Carbon dioxide is plastic or not. Physical and chemical properties of carbon dioxide

Loss of strength, weakness, headache, depression - is this condition familiar? Most often this happens in autumn and winter, and poor health is attributed to a lack of sunlight. But it’s not about him, it’s about the excess content carbon dioxide in the air you breathe. The situation with CO₂ levels in residential premises and transport in our country is truly catastrophic. stuffiness, high humidity and mold are also a consequence of lack of ventilation. Sealed plastic windows and air conditioners only make the situation worse. Do you know that when the level of carbon dioxide in the air is twice as high (relative to the street background), brain activity decreases by 2 times? By the way, students yawning during lectures are an indicator of increased CO₂ content in the classroom. And very often there is no ventilation in office buildings. What kind of productivity can we talk about if a person’s brain simply doesn’t work?

So let's start with the basics. When a person breathes, it absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also released when hydrocarbons are burned. The average level of CO₂ on our planet is currently about 400 PPM (Parts per million - parts per million, or 0.04%) and is constantly growing due to the constant increase in consumption of petroleum products. At the same time, it is worth knowing that trees absorb carbon dioxide and this is precisely their main function (and not, as they mistakenly believe, that they only produce oxygen).

While a person is outdoors, there are no problems, but they begin when he is indoors. If a person is locked in a sealed room without an influx of fresh air, then he will die not from a lack of oxygen, as most people mistakenly believe, but from a multiple excess of the level of carbon dioxide that this person himself produced in his lungs. Let's put aside the problems of ventilation of public transport (I will write about this separately) and turn our attention to city apartments/country houses, in which there is a massive lack of ventilation.

At the same time, a person spends at least a third of his life in his house/apartment, and in reality half of it - you cannot save on your own health!

2. The problem of high CO₂ content in the air is especially relevant in the cold season, because... In summer, almost everyone has their windows open all the time. And with the onset of cold weather, the windows are opened less and less often, ultimately reducing to occasional ventilation. And, what a coincidence, it is during the cold season that depression, drowsiness and loss of strength appear.

3. Previously, there was even such a tradition - to seal the cracks in the windows before the cold weather. Often, together with vents, they completely excluded the flow of fresh air into the house. I once again emphasize that fresh air is needed not because it contains the oxygen necessary for breathing, but in order to reduce the excess carbon dioxide content by replacing the air in the room.

4. Many people think that they have a hood (in apartments, at least in the kitchen and bathroom), and the room will be ventilated through it. Yeah, in addition, installing plastic windows that are completely sealed. But how air will flow into the hood if you do not have an inflow in the form of either cracks in the frames or an open window? And with good draft, it usually pulls air from the entrance.

5. The only thing worse is to install an air conditioner in the form of a split system and use it with the windows closed. Remember, when the air conditioner is running, DO NOT close the windows! Here is a modern airtight country house that has no gaps in the building envelope. And you don’t need to be fooled by stories that wood or aerated concrete “breathe” and therefore you can give a damn about ventilation. Remember, this term refers to the high vapor permeability of the material, and not the ability to supply fresh street air into the house.

6. Most are limited to an exhaust fan from the bathroom and kitchen. Okay, the fan is turned on, all the windows and doors in the house are closed. What will be the result? That's right, there will be a vacuum in the house, because there is nowhere for new air to come from. For natural ventilation to work, fresh air must enter the house.

7. To measure the level of carbon dioxide in the air, relatively affordable sensors with an NDIR sensor have now appeared. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) is based on the change in infrared intensity before and after absorption in an infrared detector with selective sensitivity. Initially, I was going to buy such a sensor on Aliexpress last year (then it cost about $100), but the increased price due to the rise in the dollar exchange rate made me think and look alternative options. Unexpectedly, this sensor was found in Russia under a Russian brand for the same $100 at last year’s exchange rate. In total, I found the best deal on Yandex.Market and purchased the sensor at a price of 3,500 rubles. The model is called MT8057. Of course, the sensor has an error, but it is not important when we're talking about that measurements with carbon dioxide concentrations exceeding several times the norm are important to us.

8. Closed plastic windows, air conditioners - all this is nonsense compared to the gas stove in the apartment (for the photo I lit gas burner, because To film the slab, it had to be washed).

9. So, all attention to the schedule. Kitchen 9 square meters, ceilings 3 meters high, open door to the kitchen (!), closed window, there is a natural draft hood (in summer the draft is weak), one person. The sensor stands at a height of 1 meter from the floor, on the dining table. The “normal” CO₂ level in a room without people is about 600 PPM. One person comes and the CO₂ level immediately rises. Leaves - falls. It comes again - it rises again. And after that he turns on one (!) gas burner. CO₂ levels rise above 2000 PPM almost instantly. Anxiety! We open the window. We observe how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air slowly decreases. And add 1-2 more people here. Even if you don’t turn on the gas stove, 3 adults without doing heavy physical work raise the CO₂ level in the room to a critical level in 30 minutes.

Cook for gas stove? Be sure to open the window and turn on the hood (do both at the same time).

Have you turned on the air conditioner? Be sure to open the window.

Are you just in the room? Be sure to open the window. And if there are many people in the room, open the window.

And at night, while sleeping, the window must be kept open.

In short, you either have to have a supply ventilation duct, or a constantly open window.

10. Regarding trees and how they can be useful. Their most important function during the growth process is the absorption of carbon dioxide. Few people think about why wood burns and where so much energy comes from. So this energy in the form of carbon accumulates in the tree trunk as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide. Trees produce oxygen as a by-product of the photosynthesis reaction.

11. Opening a window in the warm season is not difficult and, in general, in summer the problem is not so pressing (except for cases of using air conditioners with closed windows). Problems begin in winter, because no one keeps the window open all the time, this means huge uncontrollable heat losses and it will be simply cold. It is precisely at this moment that the alarm should be raised. Health is priceless.

The problem is very serious and global in nature. For example, until last fall I didn’t think at all about the importance of ventilation for health: what’s in the apartment, what’s in country house. If you look into the past, it was the regular autumn depression, drowsiness and bad mood during the cold season in a city apartment that prompted us to think in the direction of leaving the city, so to speak, and building, because... In the fall and winter, I had a headache and general weakness of the body when I was in the city. But as soon as I went out into nature, the problem disappeared. I chalked it all up to a lack of sunlight, but that wasn’t the issue. In winter I stopped holding open window(it’s cold) and received multiple excess CO₂ in the apartment.

The simplest and most affordable solution to the problem is to constantly keep the window open, or ventilate based on the readings from the CO₂ sensor. A normal level of CO₂ in a room can be considered a concentration of up to 1000 PPM; if higher, it is necessary to urgently ventilate. Humidity can be considered an indirect indicator of high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air. If, without objective reasons and a decrease in temperature in the room, the humidity begins to rise, this means the CO₂ level is increasing.

The danger of increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air is that the human body reacts with a very long delay. By the time you felt that the room was stuffy and needed to be ventilated, you had already been in a room with a high CO₂ content in the air for at least half an hour.

IN next post I will talk about what problems there are with ventilation in public transport (buses, trains, planes). I’ll also show you how to properly organize ventilation in a country house, which everyone somehow forgets about.

To be continued.

Articles on the topic for self-study.

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a barely perceptible odor, non-toxic, heavier than air. Carbon dioxide is widely distributed in nature. It dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid H 2 CO 3, giving it a sour taste. The air contains about 0.03% carbon dioxide. The density is 1.524 times greater than the density of air and is equal to 0.001976 g/cm 3 (at zero temperature and pressure 101.3 kPa). Ionization potential 14.3V. Chemical formula - CO 2.

In welding production the term is used "carbon dioxide" cm. . In the "Rules for the device and safe operation pressure vessels" the term adopted "carbon dioxide", and in - term "carbon dioxide".

There are many ways to produce carbon dioxide, the main ones are discussed in the article.

The density of carbon dioxide depends on pressure, temperature and state of aggregation, in which she is located. At atmospheric pressure and a temperature of -78.5°C, carbon dioxide, bypassing the liquid state, turns into a white snow-like mass "dry ice".

Under a pressure of 528 kPa and at a temperature of -56.6 ° C, carbon dioxide can be in all three states (the so-called triple point).

Carbon dioxide is thermally stable, dissociating into carbon monoxide only at temperatures above 2000°C.

Carbon dioxide is first gas to be described as a discrete substance. In the seventeenth century, a Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont (Jan Baptist van Helmont) noticed that after burning coal in a closed vessel, the mass of ash was much less than the mass of the burned coal. He explained this by saying that coal was transformed into an invisible mass, which he called “gas.”

The properties of carbon dioxide were studied much later in 1750. Scottish physicist Joseph Black (Joseph Black).

He discovered that limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO 3), when heated or reacted with acids, releases a gas, which he called “bound air”. It turned out that “bound air” is denser than air and does not support combustion.

CaCO 3 + 2HCl = CO 2 + CaCl 2 + H 2 O

By passing “bound air” i.e. carbon dioxide CO 2 through an aqueous solution of lime Ca(OH) 2 calcium carbonate CaCO 3 is deposited to the bottom. Joseph Black used this experiment to prove that carbon dioxide is released through animal respiration.

CaO + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2

Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 = CaCO 3 + H 2 O

Liquid carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless liquid whose density varies greatly with temperature. It exists when room temperature only at a pressure of more than 5.85 MPa. The density of liquid carbon dioxide is 0.771 g/cm 3 (20°C). At temperatures below +11°C it is heavier than water, and above +11°C it is lighter.

The specific gravity of liquid carbon dioxide varies significantly with temperature, therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide is determined and sold by weight. The solubility of water in liquid carbon dioxide in the temperature range 5.8-22.9°C is not more than 0.05%.

Liquid carbon dioxide turns into gas when heat is supplied to it. Under normal conditions (20°C and 101.3 kPa) When 1 kg of liquid carbon dioxide evaporates, 509 liters of carbon dioxide are formed. When gas is withdrawn too quickly, the pressure in the cylinder decreases and the heat supply is insufficient, the carbon dioxide cools, the rate of its evaporation decreases and when it reaches the “triple point” it turns into dry ice, which clogs the hole in the reduction gear, and further gas extraction stops. When heated, dry ice directly turns into carbon dioxide, bypassing the liquid state. To evaporate dry ice, it is necessary to supply significantly more heat than to evaporate liquid carbon dioxide - therefore, if dry ice has formed in the cylinder, it evaporates slowly.

Liquid carbon dioxide was first produced in 1823. Humphry Davy(Humphry Davy) and Michael Faraday(Michael Faraday).

Solid carbon dioxide "dry ice" resembles snow and ice in appearance. The carbon dioxide content obtained from dry ice briquettes is high - 99.93-99.99%. Moisture content is in the range of 0.06-0.13%. Dry ice, being in the open air, evaporates rapidly, so containers are used for its storage and transportation. Carbon dioxide is produced from dry ice in special evaporators. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), supplied in accordance with GOST 12162.

Carbon dioxide is most often used:

• to create a protective environment for metals;
• in the production of carbonated drinks;
• refrigeration, freezing and storage food products;
• for fire extinguishing systems;
• for cleaning surfaces with dry ice.

The density of carbon dioxide is quite high, which allows the arc reaction space to be protected from contact with air gases and prevents nitriding at relatively low carbon dioxide consumption in the jet. Carbon dioxide is, during the welding process, it interacts with the weld metal and has an oxidizing and also carburizing effect on the metal of the weld pool.

Previously obstacles to the use of carbon dioxide as a protective medium were in the seams. The pores were caused by boiling of the solidifying metal of the weld pool from the release of carbon monoxide (CO) due to its insufficient deoxidation.

At high temperatures carbon dioxide dissociates to form highly active free, monoatomic oxygen:

Oxidation of the weld metal released free from carbon dioxide during welding is neutralized by the content of an additional amount of alloying elements with a high affinity for oxygen, most often silicon and manganese (in excess of the amount required for alloying the weld metal) or fluxes introduced into the welding zone (welding).

Both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are practically insoluble in solid and molten metal. The free active oxidizes the elements present in the weld pool depending on their oxygen affinity and concentration according to the equation:

Me + O = MeO

where Me is a metal (manganese, aluminum, etc.).

In addition, carbon dioxide itself reacts with these elements.

As a result of these reactions, when welding in carbon dioxide, significant burnout of aluminum, titanium and zirconium is observed, and less intense burnout of silicon, manganese, chromium, vanadium, etc.

The oxidation of impurities occurs especially vigorously at . This is due to the fact that when welding with a consumable electrode, the interaction of the molten metal with the gas occurs when a drop remains at the end of the electrode and in the weld pool, and when welding with a non-consumable electrode, it occurs only in the pool. As is known, the interaction of gas with metal in the arc gap occurs much more intensely due to the high temperature and larger contact surface of the metal with the gas.

Due to the chemical activity of carbon dioxide in relation to tungsten, welding in this gas is carried out only with a consumable electrode.

Carbon dioxide is non-toxic and non-explosive. At concentrations of more than 5% (92 g/m3), carbon dioxide has a harmful effect on human health, since it is heavier than air and can accumulate in poorly ventilated areas near the floor. This reduces the volume fraction of oxygen in the air, which can cause oxygen deficiency and suffocation. Premises where welding is carried out using carbon dioxide must be equipped with general supply and exhaust ventilation. The maximum permissible concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of the working area is 9.2 g/m 3 (0.5%).

Carbon dioxide is supplied by . To obtain high-quality seams, gaseous and liquefied carbon dioxide of the highest and first grades is used.

Carbon dioxide is transported and stored in steel cylinders or large capacity tanks in liquid state with subsequent gasification at the plant, with a centralized supply of welding stations through ramps. A standard one with a water capacity of 40 liters is filled with 25 kg of liquid carbon dioxide, which at normal pressure occupies 67.5% of the volume of the cylinder and produces 12.5 m 3 of carbon dioxide upon evaporation. Air accumulates in the upper part of the cylinder along with carbon dioxide gas. Water, which is heavier than liquid carbon dioxide, collects at the bottom of the cylinder.

To reduce the humidity of carbon dioxide, it is recommended to install the cylinder with the valve down and, after settling for 10...15 minutes, carefully open the valve and release moisture from the cylinder. Before welding, it is necessary to release a small amount of gas from a normally installed cylinder to remove any air trapped in the cylinder. Some of the moisture is retained in carbon dioxide in the form of water vapor, worsening the welding of the seam.

When gas is released from the cylinder, due to the throttling effect and heat absorption during the evaporation of liquid carbon dioxide, the gas cools significantly. With intensive gas extraction, the reducer may become clogged with frozen moisture contained in carbon dioxide, as well as dry ice. To avoid this, when extracting carbon dioxide, a gas heater is installed in front of the reducer. The final removal of moisture after the gearbox is carried out with a special desiccant filled with glass wool and calcium chloride, silica helium, copper sulfate or other moisture absorbers

The carbon dioxide cylinder is painted black, with the words “CARBON ACID” written in yellow letters..

Goals:

• Expand your understanding of the history of discovery, properties and practical applications of carbon dioxide.
• Introduce students to laboratory methods for producing carbon dioxide.
• Continue building students' experimental skills.

Techniques used:“true and false statements”, “zigzag-1”, clusters.

Laboratory equipment: laboratory stand, device for obtaining gases, 50 ml beaker, pieces of marble, hydrochloric acid (1:2), lime water, Mohr clamp.

I. Calling stage

At the challenge stage, the “true and false statements” technique is used.

Statements

II. Conception stage

1. Organization of activities in working groups, the participants of which receive texts on the five main topics of the “zigzag”:

1. History of the discovery of carbon dioxide
2. Carbon dioxide in nature
3. Producing carbon dioxide
4. Properties of carbon dioxide
5. Practical use carbon dioxide

There is an initial acquaintance with the text, initial reading.

2. Work in expert groups.

Expert groups bring together “experts” on specific issues. Their task is to carefully read the text, highlight key phrases and new concepts, or use clusters and various schemes to graphically depict the content of the text (the work is carried out individually).

3. Selection of material, its structuring and addition (group work)

4. Preparation for broadcasting text in working groups

• 1st group experts compile a reference summary “The History of the Discovery of Carbon Dioxide”
• 2nd group experts draw up a diagram of the distribution of carbon dioxide in nature
• 3rd group experts draw up a scheme for producing carbon dioxide and a drawing of the installation for its production
• 4th group experts compile a classification of the properties of carbon dioxide
• 5th group experts draw up a scheme for the practical use of carbon dioxide

5. Preparing for the presentation (poster)

III. Reflection stage

Return to workgroups

1. Broadcast in a group of topics 1–5 sequentially. Assembling a plant for producing carbon dioxide. Obtaining carbon dioxide and studying its properties.
2. Discussion of the experimental results.
3. Presentation of individual topics.
4. Return to “true and false statements.” Testing your initial assumptions. Arrangement of new icons.

It might look like this:

Statements
1. Carbon dioxide is a “wild gas”.
2. The seas and oceans contain 60 times more carbon dioxide than the earth's atmosphere.
3. Natural sources of carbon dioxide are called mofets.
4. In the vicinity of Naples there is a “Dog Cave” in which dogs are not allowed.
5. In laboratories, carbon dioxide is produced by the action of sulfuric acid on pieces of marble.
6. Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas, lighter than air, highly soluble in water.
7. Solid carbon dioxide is called “dry ice”.
8. Lime water is a solution of calcium hydroxide in water.

Texts on the five main topics of “zigzag”

1. History of the discovery of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide was the first among all other gases to be opposed to air under the name “wild gas” by the alchemist of the 16th century. Van't Helmont.

The discovery of CO 2 marked the beginning of a new branch of chemistry - pneumatochemistry (chemistry of gases).

The Scottish chemist Joseph Black (1728 - 1799) in 1754 established that the calcareous mineral marble (calcium carbonate) decomposes when heated, releasing gas and forming quicklime (calcium oxide):

CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2
calcium carbonate calcium oxide carbon dioxide

The released gas could be recombined with calcium oxide to form calcium carbonate again:

CaO + CO 2 CaCO 3
calcium oxide carbon dioxide calcium carbonate

This gas was identical to the “wild gas” discovered by Van Helmont, but Black gave it a new name - “bound air” - since this gas could be bound and again become a solid substance, and it also had the ability to be attracted to lime water (calcium hydroxide) and cause it to become cloudy:

carbon dioxide calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate water

A few years later, Cavendish discovered two more characteristic physical properties of carbon dioxide - its high density and significant solubility in water.

2. Carbon dioxide in nature

The carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere is relatively small, only 0.04–0.03% (by volume). CO 2 concentrated in the atmosphere has a mass of 2200 billion tons.
60 times more carbon dioxide is found dissolved in the seas and oceans.
During each year, approximately 1/50 of the total CO 2 contained in it is removed from the atmosphere by the plant cover of the globe through the process of photosynthesis, which converts mineral substances into organic matter.
The bulk of carbon dioxide in nature is formed as a result of various decomposition processes organic matter. Carbon dioxide is released during the respiration of plants, animals, and microorganisms. The amount of carbon dioxide released by various industries is constantly increasing. Carbon dioxide is contained in volcanic gases, and it is also released from the ground in volcanic areas. The “Dog Cave” has been operating as a permanent CO 2 generator for several centuries near the city of Naples in Italy. It is famous for the fact that dogs cannot be in it, but a person can remain there in normal condition. The fact is that in this cave carbon dioxide is released from the ground, and since it is 1.5 times heavier than air, it is located below, approximately at the height of a dog (0.5 m). In such air, where carbon dioxide is 14%, dogs (and other animals, of course) cannot breathe, but an adult standing on his feet does not feel the excess carbon dioxide in this cave. The same caves exist in Yellowstone National Park (USA).
Natural sources of carbon dioxide are called mofets. Mofets are characteristic of the last, late stage of volcanic attenuation, in which, in particular, the famous Elbrus volcano is located. Therefore, there are numerous outlets of hot springs saturated with carbon dioxide breaking through the snow and ice.
Outside the globe, carbon monoxide (IV) is found in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus, “terrestrial” planets.

3. Producing carbon dioxide

In industry, carbon dioxide is obtained mainly as a by-product of burning limestone, alcoholic fermentation, etc.
In chemical laboratories, they either use ready-made cylinders with liquid carbon dioxide, or obtain CO 2 in Kipp apparatus or a device for producing gases by the action of hydrochloric acid on pieces of marble:

CaCO 3 + 2HCl CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O
calcium carbonate hydrochloric acid calcium chloride carbon dioxide water

It is impossible to use sulfuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid, because then instead of calcium chloride soluble in water, you would get gypsum - calcium sulfate (CaSO 4) - a salt that is slightly soluble in water. When deposited on pieces of marble, gypsum makes it extremely difficult for acid to reach them and thereby greatly slows down the reaction.
To produce carbon dioxide:

1. Attach the device for obtaining gases to the leg of the laboratory tripod
2. Remove the stopper with a funnel from the test tube with the appendage
3. Place 2-3 pieces of marble in the nozzle, the size of ? peas
4. Insert the funnel stopper into the test tube again. Open the clamp
5. Pour into the funnel (carefully!) hydrochloric acid(1:2) so that the acid lightly covers the marble
6. Fill the beaker with carbon(IV) monoxide and close the clamp.

4. Properties of carbon dioxide

CO 2 is a colorless gas, odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air, difficult to mix with it (in the words of D.I. Mendeleev, “sinks” in the air), which can be proven by the following experiment: above a glass, in in which a burning candle is fixed, overturn a glass filled with carbon dioxide. The candle goes out instantly.
Carbon monoxide (IV) is acidic and when this gas dissolves in water, carbonic acid is formed. When CO 2 is passed through litmus-tinted water, you can observe a change in the color of the indicator from purple to red.
The good solubility of carbon dioxide in water makes it impossible to collect it using the “water displacement” method.
A qualitative reaction to the carbon dioxide content in the air is to pass the gas through a dilute solution of calcium hydroxide (limewater). Carbon dioxide causes the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate in this solution, causing the solution to become cloudy:

CO 2 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO 3 + H 2 O
carbon dioxide calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate water

When excess CO2 is added, the cloudy solution becomes clear again due to the conversion of insoluble carbonate to soluble calcium bicarbonate:

CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Ca(HCO 3) 2
calcium carbonate water carbon dioxide calcium bicarbonate

5. Practical applications of carbon dioxide

The pressed solid carbon dioxide is called “dry ice.”
Solid CO 2 is more like compressed dense snow, with a hardness reminiscent of chalk. The temperature of “dry ice” is –78 o C. Dry ice, unlike water ice, is dense. He sinks in the water, cooling it sharply. Burning gasoline can be quickly extinguished by throwing a few pieces of dry ice into the flame.
The main use of dry ice is the storage and transportation of food: fish, meat, ice cream, etc. The value of dry ice lies not only in its cooling effect, but also in the fact that food in carbon dioxide does not mold or rot.
Dry ice is used to test in laboratories parts, devices, mechanisms that will serve in conditions low temperatures. Dry ice is used to test the frost resistance of rubber car tires.
Carbon dioxide is used to carbonate fruit and mineral waters, and in medicine – for carbon dioxide baths.
Liquid carbon dioxide is used in carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, fire extinguishing systems in aircraft and ships, and in carbon dioxide fire engines. It is especially effective in cases where water is unsuitable, for example, when extinguishing fires of flammable liquids or when there is electrical wiring or unique equipment in the room that may be damaged by water.
In many cases, CO 2 is not used in finished form, but is obtained during the use of, for example, baking powders containing a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and potassium tartrate. When such powders are mixed with dough, the salts dissolve and a reaction occurs, releasing CO 2 . As a result, the dough rises, filling with bubbles of carbon dioxide, and the product baked from it turns out soft and tasty.

Literature

1. Change // International journal on the development of thinking through reading and writing. – 2000. – No. 1, 2.
2. Modern student in the field of information and communication: Educational and methodological manual. – St. Petersburg: PETROC, 2000.
3. Zagashev I.O., Zair-Bek S.I. Critical thinking: development technology. – St. Petersburg: Alliance Delta Publishing House, 2003.

Application of carbonic acid (carbon dioxide)

Currently, carbon dioxide in all its states is widely used in all sectors of industry and the agro-industrial complex.

In gaseous state (carbon dioxide)

In the food industry

1. To create an inert bacteriostatic and fungistatic atmosphere (at concentrations above 20%):
· when processing plant and animal products;
· when packaging food products and medicines to significantly increase their shelf life;
· when dispensing beer, wine and juices as a displacing gas.
2. In the production of soft drinks and mineral waters (saturation).
3. In brewing and production of champagne and sparkling wines (carbonation).
4. Preparation of carbonated water and drinks using siphons and saturators, for personnel in hot shops and in summer time.
5. Use in vending machines for the sale of bottled gas and water and for the manual sale of beer and kvass, carbonated water and drinks.
6. In the production of carbonated milk drinks and carbonated fruit and berry juices (“sparkling products”).
7. In the production of sugar (defecation - saturation).
8. For long-term preservation of fruit and vegetable juices while preserving the smell and taste of a freshly squeezed product by saturating with CO2 and storing under high pressure.
9. To intensify the processes of precipitation and removal of tartaric acid salts from wines and juices (detartation).
10. For the preparation of drinking desalinated water using the filtration method. To saturate the salt-free drinking water calcium and magnesium ions.

In the production, storage and processing of agricultural products

11. To increase the shelf life of food products, vegetables and fruits in a controlled atmosphere (2-5 times).
12. Storing cut flowers for 20 days or more in a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
13. Storing cereals, pasta, grains, dried fruits and other food products in a carbon dioxide atmosphere to protect them from damage by insects and rodents.
14. For treating fruits and berries before storing, which prevents the development of fungal and bacterial rot.
15. For high-pressure saturation of cut or whole vegetables, which enhances flavor notes (“sparkling products”) and improves their shelf life.
16. To improve growth and increase productivity of plants in protected soil.
Today, in vegetable and flower growing farms in Russia, the issue of fertilizing plants in protected soil with carbon dioxide is an urgent issue. CO2 deficiency is a more serious problem than deficiency of mineral nutrients. On average, a plant synthesizes 94% of its dry matter mass from water and carbon dioxide; the plant receives the remaining 6% from mineral fertilizers! Low carbon dioxide content is now a factor limiting yield (primarily in low-volume crops). The air in a 1-hectare greenhouse contains about 20 kg of CO2. At maximum lighting levels in the spring and summer months, CO2 consumption by cucumber plants during photosynthesis can approach 50 kg h/ha (i.e., up to 700 kg/ha CO2 per daylight hours). The resulting deficit is only partially covered by the influx of atmospheric air through the transoms and the leakage of the enclosing structures, as well as by the night respiration of plants. In ground greenhouses, an additional source of carbon dioxide is soil filled with manure, peat, straw or sawdust. The effect of enriching greenhouse air with carbon dioxide depends on the amount and type of these organic substances that undergo microbiological decomposition. For example, when adding sawdust moistened with mineral fertilizers, the level of carbon dioxide at first can reach high values ​​at night, and during the day when the transoms are closed. However, in general, this effect is not great enough and satisfies only part of the plants' needs. The main disadvantage of biological sources is the short duration of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide to the desired level, as well as the impossibility of regulating the feeding process. Often in ground greenhouses on sunny days with insufficient air exchange, the CO2 content as a result of intensive absorption by plants can fall below 0.01% and photosynthesis practically stops! Lack of CO2 becomes the main factor limiting the assimilation of carbohydrates and, accordingly, the growth and development of plants. It is possible to completely cover the deficit only through the use of technical sources of carbon dioxide.
17. Production of microalgae for livestock. When water is saturated with carbon dioxide in installations for autonomous algae cultivation, the algae growth rate increases significantly (4-6 times).
18. To improve the quality of silage. When ensiling succulent feed, the artificial introduction of CO2 into the plant mass prevents the penetration of oxygen from the air, which contributes to the formation of a high-quality product with a favorable ratio of organic acids, a high content of carotene and digestible protein.
19. For safe disinfestation of food and non-food products. An atmosphere containing more than 60% carbon dioxide within 1-10 days (depending on temperature) destroys not only adult insects, but their larvae and eggs. This technology is applicable to products with bound water content up to 20%, such as grain, rice, mushrooms, dried fruits, nuts and cocoa, animal feed and much more.
20. For the total destruction of mouse-like rodents by briefly filling burrows, storage facilities, and chambers with gas (a sufficient concentration of 30% carbon dioxide).
21. For anaerobic pasteurization of animal feed, mixed with water vapor at a temperature not exceeding 83 degrees C - as a replacement for granulation and extrusion, which does not require large energy costs.
22. For euthanizing poultry and small animals (pigs, calves, sheep) before slaughter. For anesthesia of fish during transportation.
23. For anesthesia of queen bees and bumblebees in order to accelerate the onset of oviposition.
24. To saturate drinking water for chickens, which significantly reduces the negative impact of elevated summer temperatures on poultry, helps thicken egg shells and strengthen the bones.
25. To saturate working solutions of fungicides and herbicides for better action of the preparations. This method allows you to reduce solution consumption by 20-30%.

In medicine

26. a) mixed with oxygen as a respiratory stimulant (at a concentration of 5%);
b) for dry carbonated baths (at a concentration of 15-30%) in order to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow.
27. Cryotherapy in dermatology, dry and water carbon dioxide baths in balneotherapy, breathing mixtures in surgery.

In the chemical and paper industries

28. For the production of soda, ammonium carbon salts (used as fertilizers in crop production, additives in ruminant animal feed, instead of yeast in baked goods and flour confectionery), white lead, urea, hydroxycarboxylic acids. For the catalytic synthesis of methanol and formaldehyde.
29. For neutralization of alkaline wastewater. Due to the self-buffering effect of the solution, precise pH regulation avoids corrosion of equipment and waste pipes, and there is no formation of toxic by-products.
30. In the production of paper for processing pulp after alkaline bleaching (increases the efficiency of the process by 15%).
31. To increase the yield and improve the physical and mechanical properties and bleachability of cellulose during oxygen-soda cooking of wood.
32. To clean heat exchangers from scale and prevent its formation (a combination of hydrodynamic and chemical methods).

In construction and other industries

33. For rapid chemical hardening of molds for steel and cast iron castings. The supply of carbon dioxide to casting molds accelerates their hardening 20-25 times compared to thermal drying.
34. As a foaming gas in the production of porous plastics.
35. For strengthening refractory bricks.
36. For semi-automatic welding machines when repairing passenger and passenger bodies passenger cars, cabin repair trucks and tractors and for electric welding of thin-sheet steel products.
37. During production welded structures with automatic and semi-automatic electric welding in carbon dioxide as a protective gas. Compared to welding with a stick electrode, the convenience of work increases, productivity increases by 2-4 times, the cost of 1 kg of deposited metal in a CO2 environment is more than two times lower compared to manual welding arc welding.
38. As a protective medium in mixtures with inert and noble gases during automated welding and metal cutting, thanks to which very high quality seams are obtained.
39. Charging and recharging of fire extinguishers, for fire-fighting equipment. In fire extinguishing systems, for filling fire extinguishers.
40. Charging cans for gas weapons and siphons.
41. As a nebulizer gas in aerosol cans.
42. For filling sports equipment (balls, balls, etc.).
43. As an active medium in medical and industrial lasers.
44. For precise calibration of instruments.

In the mining industry

45. For softening of the coal rock mass during the mining of hard coal in rock-prone formations.
46. ​​For carrying out blasting operations without creating a flame.
47. Increasing the efficiency of oil production by adding carbon dioxide to oil reservoirs.

In liquid state (low temperature carbon dioxide)

In the food industry

1. For quick freezing, to a temperature of -18 degrees C and below, of food products in contact freezers. Along with liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide is most suitable for direct contact freezing of various types of products. As a contact refrigerant, it is attractive due to its low cost, chemical passivity and thermal stability, and does not corrode. metal components, non-flammable, not dangerous for personnel. Liquid carbon dioxide is supplied to the product moving on the conveyor belt from the nozzles in certain portions, which at atmospheric pressure instantly turns into a mixture of dry snow and cold carbon dioxide, while fans constantly mix the gas mixture inside the apparatus, which, in principle, is capable of cooling the product from +20 degrees. C to -78.5 degrees C in a few minutes. The use of contact quick freezers has a number of fundamental advantages compared to traditional freezing technology:
Freezing time is reduced to 5-30 minutes; stops quickly enzymatic activity in the product;
· the structure of tissues and cells of the product is well preserved, since ice crystals are formed of much smaller sizes and almost simultaneously in the cells and in the intercellular space of tissues;
· with slow freezing, traces of bacterial activity appear in the product, while with shock freezing they simply do not have time to develop;
· product weight loss as a result of shrinkage is only 0.3-1% (versus 3-6%);
· Easily volatile valuable aromatic substances will be preserved in much larger quantities. Compared to freezing with liquid nitrogen, freezing with carbon dioxide:
· cracking of the product is not observed due to too large a temperature difference between the surface and the core of the frozen product
· during the freezing process, CO2 penetrates into the product and during defrosting it protects it from oxidation and the development of microorganisms. Fruits and vegetables subjected to quick freezing and packaging on site most fully retain their taste and nutritional value, all vitamins and biologically active substances, which makes it possible to widely use them for the production of products for baby and dietary nutrition. It is important that non-standard fruit and vegetable products can be successfully used to prepare expensive frozen mixtures. Quick-freezers using liquid carbon dioxide are compact, simple in design and inexpensive to operate (if there is a nearby source of cheap liquid carbon dioxide). The devices exist in mobile and stationary version, spiral, tunnel and cabinet type, which are of interest to agricultural producers and product processors. They are especially convenient when production requires freezing of various food products and raw materials at different temperature conditions (-10...-70 degrees C). Quick-frozen foods can be dried under high vacuum conditions - freeze drying. Products dried using this method are of high quality: they retain everything nutrients, have increased restorative ability, have insignificant shrinkage and porous structure, and retain their natural color. Freeze-dried products are 10 times lighter than the original ones due to the removal of water from them, they are stored for a very long time in sealed bags (especially when the bags are filled with carbon dioxide) and can be cheaply delivered to the most remote areas.
2. For rapid cooling of fresh food products, packaged and unpackaged, to +2…+6 degrees C. Using installations whose operation is similar to the operation of quick-freezers: when liquid carbon dioxide is injected, tiny dry snow is formed, with which the product is processed for a certain time. Dry snow - effective remedy rapid decrease in temperature, which does not lead to drying out of the product, as air cooling, and does not increase its moisture content, as happens when cooling with water ice. Dry snow cooling provides the required temperature reduction in just a few minutes, rather than the hours required with conventional cooling. The natural color of the product is preserved and even improved due to the slight diffusion of CO2 inside. At the same time, the shelf life of products increases significantly, since CO2 suppresses the development of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mold fungi. It is convenient and profitable to refrigerate poultry meat (cut or in carcasses), portioned meat, sausages and semi-finished products. The units are also used where the technology requires rapid cooling of the product during or before molding, pressing, extruding, grinding or slicing. Devices of this type are also very convenient for use in poultry farms for in-line ultra-fast cooling from 42.7 degrees C to 4.4-7.2 degrees C of freshly laid eggs chicken eggs.
3. To remove the skin from berries using the freezing method.
4. For cryopreservation of sperm and embryos of cattle and pigs.

In the refrigeration industry

5. For use as an alternative refrigerant in refrigeration systems. Carbon dioxide can serve as an effective refrigerant because it has a low critical temperature (31.1 degrees C), a relatively high triple point temperature (-56 degrees C), a high triple point pressure (0.5 mPa) and a high critical pressure ( 7.39 mPa). As a refrigerant it has the following advantages:
· Very low price compared to other refrigerants;
· non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive;
· compatible with all electrical insulating and structural materials;
· does not destroy the ozone layer;
· makes a moderate contribution to the increase in the greenhouse effect compared to modern halogenated refrigerants. High critical pressure has the positive aspect associated with a low compression ratio, as a result of which the compressor efficiency becomes significant, which allows the use of compact and low-cost Constructive decisions for refrigeration units. At the same time, additional cooling of the condenser electric motor is required, and the metal consumption of the refrigeration unit increases due to the increase in the thickness of the pipes and walls. It is promising to use CO2 in low-temperature two-stage installations for industrial and semi-industrial applications, and especially in air conditioning systems for cars and trains.
6. For high-performance frozen grinding of soft, thermoplastic and elastic products and substances. In cryogenic mills, those products and substances that cannot be ground in their usual form, for example gelatin, rubber, any polymers, tires, are ground quickly and with low energy consumption in frozen form. Cold grinding in a dry, inert atmosphere is necessary for all herbs and spices, cocoa beans and coffee beans.
7. For testing technical systems at low temperatures.

In metallurgy

8. For cooling difficult-to-cut alloys when processed on lathes.
9. To form a protective environment for smoke suppression in copper, nickel, zinc and lead smelting or bottling processes.
10. When annealing solid copper wire for cable products.

In the mining industry

11. As a low-blasting explosive in coal mining, which does not lead to the ignition of methane and coal dust during an explosion, and does not produce toxic gases.
12. Prevention of fires and explosions by displacing air from containers and mines containing explosive vapors and gases with carbon dioxide.

Supercritical

In extraction processes

1. Capturing aromatic substances from fruit and berry juices, obtaining plant extracts and medicinal herbs using liquid carbon dioxide. In traditional methods of extraction of plant and animal raw materials, various types of organic solvents are used, which are highly specific and rarely provide extraction from raw materials full complex biologically active compounds. Moreover, the problem of separating solvent residues from the extract always arises, and the technological parameters of this process can lead to partial or even complete destruction of some components of the extract, which causes a change not only in the composition, but also in the properties of the isolated extract. Compared with traditional methods, extraction processes (as well as fractionation and impregnation) using supercritical carbon dioxide have whole line advantages:
· energy-saving nature of the process;
· high mass transfer characteristics of the process due to low viscosity and high penetrating ability of the solvent;
· high degree of extraction of relevant components and high quality of the resulting product;
· virtual absence of CO2 in finished products;
· an inert dissolving medium is used at a temperature that does not threaten thermal degradation of materials;
· the process does not produce waste water and waste solvents; after decompression, CO2 can be collected and reused;
· the unique microbiological purity of the resulting products is ensured;
· lack of complex equipment and multi-stage process;
· A cheap, non-toxic and non-flammable solvent is used. The selective and extraction properties of carbon dioxide can vary widely with changes in temperature and pressure, which makes it possible to extract most of the spectrum of currently known biologically active compounds from plant materials at low temperatures.
2. To obtain valuable natural products - CO2 extracts of spice flavoring substances, essential oils and biologically active substances. The extract practically copies the original plant material; as for the concentration of its constituent substances, we can state that there are no analogues among classical extracts. Chromatographic analysis data show that the content of valuable substances exceeds classical extracts tens of times. Production on an industrial scale has been mastered:
· extracts from spices and medicinal herbs;
· fruit aromas;
· extracts and acids from hops;
· antioxidants, carotenoids and lycopenes (including from tomato raw materials);
natural coloring matter(from the fruits of red pepper and others);
lanolin from wool;
· natural plant waxes;
· sea buckthorn oils.
3. For the extraction of highly purified essential oils, in particular from citrus fruits. When extracting essential oils with supercritical CO2, highly volatile fractions are also successfully extracted, which give these oils fixing properties, as well as a more complete aroma.
4. To remove caffeine from tea and coffee, nicotine from tobacco.
5. To remove cholesterol from food (meat, dairy products and eggs).
6. For the production of low-fat potato chips and soy products;
7. For the production of high-quality tobacco with specified technological properties.
8. For dry cleaning of clothes.
9. To remove uranium compounds and transuranium elements from radioactively contaminated soils and from the surfaces of metal bodies. At the same time, the volume of water waste is reduced hundreds of times, and there is no need to use aggressive organic solvents.
10. For environmentally friendly clean technology etching of printed circuit boards for microelectronics, without the formation of toxic liquid waste.

In fractionation processes

The separation of a liquid substance from a solution, or the separation of a mixture of liquid substances is called fractionation. These processes are continuous and therefore much more efficient than the separation of substances from solid substrates.
11. For refining and deodorizing oils and fats. To obtain commercial oil, it is necessary to carry out a whole range of measures, such as removing lecithin, mucus, acid, bleaching, deodorization and others. When extracting with supercritical CO2, these processes are carried out during one technological cycle, and the quality of the oil obtained in this case is much better, since the process takes place at relatively low temperatures.
12. To reduce the alcohol content in drinks. The production of non-alcoholic traditional drinks (wine, beer, cider) is in increasing demand for ethical, religious or dietary reasons. Even if these low-alcohol drinks are often of lower quality, their market is significant and growing rapidly, so improving such technology is a very attractive issue.
13. For energy-saving production of high-purity glycerin.
14. For energy-saving production of lecithin from soybean oil (with a phosphatidyl choline content of about 95%).
15. For flow-through purification of industrial wastewater from hydrocarbon pollutants.

In impregnation processes

The process of impregnation - the introduction of new substances, is essentially the reverse process of extraction. The required substance is dissolved in supercritical CO2, then the solution penetrates into the solid substrate, when the pressure is released, the carbon dioxide instantly evaporates, and the substance remains in the substrate.
16. For environmentally friendly dyeing technology for fibers, fabrics and textile accessories. Painting is a special case of impregnation. Dyes are usually dissolved in a toxic organic solvent, so dyed materials must be thoroughly washed, causing the solvent to either evaporate into the atmosphere or end up in wastewater. In supercritical dyeing, water and solvents are not used; the dye is dissolved in supercritical CO2. This method provides an interesting opportunity to color Various types synthetic materials at the same time, for example, plastic teeth and fabric lining of the zipper.
17. For environmentally friendly technology, paint application. The dry dye dissolves in a stream of supercritical CO2, and along with it flies out of the nozzle of a special gun. Carbon dioxide immediately evaporates, and the paint settles on the surface. This technology is especially promising for painting cars and large equipment.
18. For homogenized impregnation of polymer structures with drugs, thereby ensuring a constant and prolonged release of the drug in the body. This technology is based on the ability of supercritical CO2 to easily penetrate many polymers, saturate them, causing micropores to open and swell.

IN technological processes

19. Replacing high-temperature water vapor with supercritical CO2 in extrusion processes, when processing grain-like raw materials, allows the use of relatively low temperatures, the introduction of dairy ingredients and any heat-sensitive additives into the recipe. Supercritical fluid extrusion allows the creation of new products with an ultra-porous internal structure and a smooth, dense surface.
20. For the production of polymer and fat powders. A jet of supercritical CO2 with some polymers or fats dissolved in it is injected into a chamber with lower pressure, where they are “condensed” in the form of a completely homogeneous finely dispersed powder, the finest fibers or films.
21. To prepare for drying greens and fruits by removing the cuticular wax layer with a jet of supercritical CO2.

In chemical reaction processes

22. A promising area of ​​application of supercritical CO2 is its use as an inert medium during chemical reactions of polymerization and synthesis. In a supercritical environment, synthesis can occur a thousand times faster than the synthesis of the same substances in traditional reactors. It is very important for industry that such a significant acceleration of the reaction rate, due to high concentrations of reagents in a supercritical medium with its low viscosity and high diffusivity, makes it possible to correspondingly reduce the contact time of the reagents. In technological terms, this makes it possible to replace static closed reactors with flow reactors that are fundamentally smaller, cheaper and safer.

In thermal processes

23. As a working fluid for modern power plants.
24. As a working fluid of gas heat pumps producing high-temperature heat for hot water supply systems.

In solid state (dry ice and snow)

In the food industry

1. For contact freezing of meat and fish.
2. For contact quick freezing of berries (red and black currants, gooseberries, raspberries, chokeberries and others).
3. Sales of ice cream and soft drinks in places remote from the power grid, cooled with dry ice.
4. When storing, transporting and selling frozen and chilled food products. The production of briquetted and granulated dry ice for buyers and sellers of perishable products is being developed. Dry ice is very convenient for transportation and sales in hot weather meat, fish, ice cream - products remain frozen for a very long time. Since dry ice only evaporates (sublimates), there is no melted liquid, and transport containers always remain clean. Autorefrigerators can be equipped with a small-sized dry-ice cooling system, which is characterized by extreme simplicity of the device and high operational reliability; its cost is many times lower than the cost of any classical refrigeration unit. When transporting over short distances, such a cooling system is the most economical.
5. To pre-cool containers before loading products. Blowing dry snow in cold carbon dioxide is one of the most effective ways to pre-cool any containers.
6. For air transportation as a primary refrigerant in isothermal containers with an autonomous two-stage refrigeration system (granulated dry ice - freon).

During surface cleaning work

8. Cleaning of parts and components, engines from contaminants using treatment plants using dry ice granules in a gas flow. To clean the surfaces of components and parts from operational contaminants. Recently, there has been a great demand for non-abrasive express cleaning of materials, dry and wet surfaces with a jet of finely granulated dry ice (blasting). Without disassembling the units, you can successfully carry out:
· cleaning of welding lines;
· deletion old paint;
· cleaning of foundry molds;
· cleaning of printing machine units;
· cleaning of equipment for the food industry;
· cleaning of molds for the production of polyurethane foam products.
· cleaning of molds for the production of car tires and other rubber products;
· cleaning molds for production plastic products, including cleaning of molds for the production of PET bottles; When dry ice pellets hit a surface, they instantly evaporate, creating a micro-explosion that removes contaminants from the surface. When removing brittle material such as paint, the process creates a pressure wave between the coating and the substrate. This wave is strong enough to remove the coating, lifting it from the inside. When removing sticky or sticky materials such as oil or dirt, the cleaning process is similar to a strong jet of water.
7. For cleaning stamped rubber and plastic products from burrs (tumbling).

During construction work

9. During the manufacturing process of porous building materials with the same size of carbon dioxide bubbles, evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of the material.
10. For freezing soils during construction.
11. Installation of ice plugs in water pipes (by freezing them outside with dry ice), for the duration of the repair work on pipelines without draining water.
12. For cleaning artesian wells.
13. When removing asphalt surfaces in hot weather.

In other industries

14. Receiving low temperatures down to minus 100 degrees (when mixing dry ice with ether) to test product quality, for laboratory work.
15. For cold fitting of parts in mechanical engineering.
16. In the manufacture of plastic grades of alloyed and stainless steels, annealed aluminum alloys.
17. When crushing, grinding and preserving calcium carbide.
18. To create artificial rain and obtain additional precipitation.
19. Artificial dispersal of clouds and fog, combating hail.
20. To generate harmless smoke during performances and concerts. Obtaining a smoke effect on pop stages during artist performances using dry ice.

In medicine

21. For the treatment of certain skin diseases (cryotherapy).

Encyclopedic YouTube

• 1 / 5

  Carbon(IV) monoxide does not support combustion. Only some active metals burn in it::

  2 M g + C O 2 → 2 M g O + C (\displaystyle (\mathsf (2Mg+CO_(2)\rightarrow 2MgO+C)))

  Interaction with active metal oxide:

  C a O + C O 2 → C a C O 3 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (CaO+CO_(2)\rightarrow CaCO_(3))))

  When dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid:

  C O 2 + H 2 O ⇄ H 2 C O 3 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (CO_(2)+H_(2)O\rightleftarrows H_(2)CO_(3))))

  Reacts with alkalis to form carbonates and bicarbonates:

  C a (O H) 2 + C O 2 → C a C O 3 ↓ + H 2 O (\displaystyle (\mathsf (Ca(OH)_(2)+CO_(2)\rightarrow CaCO_(3)\downarrow +H_( 2)O)))(qualitative reaction to carbon dioxide) K O H + C O 2 → K H C O 3 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (KOH+CO_(2)\rightarrow KHCO_(3))))

  Biological

  The human body emits approximately 1 kg (2.3 lb) of carbon dioxide per day.

  This carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues, where it is formed as one of the end products of metabolism, through the venous system and is then excreted in the exhaled air through the lungs. Thus, the content of carbon dioxide in the blood is high in the venous system, and decreases in the capillary network of the lungs, and is low in the arterial blood. The carbon dioxide content of a blood sample is often expressed in terms of partial pressure, that is, the pressure that a given amount of carbon dioxide contained in a blood sample would have if it alone occupied the entire volume of the blood sample.

  Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is transported in the blood by three different ways(the exact ratio of each of these three ways transportation depends on whether the blood is arterial or venous).

  Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-transporting protein of red blood cells, is capable of transporting both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin at a different site than oxygen. It binds to the N-terminal ends of globin chains, rather than to heme. However, due to allosteric effects, which lead to a change in the configuration of the hemoglobin molecule upon binding, the binding of carbon dioxide reduces the ability of oxygen to bind to it, at a given partial pressure of oxygen, and vice versa - the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin reduces the ability of carbon dioxide to bind to it, at a given partial pressure of carbon dioxide. In addition, the ability of hemoglobin to preferentially bind with oxygen or carbon dioxide also depends on the pH of the environment. These features are very important for the successful uptake and transport of oxygen from the lungs into the tissues and its successful release into the tissues, as well as for the successful uptake and transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues into the lungs and its release there.

  Carbon dioxide is one of the most important mediators of autoregulation of blood flow. It is a powerful vasodilator. Accordingly, if the level of carbon dioxide in tissue or blood increases (for example, due to intense metabolism - caused by, say, exercise, inflammation, tissue damage, or due to obstruction of blood flow, tissue ischemia), then the capillaries dilate, which leads to increased blood flow and accordingly, to increase the delivery of oxygen to the tissues and the transport of accumulated carbon dioxide from the tissues. In addition, carbon dioxide in certain concentrations (increased, but not yet reaching toxic values) has a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on the myocardium and increases its sensitivity to adrenaline, which leads to an increase in the strength and frequency of heart contractions, cardiac output and, as a consequence, , stroke and minute blood volume. This also helps to correct tissue hypoxia and hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels).

  Bicarbonate ions are very important for regulating blood pH and maintaining normal acid-base balance. Respiration rate affects the carbon dioxide content in the blood. Weak or slow breathing causes respiratory acidosis, while rapid and excessively deep breathing leads to hyperventilation and the development of respiratory alkalosis.

  In addition, carbon dioxide is also important in regulating respiration. Although our body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen levels in the blood or tissues usually do not stimulate breathing (or rather, the stimulating effect of low oxygen on breathing is too weak and “turns on” late, at very low levels of oxygen in the blood, at which a person often is already losing consciousness). Normally, breathing is stimulated by an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The respiratory center is much more sensitive to increased levels of carbon dioxide than to a lack of oxygen. As a consequence, breathing very rarefied air (low partial pressure of oxygen) or gas mixture containing no oxygen at all (for example, 100% nitrogen or 100% nitrous oxide) can quickly lead to loss of consciousness without a feeling of lack of air (since the level of carbon dioxide in the blood does not increase, since nothing prevents it from being exhaled). This is especially dangerous for pilots of military aircraft flying at high altitudes (in the event of an emergency depressurization of the cabin, pilots can quickly lose consciousness). This feature of the respiratory regulation system is also the reason why flight attendants on airplanes instruct passengers in the event of depressurization of the aircraft cabin, first of all, to put on an oxygen mask themselves before trying to help anyone else - by doing this, the helper risks quickly losing consciousness himself, and even without feeling any discomfort or need for oxygen until the last moment.

  The human respiratory center tries to maintain the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood no higher than 40 mmHg. With conscious hyperventilation, the content of carbon dioxide in arterial blood can decrease to 10-20 mmHg, while the oxygen content in the blood will remain virtually unchanged or increase slightly, and the need to take another breath will decrease as a result of a decrease in the stimulating effect of carbon dioxide on the activity of the respiratory center. This is the reason why, after a period of conscious hyperventilation, it is easier to hold your breath for a long time than without previous hyperventilation. This deliberate hyperventilation followed by breath holding can lead to loss of consciousness before the person feels the need to take a breath. In a safe environment, such a loss of consciousness does not threaten anything special (having lost consciousness, a person will lose control over himself, stop holding his breath and take a breath, breathing, and with it the oxygen supply to the brain will be restored, and then consciousness will be restored). However, in other situations, such as before diving, this can be dangerous (loss of consciousness and the need to take a breath will occur at depth, and in the absence of conscious control in Airways water will enter, which could lead to drowning). This is why hyperventilation before diving is dangerous and not recommended.

  Receipt

  In industrial quantities, carbon dioxide is released from flue gases, or as a by-product of chemical processes, for example, during the decomposition of natural carbonates (limestone, dolomite) or during the production of alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). The mixture of the resulting gases is washed with a solution of potassium carbonate, which absorbs carbon dioxide, turning into bicarbonate. A solution of bicarbonate decomposes when heated or under reduced pressure, releasing carbon dioxide. In modern installations for the production of carbon dioxide, instead of bicarbonate, an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine is more often used, which, under certain conditions, is capable of absorbing CO₂ contained in the flue gas and releasing it when heated; This separates the finished product from other substances.

  Carbon dioxide is also produced in air separation plants as a by-product of producing pure oxygen, nitrogen and argon.

  In the laboratory, small quantities are obtained by reacting carbonates and bicarbonates with acids, such as marble, chalk or soda with hydrochloric acid, using, for example, a Kipp apparatus. Using the reaction of sulfuric acid with chalk or marble results in the formation of slightly soluble calcium sulfate, which interferes with the reaction, and which is removed by a significant excess of acid.

  To prepare drinks, the reaction of baking soda with citric acid or acidic acid can be used. lemon juice. It was in this form that the first carbonated drinks appeared. Pharmacists were engaged in their production and sale.

  Application

  In the food industry, carbon dioxide is used as a preservative and leavening agent and is indicated on the packaging with the code E290.

  Liquid carbon dioxide is widely used in fire extinguishing systems and fire extinguishers. Automatic carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems differ in their starting systems, which can be pneumatic, mechanical or electrical.

  The device for supplying carbon dioxide to the aquarium may include a gas reservoir. The simplest and most common method of producing carbon dioxide is based on the design for making the alcoholic drink mash. During fermentation, the carbon dioxide released may well provide nutrition for aquarium plants

  Carbon dioxide is used to carbonate lemonade and sparkling water. Carbon dioxide is also used as a protective medium in wire welding, but at high temperatures it decomposes and releases oxygen. The released oxygen oxidizes the metal. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce deoxidizers such as manganese and silicon into the welding wire. Another consequence of the influence of oxygen, also associated with oxidation, is a sharp decrease in surface tension, which leads, among other things, to more intense metal spattering than when welding in an inert environment.

  Storing carbon dioxide in a steel cylinder in a liquefied state is more profitable than in the form of gas. Carbon dioxide has a relatively low critical temperature of +31°C. About 30 kg of liquefied carbon dioxide is poured into a standard 40-liter cylinder, and at room temperature there will be a liquid phase in the cylinder, and the pressure will be approximately 6 MPa (60 kgf/cm²). If the temperature is above +31°C, then carbon dioxide will go into a supercritical state with a pressure above 7.36 MPa. Standard operating pressure for a regular 40-liter cylinder is 15 MPa (150 kgf/cm²), however, it must safely withstand pressure 1.5 times higher, that is, 22.5 MPa - thus, working with such cylinders can be considered completely safe.

  Solid carbon dioxide - “dry ice” - is used as a refrigerant in laboratory research, in retail trade, during equipment repair (for example: cooling one of the mating parts during a press-fit), etc. Carbon dioxide is used to liquefy carbon dioxide and produce dry ice. installations

  Registration Methods

  Measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is required in technological processes, in medical applications - analysis of respiratory mixtures during artificial ventilation lungs and closed systems life support. Analysis of CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere is used for environmental and scientific research, to study the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is recorded using gas analyzers based on the principle of infrared spectroscopy and other gas measuring systems. A medical gas analyzer for recording the carbon dioxide content in exhaled air is called a capnograph. To measure low concentrations of CO 2 (as well as) in process gases or in atmospheric air, a gas chromatographic method with a methanator and registration on a flame ionization detector can be used.

  Carbon dioxide in nature

  Annual fluctuations in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the planet are determined mainly by the vegetation of the middle latitudes (40-70°) of the Northern Hemisphere.

  A large amount of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the ocean.

  Carbon dioxide makes up a significant part of the atmospheres of some planets in the solar system: Venus, Mars.

  Toxicity

  Carbon dioxide is non-toxic, but due to the effect of its increased concentrations in the air on air-breathing living organisms, it is classified as an asphyxiating gas (English) Russian. Slight increases in concentration up to 2-4% indoors lead to drowsiness and weakness in people. Dangerous concentrations are considered levels of about 7-10%, at which suffocation develops, manifesting itself in headache, dizziness, hearing loss and loss of consciousness (symptoms similar to those of altitude sickness), depending on the concentration, over a period of several minutes up to one hour. If air with high concentrations of gas is inhaled, death occurs very quickly from suffocation.

  Although, in fact, even a concentration of 5-7% CO 2 is not lethal, already at a concentration of 0.1% (this level of carbon dioxide is observed in the air of megacities) people begin to feel weak and drowsy. This shows that even at high oxygen levels, a high concentration of CO 2 has a strong effect on well-being.

  Inhalation of air with an increased concentration of this gas does not lead to long-term health problems, and after removing the victim from the polluted atmosphere, complete restoration of health quickly occurs.