In this article, I wanted to collect material that can help in obtaining both theoretical and practical skills in searching for civil defense shelters.

I will not write about how to break bars and bypass alarms, pick locks and engage in other destruction - let someone else teach you these tricks.

Well, if you have already found a shelter (and are sure that this is it) - read the article anyway to make sure you are right or find a mistake before you encounter it.

1. Introduction:
   • What is shelter and why is it needed?
   • examples of shelter plans
   • where are the shelters
   • what they are
2. Built-in shelters
   • signs of shelters under residential buildings
   • signs of shelters under institutions and industrial buildings
3. Stand-alone shelters
   • external signs
   • search by satellite maps
   • features and differences
   • typical locations
4. Search methods
   • from home (via internet)
   • in the "field" (walking and viewing from the window of transport)
5. Fundamental rules
6. Examples of objects mistaken for shelters

I. INTRODUCTION (theoretical background)

What is asylum and why is it needed?

This is clear from the name: in shelters, personnel (i.e. people) are meant to stay during certain threats, such as aggressive civil unrest, shelling, bombing, the use of nuclear or chemical weapons by the enemy, as well as earthquakes or natural disasters.

Shelters were built in the 20th century, and are being built now.

People enter the shelter through suitable entrances, through which they leave the shelter after the signal to cancel the threat. As you might guess, the bombing implies destruction, so the entrance to the shelter may be littered with the debris of any buildings and structures in the immediate vicinity. Hence the first and main rule:

EACH SHELTER HAS A MINIMUM OF TWO ENTRANCES/EXITS

Examples of shelter plans

Built-in (they have ladders for entering from the building, but also emergency exits outside the building):

Stand-alone (do not have access to buildings):

Where are the shelters located?

It is logical that since these structures are designed to shelter people, they are located where there are (or were before) people: residential buildings (residential areas), industries (factories, factories), institutions (stadiums, hotels, sanatoriums and boarding houses, hospitals, polyclinics, orphanages and kindergartens, transport facilities - railway stations and airports, secondary and higher educational institutions, etc.), military facilities.

From this, one must immediately conclude that shelters are not built in deserted places.

What are they like?

Let's immediately exclude objects like underground production, laboratories, metro systems of large cities, etc. from consideration. The admissibility of using such objects as shelters is unconditional, but we are not talking about them now.

Initially built as shelters from external threats, shelters are built-in and free-standing, as well as combined (from several blocks).

II. BUILT-IN SHELTER

The built-in shelter is located, relatively speaking, in the basement of the building. Traditionally, it has no more than one floor, at least one entrance from the building and, with almost 100% probability, at least one emergency exit (quite remote from the building - I will talk about this in more detail below).

The most widespread type of built-in shelters is under-house anti-radiation shelters. It may be provided initially, or it may be a basement converted into a shelter.

How to determine if there is a shelter under a particular apartment building?

There are several ways. The most stupid thing is to ask: at the housing office, at the concierge, at the residents of the house. A method equivalent to this is to go into the entrance and see if there is a sign

More tricky is to look with your eyes. You need to look at a few things:

1) The era of building a house. It so happened that the massive idea of ​​placing shelters under residential buildings began to overwhelm the minds of architects during the Cold War and after the Great Patriotic War. Therefore, the most common type of residential building with a shelter in the basement is the so-called "stalinka"

2) Basement windows. If the house has basement windows (all sorts of bars where cats climb, or half-windows), there is no shelter under it 99%. But - there are residential buildings, the shelter under which does not occupy the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe foundation, but only a part. Accordingly, there are no basement windows in this part.

3) Emergency exit

An emergency exit is perhaps the main sign of a shelter under a building (along with ventilation hoods, about them later), including under a residential building.

There are two types of emergency exits for patios:

Header with grille-blinds

Tilt with a door and a ladder (less common), remote from the building

Removing the lean and vent from the building is the main sign that you have a shelter in front of you, and not just a basement.

How to get into the headroom - figure it out yourself. What will be there - most likely, rusty brackets, a little (or a lot) of garbage, a cramped tunnel to the basement, ending with a hermetic window (or backfill).

How to get into the slope - open the door. Behind it there will be a ladder, also a corridor / tunnel, at the end - a window or a hermetic door in height.

4) Hoods

Sometimes pods come without hoods - when ventilation is meant to be carried out through the same head of the emergency. But the presence in the yard, in addition to the emergency, also hoods, should finally convince you that there is a shelter here.

All this, of course, is very cool - but shacks are extremely rarely interesting (although, really, this happens)

In addition to residential buildings, built-in shelters can be located under the buildings of industries, scientific institutes, institutions, and transport facilities.

A visual sign of such shelters, in addition to emergency workers (by the way, here they are much more likely to be inclined) and hoods, may be an elevation (hill), on which the building supposedly stands. But this is rather an exception.

Such shelters may have more exits and hoods than the required minimum. But it is worth noting that the presence of ventilation hoods for them is almost a prerequisite.

These shelters are already much more likely to be of interest, however, the risk of sleeping in them is somewhat higher than in stand-alone ones - often the “population” of the building from above can go down in order to take something, put it, check it ...

In order to immediately figure out, looking at the building, whether there is a shelter under it, you should spend some time studying the architectural trends and trends of the eras of interest.

II. FREE-STANDING SHELTER

Separate shelters are buried structures built for filling, the number of storeys of which rarely exceeds 2 (but more often still remains at a value of 1.

From the side they look like a hill with ventilation hoods and several (2 or more) entrances / exits

On satellite images - wastelands with the same slopes / slopes and ventilation hoods.

Sometimes large free-standing shelters are equipped with an auto-entrance - a smooth inclined descent of great width, ending with rather large hermetic gates, which are sometimes duplicated by an ordinary hermetic door. Such road entrances are well visible from the satellite.

They are especially often built on vast territories of large industries (factories), research institutes and transport facilities (railway shelters), sometimes found in recreation parks within the city, in courtyards.

On top of separate shelters of a large area, “light” buildings are sometimes erected (change houses, one-story buildings with almost no foundation) or parking lots, driving school sites are arranged.

A common type of stand-alone shelters in Moscow is the so-called district shelters. The vast majority of them "in peacetime" is occupied by warehouses and parking lots. They often have two floors.

Well, summing up all this, I will give a summary of the ways to find shelter.

Search from home (via internet):

• study of the history of city districts and enterprises, building eras, dates of construction of industrial facilities or expansion of production
• viewing satellite images in order to visually search for free-standing shelters
• Viewing a panorama service that has recently become popular and relevant for large cities
• searching the local press for notes on occasional “best shelter” competitions, as well as civil defense exercises in individual areas or at enterprises (often, the reports may mention the existence of a shelter up to clarifying the belonging to specific buildings)

Search "in the field":

• walking tours in the areas and territories of enterprises, military installations identified by remote search
• exploring spaces outside the window of a bus or some other type of transport (for example, railway shelters can be seen from trains)

Fundamental rules(of which, as usual, there are always exceptions):

1. The probability of finding shelters under buildings built before the 30-40s is extremely low. It also decreases for buildings built later than the 70s of the twentieth century (all kinds of brick nine-story buildings and 100500-story panel buildings, modern sleeping areas, etc.).

2. The probability of the presence of shelters in the territories of large Soviet factories, research institutes, hospitals is extremely high.

3. The shelter always has at least two entrances and exits. Therefore, a hill with one slope is most likely a cellar.

4. Ventilation shafts of large size, even being remote from the building, may not belong to the shelter, but be the basement hood.

5. The emergency exit of the shelter is provided for people to move through it. Therefore, the absence of a ladder / brackets inside the ventilation shaft is a sure sign that it is impassable (below is a room with a pipe from the wall) or passable with difficulty (it will be necessary to disassemble part of the ventilation system: valve or UZS - universal protective section)

6. Sometimes caps or "mushroom" hoods typical of shelters may refer not to shelters, but to heating mains. You can determine this by smell - the heating main smells of warm dry air, pipes and pipe insulation. Generally, sniffing ventilation shafts is very useful- often the smell can not only tell, but also warn (as in the case of placing cafes in shelters and basements)

Do not rashly take for asylum:

1. Hills with hatches and protruding pipes. Most likely, these are water tanks.

2. Fenced areas with nothing, and only a small booth in the middle. Most likely, this is an artesian well, a water intake.

3. Roadside hills with a concreted monumental entrance (we also allow the option of a lone iron booth). Most likely, this is an NUP (unattended amplifying point), there is nothing there, only wires and an alarm.

4. Military communication centers, command posts. Well... of course, they are shelters in some way, but only in the last place :) Initially, their construction is provided in such a protected version for the safety of equipment and specialists working on it, including in peacetime.

Well, the very last request to all beginners and continuing diggers:

DO NOT CALL A SHELTER 'BUNKER'!

Thank you for attention.

I hope the article is helpful.

Comments and corrections are accepted.

Sources of illustrations:

• gallery of ventkiosks caves.ru/threads/15046
• Google search and satellite imagery
• Yandex panoramas
• urbantrip gallery
• personal photo archive

Who are super mutants and how they were born

Debut trailer

May 30, 2018 the company Bethesda announced a new game called Fallout 76. Due to such an unexpected announcement, we hasten to tell you about other shelters that you will visit in various parts of the game (or you may not visit, since some shelters are only mentioned in various archival records scattered around the world of Fallout).

This time we will talk about shelter number 87. What was the true purpose of the bunker? What happened to its inhabitants? What useful loot will you find for yourself? We will try to answer all these questions in our article.

This location can only be visited in Fallout 3 however, she is also mentioned in the Fallout Bible.

Location

Location on the map

Vault 87 is one of the facilities of the Vault-Tech Corporation, whose official goal is to save all registered residents from a nuclear strike. The unofficial goal was, you guessed it, something completely different, but more on that later. The bunker is located in the expanses of the Capital Wasteland, on the western edge of the map. Construction began in May 2066 and ended in December 2071.

Story

View of the main entrance

Around 2076, the original experiment was terminated, and soon the shelter was converted into a secondary research center, the purpose of which was to study the effects on people of the so-called "Man Made Evolution Virus" (abbreviated as FEV).

According to the scientists who led the experiment, the virus was supposed to adapt the human body to post-nuclear conditions of life, to make them indispensable soldiers, who are in no way under the radioactive threat. However, this was not destined to come true.

As a result of the experiment, the subjects turned into mutants. In the course of the influence of FEV on the body, the brain of the subjects began to degrade, the test subjects themselves became extremely aggressive, their size increased greatly, and their physical strength increased many times over in comparison with the human.

Result of a failed experiment

The warden and the security team were well aware of the experiment and followed all the instructions that came from the Vault-Tec Corporation. Unfortunately, this was not enough. A year after the shelter was sealed (due to a nuclear strike right on the top of the cave under which the shelter was located), aggressive mutants killed all the guards of the bunker and broke free.

Since then, mutants have been roaming the Capital Wasteland and terrifying all the other inhabitants of these lands. They were somewhat obsessed with the desire to preserve their species, which is why they often kidnapped people and took them to medical blocks, which were converted into prison cells. In these cells, the mutants tried to make their own kind out of the kidnapped people. With some it worked, and with others it didn't.

For almost 200 years, they bred in this way, until the reserves of FEV were exhausted. Now these aggressive creatures roam in groups throughout the wasteland to find a new source of the virus.

How to get into the shelter

killer pass

You can only get inside the bunker through the Little Lamplight location. You will have the opportunity to ask Mayor McCready about how you can get there. The mayor will offer you two options: go directly through the Killer Passage location, or use the broken terminal, which will open a safer passage to the shelter.

In our opinion, it is better to use the second option, since the path through the "Killer Pass" will make you spend a significant amount of both ammunition and medical supplies. However, after passing through this passage, you can earn a good amount of experience.

The broken terminal will become available to you when you talk to Joseph, to whom the mayor will send you. He has the ability to fix a broken computer, but this is only possible if you saved Penny from Paradise Falls, or if you have a sufficiently high science or eloquence skill (at least 50), or if you have the perk pumped " eternal child. Joseph can be found in the Little Lamplight school building in the morning.

In the event that none of the above conditions has been met, the only way to the shelter remains the "Killer Pass". Along the way, you will meet a couple of super mutants armed with rocket launchers and miniguns, as well as several dangerous traps. In general, caution will not hurt you. can be found on a shelf in the pantry, which is on the second level of living quarters. However, the room is locked with a medium lock and you will need the appropriate skill level to open it.

Quantum Nuka Cola can also be found in this location, and there is a nuclear drink in the same room as the book "Fist fight in illustrations."

Instruction

During the diagnosis, the patient is sent for a panoramic x-ray and computed tomography. The data of such an examination are often not very comforting, as they reveal a decrease in bone mass in the lateral maxillary zones. This state of affairs increases the percentage of various complications during one-stage implantation. For this reason, experts suggest patients to use a different implant technology. The best option they consider implantation treatment called "All on 4 or 6 implants."

To perform “All on four or six implants” implantation, the doctor inserts two extreme implants into the jawbone at a certain angle, and places the central intraosseous roots strictly vertically. Abutments (adapters) of implant systems also have their differences. They have a so-called angular position. Such adapters have another name - "multi-units". The implants themselves are distinguished by a cone-shaped configuration, which makes it possible to minimize the risks of inflammation or infected areas, as well as loosening during intense chewing load.

After the implants are implanted, a beam-shaped bridge is screwed onto them, which has a one-piece design and is equipped with twelve, thirteen or fourteen crowns made of metal acrylic.

It should be noted that the prosthetics procedure is carried out in one stage - teeth in one day. At the same time, implantation "All on 4 or 6 implants" should not be considered basal. And implants with multi-units belong to the category of classic artificial roots.

Implantation "All on four" involves the use of shortened prostheses. With implant treatment with six implants (All on Six), prosthetics are complete. At the same time, from 12 to 14 artificial teeth are placed on both the upper and lower prosthetic systems.

The fundamental advantage of implant treatment and prosthetics All on 4/6 is the possibility of using this technology for sinusitis, atrophy and thinning of bone tissue in the lateral zones of the jaw. In other words, All on Four/Six provides clinicians with the option not to use subantral augmentation. Due to this, the time period for the implementation of implantation and its price are significantly reduced.

For All on 4/6, implant systems are used that are equipped with multi-units (the so-called special type of abutment design). These implants are excellent for patients who are diagnosed with a significant malocclusion. At the same time, the patient's bite is corrected, reliable implants are installed and he becomes the happy owner of a magnificent smile.

To get a more reliable result, doctors suggest introducing 6 implants. However, some initial clinical pictures do not allow the installation of 6 implants. This happens with severe atrophy and resorption of the jaw bone mass and other defects. In this situation, the implant surgeon inserts four all on 4 implants.

Stages of implantation All on 4/6

This technology of implant treatment is rapidly gaining momentum in popularity. It is carried out in several stages. At the initial stage, the patient is given a panoramic x-ray and computed tomography. Immediately before the operation, the patient is consulted by a surgeon and an orthopedist. He also needs to undergo a professional cleaning of the oral cavity and heal diseased dental tissues.

Prosthetic systems are performed in the laboratory within one single week.
The implant treatment itself lasts no more than 3 hours. Before implantation, the doctor performs a local anesthesia procedure. In the course of surgical activities, the doctor is guided by the data of computed tomography in order to choose the optimal place for the implementation of dental systems. After the operation, the orthopedist takes impressions and sends them to the laboratory. Here, on the basis of these casts, crowns are made.

Approximately three days after the introduction of the implants, the first fitting of prosthetic structures is carried out. The patient receives the finished result in 5-7 days.
After a year and a half, it is allowed to replace metal-acrylic crowns with crowns made of metal-ceramic or zirconium oxide. Thanks to this, the prosthesis is able to last more than 20 years.

Complete walkthrough of the additional quest Vault 81 in Fallout 4. Where is Vault 81? After entering the cave leading to Vault 81, you will see a small device that can be used to get inside (intercom). Open your pip-boy at the entrance, then speak to Officer Edwards and the warden via the intercom. If you have a high enough level of charisma, then you can convince the warden to open the door for you.

Get inside

Once inside, you will see the same warden, Officer Edwards and other residents of the shelter. There are junk items scattered on the tables that you can steal, but if you are spotted, then the inhabitants of the Vault will become your enemies. The corridor will lead you to Officer Edwards' office and an elevator leading deeper into the Vault.

There are even more residents in the lower levels of the Vault, among which will be Austin, who, for a nominal fee of 5 caps, will give you a tour. Further along the corridor there will be a warden's room, which contains a terminal that you can hack into to get acquainted with various information. There are many items that can be stolen here. But you will do this at your own peril and risk.

Return to the main hall of the floor, where there are several characters to talk to. There is also a huge variety of vendors with a variety of goods. In Horatio's barbershop, you can change your hairstyle. It is located on the south side of the floor. Opposite is the laboratory of Dr. Penske. It has many useful items. There's a terminal here with notes on Dr. Penske's work.

On the lower floor there is a passage leading to the classroom and Kate's private room. In each of the rooms there are several items that can also be stolen. But if you are noticed, then you will become an enemy. In a conversation with Katie, you can start a small quest in which you need to chat with the children of the Vault about the Commonwealth.

The lower hall of the location will lead you to a ramp, from where you can get to the living area and the laboratory of Dr. Forsyth. In the lab, you can heal yourself by talking to Rachel. There is a terminal on Rachel's desk that contains various medical information. There are various items on the tables of the laboratory, for example, stimulants and anti-radians.