Modern slang of teenagers: meaning and influence on speech. Youth slang in modern speech culture

Russian youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as is clear from its nomination itself, but also by social, temporal and spatial limits. It exists among urban student youth - and in separate more or less closed reference groups.

Russian youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as is clear from its nomination itself, but also by social, temporal, and spatial limits. It exists among urban student youth - in separate more or less closed reference groups.

Like all social dialects, it is only a lexicon that feeds on the juices of the national language, lives on its phonetic and grammatical soil.

The first document where this sublanguage (we will use the term of Yu.S. Skrebnev) is recorded is N.G. Pomyalovsky, who describe the manners and life of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary in the middle of the last century. Polivanov recalls "that during the years of his teaching, which fell at the beginning of our century, various specific words were in use among his gymnasium comrades:" ... in the second or third grade, for example, it never occurred to us to use the word "treat" in a conversation with each other : it was regularly replaced by "fund", "fund" instead of "enterprise" or "conceived plan" always said "fiducia"; The word "comrade" was not used at all: it was necessary to say "cool"; "good comrade" - "stray sacks", etc. etc."

The flow of this vocabulary never dries up completely, it only becomes shallow at times, and in other periods it becomes full-flowing. This is connected, of course, with the historical background against which the Russian language develops. But this connection cannot be interpreted too straightforwardly, explaining the noticeable revival and intensive word formation in slang only by historical cataclysms. At the beginning of the century, three stormy waves in the development of youth slang were noted. The first dates back to the 1920s, when the revolution and civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children, and the speech of adolescent and youth students, who were not separated from the homeless by impenetrable partitions, was colored with many "thieves" words;

The second wave falls on the 50s, when "dudes" took to the streets and dance floors of cities. The appearance of the third wave is not associated with an era of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere public life The 70s and 80s gave rise to various informal youth movements, and "hippie" young people created their own "systemic" slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

Russian youth slang of the 70-80s is actively studied (Konylekko 1976; Borisova-Lukashanets 1980; Zhurakhovskaya 1981; Mazurova 1989, Radzikhovsky 1989, Gurov 1989; Volkova 1990; Lapova 1990; Rozhansky 1992; Sternin 1992; 9 Shchepanskaya 1992) .

True, one peculiar feature should be noted domestic works dedicated to this topic; some linguists, as if ashamed that they undertook the study of such an "unworthy", "low" subject, begin or end with calls to combat it and justify their study by the need to study evil in depth in order to know how best to deal with it. Such an approach seems to us unscientific: a linguist cannot and should not fight with language, the task of a linguist is to explore its diversity, including non-normative manifestations.

To study the youth slang of the 70-80s, we have three types of materials at our disposal:

complementary vocabulary lists published in the last decade (both separate editions and lexicons that are included in works about youth and their language);

numerous materials from newspapers and magazines, in the language of which more and more slangisms appear;

linguistic questionnaires filled out by native Russian informants representing the social and age group of interest to us.

The formation of the dictionary of the so-called "systemic" slang occurs due to the same sources and means that are characteristic of the language in general and Russian in particular. The difference is only in proportions and combinations.

The consolidated vocabulary already recorded in various publications of slangisms has about 1000 units. Researchers involved in youth slang include in the scope of study the age from 14-15 to 24-25 years. The comparison shows that the lexicon of different reference groups coincides only partially. The main part of the slang carriers are "hippie" high school students and students. The newspaper "Evening Petersburg" (October 6, 1992) describes, for example, two such young men - Alexander Turunov and Denis Astakhov. In winter, they listen to lectures at the institute, pass tests and exams, and in summer, having made a route in advance, they set off on a journey with a flute and guitar. On the "track" they vote, but they immediately warn that they are students and they have no money. Services are paid for with songs. In cities, they spend the night at train stations. And if you're lucky, local "hippies" will give you the address of the "registration" - an apartment where you can stay. Sometimes up to 10 people fit into such an apartment. By the beginning of the school year, Denis and Alexander return home.

And Zapesotsky and A. Fain in the book "This incomprehensible youth" (Zapesotsky, Fain 1990:53) draw a different portrait: a philologist girl, she graduated from Leningrad University in 1986. She studied in the evening, worked in the library during the day. Contacting with a mass of people, I met hippies. She felt that their views were consonant with her, quickly mastered their manner of communication, became her own in their environment. She wrote her thesis on American slang. For my own pleasure, I compiled the Dictionary of System Slang, the 3rd edition of which A. Zapesotsky and A. Fain cite in their book.

Another portrait, provincial: Smolensk graduate student from the "outback". From the first year he has been seriously engaged in the history of literature. Speech is quite normal. At a folklore festival, it suddenly turns out that the girl is perfectly Smolensk territorial dialect. And at an interuniversity scientific conference, during a break between sessions, a surprised professor accidentally hears how his ward speaker chats briskly with colleagues from Moscow and other cities, adding picturesque slang to her speech.

We must clearly understand that in all cases when we encounter slangisms not in the dictionary, but in live speech, this speech is not jargon, but only jargonized- individual inclusions of slangisms against the background of neutral or familiar vocabulary. The most saturated it is among Moscow and St. Petersburg hippies. In the speech of young people on the periphery, the concentration of slang is much less.

Slangisms seep very intensively into the language of the press. In almost all materials that deal with the life of the young, interests, their holidays and idols, which contain slang in greater or lesser concentrations. And not only in the youth press - Komsomolskaya Pravda, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Sobesednik, or the newspaper I Am Young, but also in such popular newspapers addressed to readers of all ages as Evening Novosibirsk, Arguments and Facts ". Newspapers are a valuable source because they promptly reflect the current state of the language. Common slang vocabulary gets into them very quickly, and we get the opportunity to objectively judge its frequency.

The proposed material for the study of youth slang in Novosibirsk also allows us to obtain some evidence of the evolution of youth slang. For example, this: “chicks”, “dudes”, “girls” have become a thing of the past. Now young people call girls "bees". If the girl is strange or drunk, then they can say about her "departed." Girls call young people "uncles". Young people are "increased steepness", but there are also "twisted", i.e. not very "cool". In light of the foregoing, it is worth quoting, probably now a fashionable saying: "Only eggs are cooler than you, only stars are higher than you." If a company gathers, then it is called a "party". "Party" may turn out to be "crazy", i.e. unsuccessful, or successful - "freaky" ”(MK. 1992. No. 10).

Youth slang finds its way into urban folklore. This is both a common genre - a parody of the classics ("If I were a king - a furry girl sings .. /"), and a song, and an anecdote built on puns.

As an expressive element that forms a "stylistic breakdown" (Yu.M. Lotman's term), slang is effectively used in microdoses both in prose and poetry. This use of youth slang for stylistic purposes is, as Denise Françoise saw it, her way of transforming it from the property of a corporate group into the public domain.

Slang is universal. Many features make Russian youth slang related to any kind of slang. This is, “firstly, his depreciation: he is critical, ironic about everything that is connected with the pressure of the state machine. There is a pronounced ideological moment here - "systemic" slang from its very inception has opposed itself not only to the older generation, but above all to the rotten official system.

The second feature that unites Russian youth slang with any kind of slang is its inflamed metaphor. B.D. Polivanov very aptly called argotic word formation word-creation; “Here, indeed, we do not encounter an individual invention of a single organizing device, but in the true sense of the word, a broad collective, and sometimes widely diverse in its methods, linguistic creativity” (Polivanov 19316: 158-159)

The third feature is the dominance of the representative, rather than communicative, and even more so non-cryptolalic function. It was the representative function as organic and important that B.D. emphasized in this case. Polivanov, considering the jargon of schoolchildren: “When a student says “nafik” or “napsik” instead of “why”, he thinks as a communicated set of ideas not only the translated meaning of the word (i.e. the meaning of “why” or “why”), And if you try to convey this "something", then it will turn out to be the following approximately content of a thought - a thought containing a description of both participants in the language exchange (dialogue): "Both of us, they say, are "ours"" [ Polivanov 193ta: 163].

Youth slang is the password of all members of the reference group.

The fourth feature that characterizes Russian youth slang as a universal, a feature that connects it with other slang and especially with student slang - French, German, Bulgarian and others - is its human orientation. Youth slang is not just a way of creative self-expression, but also a tool for double estrangement [Radzikhovsky, Mazurova 198Ya: 136]. If the ludic function is characteristic of a person in general, then it is characteristic of a young person even more so.

Our research shows that youth slang, like any slang and more broadly - like any sublanguage, is characterized by some blurring of boundaries. It can be singled out as a closed subsystem, as an object of observation, only conditionally [Skrebnev 1985: 22-25]. The gradual spread of youth slang goes from the center to the periphery, and on the periphery it takes root minimally.

First of all, with its expressiveness, mischievous and cheerful play with the word, it attracts youth slang, with which the adult part of the population began to get acquainted, reading in the thaw years of young prose writers and poets, the youth press and listening to their children. Against the background of the depressingly deceitful official propaganda chewing gum, slangs attracted fresh metaphor, looseness, and sometimes brevity of designations (for example, iron- “farmer, walking along the sidewalk in front of the hotel, waiting for a client”). The composition of slang reflects the dangerous, disturbing fact of the spread of drug addiction: dozens of words and expressions.

The main role in the slang language, from our point of view, is played by special words or marker phrases. These words were a kind of universal messages, replacing a long sequence of sentences that were probably just too lazy to pronounce. One of the professors of the philological faculty at introductory lecture said: "The philologist should not be afraid of the language," which amused the audience a lot.

In addition, they performed the function of encodings that hid the meaning of the conversation from the uninitiated. Suppose one of his reproaches in front of strangers in an unseemly act. You can start a controversy and bring the public up to date. Or you can just strain through your teeth with the right intonation: "Charles Darwin." The phrase is the result of reduction famous quote: "Who is telling me this? Count Tolstoy is telling me this or Charles Darwin?" and means in an approximate translation into the local "himself such."

Slang is more typical semantic humor. Most of all, a successful - sometimes gloomy-absurd - play on words is valued: the draft dialogue "Pydr" - compilations from "Feast" and "Phaedra", a new feeling of "prust" or an exclamation of "boschitelno" and a desire to write "frost"; or "King Fuck's wild hunt"; philosopher Beliberdyaev; six-legged Vshiva; Hysterical homeland and drinking at the court of King Arthur; Or something more complicated, requiring some mental effort to appreciate the joke, for example, the composition "Debelaya Pebbles" ... Mamon Leskov and Rostov at home, ancestral goiter and a song about the socle ...

But what is the difference between youth slang and other types of slang?

Firstly, these words serve to communicate people of the same age category. At the same time, they are used as synonyms for English words, differing from them in emotional coloring.

Secondly, youth slang is distinguished by its “obsession” with the realities of the young world. The slang names in question refer only to this world, thus separating it from everything else, and are often incomprehensible to people of other age categories.

Thanks to the knowledge of such a special language, young people feel like members of a certain closed community.

And, thirdly, among this vocabulary, quite vulgar words are not uncommon.

Thus, these three observations do not allow us to rank youth slang in any single group of non-literary words and force us to consider it as a phenomenon that has the features of each of them. This allows us to define the term youth slang as words that are used only by people of a certain age category, replacing ordinary vocabulary and differing in colloquial, and sometimes rudely familiar coloring.

In addition, as already mentioned above, most of the words related to youth slang are derived from professional terms, almost all of which are borrowed from English. Therefore, it is necessary to follow:

behind the appearance of these terms and their transition into the Russian language;

2) behind the process of education from these terms of youth slang.

The first reason for this quick appearance new words in youth slang is, of course, the rapid, "jumping" development of life. If you look at the numerous magazines that cover the latest market news, we will see that more or less significant phenomena appear almost every week.

Under the conditions of such a technological revolution, each new phenomenon should receive its verbal designation, its name. And since almost all of them (with rare exceptions) appear in America, Europe, then, naturally, we get it on the dominant English language. When they find out about this after some time in Russia, then for their vast majority, of course, there is no equivalent in the Russian language. And so the Russians have to use the original terms. There is a so-called filling of cultural gaps with the help of English terms. In this way, English titles more and more fill the Russian language. The lack of a sufficiently standardized translation in the Russian language, a significant number of branded and advertising terms, and led to a tendency to the emergence of such a number of youth slang.

Many of the existing terms are quite cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use. There is a strong tendency to shorten, simplify words.

Recently, there has also been a craze for young people in computer games. This again served as a powerful source of new words.

Currently, the vocabulary of youth slang has a relatively large number of words. Therefore, youth slang contains words with identical or extremely close meanings - synonyms. Naturally, the more common the word, the more synonyms it has. Such a phenomenon as the appearance of synonyms is due to the fact that in different regions of Russia (and there are quite a lot of them) for the same term, different slang matches. They can be educated in a different way. And communication between people using different words is not yet very developed. The Internet is not yet ubiquitous. Therefore, when they do meet, they sometimes do not even understand each other. For the creators of youth slang dictionaries, the first problem is to write down as many possible synonyms for each term as possible and find out some well-known words.

Slang does not remain constant. With the change of one fashionable phenomenon to another, old words are forgotten, they are replaced by others. This process is very fast. If in any other slang a word can exist for decades, then in youth slang only over the past decade of rapid world progress an incredible number of words have appeared and gone down in history.

But there are also things that have not undergone special changes. But their slang designations do not remain unchanged. There is a process of generational change, and those words that seemed fashionable and funny five to seven years ago now look outdated. Fashion changes, trends in society change, some words just get boring.

It is also impossible to ignore such a problem as the transition of words from slang to the category of literary norm. Most often, rather old slang words that have managed to get used to become normal. The word thus loses its eccentric coloring. Newspapers and magazines play an important role in this. The slang word appears in them in most cases due to the fact that the normal words corresponding to them are inconvenient with frequent use or are absent altogether. Magazines generally use slang words in abundance in order to create a more cheerful, youthful atmosphere. Here is an excerpt from the magazine "Country of Games" for August 1996: "The fans quickly dubbed the released demo Wolff and started to kill the fascist soldiers." But from such entertainment magazines, slang often moves to the pages of more serious periodicals, and sometimes scientific literature. Let's remember a word "iron" in the meaning of `hardware", which for some time was exclusively slang, but eventually turned into a professional vocabulary. Now it can be found in any computer magazine.

Having traced the path of the word from its birth to the transition to slang, we found out that slang in the Russian language is a kind of "vent". Slang helps speed up this process when the language tries to keep up with the flow of information.

In this matter, the Russian language, without a doubt, is under the direct influence of the English language. And we will not be able to stop this process until we ourselves create something unique.

As we can see, youth slang in most cases is English borrowings or phonetic associations, cases of translation are less common, and even then thanks to the wild imagination of young people. To attract foreign words language should always be treated carefully, and even more so when this process has such a speed.

Development of this linguistic phenomenon and its distribution among an increasing number of native speakers of the Russian language is conditioned by the introduction of "foreignness" into the life of modern society. And youth slang is beginning to be used not only by young people, but also by people who have nothing to do with them at all. Once one grandmother in the store said to another: “You see what HACKED apples for sale! It seems that youth slang should become the object of close attention of linguists, because, as examples of other slang systems show, special vocabulary sometimes penetrates the literary language and is fixed there for many years.

§ 1. Student slang as a linguistic and sociocultural phenomenon

1.1. The question of youth and student slang in linguistics

The life of modern society is characterized by swiftness, susceptibility to innovations, diversity and polarity of its phenomena and processes. All these qualities are inevitably reflected in the national language, which, according to N.S. Valgina, not only lives in time, but reflects the time itself [Valgina 2003: 1. One of these "reflections of time" - a kind of "mirror" in which social changes are projected, is the lexical composition of the language in its various stylistic varieties.

The modern Russian language, being a complex hierarchical system, includes different functional styles and language levels, including spoken language and vernacular in its various manifestations. Rightly emphasized by B.V. Tomashevsky: "...There is no firm boundary between practical and literary speech" |Tomashevsky 1999: 5|. This is the reason for the constant attention of linguists to various forms of vernacular, among which professional dialects, or social sublanguages, stand out.

In Russian linguistics, the beginning of an active study of living speech in the social aspect dates back to about the 20-30s of the 20th century. In the works of V.V. Vinogradov, V.M. Zhirmunsky, B.A. Larina, E.D. Polivanova receives its justification for a new linguistic direction - "social dialectology", the term "social dialect" is introduced. In the 1940s-1960s, in studies carried out in line with this direction, the study of the social development of the language, its social differentiation, was updated. In the 1970s-1990s domestic linguists social-group dialects, conditional languages ​​of closed social groups, urban vernacular, etc. are studied. The attention of scientists is also attracted by an interesting linguistic phenomenon - the language of youth. His active research begins in the 1970s and 1980s and continues to this day.

In the works of L.I. Skvortsova, M.M. Kopylenko, E.G. Borisova-Lukashanets, K.I. Dubrovina, L.P. Krysina, A.I. Mazurova and others present the characteristics of numerous lexical units, describe thematic groups, identify sources and ways of replenishing the youth thesaurus. Late XX period - early XXI in. marked by the works of E.M. Beregovskoy, I.A. Sternina, E.V. Udzinskaya, V.V. Chemist, S.I. Levikova and others. Dictionaries of youth slang were prepared and published.

Today, interest in learning the language of youth continues to grow not only on the part of linguists, but on the part of its young speakers themselves. This is evidenced by a large number of course and diploma projects, publications in collections of scientific works of students and graduate students [Galiev 2011; Maltseva, Moskvina, Tumanov 2004; Shulgina, Vatutina 2008]. Candidate's dissertations are defended on the topic of the youth language | Androsova 2006; Goidova 2004; Zaikovskaya 1993; Kropacheva 2011; Shmachkov 2005].

On the Internet, you can find many sites dedicated to the collection and systematization of the thesaurus of the youth language, as well as the analysis of the patterns of its development and functioning. Numerous electronic dictionaries of youth slang are also available online [Discover your America; Slovonovo; Living Russian; Dictionary of youth slang; Student; Dictionary of youth, computer and other slang and jargon].

All this has led to the fact that today in linguistics the status of “one of the language levels” is assigned to the language of young people [see, for example: Bozhenkova 2008: 41; Levikova 2004: 169|. It has also been defined and is being defined as a “sublanguage” [Skrebnev 1975: 321, “youth jargon” and “sublanguage as part of the national language” [Uzdinskaya 19911, “slang”, “social dialect”, “sociallect” |Beregovskaya 1996: 40|. EM. Beregovskaya believes that "youth slang is one of functional styles» |Beregovskaya 1996: 40|. In his monograph, V.V. The chemist, distinguishing between the concepts of "slang", "slang", "slang", believes that for the language of youth "the nomination of youth slang is acceptable, since it implies a fairly wide lexical and phraseological subsystem of units, especially common and often used among young people" | Chemist 2000:15).

Despite the fact that the concept of "slang" has not yet received a clear definition in linguistics, in our work we will use the terms "youth slang" (youth sociolect as a whole) and "student slang" (a subsystem of youth slang). Based on the second meaning of the definition of "slang" from the "Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" by O.S. Akhmanova, we will understand by youth slang various elements of the colloquial version of young people of a certain socio-professional group (in our case it will be students), which, penetrating into the literary language or into the speech of people who are not directly related to this group of people, acquire these languages ​​have a special emotional and expressive coloring" [see: Akhmanova 1966: 1981.

The composition of the socio-age group of young people is not homogeneous. In it, the social stratum of students in higher educational institutions stands out more and more clearly. In modern society, a student is at the same time a certain type of occupation, social status, social type ... And it is not for nothing that today the opinion is increasingly heard that a student is a profession, and numerous aphorisms on the topic “A student is ...”, walking in the environment university students, the best evidence of self-identification of the student social stratum.

The language of young students also has its own specifics. The speech of students, on the one hand, is included in the language level "youth language", and on the other hand, it has its own linguistic features. In this regard, the student language acts as a kind of "higher form" of development of a given language level. The statement of N.P. Shulgina and A.V. Vatutina: "The bearer of slang is only one who is well versed in literary norms" | Shulgina, Vatutina 2008: 193]. It is also significant that the linguistic activity of students is not limited to the simple reproduction of language slang units learned in their social and speech environment. In parallel, we can observe a large number of examples of linguo-creative activity: new words; broad metaphorization of the meanings of both individual words and whole phrases; creation of phraseological units, aphorisms, proverbs and sayings; nicknames and nicknames, anecdotes... Such active speech activity allows us to speak about the presence in the structure of the lexical subsystem of youth slang of its certain variety - student slang.

The bright specificity of the language of the students made it an interesting object for scientific study. For example, K.N. Dubrovina defines it as “student jargon” and singles it out “into a separate subsystem within a given language system” Schubrovina 1980: 781. In her article, she also makes an attempt to indicate some features of the students’ language: “Many features of student jargon are largely determined by the oral form of its existence : for example, the use of colloquial, rough-familiar vocabulary gives speech an emotionally expressive coloring, makes it lively and relaxed | Dubrovina 1980: 78].

A.S. Zapesotsky and A.P. Fine pointed out that the appearance of slangisms in the speech of young native speakers is not accidental: “Behind the specific details and the direction of the formation of their lexicon, the vision of things characteristic of a particular group of young people clearly emerges. The range of phenomena for which these people need new designations, and the nature of the designations, and its interpretation in translation into ordinary language are not at all accidental ”| Zapesotsky 1990: 551. However, the authors of the monograph did not delve into the analysis of the reasons causing the appearance of certain slang units , and limited themselves to a brief remark: “Perhaps, the need for new words also appears when the old ones cease to satisfy, as one young man said, they seem “not juicy enough, colorful” to denote certain (usually causing strong emotions) things, phenomena [Zapesotsky 1990: 571.

In the work of E.M. Beregovskoy, we find an attempt to analyze the functioning of the lexical units of student slang in the social and speech environment of students in Moscow, Smolensk and Ivanov. In the course of the survey, the researcher concludes: "The gradual spread of youth slang goes from the center to the periphery, and on the periphery it takes root minimally" | Beregovskaya 1996: 401.

Many interesting observations on the specifics of student slang can be found in the monograph by V.V. A chemist who singled out this sociolect as a special “level of substandard linguistic manifestations (mainly lexical) in the speech of young people in accordance with their age” |Khimik 2000: 34|. The scientist qualifies student slang as one of the “lexico-semantic slang subsystems of social and professional orientation”, which, in addition to student slang, includes army jargon, jargon of musicians, programmers, young workers, merchants, representatives of some creative professions, and journalists |Khimik 2000: 34| .

The data on the language of young students obtained by O.E. Androsova. In her Ph.D. thesis, she rightly suggests studying the language of students, taking into account age, gender, place of residence and professional orientation, i.e. taking into account the social, psychological and demographic components of the student language | Androsova 2006].

An indication of the regional component of the content of student slang seems to us especially relevant. The experience of such a study is described in the monograph by V.A. Maslova on the example of the analysis of the language of the Poozersky youth. Emphasizing the relevance of this approach, she writes: “... The vision of the world by a certain social group is conditioned by its culture: the same phenomena of reality are perceived and interpreted differently by different groups. The problem we face is to determine how the language used by a given social group reflects its view of the world” | Maslova 2001: 691. In particular, V.A. Maslova makes comments about the slang of students in the region under study and characterizes one of its main trends, which she refers to as “the natural formation of a new student sociolect from an “alloy” of traditional and professional sociolects” [Maslova 2001: 691.

An indication of the relevance of “studying the dependence of knowledge and use of lexical units of student jargon on the territorial and socio-cultural characteristics of young people” can be found in the abstract of M.A. Kropacheva: “The local variability of youth jargon still remains poorly understood” | Kropacheva 2011: 4|.

In this regard, within the framework of a collective study of the Department of the Russian Language of the Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, dedicated to the study of the modern linguistic and cultural situation of the Central District of Russia in terms of the characteristics of the speech culture of Ivanovo students, we set ourselves the goal of examining the phenomenon of slang among students in this region. Primary attention will be paid to the conversational practice of students in the city of Ivanovo, which was not in vain called by the deputy head of the Ivanov City Administration V. Piguta “one of the largest student cities in Russia” [see: 45 student spring 20121.

The study of linguistic practice and linguistic creativity of students, the study of trends in the development of their slang is an urgent scientific problem. According to the famous culturologist and philosopher M.N. Epstein, “where there is no will to new meanings and to the generation of new words, there is no will to live” [Epshtein 2009: 19J. Observations of the functioning and creation of slang units in the circles of young students, the study of the specifics of these processes will help to recreate the modern linguistic and cultural situation in the Central region of Russia in a living, “mobile” state, and indicate the prospects for its development.

For this purpose, a collection of practical materials was organized - samples of students' speech activity. The source was the oral and written speech of young native speakers: questionnaire data, everyday educational and informal communication, student articles and statements in the media, informal correspondence (including SMS), youth websites (statements from forums, blogs and posts), etc. d. In the selection and systematization of the material, active assistance was provided by the students themselves, who were part of the project development group.

Among the most significant reasons for the use of jargon in the speech of young people the following can be distinguished:

a) to achieve a certain social status in a group based on the acceptance of its social and moral values;

b) for fun and pleasure; c) to demonstrate the sharpness of his mind; d) in order to avoid the everyday banality of using the words of the literary language, the desire for greater expressiveness of speech;

e) to draw attention to one's own person;

f) to enrich the language, to give lexical specificity to some phenomena and objects;

g) to accentuate one's belonging to a particular school, craft, profession, to establish and maintain contact within a given social community;

h) to perform a secret function;

i) to create your own speech mask.

Replenishment of slang vocabulary

There are a large number of sources of replenishment of youth slang. The modern generation uses slang terms to refer to new realities, objects, phenomena. The most developed semantic fields are "Person", "Appearance", "Clothes", "Leisure". Slang is a living, mobile language that keeps up with the times and reacts to any changes in the life of the country and society.

1. Development of computer technologies

Many words and expressions come from computer slang. The Internet, its wide possibilities, rapidly developing Computer techologies attract young people. In this regard, many new jargons appear. Here are some of them:

Virus - a computer virus, emoticons - funny faces in chats, system glitch, buggy - computer malfunctions, soap - e-mail, RAM - operating system, mouse - computer mouse, user - computer user, gamer - player.

2. Modern musical culture

One of the hobbies of young people is music. It is part of the life of young people. Modern music is a mixture of different cultures and musical trends. Youth jargon related to the field of music contains the names of various musical styles (pop, popsyatin - pop music, Dark - heavy music, Dream, house, drum, drum (Dram "n Base), trance) and compositions (fresh - fresh, new music, release - a composition that went on sale, track - a musical composition, playlist - a list of musical compositions), names of the musicians' actions (play - play).

Foreign music is now more popular among young people, and Russian performers and compositions are sometimes perceived negatively. Often young people come up with nicknames for musical groups and performers:

Asi-Basi, Jennifer Popez, Zhenya Lenin, Patricia Kvass, Pasha Makarov, Marmeladze, Bari Karabasov, Bari Alabaster, Andrey Buben, Kretinushki International, Bolvanushki International, Mikhail Shukherinsky.

3. English, German and French.

English in youth circles is considered the most "fashionable" and the most promising for learning. Therefore, many youth jargons are words that are borrowed from the English language. The following is interesting: these jargons are understood even by those people who have never learned English in their lives, so jargon words have merged into modern speech. Anglicisms reflect new realities from the sphere of science, technology, economics, youth subculture.

Fifty-fifty (fifty-fifty) - 50 to 50, respect - respect, loser - loser, drink - drink, people - people, crazy (crazy) - crazy; best, best - the best; love story (love story) - love story.

The writing of these slang words is free, you can use both Latin and Cyrillic. For example:

No problems - No problems

Pliz (please), o "kay (OK), sorry (sorry), fail (fail)

Some English words have Russian elements of word formation. For example, the following expressions:

Face on the table - face on the table (head on the wall), face (face) - face.

English affixes can also be added to Russian stems: blinble (word-building suffix of the English language -able). With the help of the same suffix, new slang units are formed, only instead of a Russian word, an English one appears, although in English this suffix cannot be attached to a given word. For example, greatbl, superbl.

There are not so many jargons using German and French.

I spit in German - I speak German.

Sorry - sorry.

4. Criminal vocabulary.

In the vocabulary associated with the criminal sphere, the names of persons (authority, garbage - policeman), actions (soak, bang - kill, knock - report) are presented.

Some argotisms, having passed into youth jargon, have significantly changed their semantics. For example: a gopnik is a primitive, intellectually undeveloped and aggressive person (cf. corner. gopnik is a street robber), a sucker is a person. not worthy of respect, trust (cf. corner. sucker - the victim of a crime, the one who is scheduled to deceive, rob or kill).

5. Slangisms related to drugs, alcohol

They are mainly divided into words that are the name of an addict, the names of drugs, and words denoting actions related to drugs.

Narik, junkie, junkie, junkie

Wheels - pills

Drugs, coke, gerych, grass, hair dryer - drugs

Puff, inflate, smear, throw, kumar - actions related to drugs

Words related to alcohol can also be divided into small groups:

Drunkard, alkanaut, bruise - alcoholic

Blue, vodyara - alcohol

Sour, plump, buzz - drink.

6. Computer games, videos, cartoons

A large number of slang words and expressions come to the speech of young people from computer games, but most often these words are specific in use, they are used by those young people for whom games are a hobby. Many words are borrowings from English.

Computer youth language is very widespread in recent times.

Preved, bear! - traditional greeting

Handsome, hare - a positive assessment of someone

Yatya laf - I love you

Uzhs - horror; please - please

The last example shows that in computer language there is a tendency to reduce words and expressions to save time, as well as for typing speed.

The most expressive and memorable names of movie and cartoon characters turn into common nouns in youth speech.

Goblins, gremlins, simpsons, spongebob.

7. Hobbies and hobbies of young people

Young people have different hobbies to which they dedicate their free time. And the world of jargon associated with this or that hobby is bright and original.

Game of socks (sock - sock) - a small rag ball. This game is similar to the Russian game "Hot Potato", only in it the players throw the ball with their feet. Now this game is less relevant, it is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

At all times, football has been popular among young people, and in this regard, slang words (feint, drive tricks) cannot be dispensed with either.

This source can be attributed to the replenishment of youth slang with the help of anime, a subculture that is so popular these days. People who are addicted to anime are called anime fans.

Anime is primarily the name of animated films that are produced in Japan. The first cartoons date back to the middle of the twentieth century. It is interesting that anime people, as a youth subculture, completely lack any ideology, but the characteristic slang is well represented, replete with Japanese words, occasionally in the Russian manner (“kawaino”, “hentaino”, etc.). Today, explanatory dictionaries of modern anime culture are being created. Some units of anime slang have passed into the spoken language of Tomsk students, who sometimes do not even know what anime is.

anime- pertaining to anime.

blanks- Blank discs for recording anime.

kawaii, kawains, kawaii - jap. kawaii "cute, adorable". 1. A subjective positive assessment of any object, person, phenomenon of reality as sweet, pleasant and cute, causing tenderness, is more often used as a noun. 2. An anime genre that features exaggeratedly cute characters.

Nya - 1. Meow; 2. Expression of positive emotions.

Nyashka is a female or male creature that causes tenderness and strong sympathy within the limits of light love; the behavior or appearance of the cute can be described with the word "kawaii".

Nyashny - cute, charming. Syn. kawaii.

Ways of forming slang vocabulary

Expressive word-building elements are involved in the formation of new jargon, most often these are suffixes: -uh-, -yak-, -on-, -lovo-, -ul- (merry, stipukha; cool, mattress, frail; vidon, lifon; mochilovo, rubilovo, kidalovo; lapulya, beauty). This method is one of the most common in the formation of new slangisms. Words without the above formants (fun, cool, beauty) can be used by a person belonging to any social, age group, that is, they are commonly used. It is specific suffixes that allow you to create units of youth slang.

The tendency to form abbreviated and compound words: teacher, matan, antichka, zaruba, philfaker. Playful transformations of words with associative assimilation of them to other lexical units: philoloch (contamination: philologist and sucker), student - student, bag - college, university, academy of culture.

The verb "smile" as jargon is used in the form of the second person singular. h. imperative mood- smile (face), which means - smile.

Features of the slang of TSU students

Some words and expressions of jargon of TSU students have a different meaning, in contrast to the data in the dictionary of interpretations. For example, in the dictionary: blow - 1. Narc. In a special way to puff and exhale when smoking marijuana. 2. Give someone a smoke. 3. Have sexual intercourse with smb. 4. Scold, scold, punish someone. (vocabulary). In the slang of TSU students, it is most often to blow in - to skip a couple, skip a lesson.

When studying the literature on this topic, not a single slang unit was found with the suffix - bl -(blinbl, superbl, chicbl), which is now very popular in the formation of new jargon. This suffix is ​​of English origin. He became widely known after the TV show “Give Youth” on the STS channel (it is interesting to note that the participants in this program also studied at Tomsk State University).

1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a combination of various phenomena, such as the literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. The literary language is the historically established highest form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. This is an exemplary, standardized language, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in the same territory. Jargon - the speech of individual professional, class, age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by a deviation from literary norms.

The literary language serves such spheres of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can equally master two or more forms of a language (for example, a literary language and a dialect, a literary language and vernacular), use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

The main feature of the literary language is normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of elements of a language, the rules for their use in a certain period. The norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of means mass media, common modern usage, scholarly research by linguists.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and comprehensibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. According to the researchers, this process intensified in recent decades in connection with social transformations. In a critical era, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-cogitative area of ​​culture, which, in turn, testifies to changes in the public consciousness of the language community. Changes are determined by the new setting: "In a democracy, everything is possible!" However, emancipation as a feature of the modern linguistic taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for "learning", for the sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the wide use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (bookish, colloquial), one of them is preferred. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with the development of the language. Variants are transitional steps from an obsolete norm to a new one. The norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out how sick it is. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some, their native language has already become a fusion of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -tainted language . Jargon is spoken by people connected by one profession, social stratum. These are a kind of password words, in order to distinguish "one's own".

Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication, by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of their profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelic jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the national language in its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation means.

Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many social groups. Passing from one jargon to another, the words of their "general fund" can change their form and meaning: "dark" - to hide prey, "cunning" in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade the answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages ​​("dude" - a guy from the gypsy language), but most of it is created by re-registration ("basket" - basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words ("jerk" - go, "car" - automobile). The ratio of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its rethinking in jargon - from playfully ironic to rudely vulgar - depends on value orientation and the nature of the social group: whether it is open or closed, organically enters society or opposes itself to it. AT open groups(youth) slang is a "collective game". In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between "one's own" and "alien", and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through the vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characteristics. The fight against jargon for the purity of the language and the culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted incorrect speech. Therefore, in the proper terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms like "student language", "slang", "slang".

3. Sources of replenishment of slang

For a long time, the basis of general slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of replenishment of slang was slang (criminal language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have moved into common jargon from thieves' slang. Let's give some examples: "grandmother" - money, "wet" - to kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a thieves' den, "arrow" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon and the influence of the jargon of drug addicts have not escaped, but this vocabulary is not numerous in the general jargon: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only a few words go beyond this sphere. These are such words and expressions as: "nonsense", "weed" - marijuana, "sit on a needle", "jamb" - a cigarette with marijuana, "glitches" - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon are professional expressions by their origin, for example, police expressions: "everyday life" - a crime committed on domestic grounds, "dismemberment" - a dismembered corpse, "snowdrop" - a corpse found under the snow. For miners, for example, a pile of overturned wagons is called a "wedding", for pilots the frontal part of the aircraft is called a "muzzle". Instead of the word "anesthesia" dentists often use the word "freeze". Patients of hospitals, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures, tools themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called "intestine", fluoroscopy - "transmission" ... Such words fall into the language of physicians and become their professional jargon. Army - "grandfathers", "demobilization", "mow" (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of the special services - "disinformation" - misinformation, and businessmen - "cash" - cash, "clearance" - cashless payments. Among the argotisms, one can single out intra-professional elements that do not go beyond one slang, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotism serving whole line slang. For example, the former include such words as "imperishable" - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (among artists), "dollar" - a hook for hanging a bowler hat over a fire (among tourists), "charging a client" - making a promise to pay a certain amount of money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - a word like "teapot" - an unfavorable visitor to an institution (from waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (from drivers), an amateur athlete (for athletes), etc.

Throughout its existence, the general jargon actively interacts with vernacular (the language of the uneducated part of society that does not know enough the norms of the literary language). In many cases, one can speak of a slang-colloquial lexicon zone: by origin it is vernacular (and sometimes dialectal) and continues to be used in vernacular, but at the same time has firmly “settled” in jargon. This is predominantly stylistically reduced vocabulary with a tinge of rudeness or familiarity, for example: "get drunk", "get drunk", "suck", "whistling" - get drunk, "hangover" - with a hangover, "hit", "embed" - hit, " kumpol" - head. Neutral colloquial nominations such as "master" - husband, "play" - indulge in the game, "lay down" (instead of the lit. "lay") are not used in jargon.

Thus, a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas of the profanity of the Russian language is currently taking place.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in former years, more than others, the English language enriched the jargons. At present, in connection with the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the common jargon has noticeably intensified. Here are examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fell into the common jargon at different times: "girl" - a girl, "pop" - pop music, "face" - a face. Much less in the general jargon of borrowings from other languages. Compare: "ksiva" - passport (Yiddish), "kaif" - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), "fazenda" - Vacation home, suburban area with a house (Spanish).

Jargon is constantly replenished as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication for a large number of people united by age, and even then it is very conditional. The carriers of slang are, as a rule, people 12 - 30 years old. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except for boring ones, since the slang word is born as a result of the speaker's emotional attitude to the subject of conversation. Slang is a constant word creation, which is based on the principle of a language game. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in the slang text. It is important for a young person not only "what to say", but also "how to say" in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism that is in the process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words for colloquial, colloquial use - such a fate awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

In the use of jargon by young people, there is a tendency to use familiar vocabulary in relation to socially significant phenomena traditionally respected in society: parents (ancestors, skulls); dead and the very fact of death (blind man, freshman - dead man, grunt, inflate flippers, etc. - die); relationships between a man and a woman (glue, shoot - get acquainted, ring- marry, get married), etc. Phenomena that are significant from the point of view social norms, are often interpreted by young people as the values ​​of "fathers" and narrower, therefore, are perceived skeptically.

The informal Mitkov group gives a great contrast to youth jargon. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in a pseudo-Russian popular style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people adjoining them. Mitki are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate benevolence and tenderness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; dress up in anything in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often, in vests), wear beards. Mityok, just like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of a Russian folk tale, who tends to lie on the stove as a klutz, but is actually savvy.

5. Schoolchildren's slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives younger generation- respectively, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any cryptolality in this slang and the obvious comprehensibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon contains words that are thematically related to the following four areas: the school area, the leisure area, the area of ​​everyday life, and the area of ​​assessment.

School slang includes names subjects(matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades (slop, twix - grade "2", trendel - grade "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - dining room, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees ( teacher - teacher, sackcloth - director of the school), types learning activities(homework - homework, kontrosha - test), etc. This lexical group can be considered as the "core" of school jargon - the units included in it are realized in the speech of most schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. The indicated group is adjoined by units representing the names teaching staff in the subject taught (physicist - physics teacher, biologist - biology teacher, Englishwoman - English teacher, hysterical - history teacher, algebroid etc.) or by the type of professional activity (for example, head teacher - head of education).

Separate consideration deserves such a specific part of school slang as the slang names of teachers and other school workers according to their specific characteristics. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of an abstract name for teachers of different subjects (for example, Kolba is a chemistry teacher, Brush is a drawing teacher, Pencil is a drawing teacher, Molecule is a physics teacher, Printer is a computer science teacher, etc. ) have a pronounced "local" character and are realized in the speech of students only in the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate quite definite, specific people and already, therefore, it cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren as a whole. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced-familiar, implemented only during intra-group communication of schoolchildren. The words of the evaluation sphere can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are referred to the sphere of evaluation because jargon is always expressive and expresses an attitude towards the one who is called. The appeal such as Lochidze is curious - the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. In the youth environment, the appeal is popular - nike , by the name of the company that produces sportswear with patches of this word in English: nike. Appeals, such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother - are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: in appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat (lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Glass ( a slim body), etc., as well as numerous names according to their resemblance to the heroes of books, films, cartoons, television shows - Boniface, Pani Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Niels the Hedgehog, Commissioner Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), features of gait (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering her tracks), Paralytic (twitching gait), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc.), temperament (Cavalrywoman (stormy temperament), Pliers ("clamps" everyone), Volkodavna (evil disposition), etc.), manners of speaking (Kishka (pulls out words), Gnus (nasty voice), Camel (splashes with saliva in conversation), etc.), habits, behavioral patterns (Schukar (likes to talk about his hikes), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack in which bricks lie), Jumper (physical education teacher, loves to jump beautifully over the "horse" in the presence of girls), etc.) , various funny cases, episodes (Cheesecake (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in the lesson ), Mary the Artificer (she wrote "artificial" instead of "skillful"), etc.) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Orekh Varenevich (Oleg Valerievich), Zhaba (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), Eses (Svetlana Stepanovna), Myu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (according to the initials T. A. Z.), Uazik (according to the initials U. A. Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name "Mitrofan"), Kagorych (patronymic name "Egorovich" + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears longitudinal striped dresses) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.)

As for the actual evaluative vocabulary, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.

Expressive vocabulary is represented in the jargon of schoolchildren mainly by adverbs, words of the category of state and, to a lesser extent, by adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crown, brutal, cool, monstrous, awesome, nishtyak - a positive assessment; primato, sucks, pazarno, left, dregs, mura - a negative assessment.

. student slang

Opinion that student slang is education general order and "absorbs" the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - a spur (cheat sheet) and a bomb (a kind of cheat sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (in the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly delimited from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, slang is often identified with the slang of the city. Indeed, the speech-creative activity of students, youth, various youth associations is a kind of core of urban slang. The overwhelming majority of samples of student slang are borrowed either from other languages ​​through professional slang, or taken from "criminal music". Youth, in particular student jargon, does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stipuha, step, stipa - scholarship, automatic - automatic offset, techie - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargons are traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymic rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymic rows is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth jargon is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual jargon units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative stock of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for jargon carriers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, we consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymic chain is a number of adjectives of a positive assessment: cool, baldezhny, high, pull, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional evaluation (atomic, freaky, cool, etc. - a total of 19 units) and adjectives of a negative assessment (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - a total of 18 units). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shocked, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning "annoy, tire" (zamukat, get it, finish it, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "human face" (face, signboard, tambourine, etc.). A series of 15 units are synonyms common denomination money (grandmothers, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are two rows of 14 units each: verbs with the meaning "get tired, tired" (to hesitate, wave, gore, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "fool, crazy" (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.). Further, in accordance with the number of units, the synonymic rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. - “leave, run away” (fall down, boil, wash off, etc.), “die” (hoof, grunt, inflate flippers, etc.), “child, baby” (motley, kinder, baby, etc.), “well , excellent" (cool, clear, zykansko, etc.), containing 12 units. - "fight" (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), "something bad" - negative evaluative units (bullshit, fuffle, crap, etc.), "failure, bad luck" (jamb, bummer, flight, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, ganj, etc.), containing 11 units. - "feeling of depression, oppression" (crowbar, down, depressive, etc.), "funny, funny incident" (joke, joke, ukatayka, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (dude, girl, woman, etc.), “get drunk drunk” (swell, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (krez, shiz, push, etc.). Next come rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let's pay attention to three more important points. Firstly, the given rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of the youth jargon, the content of the attitude towards the realization of meanings that are relevant, first of all, for the male part of the carriers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “have sex” (about male), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargons with the meaning "child, baby" fell into the group of rows with the maximum number of units, in general, by chance: 11 units of this series are derivational or phonetic variants of baby jargon (baby, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, attention is drawn to a significant number of synonyms for the designation of the drug "marijuana" (12 units). The prevalence of this drug in the youth environment (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in this regard, the plurality of jargon synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such a developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-forming variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, an adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; urged / urged - a nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodly / zapodlyak / zapodlyanka / podlyanka / podlyak - intentional meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, they do not differ in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, breadmaker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to go, to row, to rope, to heal, to chop; food, food - zhora, zhrachka, hawk, tochivo. In total, 284 synonymic chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). With the presence of such a large number of synonymous series, consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, "denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides" and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymic pairs and series of jargons arose due to intra-slang social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon carriers. We are talking about those cases when for the same concept in different groups of young people, different designations were developed in parallel, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind are the rows: hip / hippan (common language) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; junkie (general) - junkie (self-named) - drug addict; depressive (common mol.) - down (hip.) - a feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaks (common mol.) - olds, prints (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another interesting feature of jargon synonymy manifests itself when considering the synonymic series of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some rows of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same moment in time, while the other part of the synonyms demonstrates the sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems to us legitimate to use, in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms, the definitions "synchronous synonyms" (i.e., synonyms that came into use at about the same time) and "diachronic synonyms" (i.e., those that appeared alternately, at different time periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a number of jargons vidic / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. An exponential diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning "" a thousand rubles "" (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth jargon one after another in the order of enumeration.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding), jargon appears almost simultaneously in the youth environment, meaning "a person with a powerful, muscular figure" - pump / pump, bag (the first two are formed from the verb "" pump" muscles), the latter is derived from the word "bodybuilder") - their synchronism is not in doubt. And in the synonymous series of ancestors - parents / parens / prints - olds - rodaks - boats - skulls - shoelaces (parents), the most "old" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while "skulls" and "laces" appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

Youth argot should be considered in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor in the cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that "youth is not an object of education, but a subject of social action."

Youth culture and youth slang is not something complete and monolithic, it is not advisable to consider it as something isolated, specific, the topic itself is not relevant here, the kiniko-youth complex is relevant - one of the strongest "fermentation enzymes" in culture and language.

Speaking of slang, I would like to superficially touch on the problem of swearing.

Swear last words now considered almost a "good" tone. Many people can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to swear words, but a swear word is an unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only language, but also consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, everything starts with words… And when you can’t stand even a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from TV screens, it’s hard to understand what is “good and what is bad”. But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impenetrably stupid and brings everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the tale of "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. "All the way, walking with terrible force through the forest, the Gray Wolf stuck to the colossal dude - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately caught on that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to push him about a sick grandmother." And here is how the description of the Dnieper from Gogol's work "Terrible Revenge" looks like in jargon: "Cool Dnieper in sticky weather, when, roaming and showing off, it saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. you don't know if he's sawing or not sawing a mitten. A rare bird with a schnobel will comb to the middle. This is just nonsense, devoid of not only poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which causes only fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had ventured to write this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a person who walks up to a taxi driver and says, "Shake the scarecrow." "Shake" - bring you can still guess. What is a "scarecrow"? Turns out it's a local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word "goofy"? Enjoy reading, taking a bath, watching TV…?

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory Dictionary of General Jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Big Dictionary of Russian Jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., So the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Department of the Russian language

YOUTH SLANG ON THE EXAMPLE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN'S SPEECH

course work
specialty 031001 "Philology"

Khabarovsk, 2011
CONTENT
Introduction………………………………………………………… ..……………….3

Slang and jargon - the problem of definition…………………….…………5
Stages of development of youth slang in Russia……………….……..11
Youth slang………………………………………........…… ...14

Ways of forming youth slang……………………...15

Sources of youth jargon………………20

1. Thematic classification……………….………....... .........….24

2. Ways of forming school jargon…………..…………...29

3. Phraseological slang units…………...………..32

INTRODUCTION
The lexical system of the language differs from its other levels in its openness, openness, since the vocabulary of the language reflects the changes that are constantly taking place in the social, material and other aspects of society. Jargons have the greatest mobility and instability. They change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation.
Objective- to classify modern youth jargon, to identify the distinctive features and sources of its occurrence (on the example of schoolchildren's speech).
To achieve the scientific goal, the following tasks:

learn about the history of slang;

to study the features of modern youth slang, word-formation models, sources of replenishment;
explore the opinions of scientists on this issue;
analyze the slang of schoolchildren;
assess the impact of slang on the speech culture of adolescents.

YOUTH STUDENT SLANG

WAYS OF YOUTH SLANG WORD FORMATION.

Sausage - 1) rhythmic, exciting music;

party with music, dancing, alcohol;

2) any interesting event;

3) hassle, fuss, inefficient work;