Health of student youth. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. Analysis of the health status of students
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TO HEALTH AS A SOCIAL VALUE.
1.1. Sociological analysis of scientific ideas about health from the standpoint of a social value approach.
1.2. Social conditionality of students' health as a subject area of research.
1.3. Regional factors and their impact on changes in the health status of student youth.
CHAPTER 2. HEALTH IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUES OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE KHABAROVSK KRAI.
2.1. Sociological analysis of the value attitude of students to their health.
2.2. Attitude to health in individual strategies and behavioral practices of students.
2.3. The role of higher education in the formation of an effective system of health saving.
Recommended list of dissertations
The value of health in the structure of orientations of students-gamers 2010, candidate of sociological sciences Gainullina, Elina Nurovna
Practices of self-preserving behavior of student youth: a sociological analysis 2010, candidate of sociological sciences Ushakova, Yana Vladimirovna
The social value of a healthy lifestyle of student youth in modern Russian society 2007, Candidate of Sociological Sciences Kirilyuk, Oksana Georgievna
Physical culture and health-improving activity as a social factor in the formation of the health of modern students 2007, candidate of sociological sciences Kozina, Galina Yurievna
The specificity of the attitude of Russian students to health in the sociostructural context 2007, candidate of sociological sciences Gafiatulina, Natalya Khalilovna
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "The health of students as a social value: a regional aspect: on the materials of the Khabarovsk Territory"
Relevance of the research topic and problem statement. The transformation of modern Russian society, the change in the basic principles of life activity form new social practices of modern student youth, adequate to the nature and content of the loads associated with the complication of social life, the change in its rhythm. Diversity and diversification of modern patterns of behavior initiate a change in the basic values, orientations and strategies of behavior in the student environment. Priority social values are high income, education, professional career. The interests and values of young people are currently associated mainly with technology, information technology, which form an artificial habitat.
Possession. These attributes appear to be a kind of socio-psychological phenomenon of actors' consciousness, acquiring the features of a kind of utopia, which is based on high material well-being and success in life, achieved at any cost, while significant natural life values, including health, are displaced.
At the same time, health remains the most important value, and its integral indicator is the end result of the effective functioning of all social systems. The state of health of student youth is one of the most important generalizing parameters of the health of the nation, the high status of which among other indicators is determined on the following grounds: students represent the potential of the country's qualified labor resources, and are also the intellectual potential of society. Student youth is also considered as a population resource, which is a factor not only for the well-being, but also for the security of the country and its regions. So, for example, in the context of the demographic specifics of the Khabarovsk Territory, the health of young people is seen not only as a value, but also as a geopolitical resource for the preservation of this region of Russia.
At the same time, according to the statistical indicators of medical examinations from 2008 to 2010, the incidence of university students in the Khabarovsk Territory increased by 37.7%. Among first-year students 85.2% have health problems. The number of diagnosed chronic diseases has increased by 1.6 times over the past three years1.
An analysis of sociological studies of the value attitude of student youth of the Khabarovsk Territory to their health and a healthy lifestyle showed that 70.3% of respondents consider health to be the determining factor in the life support of a modern person. Despite the fact that health occupies a dominant position in the hierarchy of student youth values, 52% of respondents rated its condition as satisfactory or poor. Every third student has 2-3 diseases, 86.1% would like to improve their health by choosing behavior that is consistent with a healthy lifestyle.2
The definition of social attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle involves taking into account the heterogeneity of the studied cohort, which includes groups with a peculiar structure of motivations and perception of reality. Modern social realities require a qualitative understanding of the place and role of health in the value system of student youth. In assessing health as a social value, its vital significance and biological content dominated. Sociocultural factors of the 21st century, their development put forward the social component to the leading place in the assessment of health. Underestimation of this trend at the individual and social levels leads to the devaluation of health. The sociological theory of values is of great importance for ensuring a systematic and integrated approach to the problem of health. Such a view of the problem will open up the possibility of a comprehensive analysis of the value determinants of the studied category of young people.
1 The results of medical examinations of university students in Khabarovsk for 2008-2010 // Current archive of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Territory
2 Analytical report on the results of the sociological study "Health of students", 2009 (n=646) gene. the totality - students of universities of the Khabarovsk Territory (DVLGS, FESGU, TOGU). The type of sample is quota in the context of four characteristics: iol, course, specialty, form of education. Supervisor - Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor Bankov N.M. Far East Academy of Public Administration
In general, when analyzing health in the value system of university students, a contradiction was identified between, on the one hand, the need to improve it, reflected in the main program state documents, on the other hand, the real situation, demonstrating that the expected improvement does not occur, but, on the contrary, the health of all categories the country's youth is steadily deteriorating.
An analysis of the problem under study also shows that there is a dissonance between the value of health declared and perceived by students and real behavioral practices that are weakly oriented towards its preservation and strengthening.
Thus, the relevance of the topic is determined by the demand for sociological analysis and research of new approaches to understanding the essence of health as a universal value, based on its high significance, responsibility for preservation, substantiation of the patterns of the relationship between individual health and the health of society as a single system.
The degree of scientific development of the topic.
An analysis of the literature and publications devoted to the problems of the value of the health of the population shows that interest in this topic has appeared among scientists for a long time, and has recently been growing.
A significant contribution to the development of a sociological understanding of the values of the individual, various social groups was made by such scientists as M. Weber, E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, R. Merton, P. Sorokin and others3.
In our country, one of the first researchers dealing with the problems of values were V.A. Vasilenko, I.S. Narsky. Also among domestic scientists, it should be noted V.P. Tugarinova, V.A. Ddova, O.G. Drobnits-whom, N.I. Lapina, A.G. Zdravomyslova, and others. Various methods for studying values were proposed by M. Rokeach, V.A. -Yadov, Sh. Schwartz.
3 Weber M. Selected works / translated from English. M.: Progress, 1990. 808 e.; Durkheim E. Sociology. Its subject, method, purpose / per. from French M. : Kanon, 1995. 352 e.; Parsons T. Functional theory of measurement // American sociological thought: texts / ed. IN AND. Dobrenkov. M. : MGU, 1994. 496 e.; Merton R Social structure and anomie // Sociology of crime (Modern bourgeois theories). M. : Progress, 1996. S. 299-313; Sorokin P.A. Causes of war and conditions of peace // Sociological research. 1993. No. 12. pp.140-148. 5
The object of sociological understanding of health is represented in the works of the classics of sociology T. Parsons, E. Durkheim, R. Merton and others.
Assessing the degree of scientific development of the topic, we note that in the literature there have been many attempts to define the concept of "health". At present, many different definitions and approaches to its understanding have been formed in terms of direction, structure and content, which is due to the complexity of this phenomenon, the characteristic and significant aspects of which are difficult to express unambiguously. A number of scientists, such as S.Ya. Chikin, G.I. Tsaregorodtsev, Yu.P. Lisitsyn, adhere to a functional approach in understanding "health", which implies the need for health to effectively perform their roles and functions. Others (A.M. Izutkin, V.D. Zhirnov, P.D. Tshtsenko, L.G. Matros) consider health from the point of view of the biosocial approach through the dialectical unity of the biological and the social. A.F. Serenko, V.V. Ermakov, V:P. Petlenko; HELL. Stepanov, O.A. Egorov and others understand health as a state of normality, the absence of disease or pathology. This category is also considered as a dynamic balance of the organism and environmental factors (V.P. Kaznacheev, M.S. Bedny, D.D. Venediktov, I.I: Brekhman
The value-social approach, according to which health is a fundamental value, and is necessary for the successful existence of an individual and society as a whole, was formulated by M. Popov and M. Mikhailov, as well as by domestic specialists A.M. Izutkin,
A.F. Polisom, A.B. Sakhno, Yu.P. Lisitsyn, V.P. Petlenko, I.S. Larionova,
B.M. Dimov4.
Considering various factors affecting the health of the population (socio-economic: Yu.V. Shilenko, I.V. Korkhova, Yu.I. Borodin, D.D., Venediktov, V.S. Tapilina, M.S. Bedny; socio-psychological, behavioral: A. I. Antonov, I. V. Zhuravleva, L. S. Shilova, N. V. Lakomova, A. E. Ivano
4 Lisitsyn Yu.P., Sakhno A.V. Human health is a social value. M. : Thought, 1988; Larionova I.S. Philosophy of health. M. : Gardarnki, 2007. 233 e.; Shchedrin, A.G. Ontogeny and health theory: methodological aspects / A.G. Shchedrin. Novosibirsk, 1989.; Dimov V.M. Health as a social problem // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 1999. No. b. wa; environmental: Sosunova I.A., E.I. Shevaldin; cultural, demographic: I.B. Nazarova, O.S. Kopina, A.E. Korolkov), recently scientists have almost unanimously singled out social factors as the main ones. At the same time, the impact on the health of the population of various types of factors is adjusted depending on regional conditions. The role of social institutions in the field of health is reflected in the works of I.V. Zhuravleva, E.V. Dmitrieva, O.A. Shapovalova5 and others.
The need to study the attitude of a person to his health, self-preserving behavior was put by such scientists as A.I. Antonov, E.M. Andreev, V.P. Tugarinov, M.S. Bednym, Yu.P. Lisitsyn, V.M. Dimov, I.V. Zhuravleva, L.S. Shilova, E.V. Dmitrieva, V.Ya. Shklya-ruk and others6. All authors came to the conclusion about the relatively low level of health preservation among young people and knowledge about it. In this regard, issues related to the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the education of a value attitude to health are of particular relevance (T.A. Kotova, V.A. Medic, A.M. Osipov, Z.N. Litvinova, O.G. Kirshpok, N. I. Belova, O. N. Mikhailova)7.
In the domestic sociological science, such researchers as V.I. Chuprov, Yu.A. Zubok, V.I. Dobrynina, I.M. Ilyinsky, Yu.R. Vishnevsky, V.T. Lisovsky, T.M. Polyakova, I.N. Staroverova, V.N. Tkachev, A.I. Kovaleva, T.V. Kovaleva, S.I. Grigoriev, V.N. Shubkin and others8. Singling out student youth as a specific socio-demographic group, B. Rubin, Yu. Kolesnikov, A.N. Semashko, L.Ya. Rubina, T.V. Ishchenko, A.S. Panarin represent her as a reserve
5 Zhuravleva I.V. Attitude to the health of the individual and society. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - 238 e.; Dmitrieva E.V. Sociology of health: methodological approaches and communication programs. - M.: Center, 2002.
6 Antonov A.I. Experience in researching attitudes towards health and life expectancy // Social problems of health and life expectancy - M., 1989. ; Zhuravleva I.V. Self-preserving behavior and health // Problems of demographic development of the USSR. - M., 1988.
7 Medic, V.A. University students: lifestyle and health / V.A. Medic, A.M. Osipov. - M. : Logos, 2003. - 200 e.; Kirilkzh O.G. Social value of a healthy lifestyle of student youth in modern Russian society: Diss. Candidate of Social Sciences M., 2007. 160 p.
8 Chuprov V.I., Zubok Yu.A. Youth in social reproduction: problems and prospects. M., 2000.; Lisovsky, V.T. They live in the 21st century. / V.T. Lisovsky // Aurora. 1996. No. 11-12. pp. 21-29. intelligentsia9. Passing through a special stage of socialization, students form a certain system of values. The value system of student youth has been analyzed by many researchers: M.E. Dobruskin, V.T. Lisovsky, H.A. Zhuravleva and others10. N.M. Baikov, Yu.V. Berezutsky and others. Sociological studies on the subject of health problems in the youth environment are reflected in the works of I.V. Zhuravleva, L.S. Shilova, N.Kh. Gafiatulina, G.A. Ivakhnenko, O.G. Kirilyuk, G.Yu. Kozina, A.A. Kovaleva and others11.
With all the variety of works devoted to the health of the entire population in general, and student youth in particular, the issues of forming a value attitude to health among young people have not been sufficiently reflected. And in the conditions of regional specifics, in order to form full-fledged labor and population resources of the region in the future, its further successful development, it is necessary to search for effective mechanisms for the formation of not a declarative value of health, but supported by appropriate behavior. Identification of various life strategies of students, analysis of value orientations and attitudes will allow us to develop a system of influences on the social parameters of their lifestyle.
The purpose of the dissertation research is to identify the attitude of student youth to health as a social value, taking into account regional characteristics.
The implementation of this goal involves the solution of a number of research tasks:
Analysis and systematization of theoretical approaches to the study of the social and value attitude of students to their health and orientations towards a healthy lifestyle;
9 Rubin B, Kolesnikov Yu. A student through the eyes of a sociologist. Rostov-on-Don, 1997. - 571 e.; Semashko A.H. Artistic needs of students: ways and means of their formation: abstract of Ph.D. diss. Dnepropetrovsk, 1969. 34 e.; Ishchenko T.B. The place of students in the social structure of society. Tomsk, 1970. 143 p.
10 Zhuravleva H.A. Dynamics of life orientations of the individual in Russian society. - M. : Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006. - 335 e.; Dobruskin, M.E. Student - who is he? / M.E. Dobruskin // Sociological research. - 1994. -. No. 8-9.-0.79-88.
11 Zhuravleva I.V. Adolescent health: a sociological analysis. M. : Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2002. 240 e.; Gafiatulina N.Kh. Health as a social value among young students. South-Ros. state University of Economics and Civil Engineering, Rostov Academy of Service. Rostov-n/D, 2009. 166 p.
Identification of the main factors affecting the health of university students at the regional level in the context of increasing socio-economic differentiation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Studying the characteristics of value orientations of university students in the Khabarovsk Territory, determining the place of health in their structure, identifying types of behavioral strategies and practices in the context of a culture of self-preserving behavior;
Determination of priority directions for the development of universities in the formation of students' needs for health improvement and physical improvement in the context of the transition of regional universities to a two-level system of higher professional education.
The object of the dissertation research are students of universities of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The subject of the study is the formation of the value attitude of students of higher educational institutions to their health, taking into account social changes and regional characteristics.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of the classics of sociology, who made a great contribution to the development of the problems of the values of the individual and social groups, as well as works whose object is the theoretical understanding of health (M. Weber, E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, R. Merton, P. Sorokin, R. Merton, I. Hoffman).
When studying the attitude of young people to health, self-preserving behavior, the author was based on modern sociological concepts presented in the works of I.V. Zhuravleva, L.S. Shilova, A.I. Antonova and DR
The theoretical basis of the dissertation work was modern research material: monographs, articles of scientific and practical conferences, Internet resources devoted to the significance of the problem of the state of health of the population and students.
The empirical basis of the dissertation was the results of sociological research obtained personally by the author or with his direct participation, as well as a secondary analysis of research:
1. Research "Health of students", 2009 (n=646) gene. the population is students of universities of the Khabarovsk Territory (DVAGS, FESGU, TOGU). The type of sample is quota in the context of four characteristics: gender, course, specialty, form of education. Scientific adviser - Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor Baikov N.M. Far East Academy of Public Administration. Head of the field research - Khalikova G.S.
2. Sociological study "Students' attitude to health" May-June 2010. Sampled population: students of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Far Eastern Academy of Public Administration" n = 297, type of sampled population: quota according to the characteristics of the course. Far East Academy of Public Administration. Scientific supervisor Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Shkurkin A.M. Head of the field research - Khalikova S.S.
3. Youth of the Khabarovsk Territory: problems and prospects (1997, 2000, 2005, 2007 and 2009) The general population consisted of young people from the Khabarovsk Territory of three age groups - 17, 24 and 29 years old. The sample size was 550-700 respondents. Sample type - multi-stage, quota - in the context of three main characteristics (sex, age, area of residence), random, at the stage of selecting respondents. Scientific supervisors - d.s.s., professor N;M. Baikov, Ph.D., Associate Professor Yu.V. Be-rezutsky.
4. Research "Specificity and problems of the state of youth potential in the Khabarovsk Territory", 2008 (schoolchildren n=649, students n=580). The general population consisted of two social groups of young people: high school students (10-11 grades) of educational schools in the Khabarovsk Territory and junior students (1-3 years) of universities in the Khabarovsk Territory. Scientific adviser - Ph.D., Yu.V. Berezutsky. Far East Academy of Public Administration.
The reliability and validity of the data obtained is confirmed by their compliance with theoretical and methodological provisions that reveal the social conditioning of students' attitudes to health as a social value by modern methods of sociological analysis, as well as by repeated scientific and practical approbation of the work.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research:
1. It has been established that the “students' health” construct contains a value basis, which makes it possible to identify the interdependence of the health of the individual and the health of society, subject to a consistent transition from the dominance of its physical component to the social one.
2. A system of factors has been identified that determines the value attitude of students to health in the physical, spiritual and social aspects of life, taking into account regional characteristics.
3. The hierarchy of value orientations of student youth * of the Khabarovsk Territory was determined, the types of health-saving behavior strategies in the context of a culture of self-preservation were identified: active-preserving, risky, indifferent.
4. Conceptual approaches have been identified in which higher educational institutions most fully ensure the implementation of the health saving of students in the context of the transition to a two-level education system in such areas as: theoretical training, practical training, cultural and mass, sports and recreational work and the creation of a system of constant assessment and analysis health of students in the form of monitoring.
The main provisions for defense:
1. Health, being a universal value, allows a person to satisfy physical, spiritual and social needs, to realize his human potential. The value approach requires taking into account the motivational and personal attitude of the individual to health, which, as a value, is not always recognized by a person and, as a rule, has a latent character. The systematization of various approaches made it possible to propose an algorithm for the formation and study of health as a social value, including three main blocks: 1 - backbone (social institutions, social structure, territorial features); 2 - individual value (individual's attitude to health and individual strategies); 3 - information-analytical block (measurement and analysis of information).
2. The institutional environment that affects health and attitudes towards it as a social value is under the corrective influence of the external environment of the region. A reflected indicator of the quality of the natural habitat is the health of the population, which, to a certain extent, is a comprehensive indicator of the development of the socio-economic potential of the territory. Environmental pollution, the quality of drinking water and food, the lower level of development of health care and social infrastructure in comparison with most subjects of the Russian Federation do not allow to fully realize the needs for maintaining health as the highest social value; create a shortage of such opportunities. This feature of the regionalization of the institutional environment increases the migratory mood of the students, which practically devalues the very possibility of solving the problem of forming a stable population in the Far Eastern territories, which is currently dominant.
3. In the structure of life values, health takes the first place, first of all, as an instrumental value. Despite this, the analysis of the behavioral practices of students of Khabarovsk universities reveals a contradiction between the declared values and real behavioral strategies. The dominant individual strategy of behavior associated with students' attitude to health is riskogenic, formed in the absence of stable stereotypes of a healthy lifestyle at present.
4. One of the directions for the successful transition of Russian higher education to a two-level system of vocational training is the development by universities of a holistic concept of continuous health-saving education, where the process of preserving and strengthening health should be considered in two directions: in the implementation of external socio-cultural needs for health as a condition of physical, psychological and social well-being and in the realization of the internal needs of the individual, associated with the responsibility for the existence of the integrity of one's being, taking into account age and individual typological characteristics.
Theoretical and "practical significance of the study. The paper considers theoretical approaches to the concepts of "value", "health"; systematizes regional factors influencing student youth. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research can be used in the educational process of universities in the preparation of general educational programs and organizations dealing with youth issues.And also be taken into account when drawing up programs at the municipal, regional levels aimed at developing the youth potential of the region.Scientific and practical results and methodological tools of the dissertation can also be used in teaching academic disciplines: "Sociology of Youth", "Sociology of Education ”, “Sociology of health”.
Approbation of the obtained results. The results of the dissertation research were discussed at international, all-Russian and regional scientific and practical conferences, including the International Scientific and Methodological Conference "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Personnel Training in a Modern University: Russian and Foreign Experience" (Khabarovsk, 2009), VSH All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference young researchers, graduate students and applicants "Economics, management, society: history and modernity" (Khabarovsk, 2010), HP competition for young scientists "Scientific potential of young scientists for the development of the region" (Khabarovsk, 2010), IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Youth East of Russia: history and modernity" (Khabarovsk, 2009, 2011), regional scientific and practical conference "State of health and lifestyle of students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions" (Khabarovsk, 2009), All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Teacher of higher education in context of modernization of Russian education” ( Khabarovsk, 2010), IX All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Researchers, Postgraduates and Applicants (Khabarovsk, 2011); International Scientific and Practical Conference "State, Politics, Society: Challenges and Strategic Priorities" (Yekaterinburg, 2011).
The main results, provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research were published in 13 scientific publications, including three in the journals "Power and Management in the East of Russia", "Social and Humanitarian Sciences in the Far East", recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
The structure of the dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, including six paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and scientific literature, and applications.
Similar theses in the specialty "Social structure, social institutions and processes", 22.00.04 VAK code
Sociological analysis of youth health: on the example of the youth of the Murmansk region 2010, candidate of sociological sciences Kovaleva, Alexandra Alexandrovna
Improving the management of the formation of a healthy lifestyle of young students 2007, candidate of sociological sciences Kozlov, Vadim Yurievich
Peculiarities of formation and management of self-preserving behavior of students: on the example of students of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 2011, candidate of sociological sciences Vyalov, Igor Sergeevich
Health of the population in a social context: On the example of workers of the Far Eastern Railway 2005, candidate of sociological sciences Sokolova, Tatyana Borisovna
Attitude towards health as a sociocultural phenomenon 2005, Doctor of Sociological Sciences Zhuravleva, Irina Vladimirovna
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Social structure, social institutions and processes", Khalikova, Svetlana Sergeevna
CONCLUSION
The analysis of students' attitudes towards health as a social value, taking into account the characteristics of the region (Khabarovsk Territory), allows us to draw some conclusions.
The considered theoretical approaches to the study of the value attitude to health made it possible to single out a number of characteristics that express the essence of values: values satisfy the needs of the individual; determine the normative standard of behavior;: express the significance of an object or phenomenon; often awareness of values: objects or phenomena - occurs in a situation of their deficit; values provide integration; society; arise as a result of practical activity; they are historically and individually determined. The value of health is formed when there is a need for health, which manifests itself? in the form of a need for self-preservation, is transformed as a person socializes and is expressed in self-preservation? behavior: individual and orientation^ to a healthy way of life-.
The conditionality of the formation of social values: features; historical and cultural development of society; the place and role of the individual in public life, his belonging to a social group; general level; human culture, which "is the result of the acquisition of social experience, the assimilation of moral principles and norms; age-related and psychophysiological characteristics of human development, allowed the author to highlight the features of the student's attitude; young people to health as a social value1.
The relevance of the study of this particular social group is determined by the general negative trends in the state of health of students, with the absolute importance of maintaining this potential for; successful development of the region.
The conditions of the Khabarovsk Territory necessitate a more attentive attitude to health, both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, the formation of the value of health and the habit of a healthy lifestyle. Negative factors are: severe natural and climatic conditions; remoteness from the central regions of the country; weaker infrastructure development; lagging behind the standard of living from the average Russian; environmental problems associated with poor drinking water quality, frequent forest fires, etc. For students, the above factors are exacerbated by a particular type of activity and lifestyle.
Among the factors that affect the health of students, in addition to the general ones that determine the state of health of the entire population of the region, there are specific ones that directly interact with the educational process. Among them, one can single out the low level of physical culture and valeological education of students; logistical problems associated with the learning process; large teaching loads; the presence of stressful situations, such as self-determination in the future profession, social adaptation, examination sessions; non-compliance with diet and sleep; high risk of bad habits.
Health in the system of values of students of higher educational institutions of the Khabarovsk Territory takes the first place. However, an analysis of their behavioral practices and individual behavioral strategies indicates a low actual value of health, which is instrumental in nature, and not terminal. The beliefs that exist during this period in the inexhaustibility of one’s own physical and mental resources lead to the fact that such bad habits as smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, and drugs are quite common in the student environment. A low level of interest in obtaining information about a healthy lifestyle leads to underestimation of many risk factors.The lack of regular preventive measures, physical education, sexual literacy has a negative impact on their health.In general, we can talk about a low culture of self-preservation and responsibility for their own health among university students.
The lack of sufficient attention to the formation of the value of health and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle on the part of the social institutions of the region leads to a decrease in their significance and influence on the formation of self-preserving behavior of student youth. Only an informed person who has the skills to care for health, who has the need for it and understands his own responsibility will be able to ensure the preservation of his health.
The role of higher education in the process of forming the value of health, its preservation and strengthening is not high enough. Often, the lack of financial and technical capabilities, the interest of the university leads to the fact that the adopted program activities remain only at the level of documents and are not implemented. And the ongoing one-time events, conversations, lectures are ineffective.
To improve the current situation, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive systematic work aimed at the formation of a healthy lifestyle, the value of health, and a responsible attitude towards it. The proposed health monitoring" of students will create a high-quality information base for the development of program and other activities at the level of each individual university and the region as a whole.
Thus, the purpose of the dissertation research is achieved, the tasks are disclosed.
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1The article presents the data of a literature review on the problem of the health status of students of higher educational institutions. The academic load of students of medical universities is on average 2 times higher than the load of students from humanitarian and technical universities, and health indicators for medical students are lower. Irrational nutrition, frequent stress, material and living conditions that do not meet the standards, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol, psycho-emotional tension, low level of active rest lead to a state of pre-illness. At the present stage of development of higher education, one of the priority tasks should be the prevention of pathological conditions of students. Improving existing methods of health improvement and medical rehabilitation, as well as improving the level and quality of training of personnel involved in medical and preventive activities among young people, is possible only with the joint efforts of state bodies, teaching staff of universities and the students themselves.
Keywords: students
predisease
donosology
health status
higher educational institutions.
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The state of health of students - one of the representative groups of the country's youth, is an urgent problem of modern society.
Successful training of highly qualified personnel, ensuring the sustainability of the economic development of the state, is closely related to the preservation and strengthening of health, increasing the efficiency of student youth. At the same time, ever-increasing requirements for the level of training of top-level medical specialists, due to an increase in the flow of scientific information, the introduction of innovative educational technologies, lead to an overload of students. Their psycho-emotional tension increases, the adaptive reserves of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems are depleted, and the likelihood of diseases increases.
A group of lifestyle factors, according to WHO, affects the human body in 50-55%. In particular, these are irrational nutrition, frequent stress, living and working conditions that do not meet the standards, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol, drug use, uncontrolled use of drugs, family fragility, loneliness, low cultural and educational level. The share of health care accounts for only 10-15%, this includes the timeliness of medical care, the effectiveness of preventive measures, the quality of medical care.
The scientist I.R. has been studying the influence of the educational process on the health of students for a long time. Shagin, who in many of her works indicates the personal nature of the impact on the body of students, determining this by the adaptive capabilities of the body. The author in her work substantiated that the deterioration of health directly depends on genetic components, that is, a hereditary predisposition to pathologies, but the activation of this is due to the influence of lifestyle. During their studies at the university, the health of students objectively deteriorates, by the time they graduate from the university, only 20% of graduates can be considered practically healthy.
As you know, the decline in the health of students occurs when they do not follow the principles of a healthy lifestyle. During the period of study, under the influence of the factors mentioned earlier, there is a weakening of the state of health, most students are in premorbid (premorbid) states.
Monitoring of Kazakhstani, Russian, as well as international databases (Scopus, Pub Med, Elsevier), proved that the academic load of medical students is on average 2 times higher than the load of students from technical universities. It is known that the health indicators of students of medical specialties are low when compared with the health indicators of students of humanitarian and technical specialties.
Russian researcher V.B. Mandrikov indicates a decrease in physical performance, as well as the general activity and endurance of the body of medical students.
Authors A.V. Popov, V.B. Mandrikov, I.A. Ushakova, M.P. Mitsulina, cite data that medical students have lower health indicators compared to students of other universities. According to A.V. Popov, the number of students assigned to health group I is from 23.8 to 30.0%, to II - from 32.8 to 40.0% and to III - from 30.0 to 43.4%.
The conducted studies on the dynamics of morbidity indicate an increase in the number of students with chronic pathology. There is a trend towards an increase in the incidence, both in general and for individual nosologies. Most often, students come with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), tonsillitis and bronchitis, tonsillitis. The structure of chronic pathologies is as follows: indigestion and metabolic disorders are observed everywhere (40.3%), a high prevalence of diseases of the endocrine system (35.8%), respiratory system organs (35%), eye diseases (28%), system blood circulation (26.3%), bone, muscle and connective tissue (23%), genitourinary system (7.6%).
Thus, the specifics of studying at a medical university makes even higher demands on the initial state of health of students. However, most of the research work is devoted to the study of the state of health of students of non-medical universities: pedagogical, agricultural, technical, etc. .
Physical development is a direct indicator of health, the author A.V. Shilovskaya, an analysis of her work determined that 54.6% of physical development is harmonious, disharmonious - 31.4%. Despite this, about 30% of students of medical universities belong to a special group for physical education, and 4% are completely exempt from physical education.
A survey conducted by a Kazakh researcher S.A. Batrymbetova, made it possible to establish that in the city of Semey, only 10.6% of first-year students are classified as healthy students, and in the city of Aktobe, the number of healthy first-year students is 32.6%.
The analysis of pathologies of 1st year students revealed the presence of several pathologies. One disease was registered in 44.7%, in 38.9% a combination of two, three, four or more diseases was recorded. The works of Russian scientists are analyzed, in which there is a change in the state of health of students in the direction of deterioration, by the second year. The number of cases of appeals, according to the incidence in the 2nd course, increased by 23%, and by the fourth - by 43%. The dynamics from 1st to 6th-7th year indicates a decrease in the percentage of students with health groups I and II from 48.7 to 25.2%, an increase in the number from III from 51.3 to 74.8%.
Analysis of the structure of students' visits to the doctor showed that the maximum number of visits was for students of I and II courses, most importantly with diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, genitourinary systems.
The study of the literature on this issue made it possible to identify the main diseases that occur in students, and also determined a high degree of risk of developing the following diseases: myopia, bronchitis, infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and an increase in the incidence with an increase in the duration of training. It is important that the increase in the incidence among students reduces the effectiveness of the educational process, untreated diseases, as well as those not detected during medical examinations, may be the basis for the formation of chronic pathologies that may limit the future professional activity of a young specialist.
The specific features of the lifestyle of students most often include reading, preparing for classes at night 51.3%, late dinners, before going to bed, 48.6%, problems in personal life 48.9%. A feature of gender trends is a large percentage of girls with an insufficient motor component of 46.9 - 63.6%, there are bad habits in 41.4 - 45.1% compared to boys. The way of life of young men is characterized by the presence of psycho-emotional stress 87.5 - 87.8%, little exposure to fresh air 88.9 - 90.6%, non-compliance with the sleep schedule 37.5 - 44.4%, insufficient medical initiative 19.8 - 26 .3%. Above 70% of girls and about 45% of boys do not take part in sports activities, physical activity is mainly determined by physical education classes at the university. Every third student suffering from a chronic disease attends an exercise therapy group. 64.7% of the studied students do not go in for sports at all.
Complete and rational nutrition is an important aspect of student life. So, according to the definition of the founder of the science of nutrition, Academician A.A. Pokrovsky, nutrition timely and fully satisfies the physiological needs of the body for nutrients, energy, strengthens health from various diseases, improves efficiency, provides high activity, cheerfulness for many years. Data searches in the student nutrition literature revealed problems in this area. Only a third of students follow the diet. A significant part of the students eat "snacks" on the way to the university or other places, i.e. on the go, dry 1-2 times a day. Basically, the nutrition of students is based on carbohydrates, since they are the easiest to replenish energy costs. 25% of students follow the diet, but the maximum meal happens in the evening.
According to literature data, bad habits among students are associated with stress, the complexity of the curriculum, the lack of conditions for organizing life, an established mechanism for rest, which is needed during hard work to master modern training programs.
According to N.P. Gorobei and N.I. Zhernakova, the prevalence of tobacco smoking among medical school students was 41.5% per 100 respondents; 88.5% of 100 used alcoholic beverages; 22 % of 100 respondents had experience of using drugs . Of the 41.9% of freshmen who smoke, 33.5% are girls. It was found that 49% of students use alcohol from 3 times a month to 2 times a week.
When analyzing the literary works of the researcher A.V. Shilovskaya revealed the main components of a healthy lifestyle and the percentage of their use by students, that is, systematic prevention of fatigue, and only a quarter of students carry out daily recovery after study, only 22.15% of students adhere to the correct daily regimen, 18% use hardening procedures. Active forms of recreation - sports, outdoor recreation, games and outdoor walks attract 5.3% of students. Modern students prefer passive forms of leisure to a greater extent. Listen to music, watch movies, communicate in social networks, play computer games. The mechanisms of relaxation preferred by students, forms of leisure are extremely insufficient to compensate for the costs of nervous, mental energy necessary for a successful study.
Value orientations for maintaining a healthy lifestyle have not yet received their proper place in the student's value system. A healthy lifestyle is not the norm for most students in our state. Most of the students do not eat properly, do not show the physical activity necessary for their age, do not observe the daily routine, do not use hardening elements, most often I relieve stress through bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drug addiction). Sustained hypodynamia is observed. This is of concern, since the lack of proper orientation in behavior leads to the formation of habits fixed during the time of studying at the university. Forms a gap between the real status and lifestyle of a young person, on the one hand, and the requirements of life, on the other. Poor health negatively affects the ability of students to be resistant to environmental factors, to be efficient and competitive in the conditions of their chosen professional activity. Therefore, it is necessary to activate and stimulate the influence of factors that have a positive effect, since they strengthen the state of health, and neutralize the effect of factors that adversely affect health.
The study of students' health, the factors that determine it, health care identifies not only the medical, but also the social aspect, and also determines one of the priority tasks of higher education. However, at present, most often the work related to the prevention and rehabilitation of student youth is unsystematic, there is no clear methodology, new technologies for warning and rehabilitation, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation are poorly used, and the level of material and technical base of universities is low.
The success of the rehabilitation and rehabilitation treatment of students largely depends on the organizational forms of work, methods of rehabilitation and medical rehabilitation, the level and quality of training of personnel involved in medical and preventive activities among the youth. This requires the adoption of urgent effective measures and rules to create conditions for the transition to a healthy lifestyle for each student. The development and implementation of which requires significant joint efforts of state bodies, all teaching staff of universities and the students themselves.
At present, the methods of prenosological diagnostics should take an important place in the practice of doctors and be applied to those students whom doctors consider practically healthy, but in fact they may be in a borderline state between health and illness. The ability to diagnose these conditions, prevent and eliminate them is the most important task of medical science and practical healthcare.
Conflict of interest.
No conflict of interest is declared.
Bibliographic link
Meermanova I.B., Koygeldinova Sh.S., Ibraev S.A. HEALTH STATE OF STUDENTS STUDYING IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. - 2017. - No. 2-2. – P. 193-197;URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=11244 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE STUDENTS
Keywords: Health, healthy lifestyle, student youth
keywords:Health, healthy lifestyle, students
The health of student youth is increasingly recognized as a paramount task of the state, society and all its social institutions. Student youth is not only the vanguard of youth, it is also a highly educated and highly cultured part of society, which acts as an innovative reserve and potential elite of society as a whole, which concentrates in its views and ideas the potential for future political, cultural and economic transformations in society.
Health students are increasingly recognized as a primary task of the state, society and all its social institutions. College students - is not only the vanguard of the youth, it is also a highly educated and highly cultured part of society, which acts as a reserve and innovative potential elite of society as a whole, which concentrates in their views and ideas of the potency of future political, cultural and economic change in the society.
A person's lifestyle is the main factor that determines his health. The lifestyle of a modern person is characterized by physical inactivity and hypokinesia, overeating, information overload, psycho-emotional overstrain, drug abuse, etc., which ultimately leads to the development of the so-called diseases of civilization. Diseases of modern man are primarily due to his lifestyle and everyday behavior. The increase in life expectancy by 85% is associated not with the success of medicine, but with the improvement of living and working conditions, rationalization of the population's lifestyle. In our country, 78% of men and 52% of women lead an unhealthy lifestyle.
In the way of life of a person, the struggle between the biological (the desire to have fun) and the social (reason, morality) is manifested. Depending on the predominance of certain tendencies, a person organizes his individual way of life.
Therefore, an important place in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle is occupied by the personal and motivational qualities of a given person, his life guidelines. The personal-motivational setting of a person to embody their social, physical, intellectual and mental abilities and capabilities underlies the formation of a healthy lifestyle.
A healthy lifestyle is a way of life aimed at maintaining and improving people's health as a condition and prerequisite for the existence and development of other aspects of the lifestyle.
A healthy lifestyle is all that in the behavior and activities of a person has a beneficial effect on his health. A healthy lifestyle contributes to the preservation and promotion of health and is the basis for the prevention of most diseases. According to a number of domestic and foreign researchers, the health of the population is more than 50% dependent on lifestyle.
The health status of students is mainly determined by their lifestyle. The lifestyle and activities of students have changed so much in recent years that compensatory mechanisms can hardly cope with the increased load.
Economic difficulties, reduced funding for preventive health care, passive forms of recreation, increased workload in the learning process lead to an increase in morbidity, social maladaptation of young students.
The health of student youth is a necessary condition for studying at a university. High mental and psycho-emotional stress, forced frequent violations of the regime of work, rest and nutrition, a crisis of moral values, uncertainty about their future, a change of residence and many other factors require students to mobilize forces to adapt to new conditions of living and learning, the formation of interpersonal relationships outside families and overcoming difficult life situations .
In his work, A.V. Popova and O.S. Schneider note that the desire to achieve health at the expense of any one means is fundamentally wrong, since it does not cover the whole variety of interconnections of the functional systems that form the human body, and the connections of the person himself with nature - all that ultimately determines the harmony of his life and health. Based on these prerequisites, the structure of a student's healthy lifestyle should include the following components: psychological comfort; optimal driving mode; balanced diet; rational mode of life; sexual and parental culture; preventive actions; safe behaviour.
A healthy lifestyle creates such a sociocultural microenvironment for students, in which real prerequisites arise for high efficiency, labor and social, activity, psychological comfort, the potential of students is most fully revealed, and the process of their self-improvement is actualized.
Educational institutions are called upon to form a strong attitude towards health and a healthy lifestyle at various stages of development. This setting is the leading one in the system of educating students at the university.
A healthy lifestyle largely depends on the student's value orientations, worldview, social and moral experience. Social norms, values of a healthy lifestyle are accepted by students as personally significant, but do not always coincide with the values. developed by the public mind. So, in the process of accumulation of social experience by a person, disharmony of cognitive (scientific and worldly knowledge), psychological (formation of intellectual, emotional, volitional structures), socio-psychological (social orientations, system of values), functional (skills, abilities, habits, norms of behavior) is possible. , activity, relations) processes. Such disharmony can cause the formation of asocial qualities of a person. Therefore, in the university it is necessary to ensure the conscious choice of the social values of a healthy lifestyle by the individual and to form on their basis a stable, individual system of value orientations that can ensure the self-regulation of the individual, the motivation of her behavior and activities.
The main aspects of a healthy lifestyle of student youth are the regime of work and rest, physical activity, personal hygiene, rejection of bad habits, rational nutrition, environmentally competent behavior, preventive thinking, etc.
A healthy lifestyle creates such a social microenvironment for the individual, in which real prerequisites arise for high creative dedication, working capacity, labor, educational and social activity, psychological comfort, the psychophysiological potential of the individual is most fully revealed, and the process of its self-improvement is actualized. Under the conditions of a healthy lifestyle, responsibility for health is formed in the student as part of the general cultural development, manifested in the unity of stylistic features of behavior, the ability to build oneself as a person in accordance with one's own ideas about a spiritually, morally and physically complete life.
A healthy lifestyle of student youth as a determining factor in protecting and strengthening the health of students - the conditions and prerequisites for the social activity of a young person, the completeness of the expression of his spiritual and physical strength - implies, along with ensuring the socio-economic conditions for a full-fledged life, the purposeful formation of his consciousness and behavior, appropriate health requirements.
Introducing a student to a healthy lifestyle should begin with the formation of his motivation for health. Caring for health, its strengthening should become a value motive (the meaning of life at the moment in this matter), which forms, regulates and controls the student's lifestyle. The lifestyle of each person determines his ideas about the meaning of life, attitude to the world around him, to himself, to his health.
According to the forecasts of a number of researchers, the number of students assigned to a special medical group for health reasons, i.e. categories of students with health problems can reach 50% of the total. Unfortunately, this trend will continue in the next 10-15 years, when the total loss of the labor force for 2006-2015. will be more than 10 million people. (an average of 1 million people annually).
In the factorial model of health of the new generation, lifestyle accounts for 50-55%, the ecological state of the environment - 18-20%, the role of heredity is estimated at 15-20%, health care - at 10-15%. Therefore, there is a need to study the way of life, suggesting that it is the differences in the life activity and life manifestations of people, and not their belonging to one or another formal, legitimate socio-status group, that are the main criterion for differentiation and typology of the way of life. First of all, it is necessary to have information about the attitude of young people to the surrounding reality and ongoing events, about life goals and guidelines, about pressing problems and, most importantly, about ways to solve them.
A healthy lifestyle at the student stage is the most important social factor that goes through all levels of modern society, influencing the main spheres of society's life. I would like to note that today it is the main social factor that protects against negative consequences during the transition from the stage of youth to adulthood.
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Samarin Artyom Viktorovich,Institute of Physical Culture, Tyumen State University, [email protected], 89199258882
Samarin A.V.,Institute of Physical Culture, Tyumen State University, [email protected], 89199258882
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
An analysis of the state of health of students showed that among students there is a general negative trend in the health of students, which is expressed in the fact that from the first year to graduation, the intensity of references to negative symptoms increases significantly. The annual rate of such dynamics, which is influenced by: unfavorable mental conditions, problems in studies, in relationships with others and difficulties in independently solving emerging problems, on average for the entire contingent of full-time students reaches 10%.
With regard to the conditions and lifestyle of students, it is necessary to highlight such important problems as: insufficient formation in the educational environment of positive social stereotypes related to such concepts as the value of health, a healthy person, a healthy lifestyle, risks in the field of health and life; a very wide prevalence of false stereotypes in relation to socially determined bad habits, the main feature of which is individual and mass loyalty to them; poor personal awareness of the state of health, uncritical perception of negative symptoms and health risk situations, dangerous widespread and further expansion of bad habits and socially determined diseases; insufficient general activity in using the possibilities of creative, developing and collective forms of leisure created at the university and in the local community; the signs of social maladaptation that are manifested in the student environment, the weakening of the value attitude to health, involvement in negative, asocial ties and types of life. Describing the lifestyle and health of modern students, it should be noted that satisfaction with their own health prevails in the student environment. Each student has a real opportunity to choose the forms of life activity, types of behavior that are significant for him. An analysis of the factual materials on the life of students indicates its disorder and chaotic organization. Students pay little attention to such factors as the medical activity of the population, hardening, sexual culture, despite the fact that the latter factor should be very important and significant for young people. The management of universities is increasingly paying attention to the problem of strengthening and maintaining the health of students.
One of the most important roles in the system of preserving and strengthening the health of students is played by universities, which, in turn, due to the lack of a unified program for the introduction of health-saving technologies in Russia, often replace them with preventive measures. The main disadvantage of prevention programs is the use of the same type of prevention methods - information activities, various actions, means of physical culture and sports. And the main problem in the implementation of preventive programs is insufficient attention to the empirical and theoretical basis for the development of preventive programs and the subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness.
Conceptual approaches to the formation, preservation and promotion of the health of students are used in the Russian system of higher education to maintain and develop the health of students. But there are some problems associated with the introduction of a particular theory. The first of them is the unresolved issue of the correspondence of the described theoretical models to the sociocultural characteristics of Russian youth. The second is the orientation of Russian specialists in the development and implementation of programs to the specifics of the target contingent, that is, students. The authors of the programs tend to take into account the peculiarities of students, most often on an intuitive level. This leads to the absence of specific goals and objectives of the impact and to planning based on the available methods of implementation. The third is the territorial heterogeneity of Russian students in terms of health-damaging factors. It leads to the difficulty of developing standard preventive programs for implementation in all Russian universities.
Domestic models and strategies for improving the health of students are characterized by a fairly detailed development of both the theoretical foundations of this type of social activity and applied aspects of ensuring its success. However, in terms of the practical application of the material presented, a number of problems arise that have not yet found a satisfactory solution. In the course of studying some of the theory and concept of introducing health-saving technologies in universities, it turned out that in Russia there is no unified database of social projects and programs for the formation of a healthy lifestyle. The main disadvantage of prevention programs is the use of the same type of prevention methods - information activities, various actions, means of physical culture and sports. And the main problem in the implementation of preventive programs is insufficient attention to the empirical and theoretical basis for the development of preventive programs and the subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness.
Recognizing the presence of social risk groups among full-time students, characterized by an increased risk of losing their social and physical potential (health, physical and intellectual capabilities, the quality of professional training, legal awareness, etc.), it is advisable to analyze and implement the concept of social work with students. The guidelines for such work can be the prevention and overcoming of maladaptive situations, raising awareness, improving lifestyle, eradicating social prejudices and bad habits. In the implementation of this complex activity, it is necessary to rely on modern technologies of social work with young people and, first of all, to develop their own social and organizational potential and responsibility. To improve the health status of students, it is advisable to bring primary health care and health care services closer to the conditions of everyday life, such as home, places of leisure and recreation, and, of course, the learning environment. It is important to develop and implement measures to improve students' health indicators. Preparation of targeted programs for the prevention of drug addiction, suicide, alcohol abuse, accidents among this contingent. One of the central tasks is the implementation of the WHO concept on the formation of health-promoting schools, which means that universities should also have specialized institutions created to promote and maintain health.
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..……..…...….2
Chapter 1. Characteristics of the lifestyle and health of modern students…………………………………………………………………………….5
1.1 Analysis of the health status of students……………...…5
1.2 Conditions and way of life of student youth and its features………………………………………………………………………..... 8
1.3 The role of universities in maintaining and maintaining the health of students……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17
Chapter 2
2.1. Conceptual approaches to the formation, preservation and strengthening of the health of student youth in modern conditions………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.2. Domestic models and strategies for improving the health of student youth……………………………………………………….….24
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………....33
LIST OF USED LITERATURE SOURCES ...... 37
INTRODUCTION
Students in modern Russia are a quantitative group in the social structure of the population and the most active part of the youth. In socio-economic terms, students should be considered, first of all, as a reserve of a corps of specialists, intellectual workers in most professions. Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the contingent of university students, which is taking place at a faster pace than the structure of the vocational education system. This growth was caused by the development of higher education in the direction of expanding opportunities to satisfy the right to receive higher education and the interest of universities in increasing the volume of paid educational services due to insufficient budget funding.
Students are the most dynamic social group, which is in the period of formation of social and physiological maturity, adapts well to a complex of factors of the social and natural environment, and at the same time, for a number of reasons, is at high risk of health disorders. The problem of students' health is becoming more and more urgent due to the difficulties of the socio-economic nature currently experienced by Russia. The social protection of students is low, while the specifics of age and educational work require adequate social guarantees (medical care, good nutrition, material, sports and recreational support, etc.). The state of the body and psyche, most often weakened even before the university, environmental problems, malnutrition, physical inactivity, and the generally low level of valeological culture determines that more than half of the students are unhealthy, many of them are in premorbid (premorbid) states.
The importance of studying the introduction of health-saving technologies in higher education is due to the fact that one of the main problems of student youth is the average level of academic performance due to the high percentage of morbidity. As you know, the health of the younger generation is formed under the influence of biological and social factors. The ability of their organism to maintain resistance to exogenous factors, to adapt to changing environmental conditions depends on the normal physical development, functioning of organs and systems of students. The growing flow of information, the need for deeper knowledge from specialists requires and will require more and more efforts from students. In this regard, higher education faces a number of tasks to address the issues of a rational combination of work and leisure of students, the need to improve teaching methods.
Of great interest is the question of the correlation of physical development and academic performance. However, there is still no clarity on this issue. Many authors find a connection between the violation of the geodynamics of students and the deterioration of academic performance. Other deficiencies in physical development may also affect academic performance. So, B.G. Ananev and his research have shown that the mental characteristics of underachieving students arise against the background of disorders of the central nervous system and a weakened somatic status. Other authors, on the other hand, link the progress of students mainly with the individual characteristics of the higher nervous activity of students. V.G. Bauer points out that physical culture and sports are not just the main elements of development, socially significant constructs. M.Ya. Vilensky argues that the increase in the educational potential of physical culture directly affects the formation of the personality of specialists of all profiles. According to E.M. Kozin, when considering the future professional activity of a person, it is necessary to take into account his state of health. In parallel, this problem was dealt with by such authors as: N.V. Tverskaya, A.Yu. Petrov, T.M. Rezer, V.I. Bondin. An analysis of the scientific literature on the problem of the health of student youth shows that in recent years it has become even more relevant. The papers note that the number of students of the special medical group has increased from 10 to 20 - 25%, in some universities it reaches 40%. During the study at the university, the health of students does not improve, a number of authors note its deterioration. By the second course, the number of cases of diseases increases by 23%, and by the fourth - by 43%. A quarter of students move to a lower medical group.
Chapter 1. Characteristics of the lifestyle and health of modern students.
Analysis of the health status of students
Health is the greatest social value. Good health is the main condition for a person to fulfill his biological and social functions, the foundation for self-realization of the individual. Many authors associate health with the body's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. At the same time, three groups of factors affecting a person are conditionally distinguished: a) social, b) hygienic, c) psychological. The level of health is determined by the body's ability to adapt to them.
The lack of special statistics does not allow us to fully present the state of health of students, however, data related to adolescence and the results of an analysis of the incidence of students seeking medical help give reason to consider the situation in this area as very serious. The quantitative assessment of health during mass surveys of the population has gained particular relevance in the last 20-30 years, when scientists began to use mathematical dependencies of individual quickly measured indicators and general health.
According to E.M. Kozin, when considering the future professional activity of a person, it is necessary to take into account his state of health. The efficiency of using health in the US (meaning social activities) is approximately 20%. In Russia today, such health sufficiency corresponds to working in 3-5% of cases. At the same time, it is noted that in this case, we should not just talk about the sufficiency of health in terms of longevity and sick leave, but about its effectiveness, when the innate qualities of the individual (humanitarian, mathematical, etc.) correspond to the proposal that allows you to significantly or completely restore the waste of physical, biological, psychological health used to perform labor or social activities.
The first steps towards the future professionalism of an employee begin with his training in the profession. Emphasizing the connection between health and future professional activity, B.G. Akchurin notes that physical health reflects such a degree of a student's physical development, his motor skills and abilities, which allows him to realize his creative potential to the fullest extent. Physical health is not just a desirable quality of a future specialist, but a necessary element of his personal structure, a necessary condition for building and developing social relations. The classical and rather capacious definition of health as physical, mental and social well-being needs to be corrected when it comes to professional health. In this case, indicators (elements) of psychophysical conjugation, which ensure the interaction of the biological component and the socio-technical environment, come to the fore in the interpretation of health. At the same time, some authors draw attention to the fact that health is the "most important" of the aspects of professionalism, others that it is reflected in the "psychophysical readiness of a specialist" and consists of the following components: sufficient professional performance; the presence of the necessary reserves of the physical and functional capabilities of the body for timely adaptation to rapidly changing conditions of the production and external environment, the volume and intensity of labor; the ability to fully recover within a given time limit; the presence of motivation in achieving the goal.
According to analysts, the state of health of Russian citizens already poses a real threat to national security. If no action is taken to change the situation, it can become a heavy burden for the country. In the actions of the state, as priority measures, it is planned to create an all-Russian system for monitoring, evaluating and predicting the state of health of the population, as well as the physical development of children, adolescents, and youth. Apparently, we should talk about the management of indicators that reflect the state of health of students in the process of physical education. The amount of health in this case must meet the requirements of the profession. Over the past 10-15 years, a number of higher educational institutions have developed "passports for the professional psychophysical readiness of future specialists", "health passports" and other normative indicators that make it possible to increase the health reserves of young students. All of the above only confirms that specialists in the field of physical education have been working on this problem for a long time, but a unified system for assessing and managing the reserve capabilities of the body of future specialists has not yet been found.
Health also has an economic component, which is especially relevant at the present time, so the creation of conditions for physical education should also become a production task. In the work of G.L. Apanasenko notes that for 1000 people involved in physical culture and sports, there are 318 days of disability, and not engaged in 731 days. The study of the dependence of days missed due to disability and the number of hours spent on physical culture classes made it possible to substantiate the volumes of physical culture means that are economically justified for the health of workers.
It is worth noting the fact that the overall relatively high satisfaction of students with their health in every third case does not correspond to objective indicators (the frequency of acute illnesses) and a set of fixed indicators of well-being. In general, only a quarter of students consider their health to be good. The most common signs of deviations in students' well-being are psychosomatic symptoms: fatigue during the day, drowsiness, irritability and headaches, inability to concentrate on classes that disrupt the daily learning activities of a significant part of university students, numbering from a quarter to almost half of their contingent.
Thus, the overall negative dynamics of students' health over the years of study at the university is expressed in the fact that from the first year to graduation, the intensity of references to negative symptoms increases significantly. The annual rate of such dynamics on average for the entire contingent of full-time students reaches up to 10%. At individual faculties, during the course of study, the proportion of students who refer to the diagnoses of chronic diseases established by them increases by one and a half times.
1Students belong to a special social group of the population, on the state of health of which the potential of the country depends. The state of health of students can be analyzed by several indicators: morbidity, its structure, lifestyle and quality of life. The paper presents survey data on the general incidence of student youth studying in higher educational institutions in Russia and Belarus. A comparative analysis of the structure of the general morbidity of students studying in various universities was carried out. The leading position is occupied by the pathology of the respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive systems, diseases of the eye and its adnexa, a smaller proportion are diseases of the nervous system and the circulatory system. The data obtained allow us to develop health-saving programs for student youth.
general morbidity
incidence structure
university students
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Students represent a special group of the population that is in the zone of action of many risk factors: an ever-increasing amount of information, high neuro-emotional stress during tests and examination sessions, features of life and lifestyle. The special social status of students, the specific conditions of the educational process significantly distinguish them from all other categories of the population and make this group vulnerable in terms of the formation of chronic diseases.
In this regard, there is a need to optimize the activities of universities to create a health-saving environment in an educational institution. The solution of such a complex problem is possible only by combining the efforts of all participants in the educational process. The criteria for assessing the health of students are morbidity, lifestyle and quality of life. The most objective characterization of morbidity is provided by a comprehensive study of its structure, prevalence according to the data on appealability and the results of preventive examinations.
In the structure of the general morbidity of medical students of the Voronezh Medical Academy, diseases of the eyes and adnexa were in first place (37.9%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue were in second place (15.8%), and in third and fourth place - diseases of the respiratory system (9.4%) and the genitourinary system (6.9%). After 5 years, the structure of the general morbidity changed: most of it was due to diseases of the respiratory organs - 17.0%, then - to diseases of the musculoskeletal and digestive systems - 16.6 and 10.6%, respectively.
Research by V.G. Begiev and A.N. Moskvina (2010) showed that the first place in the structure of the general morbidity of student youth is occupied by diseases of the respiratory system (439.4 ‰), the second - diseases of the digestive system (164.4 ‰), the third - diseases of the nervous system (117.7 ‰). The authors emphasize that students living in an apartment have better health indicators than students living in a hostel.
The greatest increase in the incidence among medical students of Ulyanovsk State University was registered for the following classes of diseases from 2007 to 2012: the musculoskeletal system - 7 times (from 11.9 to 85.2), the nervous system - by 28% (from 11. 2 to 15.7), endocrine system - 2 times (from 11.2 to 22.2), eyes and adnexa - by 83.4% (from 14.5 to 26.6).
According to O.I. Fomenko (2013), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (26.7%), diseases of the eyes and adnexa (20.8%) and diseases of the circulatory system (19.9%) prevailed in the structure of diseases of students of a medical university in Astrakhan.
Among the somatic pathology of students of the Institute of Civil Protection of the Udmurt State University, 9.6% had chronic gastritis, myopia of varying severity, psoriasis, obesity of the 1st degree, chronic sinusitis, 3.2% each.
Surveys by I.Yu. Galkova (2011) show that out of 1700 first-year students of the Stavropol State Medical Academy, only about 40.0% of respondents can be considered healthy. The health of senior students is deteriorating. They (25.2%) are more likely to have diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum), than junior students (6.6%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (scoliosis, dorsopathy - 20.0% and 7.5%, respectively), the nervous system - 34.0 and 10.2%, respectively.
According to the analysis of the state of health of students of the Izhevsk State Medical Academy, the largest share (65.7%) falls on diseases of the respiratory system, digestion (9.8%) and the nervous system (6.0%).
The trend of deterioration in health status was also revealed among students of the Republic of Belarus. A study of the incidence of students of the Belarusian State Medical University showed that the first place in the structure of morbidity is occupied by diseases of the respiratory system (33.4%), the second - by the nervous system and sensory organs (27.4%), the third - by the genitourinary system (10.3%). The share of diseases of the digestive system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue accounts for 5.0% each.
Thus, the deterioration of health leads, first of all, to the formation of pathology of the respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive systems in students and diseases of the eye and its adnexa, to a lesser extent - to diseases of the nervous system and circulatory system. This can serve as a basis for the development and implementation of health-saving programs for student youth both at the level of individual higher educational institutions and regions as a whole.
Bibliographic link
Kobylyatskaya I.A., Osykina A.S., Shkatova E.Yu. STATE OF HEALTH OF STUDENT YOUTH // Successes of modern natural science. - 2015. - No. 5. - P. 74-75;URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=35103 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"