Typology of families and family relations. Summary: Influence of intra-family relations on the social status of a child of senior preschool age. Types of family relationships

16.01.2022

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The family is the most important of the phenomena that accompanies a person throughout his life. The significance of its influence on the personality, its complexity, versatility and problematic nature determine a large number of different approaches to the study of the family. Traditionally, the "core" of the family is considered to be a married couple with the addition of children, relatives, parents of the spouses to the "core".

However, there are several typological approaches to the family:

1) on the basis of a historical analysis of the development of the family and the continuity of its forms (matri-archal family, group, pair, patriarchal, monogamous);

2) based on an analysis of the family structure and the types of kinship represented in it (nuclear, extended, incomplete, mixed).

3) the typology of S. I. Golod (1998), based on the analysis of the priority significance of the poles of two family axes (husband-wife; parents-children).

Let us consider the first typology of the family, based on the historical analysis of the development of the family and the continuity of its forms. The most ancient form of human social organization was the genus , which united all people descended from one foremother: her daughters, children of her daughters, and so on ad infinitum. The genus was matriarchal family, including all descendants in the female line.

group family relied on the marriage of several sisters with a group of men. Husbands, in turn, could be related, but they could not be relatives. Kinship was considered along the female line, since paternity was not established reliably. signs matrilineality, reference and greater significance of maternal kinship are observed among some peoples who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Golod S.I., 1998).

couple family was based on the marriage of individual couples, but the relationship was not stable and could be interrupted at any time at the request of any of the parties.

patriarchal family based on the marriage of one man with several women, it is polygamous for a man, accompanied by “reclusion of wives; was formed in the period of occurrence of property. This type of family was determined by the primacy of the man in resolving all issues of family life and consolidated patrilineality(Counting on the male line of kinship and male inheritance law).

monogamous family- a family created by one man and one woman; their marriage is constant throughout their lives (from ancient Greek Monos - one, only, gamos - marriage). This type of family developed about three millennia ago (in the first millennium BC). Many family researchers in their judgments proceed from the notion that the patriarchal monogamous family of the last centuries in European life is a positive model, and deviations from it are phenomena that have a rather negative impact on human socialization.

If we talk about changes in the modern family, then the most obvious can be considered a change in the social status of a woman - expressed in the desire to “make a success” professionally and make a career. From this follow the subsequent changes relating directly to the family. Due to the economic independence that a woman gained in the 20th century, her status in the family changed, and the family structure became two or one peak, but the role of the head is occupied by a woman. Thus, a man loses his dominant functions in the field of providing resources, making decisions and introducing children to society.

The woman devotes less and less time to the family and the upbringing of the child; reproduction is placed in a subordinate position relative to career. It follows from this that the indicators of the number of children in a modern family and the population of industrialized countries are steadily declining. The functions of upbringing are gradually transferred to other persons - either to the nanny and governess, or to the state. In the case of the transfer of these functions to the state, as was the case in the Soviet period in Russia, instead of individual guardianship and the constant care of a loved one, children are brought up in impersonal relationships by civil servants. This replacement of mother's guardianship by state guardianship most tragically affects the mental development of the child, causing irreversible symptoms of latent or overt maternal derivation.

The following approach describes the structure of the family through the numerical composition of the family, the type of kinship and roles that family members perform. (Antonov A.I., Medkov V.M., 1996; Antonov A.I., 1998).

Nuclear (nuclear) family- consists of representatives of two generations - spouses and their children, the numerical strength of three or more people; represented by 8 types of family roles: husband, wife (spouses for each other), father, mother (parents for their children), sons, daughters (children for their parents), brothers, sisters (for each other). From the presented set of roles, it can be seen that the role range of members of the nuclear family is quite extensive, which helps members of such a family, and especially children, to master significant life skills of relationships from an early age.

extended family- the most typical family in agrarian cultures. Currently, the number of such families is decreasing, especially in cities. This family consists of three generations - the parents of one of the spouses, the spouses and their children. It presents 12 types of family roles (members of the grandparent pair perform 4 roles: grandfather, husband, father, father-in-law; members of the parental couple - 3 roles each: father, husband, son; children - 3 roles each: son, brother, grandson), the performance of which can create a certain tension and requires flexibility, since some family members must play both child and parental roles at the same time (for example, when a man is a son to his parents and a father to his own children).

Incomplete family- a family, most often consisting of two people, in which at least one of the marital or children's roles is not represented. In most cases, we are talking about a single parent and their child or a childless couple. The role range in such a family is impoverished, and interpersonal dependence is excessive, which also creates tension in relationships. A single parent may experience a derivation of the need for support, understanding, intimacy. The personal development of a child from an incomplete family is slowed down due to the complexity of the identification process. The financial resources of such a family are often also limited.

blended family- this is a family consisting of "fragments" (parts) of former families (Satir V., 1992), for example, a single woman and a widower with a child, a divorced man and a woman with their children from previous marriages. The complexity of such a family lies in the fact that the members of the new family are connected by many relationship threads with other people outside the given one, they are connected with them by the family roles that they played in previous families.

The third typology of families is described by S.I. Hunger, highlighting three types of monogamous families, which represent different family structures. In the works of S. I. Golod, the main attention was paid to the structure of the family, by which the author understood the relationship of consanguinity and property.

S. I. Golod singled out three ideal types of family:

the traditional patriarchal family;

modern child-centric family;

marital (mediocre) family.

All three types of families belong to Western European culture, but have different prevalence and representation in societies that differ in features and stages of development. The hidden basis of the typology of the family, according to S. I. Golod, obviously, was the relationship of power (dominance-submission). With the dominance of the father, the family is considered traditionally patriarchal, with the dominance of the whims and / or interests of the child - child-centric, with equality of spouses and the subordinate position of children - marital or egalitarian.

Patriarchal monogamous family- a family based on the dominance of the eldest man in the family, the dependent position of the wife - from her husband, children - from their parents. In a patriarchal family, sons do not separate from their father's family, but bring wives to their father's family clan, while daughters go to their husbands' family clans and lose their surname. This is a family in which the name of the genus (surname), kinship account and the right of inheritance are conducted through the male line, and the types of work are divided between men and women. Men perform work mainly to provide the family with resources, women do domestic work.

child-centric monogamous family originated at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In connection with the processes of emancipation and the establishment of the social rights of the child. The indicator of childbearing is decreasing, the value of a child in the family is increasing. Along with a career, the child becomes the focus of the interests of parents, and a significant part of the family budget is spent on meeting the needs of the child, on his upbringing and education. In connection with the new needs of the family, the industry of special baby food, children's clothing, children's games and toys, children's museums, children's literature, and cinema are developing.

A variety of educational centers and training programs appear, programs are specially developed to facilitate entry into professional activities (professional counseling), the duration of childhood increases, and the inclusion of a child in the labor system is postponed to a later date. The child gets used to being in charge, to be in the center of the whole family, gets used to the fact that everything is done for him. This leads to an increase in children's egocentrism.

married family originated in the 1960s. 20th century As a result of the joint action of emancipation movements - women's and children's. The main relationship line around which such a family is built is the relationship between two people - husband and wife. These relationships are built on the desire for the maximum disclosure of one's human nature on the basis of intimacy and autonomy.

Despite the fact that the family is the oldest and most widespread social group, most people's knowledge about it is limited only to the division of families into good (prosperous) and bad (unfavorable). However, in order to better navigate the solution of many family problems, such an obviously superficial idea of the varieties (types) of the family, of course, is not enough. The presence of a system of knowledge about the types, forms, types of families and the characteristics of relationships within each model of a marriage union allows you to take a more “professional” look at your own family, and be more attentive to the problems that arise in it. In addition, different types of families function differently in various areas of family relations. The use of diverse typologies helps to get a more complete, multi-colored picture of the most important characteristics of the family in social and scientific terms: marriage, divorce, fertility, the influence of the family on the upbringing of children, etc.

In addition, in a certain form of a family-marriage union, similar (typical) problems may appear, the presumptive knowledge of which can be a significant help in organizing the necessary social or psychological assistance to such a family.

To date, scientists have not yet been able to compile a complete classification of families due to their diversity among representatives of different cultures. In the list of various forms of modern families, there are more than forty varieties of them. The book gives a family classification, taking into account those models that are common to most cultures and at the same time are widely represented in modern Russian reality. As a basis for the proposed typology, essential criteria are taken that allow one or another form of a family organization to be distinguished, taking into account its structure, dynamics and functions. As you know, there is no family at all. There are specific families: urban and rural, young and old; families belonging to different educational and social groups, etc. The importance of identifying certain types of families is also explained by the fact that, despite the commonality of internal relations, they have their own specifics, due to national, cultural, religious, age, professional and other differences.

The more such groups can be identified, the more thoroughly and scientifically substantiated the family is studied, which, in turn, allows people to avoid many mistakes in building their family life, making it psychologically comfortable and happier.

Each society has different requirements for the nature of the relationship between spouses, ways of caring for disabled family members, participation of people in work, organization of life, ensuring the safety of family members, spending leisure time, etc. Depending on whether or not the family observes these requirements, a family union is distinguished by certain features, which naturally affects the family atmosphere as a whole and the psychological well-being of each family member.

The fundamental principle of modern monogamy (monogamy) is patriarchal family, which is characterized by the dominant position of men in family relations.

Initially, the patriarchal family was quite numerous: it included relatives and descendants of one father with their wives, children and relatives, slaves, including concubines. The Latin word "surname" in ancient times meant a set of slaves belonging to one person. Such a family sometimes numbered hundreds of people. In various modifications, the patriarchal family existed among different peoples. In Russia, it took the form of a large family headed by a man, consisting of several generations of close relatives who lived under the same roof and ran a joint household.

During the formation of the capitalist mode of production, the traditional patriarchal nuclear family (from the Latin "nucleus" - the core). For the first time, the name "nuclear" in relation to the family was introduced into scientific use by the American sociologist J.P. Murdoch in 1949. This kind of family consists only of the most necessary members for its education - husband and wife; it can be both childless and include any number of children.

Modern monogamous family may have several types that differ from each other in certain ways.

1. By related structure the family can be nuclear (a married couple with children) and extended (a married couple with children and one of the relatives of the husband or wife living with them in the same household).

2. By number of children : childless (infertile), one-child, small, large family.

3. By structure: with one married couple with or without children; with one married couple with or without children, with one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives; with two or more married couples with or without children, with or without one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives; with mother (father) with children; with mother (father) with children, with one of the parents and other relatives; other families.

4. By composition: incomplete family, separate, simple (nuclear), complex (family of several generations), large family.

5.By geographic feature: urban, rural, remote family (living in hard-to-reach areas and in the regions of the Far North).

6.By homogeneity of social composition : socially homogeneous (homogeneous) families (there is a similar level of education and the nature of professional activity among spouses); heterogeneous (heterogeneous) families: unite people of different levels of education and professional orientation.

7.By family history: newlyweds; young family expecting a baby; family of middle marital age; senior marital age; elderly couples.

8. By type of leading needs , the satisfaction of which determines the characteristics of the social behavior of members of the family group, families with a “physiological” or “naive-consumer” type of consumption (mainly with a food orientation) are singled out; families with an "intellectual" type of consumption, i.e. with a high level of spending on spiritual life; families with an intermediate type of consumption.

9.According to the characteristics of the existing family structure and organization family life: family - "vent" (gives a person communication, moral and material support); family of child-centric type (children are in the center of interests of parents); a family like a sports team or a discussion club (they travel a lot, see a lot, know how, know); a family that puts comfort, health, and order first.

10. By the nature of leisure activities: open families (focused on communication and the cultural industry) and closed families (focused on intra-family leisure).

11.By the nature of the distribution of household duties: families are traditional (duties are mainly performed by a woman) and collectivist (duties are performed jointly or in turn).

12.By headship type (distribution of power) families can be authoritarian and democratic.

authoritarian family characterized by strict, unquestioning subordination of a wife to her husband or a husband to his wife and children to their parents. The husband (and sometimes the wife) is the monopoly head, the despotic master. Democratic family based on mutual respect for family members, on the distribution of family roles in accordance with the needs of a particular situation, with the personal qualities and abilities of the spouses, on the equal participation of each of them in all matters of family life, on the joint adoption of all important decisions.

13. Depending from the special conditions of organizing family life: a student family and a “distant” family (separate residence of marriage partners due to the specifics of the profession of one of them or both: families of sailors, polar explorers, astronauts, geologists, etc.).

14.By the quality of relationships and the atmosphere in the family: prosperous (spouses and other family members highly appreciate each other, the husband’s authority is high, there are practically no conflicts, they have their own traditions and rituals), stable (practically have the same features as prosperous families), pedagogically weak low educational characteristics, preference is given to physical condition and well-being of the child); unstable family (high level of dissatisfaction of both spouses with family life, including their role and position in the family, which leads to unpredictable behavior); disorganized (there is a pronounced lag in family relations from the general level of development of society: drunkenness, archaic relations of rude dictate; there is practically no internal unity and contacts between family members); socially disadvantaged (low cultural level of family members, alcohol consumption by one or both parents); problematic (lack of reciprocity among spouses and inability to cooperate); conflict (the presence of psychological incompatibility among spouses or family members); a disintegrating family union (an excessively aggravated conflict situation in the family, in fact, the marriage has already broken up, but the spouses continue to live together, which is considered the most traumatic source for the child due to the duration of the stressful situation and leads to disturbances in the development of his personality); a broken family (a situation where one of the parents lives separately, but to some extent maintains contacts with the former family and performs some more functions).

The family plays a huge role both in the life of an individual and in the whole society. The most important characteristics of the family are its functions, stability and dynamics.

The function of the family is the sphere of family life, directly related to the satisfaction of certain needs of all members. Solovyov: “There are as many functions of the family as there are types of needs in a stable, repetitive form it satisfies.”

1. The educational function of the family is to meet individual needs in paternity and motherhood, contacts with children, their upbringing, self-realization in children. In relation to society, it ensures the socialization of the younger generation, the training of new members of society.
2. Household function is to meet the social and material needs of family members (for food, shelter), contributes to the preservation of their health.
3. The emotional function of the family is the satisfaction of its members' needs for sympathy, respect, recognition, emotional support, psychological protection, and also provides emotional stabilization of society members, helping to maintain their psychological health.
4. Spiritual (cultural) public function - meeting the needs for joint leisure activities, mutual spiritual enrichment.
5. The function of primary social control is to ensure the fulfillment of social norms by family members, especially by those who, due to various circumstances, cannot independently build their behavior in accordance with social norms.
6. Sexual and erotic functions - satisfaction of the sexual and erotic needs of family members. From the point of view of society, it is important how the family regulates the sexual and erotic behavior of family members, ensuring the biological reproduction of society.

Over time, changes occur in the functions of the family: some are lost, others change in accordance with new social conditions. In modern society, the importance of such functions as emotional, sexual, educational, spiritual has significantly increased. Marriage is increasingly seen as a union based on emotional ties rather than economic and material ones.

In the modern world, the family, in addition to traditional functions, namely educational and reproductive, has begun to perform the function of a psychological refuge - a place to relieve stress and create emotional comfort. This is especially true for young couples, because the creation of a prosperous psychological climate in the family is the key to further successful family life.

According to psychologists, not so much is needed for the happiness of a family, namely:

focus on another (the ability to understand him, treat him attentively, take into account his tastes, interests and desires);

normal, conflict-free communication;

trust and sympathy;

understanding each other;

normal intimate life;

the presence of the House (a place where the family as a whole and each of its members individually can take a break from the complexities of life).

Sociologists have identified the following conditions for family well-being:

1. Mutual understanding between spouses.
2. Separate apartment.
3. Material well-being.
4. Children.
5. Confidence in the strength of marriage.
6. Interesting leisure activities in the family.
7. Interesting work.
8. Relevant education.
9. Good position at work.
10. Good friends.
11. Independence of spouses.

An analysis of public opinion showed that the main conditions for family happiness are 1,2,3,4,7 years. Practical men put a separate apartment and material well-being in the first place, followed by mutual understanding between spouses, children and interesting work. Women give the palm to mutual understanding, children, and then - a separate apartment, material well-being and interesting work.

Stages of family development. In the first "honey" year of marriage, as psychologists' studies show, 37% of married couples claim that their attitude towards their life partner has become more strict, 29% note an increased number of disagreements. The perception of each other changes, there is a reassessment. Marriage is a dynamic picture, begins with the idealization of your partner, relationships with him. This is replaced by disappointment (the more, the greater the charm was), then only the settlement of relations begins. Almost half of those surveyed said that such dynamics turned out to be unexpected for them and much more difficult than they expected.

So, the life of the family naturally breaks up, according to V. L. Psych, into several stages. On each of them, the family faces specific tasks, and their solution requires united, coordinated efforts.

1. A-stage. A young family without children during the formation of relationships. It begins on the day of marriage and ends when the wife informs her husband that she is preparing to become a mother. The main task of the family is to form the image of "WE", to learn to live as a single whole, to adapt to each other in conditions of limited freedom, to be able to express their feelings in the language of family life.

B-stage. A young married couple waiting for their first child. The main thing here is to adjust to the new responsibilities and feelings associated with pregnancy.

2 stage. Family formation.

The main task is the adaptation of spouses to the role of parents, the reorganization of family relationships, taking into account the needs of the infant and preschooler.

3 stage. Stabilization or upbringing of children.

The task of the spouses is the upbringing of preschool and adolescent children, preparing them for an independent life.

4 stage. An elderly couple living separately from adult children.

Its beginning is the departure of the last of the children from the parental home, and the end is the death of one of the spouses. On this day, this family ends its life cycle.

Naturally, the description of the stage is only a diagram, since separation is possible only in a one-child family. In the presence of two or more children, stages overlap.

V. A. Sysenko grouped all marriages as follows:

1. Very young: from 0 to 4 years.
2. Young: 5-9 years old.
3. Medium: 10-19 years old.
4. Elderly: 20 or more.

Very young marriages are characterized by the initial entry into each other's world, the distribution of labor and responsibilities in the family, the solution of financial, housing and problems related to the management of the common household and everyday life, entering into the roles of husband and wife, growing up and growing up. This period of married life is the most difficult and dangerous in terms of family stability.

Young marriages are characterized by problems associated with the birth and upbringing of children, tension in the time budget, a sharp restriction of leisure, an increase in physical and nervous fatigue. All this is superimposed on love and the formation of marital friendship.

In psychological terms, the essence of these two stages is reduced to a complex and diverse process of adaptation of spouses to each other and to a joint lifestyle. It is known, unfortunately, that 65% of divorces occur in the first 10 years of marriage. And according to the classification of V. A. Sysenko, this is typical for "very young" marriages.

Therefore, the adaptation of spouses in moral terms is especially important, this involves the discussion and understanding of the mutual actions of the spouses in terms of "for the family - against the family", as well as the consistent and purposeful merging of two "I" into one "we", a merger, with a qualitative improvement "we "benefits each of the 'I's".

Family life crises. E. G. Eidemiller believes that so-called “normative stressors” pass through the stages of life, i.e. the usual difficulties that all families experience in an acute form, for example, the work of mutual adaptation, the formation of relationships with relatives, the upbringing and care of the child, housekeeping. The combination of these difficulties at certain points in the life cycle leads to family crises. Of undoubted interest are the studies of Czech scientists who have established two "critical" moments in family life.

BUT). Between the 3rd and 7th years of family development.

The critical moment reaches its greatest severity in the period between the 4th and 6th years. The leading role is played by a change in emotional relationships, an increase in the number of conflict situations, an increase in tension (as manifestations of difficulties in restructuring emotional relationships between spouses, a reflection of everyday and other difficulties).

B). Between the 17th and 25th years.

The leading role is played by the growth of somatic complaints, anxiety, the emptiness of life associated with the separation of children from the family.

Identification of crisis periods in the life of a family is important, especially in order to prevent the emergence of a crisis.

Characteristics of the modern family.

A family is a small socio-psychological group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, common life and mutual moral responsibility, and the social necessity for which is due to the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population.

Typology of families

Each family is unique, but at the same time contains features by which it can be attributed to any type.

1. A patriarchal (traditional) family is a large family, where different generations of relatives and in-laws live in one “nest”. There are many children in the family who depend on their parents, respect their elders, and strictly observe national and religious customs. The emancipation of women and all the accompanying socio-economic changes undermined the foundations of authoritarianism that reigned in the patriarchal family. Such families survived in rural areas, in small towns.
2. Nuclear family - consists mainly of two generations - of spouses and children - before the latter enter into marriage. Nuclear family i.e. a young family, there is usually a close community of spouses in everyday life. It is expressed in a respectful attitude towards each other, in mutual assistance, in an open manifestation of concern for each other, in contrast to patriarchal families, in which it is usually customary to prevent such relationships. Such families are often of a forced nature: a young family wants to separate from the parent, but cannot do this due to the lack of their own Jewish.
3. Incomplete family - arising as a result of divorce or death of one of the spouses. In an incomplete family, one of the spouses, more often the mother, brings up the child.
4. Maternal (illegitimate) family - the mother is not married to the father of her child, thus, according to statistics, every sixth child is born. Often a mother is only 15-16 years old, when she is not yet able to independently support her child or raise him. Such families are created not only by young girls, but also by mature women who consciously make such a choice.
5. An intermediate family - such a family at any moment can take some final form: fall apart or be documented.

Functions of the modern family

Under the functions of the family understand the areas of activity of the family team or its individual members, expressing the social role and essence of the family.

Currently, there is no generally accepted classification of family functions. Researchers are unanimous in defining such functions as procreation (reproductive), economic, restorative (leisure organization, recreational), educational. There is a close relationship between the functions, interdependence, complementarity, so any violations in one of them affect the performance of the other.

The function of procreation (reproductive) is the biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, the continuation of the human race.

The economic function provides for the diverse economic needs of one's own family. Each family carries out economic activities necessary in everyday life: buying food and cooking; caring for children, sick and elderly family members; house cleaning and repair; keeping clothes, shoes and other household items in order, etc.

The function of organizing leisure has as its goal the restoration and maintenance of health, the satisfaction of various spiritual needs.

Leisure plays a specific role, which is aimed at maintaining the family as an integral system. The content and forms of leisure activities depend on the level of culture, education, place of residence, income, national traditions, age of family members, their individual inclinations and interests. The leisure time of a modern family can be active, meaningful, if the interests and needs of all its members are taken into account.

The educational function is the most important function of the family, which consists in the spiritual reproduction of the population. There are three aspects of the educational function of the family:

1. The upbringing of the child, the formation of his personality, the development of abilities.
2. The systematic educational impact of the family team on each of its members throughout his life.
3. The constant influence of children on parents (other family members), encouraging them to self-education.

The structure of the family as an integral system largely depends on the type of family group. Despite the fact that the family is the oldest and most widespread social group, most people's knowledge about it is limited only to the division of families into good (prosperous) and bad (unfavorable). However, in order to better navigate the solution of many family problems, such an obviously superficial idea of the varieties (types) of the family, of course, is not enough. The presence of a system of knowledge about the types, forms, types of families and the characteristics of relationships within each model of a marriage union allows you to take a more “professional” look at your own family, and be more attentive to the problems that arise in it. In addition, different types of families function differently in various areas of family relations. The use of diverse typologies helps to get a more complete, multi-colored picture of the most important characteristics of the family in social and scientific terms: marriage, divorce, fertility, the influence of the family on the upbringing of children, etc.

A modern monogamous family can have several types that differ from each other in certain ways.

1. By related structure family can be nuclear(married couple with children) and extended(a married couple with children and any of the relatives of the husband or wife living with them in the same household).

2. By number of children: childless (infertile), single child, small child, large family family.

4. By composition: incomplete family, separate, simple (nuclear), complex (family of several generations), large family.

5. By geographic feature: urban, rural, remote family (living in hard-to-reach areas and in the regions of the Far North).

6. By homogeneity of the social composition: socially homogeneous (homogeneous) families ( have similar level education and character professional activities at spouses ); heterogeneous ( heterogeneous) families: unite people of different levels of education and professional orientation.

7. By family history: newlyweds; young family expecting a baby; family of middle marital age; senior marital age; elderly couples.

8. By type leading needs whose satisfaction determines features of the social behavior of members of the family group, single out families with a "physiological" or "naive-consumer" type of consumption (mainly with a food orientation); families with an "intellectual" type of consumption, i.e. with a high level of spending on spiritual life; families with an intermediate type of consumption.

9. According to the features of the existing family way of life and organization of family life: the family is an “outlet” (gives a person communication, moral and material support); family of detocentric type (children in the center interests of parents); a family like a sports team or a discussion club (they travel a lot, see a lot, know how, know); a family that puts comfort, health, and order first.

10. By nature of the Leisure: family open(focused on communication and the cultural industry) and closed(focused on intra-family leisure).

11. By the nature of the distribution of household duties: families traditional(duties are mostly performed by a woman) and collectivist(duties are performed jointly or in turn).

12. By headship type(distribution of power) families can be authoritarian and democratic.

13. Depending on special conditions for organizing family life: student family (both spouses study at the university) and "distant" family (separate residence of marriage partners due to the specifics of the profession of one of them or both: families of sailors, polar explorers, astronauts, geologists, artists, athletes, etc.).

14. By the quality of relationships and the atmosphere in the family: prosperous ( spouses and other family members highly appreciate each other, the authority of the husband is high, there are practically no conflicts, there are own traditions and rituals), sustainable(practically have the same features as prosperous families), pedagogically weak(low educational characteristics, preference is given to the physical condition and well-being of the child); unstable family(high level of dissatisfaction of both spouses with family life, including their role and position in the family, which leads to unpredictable behavior); disorganized(a pronounced lag of family relations from the general level of development of society is manifested: drunkenness, archaic relations of rude dictate; there is practically no internal unity and contacts between family members); socially disadvantaged(low cultural level of family members, alcohol consumption by one or both spouses or parents); problematic(lack of reciprocity among spouses and inability to cooperate); conflict ( the presence of psychological incompatibility among spouses or family members); disintegrating family union (an excessively aggravated conflict situation in the family, in fact, the marriage has already broken up, but the spouses continue to live together, which is considered the most traumatic source for the child due to the duration of the stressful situation and leads to disturbances in the development of his personality); disintegrated family - a situation where one of the parents lives separately, but to some extent retains contacts with the former family and performs another part of the functions.

16. By social role characteristics stand out traditional, child-centric and married families.

17. By the nature of communication and emotional relationships in the family marriages are classified into symmetrical, complementary and metacomplementary.

AT symmetrical In a marriage union, both spouses have equal rights, none of them is subordinate to the other. Problems are solved by agreement, exchange or compromise. AT complementary marriage one disposes, gives orders, the other obeys, awaits advice or instructions. AT metacomplementary In marriage, a leading position is reached by a partner who realizes his own goals by emphasizing his weakness, inexperience, incompetence and impotence, thus manipulating his partner.

Depending on the characteristics of emotional communication between parents and children in the structure of family relationships, the American psychologist L. Wursmer distinguishes four types of families, the basis for the functioning of which are certain variants of the pathology (violation) of family communication.