Social control terms. Social control

We all live surrounded by people, sharing our joys and sorrows with them. But not everyone wants to obey social norms and rules. For a certain orderliness of society, the concept of “social control” was introduced. These new phenomena in society are very effective. We all remember the social shaming developed during the heyday of the USSR. When a person did not want to work or was a hooligan, he was taken on bail, but the whole society condemned him for such inappropriate behavior. And it worked! The man, perhaps not of his own free will, but began to change. As a result, the society achieved its goal. Social control was introduced for the same purpose - to streamline interpersonal and social relations.

Social control: concept, types, functions

A society can be called organized and relatively safe only if there are mechanisms of self-control of citizens and social control of the state. The more developed the first concept is, the less social surveillance will be required on the part of authorities. Self-control is the responsible behavior of an adult who has developed the skills of volitional effort over himself at the level of self-awareness, control over his behavior in accordance with the general accepted standards in society.

It is natural for children to act capriciously, impulsively, spontaneously. An adult has internal self-control so as not to create conflicts or other unfavorable situations for himself and for society. If a society consists of people with an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, then it needs formal types of social control to be introduced by special bodies. But we must not forget that constant harsh oppression gradually makes self-control less and less significant, and, as a result, society is degrading, since there are fewer and fewer people who are able to think responsibly and control their will.

What are the main types of public control?

Existing types social management behavior is divided into two large sections, which are called formal and informal.

The essence of formal control is the implementation of legislative and rational regulation government agencies management and supervision of citizen behavior. In case of violation of norms, the state applies sanctions.

Formal control was preceded by informal control, which still exists in society. Its essence lies in the self-organization of a certain social group, where the rules are not written, but are regulated by the opinions of group members, authoritative individuals, and elders.

How is formal control carried out?

Formal control has its roots in the historical period of formation of forms of social organization that go beyond the simple, that is, state. Today, the state form of organization of society has reached such a level of development that such types of social control as formal control simply must be highly organized. The larger the state, the more difficult it is to organize public order. Formal control is the organization of order throughout the entire state, that is, it has a global scale. Its functions are carried out by special people who receive state wages(judges, police officers, psychiatrists). The developing social control in society and its types have led to the organization of entire institutions, structures and authorized bodies. These include the police, prosecutor's office, courts, schools, funds mass media and similar institutions.

Features of informal control

Informal management of behavior at the level of a large society is ineffective. It is localized and limited to the members of the group. For violation of the norms established in such social groups, punishment is applied, taking the form of threats or real actions: physical impact on the individual, rejection in communication, reproaches, ridicule, various types of censure... Informal types and forms of social control do not neglect sanctions in the form exclusion from the community, so-called ostracism. For a person to whom this group is important, such an action is very noticeable. He feels emptiness and hopelessness. This encourages him to different actions upon returning to such a group or, conversely, replacing interests and reassessing values.

How effective informal types and forms of social control and the level of its organization will depend on the degree of cohesion of members of a social group, unity in goals and opinion. Let's take, for example, a rural community of bygone times, the traditions of which are preserved in some places to this day - there were no clearly defined rules, but the preservation of rituals and various ceremonies fosters social behavior, norms and a deep understanding of the need to observe them.

Socialization as a form of control

In a traditional society with unwritten informal rules, the essence and types of social control are significantly different from a modern developed society, where all norms of individual behavior are strictly prescribed and enshrined in a set of laws. Sanctions in such a group of people are imposed in the form of fines, prison terms, administrative, disciplinary and criminal liability. To reduce violations of the law, the state, through its institutions and structures, carries out measures to socialize society - through education, cultural work, propaganda through the media, and so on.

Coercion of a person

If socialization methods do not work, you have to use types and methods of social control such as coercion. If an individual does not want to voluntarily submit, society forces him to do so by force. Coercion includes the main types of social control, which are described in the norms of each state, based on its norms and laws. Coercion can be local, preventive, for example at the place of work, using the basic laws of the state. It can also be carried out immediately without warning, using harsh forms of influence on a person. This coercive type of social control is the psychological influence on an individual through psychiatric clinics with the use of medication.

Forms of human responsibility

If a person does not show responsibility in work or behavior, the state takes upon itself the functions of educating such a citizen different methods. These methods are not always as humane as we would like. For example, surveillance is not a very humane form of instilling responsibility on the part of the state. It is carried out in different ways.

Supervision can be general, when the supervisory authority monitors the implementation general norms, without going into details, looks only at the end result. It can also be detailed, when the controller agent monitors every detail, regulating the implementation of the necessary standards at every stage. State-wide supervision can evolve into forms where not only behavior is regulated, but also thoughts and private life. That is, the state takes forms of total control, fosters denunciation, applies censorship, surveillance and other methods.

In a developed civil democratic society, social control (types of sanctions) is not total. Citizens are taught responsible behavior that does not require coercion. Responsibility can be political, moral, legal, financial. Group and collective responsibility, bound by cultural values, traditions and norms, is very important. When a person is in a team, he has a desire to fit in significant group of people. Without noticing, he changes, trying to imitate the members of the team. Such a change in behavior does not imply pressure and violent influence on the individual.

Implementation of internal control

Internal behavior management implies the concept and types of social control that regulate measures aimed at effective implementation by citizens structural divisions tasks assigned to them. Thus, an audit and control body is formed that inspects the financial part, economic and job descriptions, compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards and the like.

On the other hand, internal control refers to human responsibility. A well-mannered and responsible person will not allow himself to commit offenses or any actions that are contrary to the basic norms of society. Self-control is developed in childhood. But also, with the help of certain methods, a person can be encouraged to take responsibility and regulate his behavior, emotions, words and actions.

What are the main functions of social control?

Internal social control, types, functions by which it is characterized are controllability of powers to avoid abuse in the workplace, verification of document flow and safety of material assets. As for the functions of social control in general, they can be divided into:

1. Regulatory.
2. Protective.
3. Stabilizing.

Regulatory – ensures the regulation of relations and their management at all stages of development of society and its levels. Protective – aims to protect all traditional values ​​accepted in society, to stop all attempts to break and destroy these traditions. Stabilizing – takes measures to maintain public order in accordance with the norms adopted by law, predicts the behavior of individuals and social groups, preventing actions aimed at destabilizing public order.

A society without values ​​is doomed to destruction. This is what unites and expresses the goals and aspirations of society and its individual citizens. Values ​​have their own classification and hierarchy.

• spiritual;
• material;
• economic;
• political;
• social.

According to direction:

• integrating;
• differentiating;
• approved;
• denied.

They are also divided according to needs and type of civilization. In general, we can say that values ​​are classified into:

• formed under the influence of traditions and modernity;
• primary basic and secondary;
• expressing the ideals of society (terminal);
• expressing tools for achieving a goal (instrumental).

Whatever type of value it is the main task– to be a measure of the level of socialization of society and compliance with the laws and behavioral norms adopted in it. In the USSR, oddly enough, values ​​were based on the principles of the Bible. The person was condemned for promiscuity, disrespect towards parents, theft, and envy. After the massive revolutions of freedom, the so-called sexual revolutions, the values ​​of society were turned upside down. The institution of family has lost its former significance, children began to show less respect for their parents. Without a basis, it is difficult to instill responsibility and control the correct behavior of people. Now social control no longer performs an educational function, but a punitive one.

The Role of Social Control Agents

In modern society, there are certain people - agents who exercise social control. These people have passed special training to properly organize society. Agents of social control are police officers, doctors (psychiatrists), judges, and social workers. They do not work with enthusiasm, but receive a certain payment for their work. Modern society it is difficult to imagine without these people, since they are a kind of guarantors of previously adopted decrees, instructions, laws and regulations of the legislative branch of the state.

Social control today is not based on the principle “grandmother said so”; with the loss of the authority of elders, other control methods have appeared, which are determined by the state. On this moment society is organized by institutions. These institutions are varied:

• police;
• prosecutor's office;
• places of detention;
• mass media;
• school;
• social services.

These bodies are authorized by the state to maintain, regulate and improve public order through the application of punitive or educational methods to specific people. Naturally, all these methods are used strictly according to the instructions of higher authorities. If a person or group of people does not listen to the recommendations or decisions of agents of social control, sanctions are applied to them: criminal punishment, disciplinary or administrative liability.

Most often, the basis for dividing social control into different kinds is the subjectivity of its implementation. The subjects here are workers, administration, public organizations of labor collectives.

Depending on the subject, the following are usually distinguished: types of social control:

1. Administrative control. Carried out by representatives of the enterprise administration, managers at various levels in accordance with regulatory documents. This type of control is also called external, since its subject is not included in the directly controlled system of relations and activities and is outside this system. In an organization, this is possible thanks to managerial relations, so here the control exercised by the administration is external.

The advantages of administrative control are due primarily to the fact that it is a special and independent activity. This, on the one hand, frees personnel directly involved in the main production tasks from control functions, and on the other hand, it contributes to the implementation of these functions at a professional level.

The disadvantages of administrative control are that it may not always be comprehensive and prompt; It is also quite possible that he is biased.

2. Public control. Implemented public organizations within the framework provided for by the charters or regulations on their status. The effectiveness of public control is determined by the organization, structure and cohesion of the relevant public organizations.

3. Group control. This is mutual control of team members. There are formal group control (work meetings and conferences, production meetings) and informal (general opinion in the team, collective mood).

Mutual control arises when the bearers of social control functions are subjects of organizational and labor relations who have the same status. Among the advantages of mutual control, the simplicity of the supervision mechanism is noted first of all, since normal or deviant behavior is observed directly. This not only ensures the relatively constant nature of control functions, but also reduces the likelihood of errors in regulatory assessment associated with distortion of facts in the process of obtaining information.

However, mutual control also has disadvantages. First of all, this is subjectivity: if relations between people are characterized by competition and rivalry, then they are naturally predisposed to unfairly attribute to each other some violations of discipline, and to prejudicially evaluate each other’s organizational and labor behavior.

4. Self-control. It represents the conscious regulation of one’s own labor behavior based on self-assessments and assessments of compliance with existing requirements and standards. As we see, self-control is specific method behavior of the subject of organizational and labor relations, in which he independently (regardless of the factor of external coercion) exercises supervision over his own actions and behaves in accordance with socially accepted norms.

The main advantage of self-control is the limitation of the need for special control activities on the part of the administration. In addition, self-control allows the employee to feel freedom, independence, and personal significance.

Self-control has two main drawbacks: each subject, in assessing his own behavior, tends to underestimate social and normative requirements, and is more liberal towards himself than towards others; self-control is largely random, that is, poorly predictable and controllable, depends on the state of the subject as a person, and manifests itself only with such qualities as consciousness and morality.

Depending on the nature of the sanctions or rewards used, social control is of two types: economic (rewards, penalties) and moral (contempt, respect).

Depending on the nature of the implementation of social control, the following types are distinguished.

1. Continuous and selective. Continuous social control is of an ongoing nature; the entire process of organizational-labor relations, all individuals included in the organization, are subject to supervision and evaluation. With selective control, its functions are relatively limited; they apply only to the most significant, predetermined aspects of the labor process.

3. Open and hidden. The choice of an open or hidden form of social control is determined by the state of awareness, awareness of the social control functions of the control object. Hidden control is carried out using technical means, or through intermediaries.

Lesson 6Social control

Target: formation of ideas about social norms and sanctions, about social control as a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce the concepts of social norms, social control, formal and informal sanctions.

Developmental: to develop the ability to compare, generalize, identify signs of phenomena, and trace cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational: build skills social behavior.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, presentation, Handout(test, assignments).

During the classes:

І. Organizing time

ІІ. Determining the topic, lesson objectives, place of the lesson in the block system.

Assignment to determine the topic of the lesson.

Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

etiquette; 2. social control; 3. legal norms; 4. encouragement; 5.punishment.

So the topic of our lesson is “Social control”

Epigraph

Conscience is the law of laws.

Alphonse de Lamartine ( French writer and poet, politician. )

What goal will we set for ourselves?

Goal: to find out the features of social control, to show the importance of norms and sanctions for maintaining public order.

ІІІ. New material

Statement of the problem task, can be written on the board so that students can see it in front of them during the lesson.

Problem task:

Is social control necessary today? Is he an exponent of the “Conscience of Society”?

Plan for learning new material:

1.Social control.

2.Elements of social control (norms and sanctions).

3.Forms of control.

4. Methods of implementing social control in a group and society.

1. Social control.

Living and working together require streamlining relations between people, establishing certain rules aimed at protecting their safety, coordinating actions, and maintaining the integrity of society. This is possible thanks to social control that accompanies a person throughout his life. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who come together by chance will have to develop their own mechanisms of control so as not to disintegrate into the most as soon as possible.

Social control – a system of ways of influencing society on the activities, behavior of humans and social groups.

In a broad sense social control can be defined as the totality of all types of control that exist in society: moral, state control, etc.

In the narrow sense this is control public opinion, publicity of results and assessments of people’s activities and behavior.

- What are the functions of social control?

Firstly, they contribute to social integration, i.e. maintaining cohesion in society.

Secondly, they serve as a kind of standard of behavior, a kind of instructions for individuals and social groups performing certain roles.

Thirdly, they help control deviant behavior.

Fourthly, they ensure the stability of society.

Based on the nature of regulation, a distinction is made between norms-expectations and norms-rules. The norms belonging to the second group are more stringent. Violation of such norms entails the application of serious sanctions, such as criminal or administrative.

2. Elements of social control (norms and sanctions).

Teacher's comments on the diagram

Social norms vary in scope. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - groups of friends, work teams, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called "general rules" rather than "group habits." TO " general rules“refers to customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, and manners of behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.

All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly they are enforced. Violation of some norms results in a very weak punishment - disapproval, a smirk, an unkind look. Violation of other norms is followed by very strong sanctions - expulsion from the country, the death penalty, imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws (for example, murder of a person, disclosure of state secrets) is punished most severely; individual species group habits, particularly family habits (for example, refusing to turn off the lights or close front door) . However, there are group habits that are highly valued and the violation of which is followed by severe sanctions.

Norms bind people into a single community, into a team.

- How does this happen?

Firstly, norms are also expectations: others expect completely unambiguous behavior from a person who follows a given norm. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those going to meet people move on the left, an orderly, organized interaction occurs. When a rule is broken, clashes and chaos arise.

This means that norms form a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

- Why do people strive to comply with norms, and society strictly monitors this? ?

Social norms are truly the guardians of order and guardians of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior represent what is valued by a group or society. The difference between a norm and a value is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, values ​​are abstract concepts of what is good, evil, right, wrong, due, undue, and so on.

And here, Social sanctions - the security guards are fine. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions.

Fill out the table (slide 10-11) Completion time 5 minutes

Types of sanctions

Match positive sanctions with examples that illustrate them.

3. Forms of control.

Comments teacher eat scheme.

In the system of social control, sanctions play a key role. Together with values ​​and norms, they constitute its mechanism.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not. Dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex trial procedure upon which a court decision is made. Assignment scientific degree involves an equally complex protection procedure scientific dissertation and decisions of the academic council.

If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control. Conscience is a manifestation of internal self-control.

The more self-control is developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control

External social control is divided intoinformal and formal.

First based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or the media.

Formal control carried out by the courts, education, army, production, media, political parties, government. The school controls through exam grades, the government through the tax system and social assistance the population, the state - thanks to the police, the secret service, state radio and television channels and the press.

Establish a correspondence between manifestations of social control and its forms.

4. Ways to implement social control in a group and society.

– through socialization (socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);

– through group pressure (each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from of this primary group);

– through coercion (in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulatory regulators, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else).

І V. Summarizing

- Is social control necessary today? Is he an exponent of the “Conscience of Society”?

Formulating your answer to a problem task using the POPS formula

P-position (your point of view, the assumption “I believe that ...")

O – justification (proof of your position “Because...”)

P – example (when explaining your position, use concrete example“I can confirm this by saying that...”)

C – consequence (resulting in the conclusion “In this regard...”)

The speech is 1-2 minutes, consists of 4-5 sentences.

It is advisable to listen to several positions and draw a conclusion on the task.

Let's conclude: The main task of social control is to create conditions for the sustainability of one or another social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive change. This requires great flexibility from control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society, and those necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.

V. Consolidation

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called ______ (A). Another element is _________ (B), which refers to the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. They mean either approval and encouragement - ______ (B), or disapproval and punishment _______ (D).

Along with external control from society, group, state, other people, vital importance has internal control, or _______ (D), in the process of which ________ (E) plays a major role, i.e. feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, subjective consciousness of compliance or non-compliance of one’s own behavior with moral standards.

1) positive sanctions 6) social norms

2) self-control 7) social control

3) honor 8) conscience

4) social sanctions 9) negative sanctions

5) informal sanctions

Answer: 741928

VІ. Reflection

What they wanted?

What have you achieved?

How was this achieved?

VІІ. Homework. Abstract

Social control- is a set of means by which society or social community(group) ensures the behavior of its members in accordance with accepted norms (moral, legal, aesthetic, etc.), and also prevents deviant acts, punishes deviants or corrects them.

The main means of social control are as follows:

1. Socialization, ensuring the individual’s perception, assimilation and fulfillment of social norms accepted in society.

2. Upbringing- the process of systematic influence on social development personality in order to develop the need and habit of complying with the prevailing norms in society.

3. Group pressure characteristic of any social group and expressed in the fact that each individual included in the group must fulfill a certain set of requirements and instructions emanating from the group, corresponding to the norms accepted in it.

4. Compulsion- application of certain sanctions (threat, punishment, etc.) forcing individuals and their groups to comply with the norms and rules of behavior prescribed by society (community).

Among the methods of social control, the most used, as T. Parsons established, are:

1. Insulation, those. separating the deviant from other people (for example, imprisonment).

2. Separation- limiting the deviant’s contacts with other people, but not completely isolating him from society (for example, a written undertaking not to leave the place, house arrest, placement in a psychiatric hospital).

3. Rehabilitation, those. preparing deviants for normal life(for example, in Alcoholics Anonymous groups).

Social control over deviation is divided into two main types. Informal social control includes social reward, punishment, persuasion or revaluation of existing norms, replacing them with new norms that are more consistent with changed social institutions. Formal control is carried out by social institutions and organizations specially created by society. Among them, the main role is played by the police, the prosecutor's office, the court, and the prison.

Social control, with all the variety of means, methods and types, is called upon to be guided in a democratic society by several fundamental principles.

Firstly, the implementation of legal and other norms functioning in society should stimulate socially useful behavior and prevent socially harmful, and even more so socially dangerous, actions.

Secondly, sanctions must correspond to the gravity and social danger of the crime, without in any case closing the path to social rehabilitation of the individual.

Third, Whatever sanction is applied to a deviant, it should in no case humiliate the dignity of the individual; coercion should be combined with persuasion; individuals who have committed deviant behavior should be taught a positive attitude towards the law and the moral norms of society.

Thus, social control- this is a specific activity aimed at maintaining the behavior of an individual, group or society in accordance with accepted norms through social influence.

Such activity is of a superstructural nature, but is objectively inevitable for the organization of the life of society, in particular production (it does not directly create a product, but without it, ultimately, this product would be impossible).

Specific functions of social control in the world of work are:

Stabilization and development of production (employee behavior is controlled in terms of labor results, interaction with others, productivity, etc.);

Economic rationality and responsibility (control over the use of resources, conservation of property and optimization of labor costs);

Moral and legal regulation (organizational and labor discipline - compliance with morality and law in the relationships of subjects labor activity);

Physical protection of a person (compliance with safety regulations, working time standards, etc.);

Moral and psychological protection of the employee, etc.

Thus, in the sphere of labor, social control pursues both production-economic and social-humanitarian goals.

Social control has a complex structure, which consists of three interrelated processes: observation of behavior, assessment of behavior from the point of view of social norms, response to behavior in the form of sanctions.

These processes indicate the presence of social control functions in labor organizations. Depending on the nature of the sanctions or rewards used, social control is of two types: economic(benefits, incentives, penalties) and moral(demonstration of respect, contempt, sympathy). Depending on the controlled subject, various types of social control can be distinguished - external, mutual and self-control.

At external control its subject is outside the controlled system of relations and activities: this is control exercised by the administration in labor organization.

Administrative control has a number of advantages. First of all, it represents a special and independent activity. This, on the one hand, frees personnel directly involved in the main production tasks from control functions, and on the other hand, it facilitates the implementation of control functions at a professional level.

Administrative control has its own specific motivation, reflecting the particular attitude of the administration to issues of discipline in the world of work. It is based on both the material and moral interests inherent in managers.

Firstly, organizational and labor order is considered as a prerequisite for the socio-economic existence and well-being of the organization. In the event of the collapse or bankruptcy of a labor organization, an ordinary employee loses only his job, while the managerial layer, the owners, lose their capital, authority, prestigious occupation and social position.

Secondly, each manager, as a representative of the institution of administration, is morally responsible for the staff and requires subordinates to comply with established standards in their own own interests, while showing a kind of paternalistic attitude towards people.

Thirdly, the moral interest on the part of the administration in organizational labor discipline lies in the fact that the very construction of order is the creative side of managerial work, which enhances its attractiveness.

Fourthly, any control is a way of maintaining power, subordination: as control weakens, the influence on people weakens.

Mutual control arises in a situation in which the bearers of social control functions are the subjects of organizational and labor relations themselves, who have the same status. This either complements or replaces administrative control. Not only individual individuals are capable of controlling each other from the point of view of discipline in the world of work (this experience is quite widespread in the West), but also entire groups, if they are sufficiently united on the basis of material and moral interest. Exist various shapes mutual control - collegial, group, public.

Self-control- this is a specific way of behavior of a subject in which he independently (without external coercion) exercises supervision over his own actions and behaves in accordance with socially accepted norms. The main advantage of self-control is the reduction of control activities on the part of the administration. In addition, it gives the employee a sense of freedom, independence, and personal significance. In some cases, self-control is more competent.

The disadvantages of self-control are mainly two circumstances: each employee, in assessing his own behavior, tends to underestimate social and normative requirements and be liberal towards himself; in addition, self-control is poorly predictable and controllable, dependent on the subject, manifests itself only when such personal qualities, such as consciousness, morality, decency, etc.

Within the framework of the classification of social control, we can distinguish not only its types, but also its types. The latter distinguish social control from the point of view not of subjects, but of the nature of its implementation.

1. Continuous and selective. Social control may be different in such important characteristics, as intensity, object, content of behavior. With continuous social control, the entire process of organizational and labor relations and activities is subject to constant observation and evaluation; the object of attention is equally focused on all individuals and microgroups that make up the labor organization.

With selective control, its functions are relatively limited, extending only to the most important things. For example, only the final results, the most critical tasks and functions or periods of their implementation, the most “sore points” in the discipline according to enterprise statistics, only a certain (questionable) part of the personnel, etc. are observed and evaluated. The choice of the type of social control is determined by many factors: individual characteristics subject of control, fashion, traditions in management style, quality and condition of personnel, objective specifics of controlled behavior (for example, specifics of work and its organization).

The degree and scale of social control are influenced by actual statistics of organizational and labor violations, as well as an assessment of their likelihood. If serious violations are not observed for a sufficiently long time, this contributes to the liberalization of control and its selectivity; if, against a relatively normal background, disturbances suddenly occur, then control functions awaken again, taking on a continuous character “just in case.”

The concept of “substantive” reflects the depth, seriousness, and effectiveness of control, and the concept of “formal” reflects its superficiality, visibility, and unprincipledness. In the case of formal control, it is not the quality of organizational-labor relations and activities (their meaning) that is subject to observation and evaluation, but external signs, capable of creating the effect of believability and normality. The most obvious signs of formal control in a labor organization: staying at the workplace, rather than actually participating in the work process; external activity rather than actual results; efficiency, not quality of execution.

Formal control stimulates the so-called imitative (quite common in life) behavior, when a person, as an employee and economic figure, does not comply with the requirements of discipline, but imitates such compliance; With certain actions, he only reproduces the external signs of relationships and activities to the extent that this satisfies those around him and himself. With sufficient analysis of the problem, it turns out that in the organizational and labor sphere there are potentially great opportunities for simulating activity, conscientiousness, adherence to principles, diligence, deliberation and other components of the discipline.

3. Open and hidden. Despite their apparent simplicity and specificity, these types reflect rather complex phenomena in the organizational and labor sphere. The choice of an open or hidden form of social control is determined by the degree of awareness, awareness of the social control functions of those who are the object of these functions. Hidden control in labor organizations is ensured by surveillance using technical means, the unexpected appearance of formal or informal controllers, and the collection of information through intermediaries.

An important aspect of social control is the certainty of requirements and sanctions. Having such certainty prevents social control from being unexpected, which contributes to its open nature.

To summarize what has been said, it should be noted that the rules of conduct governing the interaction of employees are social norms- a set of expectations and requirements of a labor organization for its members regarding labor behavior, - regulating their interaction in the process of work. Standards, as a rule, set out typical, mandatory and acceptable options for labor behavior. Social norms serve two functions: prescriptive when they set the proper behavior, act as a measure of its acceptable options, and evaluative, when they are the standard against which actual behavior is compared.

The effect of social control comes down mainly to the application of sanctions. Sanction- a protective measure applied to a violator of social restrictions and having certain adverse consequences for him. There are sanctions formal— applied by the administration in accordance with established criteria and legislation, and informal-spontaneous reaction of members of the labor organization (collective condemnation, refusal of contacts, etc.). Sanctions and incentives, counteracting undesirable behavioral acts and encouraging employees to appropriate work behavior, help to create in them an awareness of the need to comply with certain norms and regulations.

Social cooperation under conditions of division of labor is a condition for meeting the growing needs of people, and therefore for success in the struggle for survival. In human nature, prone to deviant behavior, there are forces at work that prevent actions that are incompatible with the standards of behavior that lead to integration and stability. In Smelser's study, 99% of respondents admitted that they had broken the law at least once in their lives due to the contradiction between the desire for something and social norms and values.

The role of the social control mechanism—a kind of “diverter valve”—is played by mass youth culture. Possessing the features of over-acceptability, it allows young people to “relax”, relieve emotional and deviant stress, and maintain control over it from their elders and the standards of society’s behavior. Young people's confidence in their independence from adults within youth culture forms a feeling and motives of responsibility for one’s behavior. As a young person grows up, he usually loses interest in this culture, socializes and becomes conforming to standards of behavior. However, for some young people, the hyperacceptability of youth culture shapes distinct deviant behavior and motivation.

The extreme form of social control is primarily insulation from the social environment - to stop the deviant’s contacts with other people. This mechanism blocks potential conflicts, deviant motives and actions. The isolated leave the field for the manifestation of conformist motives and standards of behavior. This isolation is typical for criminals held in prisons. Another mechanism of social control is separation deviant from the social environment by limiting his contacts with other people, suggesting the possibility of returning to society. And finally it is possible rehabilitation deviants when they are created for them artificial conditions communication with their own kind under the control of psychiatrists, guards, etc. For prisoners, such circumstances arise in conditional release, deconvoying, etc.

Social control is also divided into (1) informal and (2) formal. Informal social control exists, according to Crosby, in the form of: (a) rewards (approval, promotion, etc.); (b) punishment (dissatisfied glance, critical remarks, threat of physical punishment, etc.); (c) beliefs (reasoned evidence of compliance with normal behavior); (d) a person's overestimation of cultural norms (as a result of all previous forms of social control plus self-esteem abilities).

Formal control is carried out by the state apparatus, which ensures enforcement of compliance with standards of behavior and motivation for such compliance with standards. IN political In countries where the basis of society is an authoritarian or totalitarian state, such control is exercised through direct violence against people in all spheres. It often remains illegitimate, giving rise to different types deviant motivation and behavior in the form of hidden sabotage or even rebellion. The idea of ​​freedom as the most important value in the life of the people was never developed in the East (in Asia) - there obedience to authority was considered the main value, and any opposition to it was considered deviant and was severely punished.

IN economic and economic-political countries where the basis of society is a market economy, formal control over compliance legal norms and standards of behavior is complemented by control over the powers of officials monitoring compliance with conformist behavior and the fight against deviant behavior. The idea of ​​freedom has long been a value of Western societies, giving rise to an initiative that violates traditional standards of behavior and to which modern man owes the achievements of the industrial era: including the rule of law and representative government, the independence of courts and tribunals, trial and compensation for damages in case of illegal actions of the state, freedom of speech and press, separation of church and state.

Functions of the social control system

Social control is a system of social regulation of people's behavior in society, ensuring their orderly interaction. In relation to society, social control performs two important functions: protective and stabilizing and is divided into two types:

1. internal control or self-control. when an individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with the norms of society, here the main criterion for moral assessment is conscience;

2. external control is a set of institutions and means that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms.

The system of social control is carried out with the help of social norms, sanctions and institutions (agents of control).

Social norms are instructions, requirements, rules that define the boundaries of acceptable, socially approved behavior of people. They perform the following functions in society:

• regulate the general course of socialization;
• integrate the personality into the social environment;
• serve as models, standards of appropriate behavior;
• control deviant behavior. It is customary to distinguish two types of social norms:

1. Formal, based on law:

• formally defined;
• enshrined in regulations;
• confirmed by the coercive power of the state.

2. Informal lessons based on morality:

• not officially assigned;
• supported by public opinion.

The essence of social norms is as follows:

• they allow the individual to enter into relationships with other people;
• compliance with norms is strictly controlled by a complex mechanism that combines the efforts of control and self-control through a system of sanctions and rewards.

Compliance with social norms in society is ensured through social sanctions,which represent the group’s reaction to the behavior of an individual in socially significant situations. The whole variety of social norms in society, as the effect of action increases, is divided into four types:

• informal positive sanctions - public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, friendly disposition, etc.);
• formal positive sanctions - public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state bonuses, career advancement, material rewards, etc.);
• informal negative sanctions - punishments not provided for by the legal system of society, but applied by society (remark, ridicule, breaking of friendly relations, disapproving feedback, etc.);
• formal negative sanctions - penalties provided for by legal laws, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).

There are three ways to implement social control in a group and society:

• through socialization. Its essence is that socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society;
• through group pressure. Each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must at the same time share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave in an appropriate manner. Failure to do so may result in censure and sanctions from the group, ranging from simple reprimands to expulsion of the published primary group;
• through coercion. In a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, or formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else.

Thus, each society develops a certain control system, which consists of formal and informal ways of regulating people's behavior and helps maintain social order. The agents of informal control are family, relatives, friends, colleagues, while formal control is carried out primarily by official representatives of the state vested with control functions - the courts, army, intelligence services, law enforcement agencies and other authorized institutions.