The most famous Russian and Soviet commanders. Famous Russian commanders
1. Outstanding Russian commanders and naval commanders.
2. Outstanding Soviet commanders, naval commanders and military leaders.
The brilliant victories of Russian weapons in battles and battles gave rise to a whole galaxy of outstanding commanders, naval commanders and military leaders. Their names, military and naval leadership talent are known not only in Russia, but also abroad. They will remain in people's memory for a long time.
History has always assigned a fundamental role to the military leader. No wonder the old Russian proverb says: “Strong is the army of the commander.” The heroism of the Russian army was reflected in chronicles and folk epics about Prince Vladimir the Red Sun, Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Nikita Kozhemyak.
The glorious names of the commanders have been preserved in the people's memory Ancient Rus', organizers of the military defense of Russian lands Svyatoslav, Yaroslav the Wise (978 -1054), Prince Vladimir Monomakh (1053 - 1125), etc.
The entire conscious life of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich (942 - 972) was spent in campaigns and battles. He is the first of Kyiv princes abandoned tribal militias and relied on a small professional army. In terms of geographical scope, his campaigns were comparable to those of Hannibal and Alexander the Great. He became famous for the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate.
The military leadership talent of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (c. 1220 - 1263) flashed like a bright star. In the first years of his reign, he had to strengthen Novgorod, which was threatened by the Tatar Mongols from the east. Alexander built several fortresses on the Sheloni River. The victory won on the banks of the Neva, at the mouth of the Izhora River on July 15, 1240 over a Swedish detachment brought glory to the 20-year-old prince. In this battle he showed exceptional courage. It is believed that it was for this victory that the prince began to be called Nevsky.
True glory Alexander Nevsky brought a victory won on the ice of Lake Peipsi, at the Crow Stone on April 5, 1242, and which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice. In its course, German troops suffered a crushing defeat. In the history of military art, this victory is of exceptional importance: the Russian foot army surrounded and defeated the knightly cavalry and detachments of foot bollards long before Western Europe infantry learned to prevail over mounted knights. The victory in this battle placed Alexander Nevsky among the best commanders of his time.
The victory won on September 21, 1380 on the Kulikovo Field by the troops of the Moscow Grand Duke played a huge role in the history of our country. Dmitry Donskoy(1350 -1389). Having defeated the Tatar temnik Mamai at the head of the united Russian forces, Dmitry Ivanovich showed outstanding military leadership talent, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy. In addition, he made a great contribution to the unification of Russian lands. The defeat of the hordes of Khan Mamai came important stage liberation of Rus' and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The activity of Tsar Peter I (1672-1725) as an outstanding statesman and military figure and transformer of Russia was fruitful and multifaceted. He clearly realized that the economic and cultural development of the country was unthinkable without access to the Baltic and Black Seas.
Historical role Peter I is to create a regular Russian army and navy. He raised a whole galaxy of talented military leaders. Among them, the largest are the counts, Field Marshal F.A. Golovin and B.P. Sheremetev, His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov and others.
The tsar himself went down in history not only as a reformer of the country, but also as outstanding commander. He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721), the Prut campaign of 1711, during the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723). He personally commanded the troops during the capture of Noteburg in 1702, in the battle of the village of Lesnoy in 1708 -
Under the direct leadership of Peter I, in the famous Battle of Poltava on June 27 (July 8), 1709, the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
The second half of the 18th century was fruitful for Russian military art. In time, this coincided with the reign of Catherine II, with the period of numerous wars with Turkey, Sweden and a number of other states.
At this time, the military leadership talent of the count, field marshal general, an outstanding Russian commander and statesman Peter Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (1725 - 1796). His biggest victories were won during first Russian-Turkish war(1768 -1774), especially in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, 1st degree, and received the title of Transdanubian.
As a commander, theorist and practitioner of military art, Rumyantsev was brave and wise, knew how to concentrate the main forces in decisive directions, and carefully developed a plan of military operations. He became one of the initiators of the transition from linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose formation. In battle formations, he preferred to use divisional, regimental and battalion squares in combination with a loose formation of riflemen, and gave preference to light cavalry over heavy cavalry. He was convinced of the superiority of offensive tactics over defensive ones, and attached great importance to the training of troops and their morale. Rumyantsev outlined his views on military affairs in the “General Rules” and “Rite of Service.”
Despite the defeat in the first war, Turkey did not abandon its aggressive aggressive intentions and in August 1787 began new war with Russia. 6 under the leadership of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, an outstanding commander, statesman, Field Marshal General Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739 - 1791) Russian troops won many major victories. In a number of naval battles the Turkish fleet was defeated and sunk. Under the direct leadership of this most talented commander, the Turkish fortress of Ochakov was taken. For military and political achievements, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin received the title of “His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride.” In addition, he was the favorite and closest assistant of Empress Catherine II Alekseevna. He supervised the development of the Northern Black Sea region and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet.
The great rise of Russian military art in the second half of the 18th century. associated with outstanding military activities of A.V. Suvorov and F.F. Ushakova.
The great Russian commander Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 -1800) over 55 years of military activity went through all levels of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as the “first sword of Russia.” It was he who, on December 24, 1790, stormed the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik and Focsani in 1789, and at Kinburn in 1787. The Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, victories over the French on the Adda and Trebbia rivers and at Novi, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crown of his military leadership. Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive in nature. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in his work “The Science of Victory.” The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, pressure.
During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name became synonymous with victory, military excellence, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov's legacy is still used in the training and education of troops.
Among the outstanding Russian naval commanders, Admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745 - 1817) occupies a worthy place. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, led it with talent, winning a number of remarkable victories on the Black Sea and Mediterranean seas: in Kerch naval battle 1790, in the battles of Tendra Island on August 28 (September 8), 1790, and Cape Kaliakria in 1791. Ushakov's significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799, where combined actions of ships and land landings were successfully used.
Ushakov paid great attention to improving naval art and was the founder of the maneuverable tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver. His tactics differed from the linear tactics accepted at that time by the decisiveness of combat operations, the use of uniform marching and combat formations, approaching the enemy at a short distance without rebuilding the marching formation into a combat one, concentrating fire on the decisive object and disabling primarily the enemy’s flagship ships. , creating a reserve in battle to develop success in the main directions, conducting combat at a distance of grape shot in order to achieve the greatest effectiveness of strikes, a combination of aimed artillery fire and maneuver, pursuing the enemy to complete his complete defeat or capture. Ushakov attached great importance to the naval and fire training of personnel, was a supporter of Suvorov’s principles of educating subordinates, an opponent of drill and senseless hobbies for parades, and followed the principle: teach what is needed in war. Best school for sailors he considered sailing in conditions close to combat reality. He instilled in the personnel patriotism, a sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance in battle. He was fair, caring and demanding of his subordinates, for which he enjoyed universal respect.
Admiral Ushakov fought 40 naval battles. And they all ended in brilliant victories. People called him “the naval Suvorov.”
At the beginning of the 19th century, among the galaxy of talented Russian commanders and naval commanders, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky, Russian commander, Field Marshal General Mikhail, stood out noticeably Illarionovich Kutuzov ( 1745-1813). He began his military service at the age of 15 with the rank of corporal, and at the age of 17 he already commanded a company. Student A.V. Suvorov, he participated in Russian-Turkish wars of the XVIII century, personally distinguished himself during the storming of Ishmael. During the Russian-Austro-French War of 1805, he commanded Russian troops in Austria and with a skillful maneuver brought them out from the threat of encirclement. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1806 -1812. - Commander-in-Chief of the Moldavian Army, he won victories near Rushuk and Slobodzeya, and concluded the Bucharest Peace Treaty.
Kutuzov's leadership talent flourished with particular force in the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon's aggression. The turning point of the war was the famous Battle of Borodino, which did not give a decisive advantage to either side. Napoleon failed to defeat the Russian army and decide the fate of the war in his favor. Kutuzov, at the military council in Fili, decided to withdraw the army to the East and leave Moscow, which allowed him to preserve the army and transfer the war to a new phase - a war of attrition of the enemy. He secretly carried out the Tarutino flank maneuver, brought the army out from under enemy attack, closed Napoleon's routes to the southern regions of the country and created favorable conditions for organizing and preparing a counteroffensive. Having waited for the French troops to leave Moscow, Kutuzov accurately determined the direction of their movement and blocked their path at Maloyaroslavets. The then organized pursuit of the retreating enemy led to the actual death of the French army. In 1813, he led the allied Russian-Prussian troops.
Kutuzov was one of the most educated people of his time, he had an excellent command of French, German, English, Polish and Turkish. He raised Russian military art to a new, higher level of development, contrasting the Napoleonic strategy of a general battle with a different form of struggle, designed to achieve victory in a series of battles, extended in time and space, united by one strategic plan. Kutuzov's strategy is characterized by decisiveness, achieving the complete defeat of the enemy, the use of various types of actions, broad and bold maneuver, and taking into account real opportunities to achieve victory.
Knowing that victory over the enemy can only be achieved as a result of a decisive offensive, he was often forced, based on the situation, to resort to strategic defense and even retreat.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, such gifted commanders as M.B. Barclay de Tolly, P.I. Bagration, N.N. Raevsky, A.P. Ermolov, M.I. Platov and many other.
In the galaxy of outstanding Russian military leaders, the second half of the 19th century century, you can distinguish the general from the infantry Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev(1843 - 1882). During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877 -1878. He distinguished himself during the capture of the Lovcha fortress, the blockade and storming of the Plevna fortress, in the winter crossing of the Imitli Pass (in the Balkans), and in the battle of Sheinovo.
Skobelev adhered to progressive views in the art of war, in peacetime he prepared troops to perform tasks on the battlefield, conducted his studies in an environment close to combat, and paid special attention to training the endurance of personnel and caring for soldiers. He combined his deep and comprehensive knowledge in the field of military affairs with personal courage and the ability to organize the execution of complex combat missions by his subordinate troops. He was a supporter of bold and decisive actions by troops and an opponent of the template.
In the wars that Russia had to fight in the 19th century, the domestic fleet distinguished itself more than once. The Russian naval commander and navigator, who circumnavigated the Earth three times, one of the discoverers of Antarctica, Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788 -1851) perfectly understood the superiority of machine-powered ships over sailing ships and was a supporter of the creation of a strong steam fleet. Under his leadership, five first-class batteries were built in Sevastopol, a naval library, a naval assembly, naval barracks, dry docks and two schools were formed. Two battleships and a frigate were launched from the Nikolaev shipyard. Lazarev trained a galaxy of outstanding commanders and naval commanders, including Admiral Pyotr Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802 - 1855), heroes of the defense of Sevastopol, Vice Admiral Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov(1806 - 1854) and Rear Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin (1809 - 1855), naval theorist, Admiral Grigory Ivanovich Butakov (1820 - 1882), count, Russian statesman, Admiral Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin ( 1804 - 1883). He achieved a significant improvement in the living conditions of sailors. The distinctive qualities of Lazarev's character were initiative and courage, speed in decision-making, integrity and honesty.
The Russian fleet won a brilliant victory over the Turkish fleet in the naval battle of Navarino in October 1827. During the Crimean War (1853 - 1856), the naval leadership talent of P.S. was fully demonstrated. Nakhimov. Under his leadership, during the Battle of Sinop on November 18 (30), 1853, the Turkish fleet was completely defeated. For many months, Nakhimov successfully led the defense of Sevastopol. He enjoyed enormous authority and love from the city’s defenders, and set an example of courage and endurance. During one of the detours of positions, he was mortally wounded by a bullet in the head on the Malakhov Kurgan.
Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov was a remarkable naval commander and oceanographer(1849 -1904). This is the founder of armored fleet tactics and the theory of unsinkability of a ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 -1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He made two trips around the world and a number of Arctic voyages. Skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron during the Defense of Port Arthur in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905. S.O. Makarov - author of more than 50 scientific works in various branches of naval affairs.
The First World War nominated cavalry general Alexei Alekseevich Brusilov (1853 - 1926), under whose command the troops of the South Western Front in the summer of 1916 they carried out a breakthrough on the Austro-German front, which went down in history as the Brusilov breakthrough.
During the period of the Civil War and military intervention in the USSR, Soviet military art was born and developed. A major contribution to this was made by such famous military leaders as Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (1885 - 1925), Marshals Soviet Union Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher (1889 -1938), Alexander Ilyich Egorov (1883 -1939), Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky (1893 - 1937), commanders of the 1st rank Ion Emmanuilovich Yakir (1896 - 1937), Ieronim Petrovich Uborevich (1896 - 1937), Ivan Fedorovich Fedko (1897 -1939).
Our compatriots demonstrated their leadership talent with particular force during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. It was the generals and naval commanders who bore the brunt of leading the armed struggle, all the responsibility for its successes and failures. And they justified the hopes of the people.
The most famous commanders who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of the aggressor, were Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 -1974) and Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (1895 -1977).
Among the outstanding commanders and military leaders of the Great Patriotic War, Marshals of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky, I.Kh. Bagramyan, I.S. Konev, L.A. Govorov, K.A. Meretskov, K.S. Moskalenko, S.K. Timoshenko, I.F. Tolbukhin, V.I. Chuikov, A.M. Eremenko, R.Ya. Malinovsky, B.M. Shaposhnikov, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov. Army generals A.I. also made a significant contribution to achieving victory over the enemy. Antonov, P.I. Batov, N.F. Vatutin, I.E. Petrov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky, I.V. Tyulenev, Air Chief Marshals A.A. Novikov, A.E. Golovanov, Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov, Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov, admirals F.S. Oktyabrsky, V.F. Tributs, I.S. Yumashev and others. Their glory will endure for centuries.
Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky can rightfully be called unique a military leader who happily combined the qualities of a brilliant commander and an outstanding staff worker, a military thinker and a large-scale organizer. He headed the General Staff of the Armed Forces for almost the entire war and was a member of the Supreme Command Headquarters. He took an active part in the development of plans for the most important military operations and their implementation. His leadership talent was most clearly demonstrated as commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front during the East Prussian operation, in which the largest Wehrmacht group was defeated.
After the victory over Germany, Vasilevsky became the commander-in-chief of Soviet troops in the Far East. Under his leadership, the million-strong Kwantung Army was defeated within 24 days. After this, Japan was forced to capitulate.
For outstanding military-strategic activities in the defense of the Fatherland A.M. Vasilevsky was awarded two Orders of Victory and two
Gold Stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
The famous naval commander was Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904 -1974). In 1939, he introduced a three-stage system of operational readiness of naval forces, which in June 1941 made it possible to quickly prepare ships, fleet formations, and command and control units to repel a surprise enemy attack and deploy forces at sea to conduct combat operations. On the night of June 22, 1941, Kuznetsov transferred the fleet forces to readiness No. 1. This contributed to the fact that German air raids on naval bases were almost ineffective. During the Great Patriotic War, he confidently led the military operations of the Navy. His naval leadership talent was fully revealed during the interaction of fleets with ground forces, during which the main efforts of the fleets were aimed at securing the coastal flanks of the Red Army, actively disrupting enemy shipping and protecting their sea and ocean communications. He showed high organizational skills in the defense of a number of naval bases, as well as in developing plans and conducting a number of operations. For his skillful leadership of the combat operations of the fleets and the successes achieved as a result of these operations, Kuznetsov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Russian land is rich in great commanders, naval commanders and military leaders who have gained fame both in Russia and abroad, their glorious names and deeds will remain forever in the people's memory.
The most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized as Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov. He was born in 1896 on Kaluga land into a simple peasant family. He began serving in the Russian army in 1915. He took part in the First World War, rose to the rank of non-commissioned officer, and was awarded two Crosses of St. George.
During the Civil War, he volunteered to join the Red Army and became the commander of a cavalry squadron. He took part in battles on the Eastern, Western and Southern fronts, in the elimination of post-war banditry.
Zhukov did not receive a higher military education. Behind him were only Cavalry courses (1920), Improvement courses for cavalry command personnel (1925) and Improvement courses for senior command personnel (1930). Academic education of commander G.K. Zhukov was replaced by the experience of the Civil War and subsequent service in various command positions in the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and most importantly, natural talent.
In the 30s, Zhukov was an assistant inspector of the Red Army cavalry, commander of cavalry divisions and corps. In July 1938, he was appointed deputy commander of the Belarusian Military District. In those years, Zhukov happily escaped Stalin's repressions.
In July 1939 G.K. Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1st Army Group Soviet troops in Mongolia. She, together with the army of the Mongolian People's Republic, carried out a successful offensive operation to defeat a large group of Japanese troops on the Khalkhin Gol River. For his skillful leadership of the operation, Zhukov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
After this, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov commanded the troops of the Kyiv Special Military District, and then was appointed Chief of the General Staff - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.
His talent as a commander was fully revealed during the Great Patriotic War. On June 23, 1941, Zhukov was appointed a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, and in August of the same year - first deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR and deputy of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of I.V. Stalin.
Already in the first days of the enemy invasion, Zhukov organized a counterattack on the Southwestern Front with the help of several mechanized corps. Then, in an area only 70 kilometers wide, about 2 thousand enemy tanks collided. In August - September 1941, Georgy Konstantinovich commanded the troops of the Reserve Front and carried out the Elninsky offensive operation. Then, near Yelnya, the Soviet Guard was born: for the massive heroism of the soldiers, the 100th, 127th, 153rd and 161st rifle divisions became the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Guards Rifle Divisions.
The headquarters of the Supreme High Command directed G.K. Zhukov to the most difficult areas, where, above all, rare willpower and strength of character were required. In September 1941, he was appointed commander of the Leningrad Front. The Nazi Army Group North was stopped at the near approaches to Leningrad, and they could not take it even with a blockade and heavy bombing.
When Nazi tank columns rushed to Moscow, in October 1941 Zhukov was appointed commander of the Western Front. From February to May 1942, he was simultaneously the commander-in-chief of the Western forces. In the most difficult conditions, the commander was able to organize the defense of the capital and carried out an offensive operation, which went down in the history of World War II as the Battle of Moscow.
More than 3 million people, 21,600 guns and mortars, about 2,700 tanks, and over 2 thousand aircraft took part in this grandiose battle, which was crowned with a powerful counterattack. The enemy was thrown back 100-2S0 kilometers from Moscow.
After that PC. Zhukov, as a representative of the Headquarters, coordinated the actions of several fronts near Stalingrad. As a result of the large-scale offensive operation, five enemy armies were defeated: two German tanks, two Romanian and one Italian. In the snowy steppe between the Volga and Don, a 330,000-strong enemy force under the command of Field Marshal Paulus was surrounded.
Zhukov then returned to Leningrad, where he coordinated the actions of two fronts to break the blockade of the city on the Neva. After this, the commander coordinated the actions of the fronts in the grandiose Battle of Kursk in 1943. On the Soviet side, more than 1.3 million people, up to 20 thousand guns and mortars, 3,444 tanks and self-propelled guns and 2,900 aircraft took part in it. It was the Battle of Kursk that turned the tide of the war.
In the same 1943 PC. Zhukov coordinated the actions of a number of fronts in the Battle of the Dnieper. The enemy's "Eastern Wall" was successfully broken through. For this strategic success, the commander was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, Zhukov commanded the fronts - the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belarusian. His name is associated with the liberation of Belarus, the Vistula-Oder operation to liberate Poland and its capital Warsaw, and, finally, the Berlin operation, which ended with the capture of the capital of Nazi Germany.
On the night of May 9, 1945, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, on behalf of and on behalf of the Soviet Supreme High Command in Karlshorst (the southeastern part of defeated Berlin), accepted the surrender of the German armed forces.
Marshal of the Soviet Union PC. Zhukov was twice awarded the highest Soviet military order "Victory" and four times awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. He is recognized as the largest Soviet commander of World War II.
After the victorious conclusion of the Great Patriotic War, he served as commander-in-chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and head of the Soviet military administration. In 1946, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces and Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces. However, in the summer of the same year he fell into disgrace with Stalin and from 1946 to 1953 he commanded the troops of the secondary military districts - Odessa and Ural.
In March 1953, G.K. Zhukov was appointed First Deputy Minister of Defense, and from February 1955 to September 1957 he was the Minister of Defense of the USSR. He is one of the organizers and executors of the arrest of L.P. Beria, who carried out mass repressions in the country and its Armed Forces since the late 30s.
The fate of the famous Soviet commander after the Great Patriotic War was not easy. During the years of governing the country I.V. Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev and L.I. He was in disgrace for almost a quarter of a century under Brezhnev. He died in 1974 and was buried on Red Square, near the Kremlin wall. In modern Russia, the Order of Zhukov was established. The memoirs “Memories and Reflections,” which have gone through more than ten editions in our country alone, are a true documentary story about the fate of the great Soviet commander.
Presentation "Great commanders of Russia."
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Regional competition of multimedia presentations “Commanders of Russia” “Great commanders of Russia” Galygina Irina Nikolaevna 7th grade MBOU Secondary School No. 18 Art. Novomalorossiyskaya Vyselkovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory 2013
Great commanders of Russia
They say: in war it’s like in war... And who creates this very history, written down in textbooks and falling into our heads from school? Who starts and wins great battles? The importance of personality in such a difficult matter as war is very great. It is not enough to have weapons and soldiers to win a battle. You also need to have an outstanding mind, anticipate the enemy’s cunning tactics, skillfully develop and apply a strategy of action, and somewhere according to the rules of the game give a cruel order. And it’s not enough to win the battle, you need to win the war. Heroes, examples of courage and remarkable intelligence - Russian commanders
Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1220 - 1263) Russian commander, Grand Duke of Vladimir, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (Battle of the Neva, 1240), and at the age of 22 he defeated the German “knights of the Livonian Order” (Battle on the Ice, 1242). ) Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Battle of the Ice During the Battle of the Ice, for the first time in history, at the head of a foot army, he achieved victory over a mounted army of knights. In imperial and Soviet Russia in honor of St. blgv. book Military orders were established under Alexander Nevsky.
Dmitry Donskoy (1350-1389) An outstanding Russian commander, Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir, led and defeated the troops of the Golden Horde (1380)
Battle of Kulikovo Under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy, the greatest victory was won on the Kulikovo field over the hordes of Khan Mamai, which was an important stage in the liberation of Rus' and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
Peter I (1672 - 1725) Russian Tsar, an outstanding commander. He is the founder of the Russian regular army and navy. He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696) and in the Northern War (1700 - 1721). during the Persian campaign (1722 – 1723)
Under the direct leadership of Peter, in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) Count, general – field marshal, admiral. Companion of Peter I, the greatest organizer, one of the creators of the Baltic Fleet.
Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 – 1719) Count, general – field marshal. Participant of the Crimean and Azov wars. He commanded the army in the campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In the battle of Eresphere, in Livonia, a detachment under his command defeated the Swedes and defeated Schlippenbach's army at Hummelshof. The Russian flotilla forced the Swedish ships to leave the Neva for the Gulf of Finland. In 1703 he took Noteburg, and then Nyenschanz, Koporye, Yamburg. In Estland Sheremetev B.P. Wesenberg occupied.
Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) His Serene Highness Prince, associate of Peter I. Generalissimo of the naval and land forces. Participant in the Northern War with the Swedes, the battle of Poltava.
Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 – 1796) Count, general – field marshal. Participant in the Russian-Swedish war, the Seven Years' War. His biggest victories were won during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in the battles of Ryabaya Mogila, Larga and Kagul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, 1st degree, and received the title of Transdanubian.
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) National hero of Russia, a great Russian commander who did not suffer a single defeat in his military career (more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art. Prince of Italy (1799), Count of Rymnik (1789), Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Prince of the Royal Blood (with the title "King's cousin"), Knight of all Russian orders of their time, awarded to men, as well as many foreign military orders.
Suvorov was never defeated in any of the battles he fought. Moreover, in almost all these cases he convincingly won despite the numerical superiority of the enemy, he stormed the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Focsani, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and victories over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps was the crown of his military leadership.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) (1745-1813) Illustrious Russian commander, Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, and French in various positions, including Commander-in-Chief of armies and troops. Formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) Outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral. Russian Orthodox Church Canonized as a saint as the righteous warrior Theodore Ushakov. He laid the foundations of new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, winning a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, etc.
Ushakov’s significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799, where the combined actions of ships and land landings were successfully used. Admiral Ushakov fought 40 naval battles. And they all ended in brilliant victories. People called him “Navy Suvorov”.
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) Prince, outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general, minister of war, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full holder of the Order of St. George. Commanded the entire Russian army at initial stage Patriotic War of 1812, after which he was replaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In the foreign campaign of the Russian army of 1813-1814, he commanded the united Russian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian Army of the Austrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1769-1812) Prince, infantry general. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Participant of the Italian and Swiss campaigns A.V. Suvorov, wars with France, Sweden and Turkey. Mortally wounded in the Battle of Borodino.
Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) Famous Russian admiral. During the Crimean War of 1853-56, commanding a squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, Nakhimov, in stormy weather, discovered and blocked the main forces of the Turkish fleet in Sinop, and, skillfully carrying out the entire operation, defeated them in the Battle of Sinop in 1853. During the Sevastopol defense of 1854-55. took a strategic approach to the defense of the city. In Sevastopol, although Nakhimov was listed as the commander of the fleet and port, from February 1855, after the sinking of the fleet, he defended, by appointment of the commander-in-chief, the southern part of the city, leading the defense with amazing energy and enjoying the greatest moral influence on soldiers and sailors, who called him “father.” -a benefactor."
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) The most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized as the Marshal of the Soviet Union. The development of plans for all major operations of united fronts, large groupings of Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended victoriously. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.
Zhukov is a four-time Hero of the Soviet Union, a holder of two Orders of Victory, and many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. During the Great Patriotic War, he successively held the positions of Chief of the General Staff, Front Commander, Member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. In the post-war period, he served as Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, commanding the Odessa and then the Ural military districts. After the death of I.V. Stalin, he became the first deputy minister of defense of the USSR, and from 1955 to 1957 - the minister of defense of the USSR.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896-1968) Outstanding Soviet military leader, commander of the Belarusian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (11/05/1949). Commanded the Victory Parade. One of the greatest commanders of World War II. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) Soviet commander, commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
And this is only a part of the commanders who are worthy of mention. Outstanding military leaders of Russia are the pride of our history. These people did not spare their lives for the sake of their Motherland. They earned boundless glory on the battlefields with the enemy. We must know and remember them.
List of sources of main content: http://kremlion.ru/russkie_polkovodcy http://www.forumkavkaz.com/index.php/topic,591.0.html http://www.historbook.ru/gordost.html http:// ote4estvo.ru/lichnosti-xviii-xix/137-aleksandr-vasilevich-suvorov.html http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1612 http://movu1-perm.narod.ru/ polkovodzi.htm
List of sources of illustrations: http://www.forumkavkaz.com/index.php/topic,591.0.html http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1612 http://www.liveinternet. ru http://artnow.ru/ru/gallery/3/3497/picture/0/137758.html http://movu1-perm.narod.ru/polkovodzi.htm
Over its more than thousand-year history Russian state participated in a great many military conflicts. Often, success in resolving these conflicts depended on the tactical and strategic literacy of commanders, because, as one of the commanders of the Middle Ages correctly noted, “An army without a commander turns into an uncontrollable crowd.” The ten most talented Russian commanders will be discussed in this article.
10. Putyata Vyshatich (10??-1113)
Putyata Vyshatich was a Kyiv governor at the court of Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich in 1097-1113. He took part in the first in Rus' internecine wars and made a significant contribution to the defeat of the troops of Prince David in 1099. Subsequently, Putyata Vyshatich led Kyiv army during campaigns against the Polovtsians. Outnumbered, he managed to defeat the Polovtsians in the battles of Zarechsk (1106) and Sula (1107). In 1113, Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich was poisoned, and a popular uprising occurred in Kyiv, during which Putyata Vyshatich was killed.
9. Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670-1735)
A representative of a noble Scottish family, Yakov Vilimovich Bruce was born and raised in Russia. In 1683, Yakov and his brother Roman enlisted in the tsarist troops. By 1696, Bruce had risen to the rank of colonel. He became one of the most prominent associates of the young Peter I and accompanied him during the Great Embassy. He carried out a reform of Russian artillery. Bruce became famous as a commander during the Northern War (1700-1721). There he commanded all Russian artillery and made a huge contribution to the main victories of the Russian troops: at Lesnaya and Poltava. Since then, in legends, he has gained a reputation as a “magician and warlock.” In 1726, Bruce retired with the rank of field marshal. He died in seclusion in 1735.
8. Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1350-1389)
Prince of Moscow and Vladimir, son of Prince Ivan II. It was he who was able to unite the Russian princes against a common enemy, the Golden Horde. Thanks to a well-planned ambush, the Russian troops united by Dmitry managed to inflict a heavy defeat on the Golden Horde during the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). After this defeat, the power of the Horde over the Russian lands began to gradually weaken. The Tatar-Mongols were finally expelled from Russian lands by Dmitry's great-grandson Ivan III 100 years later, in 1480.
7. Alexey Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861)
A hereditary nobleman, he was enrolled in military service in infancy, which at that time was quite a normal phenomenon. He received his first baptism of fire in 1794 during the suppression of Polish uprising Kosciuszko. There he commanded an artillery battery and was awarded his first award, the Order of St. George, 4th class. Until 1796, Ermolov served under the legendary Suvorov and took part in the Italian campaign and the war of the first coalition. In 1798, Ermolov was stripped of his rank and dismissed from service on suspicion of participating in a conspiracy against Emperor Paul. In 1802 he was restored to his rank. Returning to service, Ermolov participated in coalition wars, and then in the Patriotic War. During the Battle of Borodino, he personally commanded the defense of artillery batteries for three hours. Then he took part in the foreign campaign of the Russian army and reached Paris. In 1819-1827, Ermolov commanded Russian troops in the Caucasus. It was during the Caucasian War that he proved himself the best way: Well-established logistics and competent leadership of the army seriously influenced the outcome of the battles with the highlanders. An important role in Ermolov’s success in the Caucasus was played by his subordinate generals Andrei Filippovich Boyko and Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky. However, after Nicholas I came to power, Ermolov and his subordinates were removed from their positions for “unjustified cruelty” towards the mountain peoples. Thus, in 1827 Ermolov retired. Until the end of his days he was a member of the State Council. Died in 1861.
6. Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky (1893-1937)
Descendant of impoverished nobles. In 1912 he entered service in the Russian Imperial Army. He received his first baptism of fire in the First World War, in battles with the Austrians and Germans. In 1915 he was captured. On his fifth attempt, in 1917, he managed to escape. Since 1918 he served in the Red Army. He lost the first battle: the Red Army soldiers were unable to take Simbirsk, defended by Kappel’s army. On the second attempt, Tukhachevsky was able to take this city. Historians note “a well-thought-out plan of operation, the rapid concentration of the army in the decisive direction, skillful and proactive actions.” In the further course of the campaign, Tukhachevsky defeated the troops of Kolchak and Denikin, putting an end to the Civil War. Since 1921, Tukhachevsky was involved in reforming the Red Army. In 1935, Tukhachevsky was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. He was a supporter of maneuverable tank warfare and insisted on the priority of developing armored forces, but his plan was rejected by Stalin. In 1937, Tukhachevsky was accused of high treason and executed. Posthumously rehabilitated.
5. Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (1862-1933)
He came from the nobility of the Minsk province. Yudenich was accepted into the army in 1881, but received his first baptism of fire during the Russo-Japanese War. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Mukden (1905) and was wounded there. During the First World War, Yudenich commanded the troops of the Caucasian Front. He managed to completely defeat the outnumbered troops of Enver Pasha, and then win one of the largest battles of the First World War, the Battle of Erzurum (1916). Thanks to Yudenich's large-scale planning, Russian troops were able to take most of Western Armenia in the shortest possible time, as well as reach Pontus, capturing Trabzon. After the events of the February Revolution, he was dismissed. During the Civil War, Yudenich commanded the Northwestern Army, which he twice led to Petrograd, but was never able to take it due to the inaction of the allies. Since 1920 he lived in exile in France. He died in 1933 from tuberculosis (according to another version, he was poisoned by an agent of Soviet intelligence; supporters of this theory cite completely identical scenarios for the deaths of Yudenich and Wrangel).
4. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1747-1813)
Representative of a military dynasty. In the army since 1761. Kutuzov served for almost thirty years under the command of Suvorov, whom he considered his teacher and mentor. Together they walked the path from the Ryabaya Grave to Izmail, during which time Kutuzov rose in rank to lieutenant general, and in one of the battles he lost an eye. He remained in the army after Paul I came to power, but fell into disgrace with Alexander I. Until 1804, Kutuzov was in retirement, and then returned to service. In the War of the Third Coalition (1805), he defeated the armies of Mortier and Murat, but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. In 1811, Kutuzov took command of the Russian armies in the war with the Ottomans and in less than a year managed to lead Russia out victorious. IN Patriotic War In 1812, Kutuzov became famous for the Battle of Borodino, where his troops dealt a significant blow to the French. After the Tarutino maneuver, Napoleon's troops were cut off from supplies and began the Great Retreat from Russia. In 1813, Kutuzov was supposed to lead the Foreign Campaign, but died from colds at its very beginning.
3. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974)
Zhukov comes from peasant background. He enlisted in the army in 1915. In 1916, Zhukov took part in battles for the first time. He showed himself to be a brave soldier and was twice awarded the Order of St. George. After a shell shock, he dropped out of the personnel of his regiment. In 1918, Zhukov joined the ranks of the Red Army, in which he took part in the battles in the Urals and the assault on Yekaterinodar. In 1923-1938 he held staff positions. In 1939, Zhukov commanded the defense of the Soviet-Mongolian forces in the battles of Khalkhin Gol, where he earned his first Hero of the Soviet Union star. During the Great Patriotic War, Zhukov's armies took part in operations to break the blockade of Leningrad. Since 1943, he commanded large military formations. On May 8, 1945, Zhukov's troops took Berlin. On June 24 of the same year, Zhukov hosted the Victory Parade in Moscow as Supreme Commander-in-Chief. He was a real hero among soldiers and ordinary people. However, Stalin did not need such heroes, so Zhukov was soon transferred to command of the Odessa Military District in order to eliminate the high level of banditry in the region. He coped with the task excellently. In 1958, Zhukov was fired from Armed Forces and took up journalism. Died in 1974.
2. Alexey Alekseevich Brusilov (1853-1926)
The son of a hereditary military man, Brusilov was accepted into the tsarist army in 1872. He took part in the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878), distinguished himself in battles in the Caucasus. In 1883-1906 he taught at the Officers' Cavalry School. In the First World War, Brusilov received command of the 8th Army and, just a few days after the start of the conflict, took part in the Battle of Galicia, where he defeated the Austrian troops. In 1916, he was appointed commander of the Southwestern Front. In the same year, Brusilov had previously used a form of breaking through the positional front, which consisted of a simultaneous offensive of all armies. The main idea of this breakthrough was the desire to force the enemy to expect an attack along the entire front and to deprive him of the opportunity to guess the location of the real strike. In accordance with this plan, the front was broken through, and Brusilov’s army defeated the troops of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand. This operation was called the Brusilov breakthrough. This breakthrough became the progenitor of the famous breakthroughs of the Great Patriotic War, seriously ahead of its time in tactics. In May-June 1917, Brusilov was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, then retired. In 1920, he joined the Red Army and until his death was an inspector of the Red Cavalry. Died of pneumonia in 1926.
1. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730-1800)
Suvorov was the son of a secret chancellery official. He was accepted into military service in 1748. During his half-century career, Suvorov took part in most of the most significant military conflicts of the second half of the XVIII centuries: Kozludzha, Kinburn, Focsani, Rymnik, Izmail, Prague, Adda, Trebbia, Novi... This list can be continued for a long time. Suvorov made the famous crossing of the Alps, and also wrote “The Science of Victory” - the greatest work on Russian military theory. Suvorov did not lose a single battle and repeatedly defeated an enemy outnumbered. In addition, he was known for his concern for ordinary soldiers and participated in the development of new military uniforms. At the end of his military career, Suvorov fell into disgrace with Emperor Paul I. The illustrious generalissimo died after a long illness in 1800.
Outstanding Russian commanders
The heroic chronicle of our Fatherland preserves the memory of the great victories of the Russian people under the leadership of outstanding commanders. Their names to this day inspire the defenders of the Fatherland in military affairs, are an example of fulfilling military duty, showing love for their native land.
Generals of Imperial Russia
One of the most famous Russian commanders is Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 - 1800), Generalissimo, Count of Rymniksky, Prince of Italy.
Suvorov began active military service in 1748 as a soldier. Just six years later he was awarded the first officer rank - lieutenant. He received his baptism of fire in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763), where the future great commander Russia has gained vast experience in managing the army and understanding its capabilities.
In August 1762, Suvorov was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. And from the next year he already commanded the Suzdal infantry regiment. At this time, he created his famous “Regimental Establishment” - instructions that contained the basic provisions and rules for the education of soldiers, internal service and combat training of troops.
In 1768 - 1772, with the rank of brigadier and major general, Alexander Vasilyevich took part in military operations in Poland against the troops of the gentry Bar Confederation. Commanding a brigade and individual detachments, Suvorov made rapid forced marches and won brilliant victories near Orekhovo, Landskrona, Zamosc and Stolovichi, and captured Krakow Castle.
In 1773, Suvorov was transferred to the active army, which took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774. He was appointed to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, where he began to command a separate detachment, with which he made two successful campaigns across the Danube and defeated large Turkish forces at Turtukai in 1773 and at Kozludzhi in 1774.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787 - 1791, Suvorov led the defense of the Kherson-Kinburn region, which was threatened by the Turks from the sea and from the Ochakov fortress. On October 1, 1787, Suvorov’s troops destroyed thousands of enemy troops landing on the Kinburn Spit. The commander personally took part in the battle and was wounded.
The year 1789 gave him two brilliant victories in military leadership - at Focsani and at Rymnik. For the victory on the Rymnik River, he was awarded the highest military order of Russia - St. George, 1st degree.
On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov captured the strongest Turkish fortress of Izmail, and the attackers were numerically inferior to the enemy garrison. This battle has no equal in world history, being the pinnacle of the military glory of the outstanding commander.
In 1795 - 1796, Suvorov commanded troops in Ukraine. At this time he wrote his famous “Science of Victory.” With the accession of Paul I, Alexander Vasilyevich opposed the introduction of Prussian orders alien to the Russian army, which caused a hostile attitude towards him from the emperor and the court. In February 1797, the commander was dismissed and exiled to his estate Konchanskoye. The exile lasted for about two years.
In 1798, Russia entered the 2nd anti-French coalition. At the insistence of the allies, Emperor Paul I was forced to appoint Suvorov as commander-in-chief of the Russian-Austrian army in Northern Italy. During the Italian campaign of 1799, troops under the command of Suvorov won victories over the French in the battles on the Adda and Trebbia rivers, as well as at Novi.
After this, the Russian commander planned a campaign in France. However, he was ordered to leave the Austrian troops in Italy and go to Switzerland to join the corps of General A. Rimsky-Korsakov. The famous Suvorov Swiss campaign of 1799 began. Having passed through the barriers of French troops, overcoming the Alpine heights, Russian troops heroically broke through into Switzerland.
In the same year, the commander received an order from the emperor to return to Russia. His reward for the Italian and Swiss campaigns was the title of Prince of Italy and the highest military rank of generalissimo. By that time, the holder of all Russian orders of the highest degree also had the rank of Austrian field marshal general.
Generalissimo Suvorov went down in military history as a brilliant commander. During the entire period of his military leadership, he did not lose a single battle, and almost all of them were won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.
He became one of the founders of Russian military art, creating his own military school with a progressive system of training and education of troops. Having rejected the outdated principles of cordon strategy and linear tactics, he developed and applied in military leadership more advanced forms and methods of conducting armed struggle, which were far ahead of their time. He trained a galaxy of Russian generals and military leaders, among whom were M. Kutuzov and P. Bagration.
The successor of Suvorov's military leadership traditions was Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1745 - 1813), who became a member of the Russian history as the savior of the Fatherland from the Grand Army of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Born into the family of a military engineer, lieutenant general. In 1759 he graduated from the engineering and artillery school and was retained as a teacher there. In 1761, he received the rank of ensign and was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment. Then he was an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Revel and again served in the army.
Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768 - 1774, in 1770 he was transferred to the South as part of the 1st Army. He happened to be a student of such great Russian commanders as P. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky and A. Suvorov-Rymniksky. He took part in large field battles - at Larga and Cahul. He distinguished himself in the battle of Pipesty. He proved himself to be a brave, energetic and proactive officer. He was appointed chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps.
In 1772 he was transferred to the 2nd Crimean Army. In July 1774, in a battle against the Turkish landing near Alushta near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka), commanding a battalion, he was seriously wounded in the temple and right eye. After treatment abroad, he served for six years under the command of Suvorov, organizing the defense of the Crimean coast.
Kutuzov gained fame as a military leader during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791. At first, he and his rangers guarded the border along the Bug River. In the summer of 1788, he took part in the battles near Ochakov, where he received a second serious wound to the head. Then he took part in the fighting near Akkerman, Kaushany, and Bendery.
In December 1790, during the storming of the fortress, Izmail commanded the 6th column of attackers. In a victorious report, Suvorov highly appreciated Kutuzov’s actions. He was appointed Izmail commandant. Promoted to lieutenant general, he repelled an attempt by the Turks to take possession of Izmail. In June 1791 it was defeated by a sudden attack; 23 thousand Ottoman army at Babadag. In the Battle of Machinsky, skillfully maneuvering his troops, he demonstrated the art of victorious tactics.
In the Russian-Austro-French War of 1805, he commanded one of the two Russian armies. In October of this year, he made the famous retreat march from Braunau to Olmitz, withdrawing the army from the threat of being surrounded. During the maneuver, the Russians defeated Murat's troops near Amstettin and Mortier near Burenstein. Contrary to Kutuzov's opinion, Emperor Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Franz I went on the offensive against the French army. On November 20, 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place, in which the Russian commander-in-chief was actually removed from command of the troops. Napoleon won one of his greatest victories.
It was Kutuzov who had to victoriously end the Russian-Turkish war of 1806 - 1812. In its penultimate year, when the war with Turkey reached a dead end, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army. In the Battle of Rushchuk in 1811, with only 15 thousand troops, he inflicted a complete defeat on the 60 thousand-strong Turkish army.
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and Moscow militias. After Russian troops left Smolensk, under widespread pressure public opinion The emperor appointed Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the entire Russian army, confirming the opinion of a special government committee. On August 17, the commander arrived with the army retreating towards Moscow. The noticeable superiority of Napoleon's Grand Army in strength and the lack of reserves forced the commander-in-chief to withdraw the army inland.
Having not received the promised large reinforcements, Kutuzov gave the French a general battle on August 26 near the village of Borodino. In this battle, Russian soldiers dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility. Both sides suffered huge casualties in the Battle of Borodino. The French lost most of their largest regular cavalry in Europe. The Battle of Borodino brought Kutuzov the title of Field Marshal.
After the military council in Fili, Kutuzov decided to leave the capital and withdraw the army south, to the Tarutino camp. Residents also left Moscow; Napoleonic army entered a huge deserted city and began to loot. Soon the capital was almost completely burned. The Tarutino march-maneuver put the French army in an extremely disadvantageous position, and it soon left Moscow.
The Russian army launched a counteroffensive. It was organized in such a way that the French troops were constantly under attack from Russian vanguard troops, flying cavalry detachments and partisans. All this led to the defeat of the remnants of the Great Army on the banks of the Berezina River and their flight abroad. Thanks to Kutuzov's tactics, the huge Grand Army ceased to exist as a military force, and Napoleon himself left it and went to Paris to create a new army.
For his skillful leadership of the Russian army in 1812, Field Marshal Kutuzov was awarded the highest military leadership award in Russia - the Order of St. George, 1st degree, and became the first in the history of the country to have all four degrees of the order. He also received the honorary title of Prince of Smolensk.
In January 1813, the Russian army led by Kutuzov began its foreign campaigns. But the health of its commander-in-chief was undermined, and he died in Silesia. The commander's body was embalmed and sent to the Russian capital. There Kutuzov was buried in the Kazan Cathedral.
He devoted more than 50 years of his life to military service, becoming a great Russian commander. He was well educated, had a subtle mind, and knew how to remain calm even in the most critical moments of battle. He carefully thought through each military operation, trying to act more through maneuvers, using military cunning, and not sacrificing the lives of soldiers. He managed to oppose the great European commander Napoleon Bonaparte with his own strategy and tactics. The Patriotic War of 1812 became a source of military pride for Russia.
Field Marshal General Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (1725 - 1796), who became famous during the reign of Empress Catherine II the Great, was also a great Russian commander.
The talent of military leader Rumyantsev was revealed during the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 1763. First he commanded a brigade, then a division. Rumyantsev became a true hero of the battles of Groß-Jägersdorf in 1757 and Kunersdorf in 1759. In the first case, the entry of the Rumyantsev brigade into the battle decided the outcome of the clash between the Russian army and the Prussian army: King Frederick II was defeated, and his troops fled from the battlefield. In the second case, the Rumyantsev regiments again found themselves in the very center of the battle, demonstrating resilience and desire to defeat the enemy.
In 1761, at the head of the corps, he successfully led the siege and capture of the Kolberg fortress, which was defended by a strong Prussian garrison.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1768 - 1774, Rumyantsev became commander of the 2nd Russian Army. In 1769, troops under his command took the Azov fortress. In August of the same year - he was the commander of the 1st Russian army in the field. It was at this post that the talent of the great commander was revealed.
In the summer of 1770, Russian troops won brilliant victories over the superior forces of the Turkish army and the cavalry troops of the Crimean Khan - in the battles of Larga and Kagul. In all three battles, Rumyantsev demonstrated the triumph of offensive tactics, the ability to maneuver troops and achieve complete victory.
Near Cahul, the 35,000-strong Russian army clashed with the 90,000-strong Turkish army of the Grand Vizier Halil Pasha. From the rear, the Russians were threatened by the 80,000-strong cavalry of the Crimean Tatars. However, the Russian commander boldly attacked the fortified positions of the Turks, knocked them out of the trenches on the heights and put them to mass flight, capturing all the enemy artillery and a huge camp with a large convoy. His reward for the brilliant Cahul victory was the Order of St. George, 1st degree.
Advancing along the Prut River, the Russian army reached the Danube. Then the commander moved the fighting to the Bulgarian right bank, leading an attack on the Shumla fortress. Türkiye hastened to conclude the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty with Rumyantsev, which secured Russia’s access to the Black Sea. For his victories over the Turks, the Field Marshal General became known in history as Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.
After the victorious end of the war, the commander was also appointed commander of the heavy cavalry of the Russian army. With the beginning of the new Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791, he became the head of the 2nd Army. However, he soon came into conflict with the most strong man era of the reign of Catherine II - the favorite of the Empress G. Potemkin. As a result, he was actually removed from command of the army, and in 1789 he was recalled from the theater of military operations to perform governor-general duties in governing Little Russia.
As a great commander, Field Marshal General Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky introduced a lot of new things into Russian military art. He was a skilled organizer of troop training and used new, more progressive forms of combat. Was a staunch supporter offensive strategy and tactics, which after him were creatively developed by the Russian military genius A. Suvorov. For the first time in the history of military art, he used battalion columns for maneuvering on the battlefield and attack, and laid the foundation for the formation of light Jaeger infantry, operating in loose formation.
Marshals of the Great Patriotic War
The most famous commander of the war of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany and its satellites was Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 - 1974), Marshal of the Soviet Union, four times Hero of the Soviet Union.
He has been in the Russian army since 1915, a participant in the First World War, a non-commissioned officer, awarded two St. George Crosses. In the Red Army since 1918. During the Civil War, he was a Red Army soldier, commander of a platoon and cavalry squadron. Participated in battles on the Eastern, Western and Southern fronts, in the elimination of banditry.
After the Civil War, he commanded a cavalry squadron, regiment and brigade. Since 1931, assistant inspector of the Red Army cavalry, then commander of the 4th Cavalry Division. Since 1937, commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps, since 1938 - 6th Cavalry Corps. In July 1938, he was appointed deputy commander of the Belarusian Special Military District.
In July 1939, Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1st Army Group of Soviet troops in Mongolia. Together with the Mongolian army, a large group of Japanese troops was encircled and defeated on the Khalkhin Gol River. For his skillful leadership of the operation and his courage, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Since July 1940, Zhukov commanded the troops of the Kyiv Special Military District. From January to July 30, 1941 - Chief of the General Staff - Deputy people's commissar defense of the USSR.
Zhukov's leadership talent was revealed during the Great Patriotic War. Since June 23, 1941, he has been a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Since August 1942 - First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin.
As a representative of the Headquarters, in the first days of the war he organized a counterattack on the Southwestern Front in the area of the city of Brody, thereby disrupting the intention of the Nazis with their mobile formations to immediately break through to Kyiv. In August - September 1941, General Zhukov commanded the troops of the Reserve Front and carried out the Elninsky offensive operation. And in September of the same year he was appointed commander of the Leningrad Front.
In October 1941, Zhukov led the Western Front, whose main task was the defense of Moscow. During the Battle of Moscow in the winter of 1941 - 1942, the front troops, together with the troops of the Kalinin and Southwestern fronts, launched a decisive offensive and completed the defeat of the advancing ones. fascist German troops and pushed them back from the capital to 100 - 250 km.
In 1942 - 1943, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the fronts near Stalingrad. During the Battle of Stalingrad, five enemy armies were defeated: two German, two Romanian and Italian.
Then he coordinated the actions of Soviet troops in breaking the siege of Leningrad, together with A. Vasilevsky - the actions of the front troops in the Battle of Kursk in 1943, which became an important stage in the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany. In the Battle of the Dnieper, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the Voronezh and Steppe fronts. In March - May 1944 he commanded the 1st Ukrainian Front. In the summer of 1944, he coordinated the actions of the 1st and 2nd Belarusian Fronts during the Belarusian Strategic Offensive Operation.
At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov commanded the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front, which carried out the Vistula-Oder operation of 1945, the defeat of the fascist German troops of Army Group A (Center), the liberation of Poland and its capital Warsaw. During these operations, Soviet troops advanced 500 km and entered the territory of Nazi Germany.
In April - May 1945, troops of the 1st Belorussian Front, together with troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, carried out the Berlin operation, which ended with the capture of the German capital. On behalf of and on behalf of the Supreme High Command, Zhukov accepted the surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945 in Karlshorst (south-eastern part of Berlin).
Zhukov's leadership talent manifested itself in the participation and development of the largest strategic offensive operations of the Great Patriotic War. He had enormous willpower, deep intelligence, the ability to quickly assess the most difficult strategic situation, predict the possible course of military operations, knew how to find the right solutions in critical situations, took responsibility for risky military actions, had brilliant organizational talent and personal courage.
The fate of the commander after the war turned out to be difficult: under I. Stalin, N. Khrushchev and L. Brezhnev, he was in disgrace for almost a quarter of a century, but courageously and steadfastly endured all the hardships that befell him.
Another major Soviet commander during the Great Patriotic War was Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897 - 1973).
He was drafted into the Russian army in 1916. A participant in the First World War, he served as a non-commissioned officer in an artillery battalion. During the Civil War - district military commissar, commissar of an armored train, rifle brigade, division, headquarters of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. He fought on the Eastern Front against Kolchak's troops, the forces of Ataman Semenov and the Japanese invaders.
After the Civil War, commissar of the rifle brigade and division. Then he was regiment commander and deputy division commander. In 1934 he graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. Commanded a rifle division and corps. He was the commander of the 2nd Separate Red Banner Far Eastern Army. In 1940 - 1941 he commanded the troops of the Transbaikal and North Caucasus military districts.
During the Great Patriotic War, he held senior command positions - he commanded the 19th Army of the Western Front, the Western Front, the Kalinin, North-Western, Steppe, 2nd Ukrainian and 1st Ukrainian Fronts. Troops under the command of Konev took part in the battle of Moscow, the Battle of Kursk, and the liberation of Belgorod and Kharkov. Konev especially distinguished himself in the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, where a large group of Nazi troops was surrounded. .
This was followed by participation in such major operations of the Second World War as the Vistula-Oder, Berlin and Prague. During the encirclement of Berlin, he skillfully maneuvered the tank armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front.
For military successes he was awarded the highest military order "Victory". Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic.
Konev, who received the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1944, during the Great Patriotic War was distinguished by his ability to prepare and conduct large-scale front-line operations, including encircling and destroying large enemy groups. He skillfully carried out offensive operations with tank armies and corps, and used combat experience in training and educating troops in the post-war period.
A prominent Soviet commander during the Great Patriotic War was also Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896 - 1968).
In the Russian army since 1914. Participant of the First World War, junior non-commissioned officer of the dragoon regiment. In the Red Army since 1918. During the Civil War, he commanded a squadron, a separate cavalry division and a cavalry regiment.
After the Civil War, he commanded a cavalry brigade, a cavalry regiment, and a separate cavalry brigade, which took part in battles with the White Chinese on the Chinese Eastern Railway. After that, he commanded a cavalry brigade and division, a mechanized corps.
He began the Great Patriotic War as commander of a mechanized corps. Soon he became commander of the 16th Army of the Western Front. From July 1942, commander of the Bryansk Front, from September of the same year - Don, from February 1943 - Central, from October of the same year - Belorussian, from February 1944 - 1st Belorussian, and from November 1944 until the end of the war - 2nd Belorussian Front.
Rokossovsky took part in many of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War, his troops won many victories over the Nazi troops. He took part in the Battle of Smolensk in 1941, the Battle of Moscow, the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, the Belarusian, East Prussian, East Pomeranian and Berlin operations.
He is one of the most capable Soviet commanders who skillfully and effectively commanded the fronts. Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky demonstrated his military leadership in the decisive battles of the war. He was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the highest Soviet military order "Victory". Commanded the Victory Parade in Moscow.
After the war, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Northern Group of Forces. In 1949, at the request of the government of the Polish People's Republic, with the permission of the Soviet government, he went to Poland and was appointed Minister of National Defense and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Poland. Rokossovsky was awarded the military rank of Marshal of Poland.
Rokossovsky did a lot for the development of the Soviet Armed Forces in the post-war period, taking into account the experience of World War II and scientific and technological revolution in military affairs. Author of the memoir "A Soldier's Duty."
Marshal of the Soviet Union Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (1895 - 1977) was also an honored commander of the Great Patriotic War.
He can rightfully be called a unique military leader, happily combining the qualities of a brilliant commander and an outstanding staff worker, a military thinker and a large-scale organizer. Being the head of the operational department at the beginning of the war, and from May 1942 to February 1945 the chief of the General Staff, Alexander Mikhailovich, out of 34 months of the war, worked directly in Moscow for only 12, and 22 at the fronts, carrying out orders from Headquarters.
As Chief of the General Staff, he headed the planning and preparation of almost all the major strategic operations of our Armed Forces, and resolved fundamental issues of providing the fronts with people, equipment, and weapons.
As a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, he successfully coordinated the actions of the fronts and branches of the Armed Forces in the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, during the liberation of Donbass, Belarus, and the Baltic states. Replacing Army General I.D., who fell on the battlefield. Chernyakhovsky, at the head of the 3rd Belorussian Front, successfully led the offensive in East Prussia. It was precisely our army, led by him as the commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops in the Far East, that in September 1945 “ended its campaign in the Pacific Ocean.”
“Having become acquainted with the style and methods of his work directly in front-line conditions,” wrote Marshal of the Soviet Union I.Kh. Bagramyan, “I was convinced of his ability to unusually quickly navigate the situation, deeply analyze the decisions made by the front-line and army command, skillfully correct shortcomings, and also listen to and accept the reasoned opinions of his subordinates.”
Alexander Mikhailovich stood for his subordinates, since he was 100 percent confident in them. When in July 1942, the first deputy chief of the General Staff, General N.F., was appointed commander of the newly formed Voronezh Front. Vatutin, in his place, on the recommendation of Vasilevsky, A. I. Antonov was nominated. But Stalin, even agreeing to this appointment, did not immediately believe and appreciate Antonov. And for several months he had to establish himself in the opinion of the Supreme Commander, performing important tasks in the troops. Vasilevsky, believing that a better candidate could not be found, carried a double burden on himself, working both for himself and for his deputy, while Alexey Innokentievich was undergoing a kind of probationary period.
Vasilevsky received his first Order of Victory for the successful coordination of the actions of the 3rd and 4th Ukrainian Fronts in preparation for the operation to liberate right-bank Ukraine and Crimea in the spring of 1944. And here he had to fully demonstrate his character.
At the end of March, on the instructions of Stalin, Marshal K.E. came to Vasilevsky at the headquarters of the 4th Ukrainian Front to finalize the plan for the Crimean operation. Voroshilov. Like Alexander Mikhailovich, he was a representative of the Headquarters, but in the separate Primorsky Army of General A.I. Eremenko, operating in the Kerch direction.
After familiarizing himself with the composition of the forces and means of the 4th Ukrainian Front, Voroshilov expressed great doubt about the reality of the plan. Like, the enemy has such powerful fortifications near Kerch, and then there’s Sivash and Perekop. In a word, nothing will come of it unless you ask Headquarters for an additional army, artillery and other means of reinforcement.
The opinion of the old cavalryman made even the commander of the 4th Ukrainian Front, General F.I., hesitate. Tolbukhin. Following him, the chief of staff of the front, General S.S. Biryuzov nodded his head.
Vasilevsky was surprised. After all, not so long ago they, together with the front commander, made all the calculations and came to the conclusion that there were quite enough forces for a successful operation, which they reported to Headquarters. Then there were no objections, but now, when everything has already been approved by Headquarters and there is no reason to revise the operation plan, objections suddenly follow. From what? In response, Tolbukhin noted, not too confidently, that getting reinforcements is always a good idea.
This is where Vasilevsky’s character came into play. Alexander Mikhailovich told Voroshilov that he was immediately contacting Stalin, reporting everything to him and asking for the following: since Tolbukhin refuses to carry out the operation under these conditions, he himself will carry out the Crimean operation at the head of the 4th Ukrainian Front.
Against the background of the conviction and well-reasoned set of the Stavka representative, the opponents’ arguments somehow immediately withered. Tolbukhin admitted that he rushed to conclusions and did not think carefully. Voroshilov, in turn, assured that he would not interfere in the actions of the 4th Ukrainian Front. But he will give his comments on the report to Headquarters, which Vasilevsky was supposed to draw up. And then he refused the comments.
Here Vasilevsky’s response to the gentle reproach of one military leader comes to mind: “As for my “prudence” and “caution” ... then, in my opinion, there is nothing wrong with them, if a sense of proportion is observed. I think that every military leader, be it the commander of a unit or division, the commander of an army or a front, must be moderately prudent and careful. He has such a job that he is responsible for the lives of thousands and tens of thousands of soldiers, and it is his duty to weigh his every decision , think through, look for the most optimal ways to accomplish a combat mission..."
The operation to liberate Crimea was successful, as Vasilevsky had planned. In just 35 days, our troops broke through the powerful enemy defenses and defeated an enemy force of almost 200,000. Although for the marshal himself this victory almost turned into a tragedy. On the second day after the liberation of Sevastopol, while driving around the destroyed city, his car hit a mine. The entire front end, instead of the engine, was torn apart and thrown to the side. It's just a miracle that the marshal and his driver survived...
For the second time, Marshal Vasilevsky was awarded the Order of Victory for the successful leadership of the military operations of the 3rd Belorussian and 1st Baltic fronts at the end of the war to eliminate the East Prussian enemy group and capture Konigsberg. The citadel of Prussian militarism collapsed in three days.
Here it is appropriate to refer to the opinion of the former commander of the 1st Baltic Front, Marshal Bagramyan, who in those days interacted very closely with Alexander Mikhailovich. “In East Prussia A.M. Vasilevsky passed the most difficult military leadership exam with honor and demonstrated with all his might both his talent as a large-scale military strategist and his excellent organizational skills.
All the front commanders, and these were highly experienced generals, such as N.I. Krylov, I.I. Lyudnikov, K.N. Galitsky, A.P. Beloborodov unanimously stated that the level of leadership... was beyond praise.”
In the introductory speech, the importance of the topic should be noted, the role of generals and military leaders in the war should be emphasized, and their close connection with the masses of soldiers should be shown.
When considering the first question, taking into account the interests of the listeners, it is desirable to reveal the military leadership talent of several military leaders of Imperial Russia, show their best human qualities, and name the reasons for success in the most important battles and wars.
In the course of revealing the second question, it is desirable to name the Soviet commanders of the Great Patriotic War and major military leaders of their branch of troops, reveal their services to the Fatherland, show their close connection with the masses of soldiers and concern for them.
At the end of the lesson, it is necessary to draw brief conclusions, answer questions from students, and give recommendations on preparing for the conversation (seminar).
1. Alekseev Yu. Field Marshal Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky // Landmark; - 2000. No. 1.
2. Alekseev Yu. Generalissimo Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov // Landmark. - 2000. No. 6.
5. Rubtsov Yu. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov // Landmark. - 2000. No. 4.
4. Rubtsov Yu. Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky // Landmark. -2000. No. 8.
5. Sokolov Yu. Outstanding Russian commanders through the eyes of contemporaries (IX - XVII centuries). - M, 2002.
Captain 1st rank reserve,
candidate historical sciences Alexey Shishov
Great Russian commanders and naval commanders
Alexander Nevsky (1 Prince of Novgorod (), Grand Duke of Vladimir (), canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church (1380). He led the struggle of the Russian people against the German-Swedish conquerors who sought to seize the northwestern lands of Rus'. He showed himself to be a skilled military leader, showed personal valor and heroism in the Battle of the Neva (1240), where he defeated the Swedish army at the mouth of the river with a surprise attack. Izhora, for which it was nicknamed Nevsky. During the invasion of Rus', the Livonian knights stormed the Koporye fortress (1241), and then Pskov, and liberated Izborsk. In 1242, in the Battle of Lake Peipus (Battle of the Ice), he completely defeated the main forces of the Livonians and thereby stopped the invasion of the German knights. He did a lot to strengthen the northwestern borders of the Russian land.
Dmitry Donskoy ().
Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (1389), canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church (1988). He strengthened the grand-ducal power in Moscow and strengthened its leadership position in the unification of Russian lands. He achieved the transformation of Moscow into a large craft and trading city, restored ties with the southern Slavs and Byzantine Empire. Organized the construction of the first stone Kremlin in Moscow (1367), the adoption of artillery pieces (used during the defense of Moscow in 1382). The first of the Moscow princes to lead the fight against the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. In 1378 on the river. Vozhzha defeated the Tatar army under the command of Begich. In 1380, at the head of united Russian regiments, he won a brilliant victory over the Tatar-Mongol army in the battle on the Kulikovo field near the Don, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy.
Peter I the Great () ().
Russian Tsar since 1682, first Russian Emperor (1721). He carried out a number of important transformations: the organization of manufactories, shipyards, weapons and mining factories; trade development; creation of the Senate, collegiums; creation of a regular Army and Navy; construction of cities, fortresses; opening of educational institutions and much more. He laid the foundations of the Russian school of military art, expanded and strengthened the state. He is the author and editor of the first charters, a number of military-historical and scientific works. He showed military abilities during the Northern War (), successfully led troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702), in the battles of Lesnaya (1708) and Poltava (1709). Conducted the Persian campaign successfully (). Resolutely suppressed reactionary attempts to impede reforms.
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Outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770). He gained his first combat experience in the war with Sweden (), a participant in the campaign on the Rhine (1748), distinguished himself during the Seven Years' War () in the battles of Gross-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759), successfully led the siege and capture of the Kolberg fortress (1761 ). During the Russian-Turkish War () he defeated superior enemy forces three times at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul (1770) and occupied the left bank of the lower Danube. In 1774, a successful attack on Shumla forced Turkey to conclude the Kuchuk-Kainardzhik Peace Treaty, which secured Russia’s access to the Black Sea. For these victories he received an honorary addition to his surname - Zadunaisky (1775). Author of military theoretical works “Instructions”, “Rite of Service”, “Thoughts”.
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Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799). He began his military activity by participating in the Seven Years' War (). During the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century. won victories at Turtukai (1773), at Kozludzha (1774), Kinburn (1787), Foksani (1789), Rymnik (1789), and stormed the Izmail fortress (1790). In 1799 he brilliantly conducted the Italian and Swiss campaigns. Author of military theoretical works “Regimental Establishment”, “Science of Victory”. He created an original and progressive system of views on methods of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. He developed the tactics of columns and scattered formations, and was an enemy of dogmatism and templates. He trained a galaxy of Russian generals and military leaders. He did not lose a single one of the more than 60 battles and battles he fought.
Golenishchev- ().
His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensk (1812), Field Marshal General (1812). Suvorov. A participant in the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century, he distinguished himself in battles near Alushta (1774), during the siege of Ochakov (1788), the assault on Izmail (1790), and in the Battle of Machinsky. In 1792, ambassador to Turkey, in 1794, director of the Land Cadet Corps. Then he commanded troops in Finland, served as the Lithuanian governor-general, and served as the St. Petersburg governor-general. In the Russian-Austrian-French War of 1805, he commanded the Russian troops in Austria, and with a skillful maneuver from Branau to Olmütz brought him out of the threat of encirclement. During the Patriotic War of 1812. From 1811 to 1812, Commander-in-Chief of the Moldavian Army, won victories near Ruschuk, Slobodzeya, and concluded the Bucharest Peace Treaty (1812) with Turkey. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army, which exhausted and defeated Napoleon's army.
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Admiral (1799). Participant in the Russian-Turkish wars: 1768-1774. and Messrs. During the latter, he won brilliant victories over superior enemy forces in the naval battles of Fidonisi (1788), Kerch (1790), Tendra (1790) and Kaliakria (1791). During the Mediterranean campaign (), for the first time in the history of naval wars, ships and landing forces stormed a powerful fortress on the island. Corfu (1799). Skillfully organized the interaction of the army and navy during the capture of the Ionian Islands, the liberation of Italy from the French, during the blockade of Ancona and Genoa, and during the capture of Naples and Rome. The creator of maneuverable tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver.
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Admiral (1855). Participant in the naval battle of Navarino (1827), distinguished himself during the blockade of the Dardanelles during the Russian-Turkish War (). He fully demonstrated his military talent and naval leadership in the Crimean War (). Commanding a squadron, he defeated the main forces of the Turkish fleet in the Sinop naval battle (1853). In fact, from the very beginning of the defense of Sevastopol () he led the heroic garrison of the fortress, showing outstanding abilities in organizing the defense of the main fleet base from sea and land. He supervised the construction of defensive structures, the installation of additional batteries, and the preparation of reserves. Directly controlled the troops during the fighting, he was always in the lead, inspiring the defenders of the fortress. He died at the forefront of defense - on Malakhov Kurgan.
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Russian cavalry general (1912), an outstanding commander of the First World War. Participant in the Russian-Turkish war. He was the head of the Officer Cavalry School, the head of a division, the commander of an army corps, and the assistant commander of the Warsaw Military District. During the First World War, he commanded the army, which in August 1914, in a fierce three-day battle on the river. Rotten Linden won its first major victory. In March 1916, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front. During this period, he brilliantly carried out a major offensive operation, which went down in the history of military art under the name “Brusilovsky breakthrough”. From May 22 to July 19, 1917 Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. In 1920 he joined the Red Army. He headed the Special Meeting of the Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Republic.
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), four times Hero of the Soviet Union (1939, 1944, 1945, 1956). Participant of the First World War and the Civil War, holder of two St. George Crosses. In 1939, he commanded Soviet troops in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River. In January-July 1941 - Chief of the General Staff. In - Commander of the troops of the Reserve, Leningrad and Western Fronts. From August 1942 - 1st Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. He coordinated the actions of the fronts in the Battle of Stalingrad, during the breaking of the blockade of Leningrad, in the battles of Kursk and for the Dnieper, in operations on the Right Bank of Ukraine and in Belarus. In commanded the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belorussian fronts. On behalf of the Supreme High Command, on May 8, 1945, he accepted the surrender of Nazi Germany. In - Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, Ground Forces. From 1946 to 1953 - commander of the troops of the Odessa and Ural military districts. In – 1st Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, from 1955 to 1957 – Minister of Defense of the USSR.