Currently he is the most. Present tense in English: meaning, types, construction schemes, examples. Religious point of view

24.11.2019

Combined and separate spelling of “also” and “the same way”

Open lesson on the surrounding world on the topic "Crop production" (3rd grade)

Question: Due to the fact that there is currently a large tax arrears to the federal budget, would it not be advisable to conduct a full or selective amnesty on taxes, fines and penalties?
Answer:
MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
LETTER
dated July 14, 1997 N 01-19/04-511
The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation, has considered your letter about the need for a full or selective tax amnesty on taxes, fines and penalties and reports the following.
The issue of sequestering federal budget expenditures for 1997 is currently being considered, and therefore we believe that holding a tax amnesty in the context of discussing proposals to sequester budget expenditures for the current year is inappropriate.
At the same time, the draft Tax Code, currently adopted in the first reading, contains the concept of tax amnesty, which means the release of a person who has committed a tax violation from liability for this violation. The decision to apply a tax amnesty will be made by the head of the tax authority. In addition, the tax amnesty will be applied in the manner and under the conditions established by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on tax amnesty, and regional authorities and local governments will have the right to make decisions on tax amnesty in relation to persons who have committed tax violations that led to non-payment or partial non-payment of one or more regional and local taxes (fees), respectively.
07/14/97 Deputy Minister of Finance

Russian Federation
S.D.SHATALOV

So what is time? The concept of time was invented by people. For what? In order to make it clearer how to measure ongoing events, navigate them, and have some constant value that is understandable to everyone. Why were units of measurement invented - millennium, century, year... second...

All people experience time differently. For some it is fleeting, while others would like to speed it up. And this is due solely to the subjective perception of events that occur in the world around us.

Here's how people from different segments of the population might define time:

Botanist student: time is the 4th dimension of our 3-dimensional space. But on the other hand, it can be considered as a moment between the past and the future. And time should also be treated as an uncontrollable abstraction.

A simple man in the street: time is a concept with which a person’s entire life is inextricably linked. For some it lasts a very long time, but for others it flies by like an instant. Depending on the person and his perception of the surrounding reality. Time is an unknown factor in life, which is often in short supply. In addition, it cannot be returned or stopped in order to correct errors.

Leader: time is an inexplicable quantity invented to organize events in the world around us. Such a concept in to a certain extent necessary for a person to feel safe. It is noteworthy that in practice there is no present time; we can say with confidence that its value is zero. This is due to the fact that a future event instantly turns into the past.

Philosopher: time is a constant of our existence; with its participation, a set of changes occurs that have a connection with both the past and the future. Time and space are inseparable.

Perhaps such an idea of time will not be entirely serious, but only in this way is it possible to emphasize the inexplicability of such a concept as time.

However, there is one interesting property about time, namely, time can be controlled...

Time can be controlled

Let's take the example of scrambled eggs. If we take everything we need: a frying pan, oil, eggs, salt, stove, etc., then we know that it will take 5 - 10 minutes to cook scrambled eggs. In this case, we have time as a constant.

But this constant value can be changed. One part of the process needs to be changed.

If you change the temperature to cook a dish. Take, for example, an open-hearth oven, how long will it take to cook scrambled eggs? We can assume that it will be a few seconds... And if you put the frying pan on a simple oven, but the thickness of the walls of the frying pan will be about 10 centimeters. Then how much time will it take for cooking, alternatively, the time can be measured in hours.

So here it is. By changing the quality of the components of the process, we change the time of this process. It can be both accelerated and slowed down, it can be controlled. To do this, you just need to know what and how to change.

Time does not exist as a constant quantity that has a determining influence. There is only what can be used to measure certain stages of processes, nothing more. And then, this measurement is necessary only for understanding, for orientation between what is happening, for coordinating this understanding.

In order to understand this, one should not rush and do not draw hasty conclusions. This is very important point for process management.

Examples to think about:

In seconds, with clinical death, people remember their whole life (they say: their whole life has passed before their eyes).

Childhood years are a lot of different events every day, but as you get older, the years fly by like one day.

Finding himself in an extreme situation, a person sometimes does so much in a second and in such a way that, under normal circumstances, he would never do.

To begin with, it will be more than enough to simply move the very understanding of such a concept as time off the ground, and simply accept that with this issue, if you have the desire, you can learn to interact correctly.

According to the laws of time. What Science Says

The laws of physics cannot bring us any closer to understanding the nature of time. There is nothing in them that we could interpret as a description of time, the process of its flow.

When the special theory of relativity appeared, we began to understand more and more clearly the extent to which the phenomenon of time is mysterious and complex. After all, from the equations that were derived by Einstein, it was clear that for two people moving relative to each other, time itself flows differently. The faster a person moves, the slower time passes for him.

Twin paradox

The classic example was that of a young cosmonaut who returned to Earth after a flight at nearly the speed of light and saw that his twin brother had turned into a decrepit old man in a short time of separation; the space wanderer himself, “a young, vigorous man,” looked with horror at this incomprehensible change.

Individual time

From Einstein's point of view and modern physics, there was nothing supernatural in such a change. There is no such thing as “true time”. Each observer has his own, “individual time.”

These days during space flights time slows down by only a few fractions of a second, because the flight speed is relatively low. If one day the rockets rush at a speed close to light, then the “twin paradox” may come true.

Experiments with time

The relativity of time has already been proven in experiments carried out by physicists.

Thus, in the experiments of the German physicist Gerald Huber, carried out in the early 90s of the 20th century in the laboratory of the University of Heidelberg, lithium ions were accelerated to a speed of 19,200 km/sec. Then they compared their behavior with the behavior of particles that were at rest. Thus, it was established that for lithium ions racing at high speed, time slowed down by one ten-millionth of a second.

Particularly effective was the experiment that was carried out in 1976. It is known that the half-life of muons, the heavy cousins of electrons, is one and a half millionths of a second. During the experiment, muons were accelerated to a speed equal to 99.94% of the speed of light. It was then that they were able to find out that their life expectancy increased by 29 times!

The situation becomes even more confusing if we take into account the equations of general relativity. According to them, powerful sources gravity, that is, supermassive objects, also slow down the flow of time. And they were able to prove this experimentally.

If you take a pair of extremely accurate atomic clocks that show the same time, and leave one of the clocks in the laboratory, and send the other on an airplane that makes an ultra-long flight, then after it lands, the clock on board will be faster by several billionths seconds. Planet Earth creates a powerful gravitational field and slows down the flow of time. This effect was reliably recorded back in the 1970s. 1985 - he received confirmation from high degree accuracy as part of the NAVEX experiment, which was carried out on board spaceship"Space Shuttle".

Time and black holes

Time also changes in the vicinity of black holes. As you approach a black hole, the force of gravity gradually begins to increase, and because this force slows down the passage of time, it flows more and more slowly. Each second, like a drop from an empty vessel, slowly rolls onto the clock, only occasionally pushing the hand. This time outside of black holes rushes like an avalanche from the mountains. Here, near the very heart of Darkness, time seems to explode. In a split second, the Sun will cool down - as if five billion years had never happened. In that same moment, the sky will be covered with new galaxies, wasting another billion years. The arrow of time, which had just gone into eternity, will shrink into a point inside the black hole. At this point everything that is destined to be “until the end of time” will fit. And then?

According to calculations, a singularity should occur there - that special state from which there is no way out. The singularity at the center of a black hole is the center of our ignorance. The laws of physics are violated there. Temperature and density increase to infinity, and time and space tend to zero. Time stops. All this is just the result of mathematical calculations. Nobody knows what might actually happen at the center of a black hole.

It should be admitted that our usual idea of time is extremely primitive, because it is based only on facts known to us - on observation of the nature of one tiny corner of the universe. The universe is immeasurably large and unknown.

Past, present and future

We perceive time as past, present and future. However, in our opinion, we feel the present more realistically, without thinking that most of what we call “the present” is, in fact, already the past. The present is a rapidly passing moment, which is displayed on the timeline as a very thin line.

The present can also be compared to a recording laser, recording memories in our brain. Let's imagine that some person was planning to go to a concert, but fell asleep and never made it to the concert. There will be no memories of the event in his head, as if it never happened in the past, although in fact the concert took place.

Unlike the present, the past and future are time periods that can be measured (be it a wedding or an important business meeting), just as material recorded on film can be measured. But the past is already recorded memories, and the future is a “film” that has yet to be recorded.

U historical events there is the same set of temporal characteristics as stories that are a product of human imagination. Both there are events that happened “earlier”, “later” and “in the recent past”, which proves that the past is really like the memory of events.

The future is a kind of projection, compiled on the basis of past experience, the memories of which are stored in our brain.
It turns out that the present, which we perceive most realistically, cannot be measured, while the “imperceptible” past and future have some duration and can be measured. This means that our perception of time is erroneous.

English tenses are considered the most difficult topic, because in Russian we have only 3 tenses, and in English there are 12.

When studying them, everyone has many questions.

What time should I use?
Would it be considered a mistake to use one tense instead of another?
Why is it necessary to use this time and not another?

This confusion occurs because we learn the rules of grammar but do not fully understand them.

However English Times not as complicated as it seems.

Their use depends on what idea you want to convey to your interlocutor. To do this correctly, you need to understand the logic and usage of English tenses.

I warn you right away that in this article I will not explain to you the grammatical formation of sentences. In it I will give precisely an understanding of the times.

In the article we will look at the cases of using 12 tenses and compare them with each other, as a result of which you will understand how they differ and when to use which tense.

Let's start.

What tenses are there in English?

IN English language, just like in Russian, there are 3 blocks of tenses familiar to us.

1. Present (present) - denotes an action that occurs in the present tense.

2. Past - denotes an action that occurs in the past tense (once upon a time).

3. Future - denotes an action that will occur in the future tense.

However, the English times do not end there. Each of these groups of times is divided into:

1. Simple- simple.

2. Continuous- long-term.

3. Perfect- completed.

4. Perfect Continuous- long-term completed.

The result is 12 times.

It is the use of these 4 groups that baffles English language learners. After all, in the Russian language there is no such division.

How do you know what time to use?

To use English tenses correctly, you need 3 things.

Understand the logic of English tenses
That is, to know what time is intended for what and when it is used.
Be able to construct sentences according to the rules
That is, not only to know, but to be able to speak these sentences.
Understand exactly what idea you want to convey to your interlocutor
That is, to be able to choose right time depending on the meaning you put into your words.

To understand English tenses, let's look at each group in detail.

Once again, I will not explain the grammatical formation of sentences. And I’ll explain to you the logic by which we determine which group’s time should be used.

We'll start with the easiest group - Simple.

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Simple group tenses in English

Simple is translated as “simple”.

We use this tense when we talk about facts that:

happen in the present tense
happened in the past
will happen in the future.

For example

I drive a car.
I drive a car.

We say that a person knows how to drive a car and this is a fact.

Let's look at another example.

She bought a dress.
She bought a dress.

We are talking about the fact that sometime in the past (yesterday, last week or last year) she bought herself a dress.

Remember: when you talk about some action as a fact, then use the Simple group.

You can study all the times of this group in detail here:

Now let's compare Simple with another group of tenses - Continuous.

Continuous tenses in English

Continuous is translated as “long, continuous.”

When we use this tense, we talk about action as a process that:

happening at the moment
happened in the past at a certain moment,
will happen in the future at a certain moment.

For example

I am driving a car.
I'm driving.

Unlike the Simple group, here we do not mean a fact, but talk about a process.

Let's see the difference between fact and process.

Fact:“I can drive a car, I have a license.”

Process:“I got behind the wheel some time ago and now I’m driving the car, that is, I’m in the process of driving.”

Let's look at another example.

I will be flying to Moscow tomorrow.
Tomorrow I will fly to Moscow.

We are talking about the fact that tomorrow you will board a plane and for some time you will be in the process of flying.

That is, for example, you need to get in touch with a client. You tell him that you will not be able to talk to him at this time, as you will be in the middle of a flight.

Remember: when you want to emphasize the duration of an action, that is, that the action is a process, use the Continuous tenses.

You can read in detail about each time of this group here:

Now let's move on to the Perfect group.

Perfect tenses in English

Perfect is translated as “completed/perfect.”

We use this tense when we focus on the result of an action, which:

we have received by now,
we got to a certain point in the past,
we will receive by a certain point in the future.

Note that even in the present tense this tense is translated into Russian as the past. However, despite this, you say that the result of this action is important in the present moment.

For example

I have fixed my car.
I fixed the car.

We focus on the result that we currently have - a working machine. For example, you say that you fixed your car, now it works, and you can go to your friends’ dacha.

Let's compare this group with others.

Let's talk about a fact (Simple):

I cooked dinner.
I was cooking dinner.

For example, you tell your friend about the fact that you prepared a delicious dinner yesterday.

I was cooking dinner.
I was cooking dinner.

You say you were in the process of cooking. For example, they didn’t answer the phone because they were cooking (we were in the process) and didn’t hear the call.

Let's talk about the result (Perfect):

I have cooked dinner.
I cooked dinner.

Are you in this moment you have the result of this action - a ready-made dinner. For example, you call the whole family for lunch because dinner is ready.

Remember: when you want to focus on the result of an action, use the Perfect group.

Read more about all the times of the Perfect group in these articles:

Now let's move on to the last group, Perfect Continuous.

Perfect Continuous tenses in English

Perfect Continuous is translated as “complete continuous.” As you noticed from the name, this group of tenses includes characteristics of 2 groups at once.

We use it when we talk about long-term action(process) and about obtaining the result.

That is, we emphasize that the action began some time ago, lasted (was in process) certain time and at the moment:

1. We received the result of this action

For example: “He repaired the car for 2 hours” (the action lasted 2 hours, and at the moment he has a result - a working car).

2. The action is still going on

For example: “He has been fixing the car for 2 hours” (he started fixing the car 2 hours ago, was in the process of fixing it, and is still fixing it now).

We can say that the action began some time ago, lasted and:

ended/continues in the present,
ended/continued until a certain point in the past,
will end/will continue until a certain point in the future.

For example

I have been cooking this dinner for 2 hours.
I cooked dinner for 2 hours.

That is, you started cooking 2 hours ago and by now you have the result of your action - a ready-made dinner.

Let's compare this time with others similar to it.

Let's talk about the process (Continuous):

I am painting a picture.
I am drawing a picture.

We say that we are currently in the process of drawing. It doesn’t matter to us how much time it has already taken, it is important to us that you are currently involved in this process.

We talk about the result (Perfect)

I have painted a picture.
I painted a picture.

We say that at the moment we have a result - a completed picture.

We talk about the result and the process (Perfect Continuous)

1. I have been painting a picture for an hour.
I painted the picture for an hour.

We say that at the moment we have a result - a completed picture. You also point out that you spent an hour in the drawing process to get this result.

2. I have been painting a picture for an hour.
I paint a picture for one hour.

We say that we are now in the process of drawing, while we focus on the fact that we have been busy with this process for an hour. Unlike Continuous times, where we only care about what is happening at a certain (given) moment, and not how long we have been doing it.

Remember: if you want to emphasize not only the result obtained, but also its duration (how long it took you to get it), then use the Perfect Continuous.

General table comparing tenses of the groups Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous

Let's look again at what each group of tenses is responsible for. Look at the table.

Time	Example	Accent
Simple	I did my homework. I was doing my homework.	We're talking about facts. For example, you once studied at university and did your homework. It is a fact.
Continuous	I was doing my homework. I was doing my homework.	We talk about the process, emphasizing the duration of the action. For example, you didn’t clean your room because you were busy doing your homework.
Perfect	I have done my homework. I've done my homework.	We talk about the result. For example, you came to class with your homework ready. The teacher doesn't care how long it took you. He is interested in the result - whether the work is done or not.
Perfect Continuous	I have been doing my homework for 2 hours. I did my homework for 2 hours.	We emphasize not only the result, but also the duration of the action until it is obtained. For example, you complain to a friend that Homework too complicated. You spent 2 hours on it and: did it (got the result), still doing at the moment.

Bottom line

Use English tenses depending on the meaning you want to convey to your interlocutor. The most important thing is to understand what the emphasis is on in each tense.

1. We talk about action as a fact - Simple.

2. We talk about action as a process - Continuous.

3. We talk about action, focusing on the result - Perfect.

4. We talk about the action, emphasizing that it took a certain time before obtaining the result - Perfect Continuous.

I hope that now you understand the logic of English times, and you will be able to convey the correct meaning to your interlocutor.

Question 2: Name one thing that could bring a similar result in your business or professional life.

We will return to these issues later. Now let's see what place Habit 3 occupies in the system of other skills.

Habit 3 is a personal achievement, the fruit practical implementation Skills 1 and

Habit 1 says: “You are a creator. You are responsible for everything.” It is based on four unique properties person - imagination, conscience, independent will and, especially, on self-awareness. It gives us the opportunity to say, "The programming I have been exposed to through my social mirror since childhood is no good. I don't like this ineffective script. I am capable of change."

Habit 2 represents first - or mental - creation. It is based on imagination- the ability to foresee, imagine the possible, create in the mind what is currently impossible to see with the eyes, as well as conscience- the ability to define one’s individuality and those personal, moral and ethical standards, relying on which we can achieve the most complete self-realization. This skill provides a strong connection to our core paradigms and values and a vision of who we can become.

Habit 3 is then the second, physical creation. This is the realization, the implementation, the natural consequence of Habits 1 and 2. This is training independent will with the goal of becoming a person whose character is based on principles. It is a constant, day after day, minute after minute, embodiment of this intention.

Habits 1 and 2 are an absolutely necessary precondition for developing Habit 3. You cannot become principle-oriented without first understanding and developing your personal proactivity. You cannot become principle-oriented without first identifying your paradigms and understanding how they can be shifted and aligned with principles. You cannot become principle-oriented without imagining and focusing on the unique contribution to life that only you are destined to contribute.

But with these basics in place, you you can become principle-oriented, minute by minute, day by day, living the Habit 3, - practicing effective self-government.

Remember that management is clearly different from leadership. Leadership is primarily an energetic activity of the right hemisphere of the brain. It is akin to art and based on philosophy. When you are dealing with personal leadership, you must ask yourself the basic, fundamental questions of existence.

But when you have already understood and answered these questions, then you must effectively manage yourself to build your life in accordance with your answers. The ability to manage well is meaningless if you are in the wrong jungle. But if you are "in that jungle", then it's a different matter. In fact, the ability to govern well determines the quality and even the very existence of the second creation. Management is dissection, analysis, determination of the sequence of actions, specific implementation. This is the time-based, left-brain aspect of effective self-management. My own personal effectiveness motto is: "Control from the left, lead from the right."

THE POWER OF INDEPENDENT WILL

In addition to self-awareness, imagination and conscience, it is the fourth gift of man - independent will- makes effective self-government possible. It is the ability to make decisions, make choices, and act on those decisions and choices. This is the ability to act on one’s own, and not to be influenced by someone else, the ability to proactively carry out a program developed thanks to the other three valuable human properties.

Human will is an amazing phenomenon. How many times did she celebrate victory in

exclusively difficult situations! The many Helen Kellers living on earth are a striking proof of the value of an independent will and the power contained in it.

who have achieved success. He discovered that these common things could not be hard work, or luck, or special insight in dealing with others, although all of these are very important. But there is one factor that seems to overshadow all others, and that is the essence of Habit 3: Do first what needs to be done first.

“Lucky people have a knack for doing things that unlucky people don’t like to do,” Gray notes. “Lucky people don’t necessarily like doing them either, but they

subordinate their feelings to the force of their purpose."

Such submission requires a goal, a mission, a clear definition of the direction and value system inherent in Habit 2. Such submission requires a bright “yes!” burning inside, which makes it possible to say “no!” everything else. Moreover, this submission requires independent will - the strength to do what you do not want to do, requires that you be dependent on your values, and not on fleeting impulses and desires. This is the power to act in harmony with your proactive first creation.

FOUR GENERATIONS OF TIME MANAGEMENT

In Habit 3 we deal with issues related to life and time management. Having studied this amazing field for many years, I personally am inclined to believe that best idea in the field of time management can be conveyed in one phrase: "Organization and action based on priorities." This phrase reflects the evolution of three generations of time management theory. The effective implementation of the idea contained in this phrase is devoted to many different approaches and means,

Personal management developed along a pattern typical of many other areas of human activity. Evolutionary impulses in this development, or “waves”, as Alvin Toffler calls them, successively replace each other, each time adding something new, vital. For example, in the field of social development, the agrarian revolution was replaced by an industrial revolution, followed by an information revolution. Each subsequent wave brought a sharp leap in the development of society and personality.

The same thing happens with time management. Each generation is created on the basis of the previous one, and each one advances us to everything greater opportunity manage your life. The first wave or first generation of time management can be characterized by notes and memos, an attempt to somehow organize and systematize everything that requires us to spend time and effort.

The second generation can be characterized by the appearance of calendars and business diaries. This reflected an attempt to look forward, to plan events and activities for the future.

The third generation reflects modern stage time management, Is it added to the legacy of previous generations? the important idea of prioritizing, clarifying values and comparing on this basis the relative importance of different things. In addition, the third generation focuses on setting specific goals - long-term, intermediate and short-term, towards the achievement of which, in harmony with values, time and energy should be directed. And the concept is also added daily planning- drawing up a specific plan to achieve these goals or performing actions, which are expected to bring the greatest success.

With all the significant contributions of this third generation, people began to realize that planning and time management, aimed at "productivity" are often counter-productive. A focus on productivity creates expectations that clash with the ability to develop productive relationships, satisfy human needs, and enjoy the spontaneous joys of everyday life.

As a result, many people turn away from time management methods that are too restrictive in their lives, fitting them into a rigid pattern. And in an effort to preserve human relationships, spontaneity, and a zest for life, they “throw the baby out of the bath with the bathwater” and return to first- and second-generation time management methods.

However, today a fourth, completely different generation is already emerging. It has now become clear that “time management” is actually a misnomer, since the task is not to manage time, but to manage ourselves. Satisfaction is a function not only of achieving a result, but also of expectation. And expectations (as well as satisfaction) are in our Circle of Influence.

Instead of focusing on actions And time, the fourth generation focuses our expectations on conservation and development respect and on achieving results. In other words, expectations are focused on maintaining the P/PC balance.

SQUARE II

The essence of the fourth generation of time management can be understood from the matrix depicted on the next page. The original idea is that we spend time in one of four ways.

As can be seen from the matrix, activities are determined by two factors: urgent And important. Urgent- something that requires immediate attention. This is what can be denoted by the word “Now!”. The urgent affects us. A ringing phone is urgent. For most of us, the thought of not picking up the phone when the phone rings is unacceptable.

You can spend many hours preparing materials and everything else in order to meet with your partner and discuss some problem, but if at the moment when you are in his office, phone call, then this call, outweighing your personal visit, will take all the attention.

If you call someone, you are unlikely to be told: “Please don’t hang up, I’ll be there in 15 minutes.” But if you are sitting in his office, the same person may well make you wait the same amount of time for his telephone conversation to end.

Why is it now customary to write abbreviations for the words kilogram (kg), gram (g), ton (t), centimeter (cm), million (million), billion (billion) without dots, and 1990-2000 for not put an end to it after the reduction, the assessment decreased. Other words, for example, minute (min), second (sec), page (page), dollar (dollar), on the contrary, must be written with a period after the abbreviation. Thanks for understanding.

Probably, those who lowered the rating were guided by information obtained from spelling dictionaries of those years.


	Question No. 302050

Good afternoon If we talk about livestock farming in general, is it possible to write it in combination with the word “industry”? For example, “Currently, the livestock industry remains highly dependent on imports of breeding stock and poultry.” "For further development of the livestock industry, it is necessary to introduce modern technologies, including robotization of certain production processes" "The form reflects the relevant data for each livestock sector in rows: ● cattle, ● pig farming, ● sheep farming, ● poultry farming"