metallic minerals. The so-called Copper Belt of Central Africa, which ends in Zambia, is widely known and has international significance. In addition to deposits of high-quality copper ore, this belt also contains deposits of polymetals (cobalt ores, nickel ores).

Non-metallic minerals are represented by diamond deposits in Tanzania (Mwadui deposit), table salt (border of Eritrea and Ethiopia).

Climatic conditions and agroclimatic resources

The region, climatically, is located in the subequatorial zone (a zone of sufficient moisture in the west, insufficient moisture in the east of Tanzania). The far north of Ethiopia, Tanzania and Eritrea lies in a tropical, arid climate (Figure 2).

In agroclimatic terms, the region is confined to the tropical zone, characterized by continuous vegetation throughout the year (can only be interrupted by a dry period for a subequatorial climate with insufficient moisture). The tropical zone is characterized by the possibility of harvesting several harvests per year. Most of the region is within the isotherm of the sum of air temperatures over a period with temperatures above 10C and more than 8000C. Under these conditions, heat-loving perennial and annual crops with the longest growing season can be grown (sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, cinchona, rubber plants, etc. The eastern part of Ethiopia and the western part of Tanzania, as well as the western part of Kenya and the eastern part of Uganda are within the sum isoline air temperatures for a period with temperatures above 10C from 4000C to 8000C These areas belong to the subtropical agroclimatic zone and are characterized by the possibility of growing heat-loving temperatures with a very long growing season (cotton, late corn, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco, tea, in some places). date palm and etc.).

Hydrological conditions and water resources

There are no large rivers in the region. However, small rivers, descending from the plateaus, develop a fairly high speed, which characterizes their hydroelectric potential as acceptable for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

By security water resources The region is considered to be quite poor. Ethiopia, Tanzania, Eritrea and Somalia are characterized by resource availability of total river flow of 2.5 - 5 thousand m 3 per year, Kenya - 0.5 - 2.5 thousand m 3 per year. Zambia has the most favorable conditions for the provision of full river flow resources (10 - 25 thousand m 3 per year).

The region contains the largest lakes of the mainland - Victoria, Nyasa, Tanganyika. The lakes have significant recreational potential, which is intensively used.

Vegetation and fauna. Land resources

The region is characterized by the presence of 3 natural zones - moist equatorial forests (west of the region), subequatorial forests and woodlands (Zambia, Malawi), wet savannas (along river valleys), typical savannas (Ethiopia), desertified savannas (Somalia, Kenya).

In connection with the above, the land resources of the region are mainly grazing oriented (this is due to the large distribution of savannas). There are fragmentary forest areas that have no industrial significance. Land suitable for cultivation is rare.

east africa economic geographical

Figure 2 - Climatic zones of East Africa

( I - equatorial climate; II - Subequatorial climate: 1a - with sufficient moisture, 1b - with insufficient moisture; III - tropical climate )

Figure 3 - Land resources of East Africa

Population of the region

General information

The region's population is 153,741,344 people (2005). Average density population - 33.7 people. /km 2. The largest population is characteristic of Kenya - 53,142,980 people, the smallest is the Seychelles (73,000 people (2005).

Table 2 - Population density in East African countries

The highest population density is typical for the Seychelles, which is due to the small area of the state. The average figures for states are small and poorly reflect the real situation.

Demographic situation

Fertility rates in the region are quite high. The northern states of the region are characterized by birth rates ranging from 40 to 45 ‰, and the southern states from 45 to 50 ‰. At the same time, mortality rates are also high - from 15 to 20 ‰. The natural population growth of the region for the southern countries of the region is more than 30‰, for the northern ones - 25 - 30‰.

Women predominate in the gender and age structure; only in Kenya and Uganda is there a predominance of the male population.

Ethnic structure of the population

The southern part of the region is inhabited by the peoples of the Niger-Kardofan family of the subgroup of the central Niger-Congo - the peoples of Rwanda, Rundi, Congo, Luba, Malawi, etc. The peoples of the Cushitic group of the Afro-Asian family live in Ethiopia and Somalia - Oromo, Somalia, Afar, Beja, etc. West The region is inhabited by representatives of the East Sudanese group of the Nilo-Saharan family - Nubians, Dinka, Kalenjin, etc.

Thus, the ethnic structure of the region under study is characterized by significant diversity.

Population distribution. Urbanization

The region is populated quite unevenly. In the center of Ethiopia, certain areas Kenya, in the coastal zone of Lake Victoria, the population density reaches 100 - 200 people. per km 2. The rest of the region is rather sparsely populated - the population density is from 1 to 10 people. per km 2.

The region is one of the least urbanized parts of the world - the urbanization level for most countries is between 10 and 20%. The exception is Zambia. Zambia is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with about 44% of its population concentrated in major cities and urban industrial agglomerations.

Economy of East Africa

General information

Leading role in Ethiopian economy consumer agriculture plays a role. In the early 1990s, more than half of gross domestic product (GDP) came from agricultural production. During the same period, the share of trade and services in GDP grew. From fiscal years 1989-1990 to 1994-1995, annual growth in the service sector's share of GDP was 2.4%. In the 1993-1994 financial year, the services sector accounted for 22% of GDP (data includes economic indicators and Eritrea). Until recently, Ethiopia was one of the world's poorest countries and its economy was growing slowly. In the period from 1960 to 1974, the average annual growth in production did not exceed 4%. Revolutionary upheavals led to this figure dropping to 1.4% in 1974-1979. Due to rapid population growth, per capita production volume in 1985-1995 decreased annually by an average of 0.3%. During this decade, the population growth rate averaged 2.6% per year. The deterioration of living conditions was also greatly affected by severe droughts and civil war. In the early 1990s, there were signs of economic recovery. From fiscal years 1989-1990 to 1994-1995, the average GDP growth rate was 1.9%. In the 1996-1997 financial year, GDP increased by 7%. The main factor in improving the economic situation was foreign loans and financial assistance.

Economy Zambia depends on world prices for copper, the country's main export product. In the 1960s and 1970s, earnings from copper exports enabled the government to maintain a relatively high standard of living (compared to many African countries). As a result of a significant increase in oil import costs, a significant drop in world copper prices and mistakes in the economic policy of the government of K. Kaunda, Zambia already in the 80s faced a whole range of financial and economic problems. The inept implementation of IMF programs for economic restructuring in the 1990s led to increased unemployment and further growth of inflation. The government of L. Mwanawasa is making efforts to curb negative trends economic development. The process of privatization of state-owned companies is underway. According to official government data, in 1991-2002, 257 (out of 280 planned for transfer to private hands) state and semi-automatic companies were privatized. state enterprises.56% of privatized companies were acquired by Zambian entrepreneurs. In 2001-2002, foreign investment in the country's economy exceeded $100 million annually. Zambia receives financial assistance The IMF under two programs - PRGF (a program to help fight poverty and accelerate economic growth, under which $110 million was received in 2002) and HIPC (a program for the poorest countries with high debts, under which $155.3 million was received in 2002). US dollars). In January 2003, L. Mwanawasa unveiled a transition plan for national development until 2005.

Somalia - economically backward and poor country. She has meager mineral resources, the basis of the country's economy is mainly nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock farming. About 80% of the working population is employed in agriculture, mainly in animal husbandry; The sale of live cattle, meat products and hides brings the country over 80% of its total export earnings. Share industrial production in the national economy is very insignificant, and mineral resources do not cover the costs of their development. Two factors had a detrimental effect on the country's economy in the second half of the 1970s: first, a severe drought, which significantly reduced the number of livestock, and then the war with Ethiopia, as a result of which a flow of refugees numbering up to one million people poured from Ethiopia into Somalia. Even greater damage was caused to the country's economy by the inter-clan struggle that unfolded after the overthrow of the Siad Barre regime in 1991.

Kenya is an agricultural country, but its economy is different from that of many other African countries. Kenya produces more than one export crop and has a modern tourism industry and a developed manufacturing industry. During the colonial period, trade and commercial agriculture were in the hands of Europeans and Asians. The government of independent Kenya promoted the strengthening of the role of Africans in all these areas.

The model of socialism adopted in Tanzania after gaining independence, it was based on two main principles - self-reliance and equal distribution of public wealth. The implementation of this model was fraught with great difficulties and proved untenable mainly due to the focus of the Tanzanian economy on the export of agricultural products. Despite the arid climate and other unfavorable natural conditions, agriculture forms the basis of Tanzania's economy.

In the 1970s, the country's economy developed at a relatively fast pace, which was associated with high world prices for Tanzanian export products. The policy of forced creation of "socialist villages" alienated peasants from the land, and growth slowed. In the late 1970s, Tanzania entered a period of economic crisis. The fall in world prices for Tanzanian exports, the global oil crisis and the onerous war with Uganda led to a balance of payments imbalance. Internal political factors also played an important role. The state systematically underpaid peasants for export products and accumulated a significant portion of export income. Therefore, the peasants faced a dilemma: either produce less produce or sell a significant part of it on the black market. A socialist-type economy also presupposed the presence of political restrictions on economic activity. The Arusha Declaration of 1967 prohibited party functionaries and government officials from engaging in business and using hired labor. Despite the efforts of the Tanzanian leadership to prevent the personal enrichment of the party elite and government officials, economic crisis The 1980s gave rise to a large-scale shadow economy. Party workers and government officials, faced with the impossibility of living on their salaries, took up entrepreneurial activity. Experts note that it is difficult to objectively assess the state of the Tanzanian economy, since it is almost impossible to determine the scale of the shadow economy.

In the early 1980s, the Tanzanian government made several attempts to adjust economic policies, but this did not help the ailing socialist economy. In 1986, Tanzania held negotiations with the IMF in order to obtain loans to carry out structural restructuring of the country's economy. The agreement reached meant a radical turn in the country's economic course, since the terms of the loans provided for the abandonment of socialist economic methods. Like most reform countries, Tanzania is privatizing its public sector of agriculture and industry. The IMF also demanded trade liberalization and the devaluation of the Tanzanian shilling. In recent years, as a result of the collapse social programs the peasants lost state support, and now they have to rely only on themselves.

Tanzania remains a predominantly agricultural country, with 85% of the rural population employed in the agricultural sector. In 1997, agricultural exports accounted for 60% of all export earnings. Although the IMF has identified Tanzania as a country that has successfully achieved economic restructuring, the actual results are half-hearted at best. For the majority of peasants, production oriented toward the domestic market often does not even provide a subsistence level.

Throughout the 19th century. main export items Uganda there was ivory and animal skins. Completion in 1901 of the construction of a railway line from Mombasa on the Indian Ocean coast to Kisumu (in modern Kenya) on Lake. Victoria made it possible to reduce the cost of transporting export goods. Missionaries and colonial authorities in the Protectorate experimented with the cultivation of several crops. The choice was made in favor of cotton. Its first harvest was obtained in 1904, and in the next decade the harvest increased so much that from 1915 the British Treasury stopped subsidizing the administrative apparatus of the protectorate.

At the same time, the authorities strongly encouraged the development of plantation farms of white settlers, who specialized in the production of rubber and coffee. By 1920, there were over 200 such farms in Uganda with a total area of 51 thousand hectares, although almost three-quarters of these lands were not cultivated. When world prices for rubber and cotton fell in 1920-1921, many white settlers found themselves on the brink of bankruptcy and stopped production. In this situation, at the beginning of 1923, the authorities decided to provide support to small farms of African peasants. Thus, unlike Kenya and Zimbabwe, Uganda has avoided many of the problems associated with white settler economic dominance. African farmers in Uganda began growing coffee in the 1920s, and the crop became the most important source export earnings, pushing cotton into the background.

During the colonial period and the first decade after independence, the government played a key role in economic planning. In the 1950s, the government or its participation built such large infrastructure facilities as the Owen Falls power plant on the river. Victoria Nile in the Jinja region and the Kilembe copper pyrite mine in the far west of the country. The government created public corporations to finance development projects and streamlined the activities of cooperatives, dissolving those that were organized without a government license. Thanks to the creation of state cooperatives, African farmers were able to accumulate enough funds to purchase coffee processing and cotton ginning enterprises. During the period of independence, both duly elected and military representatives of Uganda significantly expanded the public sector and the scope of government regulation of the economy. This process continued until the late 1980s, when the National Resistance Movement (NRM) government began to reduce the regulatory role of the state in the economy: it stopped the practice of setting purchase prices for agricultural raw materials and initiated a program for the sale of state-owned enterprises to private hands. The CSN government abandoned administrative regulation of the national currency exchange rate.

From 1971 to 1986, the national economy was destroyed by the disastrous policies of Idi Amin's military regime and two wars that were fought within six years after the overthrow of the dictatorship. The expulsion from Uganda of Indians, who owned 90% of private sector enterprises, carried out in 1972 on Amin’s orders, practically destroyed it. During Amin's reign, the economy continued to deteriorate due to the lawlessness that reigned in the country, the expropriation of private property, and the government's inability to pay peasants for export products and maintain roads. The 1979 war, which overthrew Amin's dictatorial regime, led to a widespread increase in looting, which caused no less damage to the economy than Amin's rule itself. The process of returning to civilian rule led to a new war in the central part of the country, creating serious obstacles to economic recovery. This entire period was characterized by rising inflation, corruption and internal political instability. An economic revival began in the 1990s.

Seven months after coming to power, Musaveni's government began to pursue an economic policy focused on rebuilding the public sector. This led to an increase in inflation unprecedented in the history of Uganda. In 1987, Uganda agreed to the economic restructuring program proposed by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Until 1999, the government generally adhered to the recommendations of international financial organizations.

In 1987-1997, Uganda achieved impressive economic success: the average annual GDP growth was 6%. In 1997, Uganda's GDP was approx. 6.5 billion dollars, and annual per capita income - 320 dollars, which, taking into account purchasing power, exceeded 1,500 dollars. The share of monetary income amounted to 77% of GDP. Thanks to strict and consistent economic policies, annual inflation fell from 200% in 1988 to 6-10% in the mid-1990s. A significant stimulus for investment in commercial agricultural production in the 1990s was the road construction program. By 1999, the country had largely approached or exceeded the level of crop production (except cotton) achieved in 1972.

Fuel and energy complex

Ethiopia has a powerful hydroelectric potential, estimated at approximately 60 billion kWh, which, however, is practically not used.

In the 70s Zambia fully provided itself with electricity and even began to export it to neighboring Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire). Several power plants were built - Kafue George, Kariba North, etc. However, the share of wood accounts for about 50% of Zambia's fuel and energy balance. Only 17% of the population is provided with electricity. Residents of most villages and even cities still use firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. The government attaches utmost importance to rural electrification. In 1998, the World Bank approved a loan of $75 million to finance a project to modernize Zambia's energy sector.

In 1989 in the energy balance Kenya About 80% was timber, and a significant portion of the remaining 20% was oil, which was imported from the United Arab Emirates. Currently, 14% of the amount of electricity required by the country is supplied by hydroelectric power plants on the river. Tana. Other power plants run on petroleum products; In addition, there is a geothermal station in the Olkaria region. A small amount of energy comes from the Owen Falls hydroelectric dam in Uganda. As a result of the widespread use of wood as a source of energy, forest area decreased by 11% between 1975 and 1990. Forests are cut down to use the vacated land for arable land, and the wood is used for fuel and used in housing construction.

90% of the energy needs of the population and small enterprises Uganda are satisfied by wood, mainly charcoal. In 1999, the power of the hydroelectric power station at Owen Falls was increased from 180 to 240 thousand kW (in 1996, due to a decrease in domestic demand for electricity, it was reduced to 60 thousand kW). Uganda has no oil refining industry at all. In 1996, oil imports cost the country $91 million.

Mining industry

Bosom Ethiopia poorly studied. Gold mining, mainly from poor deposits in the south and west, has long been a side hustle for the local population. Since the late 1960s, the development of rich gold deposits near Kibre Mengyst (Adola) in Sidamo State has contributed to the growth of gold mining. In the 1970s, gold production decreased, but in 1986 it amounted to 923 kg. Recently, a gold deposit with a capacity of approximately 500 tons was discovered in the town of Laga-Dambi in the Wollega region. Mining and processing are carried out on a modest scale iron ore. Significant deposits of iron ore and coal have been discovered in the areas of Wollega, Illubabor and Shoa, but development there has not yet reached the point of development. There are reports that in the depths of Ethiopia, primarily in the Ogaden and Gambela, there are significant reserves oil and gas, and geological exploration work has been carried out there since the late 1980s. Table salt is mined in the country, but it is not enough to meet domestic needs. Other minerals have been explored or are being mined on a small scale: copper, sulfur, potassium salt, platinum, petroleum, marble, mica, cinnabar and manganese.

The mining industry began to develop in Zambia back in the colonial period. Copper ore mining is the main industry. A significant part of the Copper Belt (Copperbelt) is located on the territory of the country. Potentially the richest copper deposits are located near the Konkola area, which has reserves of 44.4 million tons of ore. By 1969 the country had become the world's leading producer of unrefined copper. However, by the mid-70s, copper smelting and income from its exports decreased noticeably (due to the fall in copper prices on the world market). In 1996, the mining industry contributed 10.8% of GDP and employed about 10% of the total workforce. The extraction of refined copper in 2002 amounted to 309.7 thousand tons, and cobalt - 3.8 thousand tons. According to the Central Bank of Zambia, copper exports in 2002 amounted to 303.9 thousand tons (in 2001 - 271.8 thousand tons). The growth in copper production and exports is driven by demand from China. In 2002, a new copper deposit was discovered in Solwezi, the reserves of which are estimated at 481 million metric tons. Other minerals produced in the country include cobalt, zinc, lead, gold, silver, selenium, and marble. Emeralds, aquamarines, amethysts and a small amount of diamonds are mined. Zambian malachite is widely known in the world, especially the most valuable of its types - turquoise. In the mid-1990s, a significant proportion of emeralds on the international market were of Zambian origin. In 1992, a new diamond deposit was discovered in the Western Province, and in 2002 - in the Eastern Province. According to the Department of Geology, De Beers specialists have discovered about 100 kimberlite pipes in Zambia over the past 30 years. The illegal export of precious stones poses a serious problem for the government. In 1999, about 70% of Zambian emeralds were exported from the country illegally.

Uganda has limited mineral resources. Copper ore reserves are estimated at 4 million tons, with significantly smaller reserves of nickel, gold, tin, tungsten, bismuth and phosphorites. Copper ore deposits in the Rwenzori mountain range were intensively mined until 1979, when work was stopped due to the fall in world copper prices and the unstable situation during Amin's reign. In 1970, 17 thousand tons of copper were produced. It is planned to annually extract up to 1 thousand tons of cobalt from dumps formed over many years of copper pyrite mining. In the southwestern part of the country, deposits of other minerals are being developed on a small scale. Foreign companies carried out gold prospecting in the northeast and southeast of Uganda and oil exploration at the bottom of lakes Albert and Edward.

Manufacturing industry

Manufacturing industry in Ethiopia is poorly developed, and in the 1993-1994 financial year the share of its products in GDP was only 7%. The enterprises mainly operate in the processing of agricultural products and light industry. The main products of the manufacturing industry are textiles, food (sugar, flour, pasta, biscuits, canned meat and tomatoes), beer, shoes, cement, soap, alcoholic beverages, medicines and vegetable oils. Craftsmen make clothing, wood crafts, carpets and jewelry. Many manufacturing industries are concentrated near the urban centers of Addis Ababa, Harar and Dire Dawa. In 1975, the government nationalized 72 industrial enterprises and acquired majority shares in 29 enterprises. Industrial development is hampered by a lack of electricity.

Industrial development depends on investment, primarily foreign. To attract foreign investors, a government decree was issued in 1950, according to which all new enterprises were exempt from paying taxes for the first five years. The decree provided that capital equipment could be imported into Ethiopia without paying customs duties, that Ethiopian participation would be kept to a minimum, and that the investor had the right to transfer profits in foreign currency from Ethiopia abroad in amounts proportional to the capital invested.

In 1975, the government nationalized large industrial enterprises, as well as banks, financial institutions and insurance companies. The government's socialist policy envisaged the functioning of three sectors in the Ethiopian economy. The main industries came into state ownership, natural resources And public utilities. The mixed public-private sector covered mining, paper and plastics production, construction of large facilities, tourism, i.e. those areas that Ethiopia could not develop without the participation of foreign capital. The third sector of the economy, which represented an extensive field of activity for private capital, included wholesale, retail and foreign trade, land transport, except railway, food industry, hotel business, small enterprises of various profiles. At the same time, many private firms were nationalized.

The average annual growth rate in the industrial sector decreased from 6.4% in 1965-1973 to 3.8% in 1980-1987. From fiscal years 1989-1990 to 1994-1995, the average annual growth rate of industrial production was 1.6%. However, in recent years there have been positive changes in the industry. Its share in GDP in the 1993-1994 financial year increased to 7.1%, and in the 1994-1995 financial year - to 8%. Although the state still owns and operates some large industrial and commercial enterprises, the government has increased private investment in the economy and limited the economic role of the state.

Manufacturing industry in Zambia is represented by several factories for processing agricultural raw materials, producing drinks, cigarettes and paper. Trucks of the Toyota, Mitsubishi and Volkswagen brands are assembled in Ndola.

Somalia Mainly engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials (production of canned meat, sugar refining, leather tanning). Textile factories use local and imported cotton. New production facilities include a cement and oil refinery plant. About 4/5 of the country's industrial enterprises are part of the public sector of the economy. Industry employs 6% of the amateur population.

Underdeveloped manufacturing industry Uganda significant damage was caused during the years of internal political instability. Despite the growth of manufacturing output in 1987-1997 from 5% to 9%, it still constitutes a small part of GDP. The country is forced to import most of its industrial products. Uganda's economy is highly vulnerable and dependent on world prices for the goods it exports and imports. The largest enterprises are factories for processing agricultural products: coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, edible oils, grains, milk and cotton. In addition, there are beer and soft drink production facilities, automobile assembly plants, textile factories, copper smelting and steel rolling plants, and factories for the production of cement, soap, shoes, furniture and animal feed. The work of many enterprises is disorganized due to a lack of spare parts, interruptions in the supply of raw materials, unsatisfactory transport and low labor productivity. However, the textile industry has significantly increased its output.

Agriculture

The temperate climate, fertile soils and abundant rainfall in most of the Ethiopian Highlands create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in Ethiopia. The main crops are wheat, which is grown at higher altitudes in cooler climates, corn, millet and cereals, grown at lower altitudes, as well as crops such as durro (a type of sorghum), teff (a type of millet with small grains, used for baking bread) and dagussa (from which black bread is baked). An important export crop is coffee. In the 1994-1995 financial year, its share in export earnings was 66%. A significant part of the coffee harvest is harvested on plantations in the state of Kafa. Other crops include cotton, date palm, sugarcane, beans and peas, oilseeds, chat (the leaves of which contain the drug), castor beans, fruits and vegetables.

Agriculture is a vital sector for Ethiopia. In 1996, it employed 85% of the working population, and agricultural products accounted for more than 50% of GDP. The majority of peasants are engaged in consumer farming, many of them are nomadic pastoralists. At least half of the country's land is suitable for agriculture, including vast unused land area on South. In early 1975, the military government nationalized all land in the countryside, promising to distribute it among the peasants. The area of a private individual land plot should not exceed 10 hectares, and the use of hired labor was prohibited. To carry out land reform, peasant associations were created by government decree. One such association united an average of 200 peasant households; initially the associations were given the right to resolve all land issues. Later, their powers were significantly expanded, including judicial functions (minor administrative and criminal offenses), maintaining order, and exercising local self-government. In 1979, the government announced plans to transform peasant associations into collective agricultural production associations.

17 years of Derg rule have had a detrimental effect on the agricultural sector. Labor productivity declined sharply due to the regime's attempts to force collectivization and set low government purchase prices for agricultural products. The implementation of programs to create new villages and forced resettlement of peasants disorganized the social and economic life in an Ethiopian village. The EPRDF, which overthrew the dictatorial regime of Mengystu Haile Mariam in May 1991, abolished state control over prices for agricultural products. The transitional government gave peasants the right to set minimum guaranteed prices for their crops. However, the authorities retained public ownership of the land.

Due to the lack of irrigation, most of the territory of the Ethiopian plains is suitable only for grazing. Herds of cattle (mainly zebu), sheep and goats, as well as horses, donkeys and mules (the latter are highly valued as vehicle for transporting goods and people), accompanied by shepherds, wander from place to place in search of food. Even despite the mediocre quality of the dressing, hides and leather constitute an important export item. In 1996, Ethiopia had about 30 million heads of cattle, 22 million sheep, 16.7 million goats, 5.2 million donkeys, 2.75 million horses, 630 thousand mules and 1 million camels .

For a long time, important caravan routes passed through the territory of Ethiopia. Development modern species transport began with the construction of the Franco-Ethiopian railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa (since 1981 it became known as the Ethiopian-Djiboutian railway). Upon completion of construction in 1917, its length was 782 km (including 682 km in Ethiopia).

Zambia- an agricultural country. Agriculture employs 50% of the economically active population. The area of fertile land makes up 47% of the country's territory, but only 6% is cultivated. The variety of climatic conditions allows the cultivation of many crops: corn, cassava, wheat, millet, melons, fruits, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, tobacco, sunflowers, rice, etc. Due to the growth in the 90s, fruit exports to Europe grew rapidly gardening is developing. Cattle breeding is developed in the southern and central regions. The country is dominated by subsistence farming. There are relatively few commercial farms (several hundred large plantation farms owned and managed by Europeans). The productivity of African peasant farms is extremely low due to backward agricultural technology, poor soils and frequent droughts. Frequent droughts cause serious damage. Agriculture is ineffective, the country is forced to import food (mainly corn). In 2003 (for the first time in the last 10 years) an unprecedented amount of high yield corn - 1.1 million tons.

Somalia is forced to purchase significant volumes of food abroad, primarily grains. Livestock farming - raising cattle, camels, goats and sheep - is common in the northern and central regions of the country. Agriculture is developed in the southern regions, where important crops such as corn, sorghum, cassava, sesame, citrus fruits, sugar cane and cotton are grown. The only export crop is bananas, which are grown in the valleys and interfluves of Jubba and Webi-Shabelle. The development of crop production in much of Somalia is hampered by the lack of irrigation systems and drought protection measures.

Main sector of the economy Uganda is agriculture. With the exception of sugarcane, which is grown on plantations, all other crops are grown in small peasant farms. For most of them, the main tool of labor remains a hoe; means of mechanization are rarely used. The bulk of the products produced by peasants is consumed by their families, the rest is sold on the domestic market or exported. Famine often occurs in different parts of Uganda, but overall the country is self-sufficient in food. The main crops are bananas in the south and west, millet or corn in the west, north and southeast, and cassava in the northwest. Sweet potatoes, sorghum, and legumes are grown everywhere.

Coffee is cultivated mainly in the central and western regions of the country. In 1996, a record volume of exports of this crop was recorded - 250 thousand tons. In 1997, 18.3 thousand tons of tea were exported. The main tea production area is western Uganda. In the same year, exports of tobacco grown in the northwest amounted to 9.2 thousand tons. Cotton is grown throughout the country, but the most favorable conditions for it exist in the north and east. In 1996, 20.7 thousand tons of cotton were harvested - significantly less than in the early 1970s. In 1997, the number of cattle was 5.5 million, sheep - 1 million, and goats - 6.3 million. In inland waters Fishing is carried out; in 1996, 222 thousand tons were caught. In the 1990s, new freezing plants were built, which made it possible to export fish.

Despite the expansion of agricultural exports in the 1990s, coffee remains the main export item. The production of traditional export crops - tea and tobacco, the harvest of which fell sharply in the 1970s, is gradually being restored. If in the 1980s the share of coffee in exports was 95%, then by 1998 it had dropped to 56%. The reason for this should be sought both in the increase in exports of tea (4%) and cotton (3%), and in the emergence of new export items - fish (7%) and gold (5%). Most of Uganda's gold comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the 1990s, government investment was directed towards creating markets for grains, pulses, cut flowers, sesame, cocoa and vanilla.

From 1987 to 1997, the share of agriculture in GDP decreased from 55% to 43%. With peace returning to much of the country, many Ugandans who had previously been forced into subsistence farming to support themselves were now able to devote themselves to other activities. However, the share of food crops in total agricultural production in 1997 was 58%. The export of agricultural products, fish and hides in the same year provided the country with about 90% of foreign exchange earnings.

Transport

Before the start of the Italian occupation in Ethiopia Several highways were built, the Italians left behind many new roads. During the Italo-Ethiopian War, transport infrastructure, especially bridges, suffered significant damage, and road repairs and maintenance placed a heavy burden on the state budget. The imperial government was well aware of the role of reliable communications in strengthening central power and consolidating the country. In 1995, the total length of paved roads was 23.8 thousand km. The expansion of the road network was financed from state budget and through foreign aid. In 1995, the Ethiopian government announced the start of a road construction program, which was subsidized mainly by loans from the EU and the World Bank.

After World War II, a trading navy, have begun air transport. The Ethiopian state airline's planes fly to all states of the country and also connect Addis Ababa with countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. In 1989, the volume of air traffic carried by the Ethiopian airline was almost half of what all other African airlines transported combined. The country has three international airports (in Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar and Dire Dawa), and there are domestic airports in all administrative centers and a number of large cities. The establishment of civil aviation was made possible by loans provided to Ethiopia by the US Export-Import Bank and the American Development Fund. Other types of transport services include intercity bus routes and boat transportation on lakes Tana and Abaya and along the river. Baro. After Eritrea left Ethiopia in May 1993, the country lost the ports of Massawa and Assab on the Red Sea. However, the Eritrean government granted Ethiopia the right to use the Assab port for humanitarian aid to the famine-stricken and foreign trade operations.

Part of Ethiopia's modernization was the expansion of domestic telephone communications. The first telephone lines were laid under Emperor Menelik II and subsequently, especially during the Italian occupation, the telephone network was significantly expanded. Since the early 1950s, telephones and telegraphs have connected Ethiopia with the rest of the world.

At the time of independence (1964) Zambia had one railway line and a single paved road. In 2003, the total length of railways was 2.24 thousand km. Two main railway lines of the Zambia Railways network cross the country from north to south and connect with National Railways Zimbabwe. The total length of highways in 2003 was 68.8 thousand km, including 7.3 thousand km of main paved highways. In 1997, the government began implementing an extensive 10-year road construction program financed by the World Bank. In 2003, the country had more than 100 airports, airfields and runways. The international airport (opened in 1967) is located 22.5 km from Lusaka. External and domestic air passenger and transport services are carried out by private airlines. Zambia has a port called Mpulungu, located on Lake Tanganyika.

Railways and roads Kenya concentrated mainly in the south of the country. The main railway line runs from Mombasa, a deep-water port on the Indian Ocean, through Nairobi to Uganda. There are also several side lines, the total length of railways is about 3 thousand km. The main cities are connected by a network of roads, passable at any time of the year, with a total length of 70 thousand km (10% are paved). The highway connects Nairobi with the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. International airports are located in the vicinity of Nairobi and Mombasa. In 1996, the national airline Kenya Airways was privatized and incorporated into KLM Airlines in order to expand its air service network.

IN Somalia There is a developed network of roads, mostly without hard surfaces. The main road links Mogadishu and Hargeisa. Mogadishu has an international airport. The main seaports are Mogadishu, Berbera and Kismayo.

Total length of roads Tanzania is 90 thousand km, of which 18 thousand km are paved. The length of the railways is 3.5 thousand km. The largest seaports in Tanzania are Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Coastal shipping is developed along the coast. There are three international airports - Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar.

Roads Uganda, once the envy of other African countries, fell into disrepair by the end of the 1980s. International financial organizations have provided funds to restore the destroyed road network. The total length of paved roads is 2.8 thousand km, dirt roads are 23.7 thousand km. The main railway links Kampala with the copper ore mining center of Kasese in the west, the cities of Jinja (with a copper smelter) and Tororo in the east, and the port of Mombasa on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. Construction of its northern branch from Tororo to Pakwach, located on the river. Albert Nile near the lake Albert, was completed only in 1964. By 1999, all passenger train services except the route from Kampala to Kenya were suspended. Delivery of the country's export cargo from the port of Mombasa is carried out both by road and rail.

The only international airport is located near Kampala in Entebbe. In 1976, after the liquidation of the regional airline East African Airlines, the national airline Uganda Airlines was created. Lakes Victoria, Albert and Kyoga are well-travelled, but communication between settlements Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, located on the shores of lake. Victoria, in recent years has been associated with considerable difficulties due to the rapid overgrowing of its water area with hyacinths, especially within the ports.

Uganda's information network is underdeveloped, but is expanding rapidly. In 1986-1996 number postal items within the country increased by 50% and reached 6.8 million, the number of letters abroad - by 20%, reaching 3.3 million. During the same period, the number of telephone subscribers increased by 30%, to 76.5 thousand. In 1993, 1 thousand population had only one telephone. There is a growing independent press in the country, almost entirely concentrated in Kampala. The largest circulation of 40 thousand copies is the daily newspaper New Vision, published in English. This state-owned publication is given greater freedom in the presentation of editorials and other materials. The first issue of the newspaper was published in 1986. Its main competitor is the English-language daily Monitor, with approximately the same number of readers. The leading newspaper in the Mpanda language is Munno, published since 1911.

African countries: list of states in the Southern region

South Africa retains memories of the colonial period. On its territory it was developed nuclear weapon, which the government then abandoned. It includes the following countries:

Zimbabwe;
Mozambique;
Comoros;
Seychelles;
Mauritius Island;
Reunion;
Madagascar;
Lesotho;
Botswana;
Swaziland;
Namibia.

The largest country on this earth is the Republic of South Africa (RSA). Almost the entire population of the Southern Region lives and works there. There are 11 officially accepted languages in this territory. Ethnic composition South Africa is a diverse group of numerous religious affiliations.

The proximity of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean makes South Africa attractive for tourism. The southern part of the continent is warm and humid all year round. But the climate is temperate, so the heat is tolerated quite easily.

African countries: list of states in the Western region

The humid and windy climate of West Africa is directly dependent on the capricious trade winds. This territory consists of the following countries:

Sierra Leone;
Senegal;
Benin;
Burkina Faso;
Gambia;
Ghana;
Togo;
Guinea;
Guinea-Bissau;
Cape Verde;
Cameroon;
Mauritania;
Nigeria;
Niger;
Mali;
Liberia;
Cote d'Ivoire;
Saint Helena Islands.

The Western region is home to many African languages. On its territory, oral folklore is still valued today. And ceremonial dances are included in the program of every significant holiday.

The natural border of this land in the east is the Cameroon Mountains. In the south of the region itself the legendary Sahara Desert begins. And in the west, the natural border is formed by the Atlantic Ocean.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria several years ago received the status of the largest oil producer. Most of the population speaks several dialects at once. There are 527 officially recognized languages in this country. Among them there are 11 “dead” dialects; English and several other languages of the local ethnic group are taught in state schools.

Abuja is the Nigerian capital, chosen by the government as the most ethnically neutral place in the Western region. After the completion of the main stages of construction in 1976, Abuja received the status of the main city of Nigeria instead of the overcrowded Logos.

African countries: list of countries in the Northern region

A significant part of the Northern region is occupied by the sands of the Sahara Desert. The largest states in the world border the endless sandy sea. African continent:

Sudan;
Tunisia;
Algeria;
Morocco;
Libya;
SADR;
Egypt.

The Mediterranean natural area is considered very comfortable for living. Therefore, large tourist sites of the African continent are located there, which are known throughout the world.

The economy of this region is more good condition than in other parts of Africa. The proximity of Europe affects not only the development of the region, but also its cultural heritage.

Tunisia is a country that has the most competitive economy of all African countries. Tunisia is home to about 10 million people, most of whom speak Arabic. Almost the entire population of the northern state professes Islam. The Mediterranean climate makes Tunisia an important tourism sector. The culture of the country contains many diverse trends that are organically woven into daily life Tunisian people.

African countries: list of states in the Eastern region

To the East of the mysterious Nile there are several countries that make up the Eastern Region. Among them are such states as:

Ethiopia;
Eritrea;
Uganda;
Tanzania;
Somalia;
Mayotte;
Kenya;
Djibouti;
Zambia;
Comoros;
Malawi.

The climate of Eastern Africa is arid in the central regions. But on the coast it quickly changes to tropical. Former colonists set state boundaries quite arbitrarily. Due to the fact that cultural and religious trends were not taken into account, the development of the Eastern region is happening at a very slow pace.

Kenya is not only a favorite destination for tourists, but also a place that has amazing flora and fauna. In Kenya there are a large number of nature reserves that are protected international organization UNESCO.

In Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, people speak English and the local dialect Swahili. For a long time this country was a British colony.

African countries: list of states of the Central region

The following states are located in the heart of Africa:

Angola;
Congo;
Sao Tome;
Equatorial Guinea.

These countries are endowed with a subequatorial climate. Thanks to the extensive river system, it is there that you can see endless forests consisting of evergreen and deciduous trees.

The Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in mineral resources. This circumstance several centuries ago contributed to the emergence of the African “gold” rush in the country.

The capital of the country with the unusual name Brazzaville is quite developed in terms of education. The literacy rate of the population there reaches 82%. The state's economy is based on oil production and agriculture. The cultural sector is represented by folk art. The direction of contemporary art is also well developed.

All African countries, the list of which is given above, are considered officially recognized states. Meanwhile, many territories of the African continent have recently embarked on the path of international recognition and are not yet real states. But still they have symbols boundaries on some maps.

Anthropologists call Africa the cradle of civilization. According to research, human culture first appeared there. It’s paradoxical, but in the place where all living things originated, there are still corners where no human has set foot. Out of 29 million square meters only a small part is inhabited by people. The rest of the area is deserts and tropical forests. African fauna is unique. found nowhere else on this continent.

Exploring the countries of Africa, the list of which is so diverse, it is difficult to imagine that the Sahara Desert occupies an area larger than the entire territory of the United States. Also, half of the world’s gold is mined on the continent. And the name of this part of the world comes from one of the most ancient tribes, “Afri”.

The article contains general information about the East Africa region. Forms an idea of the socio-economic situation in this part of the continent. Indicates the reasons that hinder the development and growth of the territory from an economic point of view.

East Africa

The area of the region is 7.7 million square meters. km. The population of the region is close to 200 million people.

Rice. 1. Map of the region.

The list of East African countries includes:

Sudan;
Ethiopia;
Eritrea;
Djibouti;
Somalia;
Kenya;
Rwanda;
Uganda;
Burundi;
Tanzania;
Malawi;
Zambia.

East Africa is not on the list of regions that are rich in natural resources.

The states of this part of the continent act rather as large producers and suppliers of coffee to the world market. Tea is also grown here, and sisal and cotton are produced. Leather production and raw material extraction are developed here. Somalia and Djibouti contain 1/4 of all pastures. To supply the domestic market in the region, they grow:

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millet,
sorghum,
corn,
legumes,
sweet potato,
cassava

Rice. 2. Pastures of East Africa.

In this part of the continent there are enterprises for the primary processing of agricultural and livestock products, as well as food and light industries.
Interesting: East Africa is recognized by anthropologists around the world as the cradle of all humanity.

East African states

In the past, the territorial boundaries of the main part of the states of East Africa were once introduced by the colonial powers in an arbitrary manner. Natural ethnic and cultural boundaries were not taken into account. Because of this, the overall development of the entire region was significantly complicated.

In many states, civil armed conflicts have raged for many decades. The reason for this is religious and ideological differences.
Interesting: A number of East African countries formed a customs union in 1967, which was called the “East African Community”.

Rice. 3. Economic map of the region.

East Africa contains 17 sovereign states.

Four language groups have become widespread here.

East Africa is considered one of the most problematic regions of the continent. Here common occurrence are: infectious diseases, hunger, low socio-economic level of population development.

Most of the states in the region are once former colonies of European powers. They received sovereignty only in the 60s of the last century. The detachment of developed countries regarding the issue of investing in the economic sector of East Africa significantly slows down progress in the economy of the entire region.

What have we learned?

From the article we found out the features of the economic development of the region. We established which factors have the greatest influence on the dynamics of the functioning of certain industries characteristic of East Africa. Found out when eastern region the continent gained independence from colonial influence on the main spheres of life.

East Africa

East Africa.
Physical card.

East Africa, a natural country in the equatorial and subequatorial latitudes of eastern Africa, between the Ethiopian Highlands in the north, the Congo Basin in the west and the lower reaches of the river. Zambezi in the south. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. Into the limits V.A. includes Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi. In a broad sense, it also includes the Ethiopian Highlands and Ethiopia and Djibouti located within it. For relief V.A. characterized by a predominance of mountains and plateaus. Most of the territory is occupied by the East African Plateau (height more than 1000 m), broken by tectonic faults (see). There is a complex combination of elevated basement plains, deep and narrow fault basins, limited by block mountain scarps, lava plateaus and isolated volcanic cones. IN V.A. the highest (over 5000 m) peaks of the continent are located: Kilimanjaro, Kenya, Rwenzori. Along the coasts there are strips of coastal lowlands.

The climate is equatorial and subequatorial, seasonally humid, hot (at an altitude of 15002000 m warm, above cool). IN V.A. The largest and most abundant rivers in Africa originate: the Nile, Congo (Zaire), Zambezi, there are many large lakes lying in fault depressions (Tanganyika, Nyasa, Rudolf, etc.) or filling shallow depressions within the basement plains (Lake Victoria). The vegetation is dominated by various types of savannas and woodlands; in the high mountains there is a change in altitudinal zones (from mountain forest to African varieties of subalpine and alpine zones). Rich and diverse fauna V.A.(especially the fauna of large mammals - elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, zebra, antelope, etc.). Large national parks and.

Typical East African landscape (with umbrella acacia).

Encyclopedic reference book "Africa". - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief Editor An. A. Gromyko. 1986-1987 .

See what "East Africa" is in other dictionaries:

East Africa- East Africa is a geographical term covering the countries of Africa east of the Nile excluding Egypt. To them from... Wikipedia

EAST AFRICA- the eastern part of Africa in equatorial and subequatorial latitudes. Most of the East. Africa occupies the East African Plateau. The climate is hot, seasonally humid, with precipitation ranging from 500 to 3000 mm per year. In the East Africa is one of the largest in the world... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

East Africa- — EN East Africa A geographic region of the African continent that includes Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia, and also Mt. Kilimanjaro and Lake... ... Technical Translator's Guide

East Africa- the eastern part of Africa in equatorial and subequatorial latitudes. Most of East Africa is occupied by the East African Plateau. The climate is hot, seasonally humid, with precipitation ranging from 500 to 3000 mm per year. East Africa has one of the largest... encyclopedic Dictionary

East Africa- a natural country covering the eastern part of Africa in equatorial and subequatorial latitudes between the Ethiopian Plateau in the north, the Congo Basin in the west, the lower reaches of the Zambezi in the south and the Indian Ocean in the east. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

East Africa- 1) British (see Great Britain) and 2) German (see Germany) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

East Africa- a natural country in eastern Africa. Within the East Africa is located in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. M.: Rosman. Under… … Geographical encyclopedia

East Africa- (East Africa) World War 2 After Aug. 1941 15 thousandth English garrison located in Somalia was forced to evacuate the country, Gen. Wavell developed with gene. Sir William Platt and Sir Alan Cunningham plan to... ... Encyclopedia of Battles of World History

Italian East Africa- Africa Orientale Italiana colony ← ... Wikipedia

German East Africa- Deutsch Ostafrika Colony of Germany ← ... Wikipedia

Books

East Africa: Tanzania, None. Africa is a huge continent of the Earth, which is washed on all sides by the waters of the world ocean: the Atlantic, Indian and Mediterranean Sea. Previously, the mainland was connected to Asia by Suez...

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