Bonfire plant awnless: features of cultivation. Weeds Bonfire rye biological features and methods of control

Because it can produce it from carbon dioxide, which consumes from the air. Further in the article, we will learn in more detail what an awnless bonfire is, providing its description, and also determine how to grow it and for what purposes to use it.

Description and photo

An awnless bonfire has the appearance of a rhizome horse, which can grow up to 1.5 m in height. The stem of this plant is smooth, has many elongated shoots and leaves. The leaves are flat, 4 to 10 mm wide, dark green in color. The color fades a little at low temperatures.

Panicle-like inflorescences, up to 17-20 cm long. They consist of large ears, reaching a size of 15-30 mm. The roots of the plant are very powerful, they can penetrate to a depth of up to 2 m. Due to this feature of the root system, it can endure almost any drought, while producing a good hay crop even in areas where precipitation was minimal. Also, an awnless fire endures long-term flooding.

The spread of the rump in the area occurs due to a rather powerful rhizome. It grows gradually and over time captures an increasing area. New shoots sprout from young roots. Thanks to this form of reproduction, this culture is rightfully considered one of the most enduring.

The gardener must consider some properties that are inherent in this perennial grass:

• resistance to . A powerful rhizome allows the plant to calmly, even if fairly severe frosts are expected. When the temperature becomes more favorable and the snow melts, the awnless rump quickly spreads young sprouts.
• The plant can also tolerate flood waters quite tolerably. Such a phenomenon does not pose a threat to the rump even when the stagnation of water lasts up to two months.
• can withstand repeated mowing. This feature is extremely valuable and provides the rump with a high level of demand as a culture for. The bonfire is able to grow for several years in the same place, while it can be mowed two or more times in one season.

Distribution and habitat

But saline soils are not suitable for growing rump, because there the plant will displace. It is equally important to pay attention to the water permeability of the soil, it should be high. The close location of groundwater will also negatively affect the growth of perennials.

Important! The drought resistance of the plant is quite high, but at temperatures above 38 degrees, the grass can burn out. Nevertheless, the plant tolerates drought much easier compared to its relatives.

Norms and scheme of seeding

Sowing awnless brome recommended in early spring, around the last decade of April. You can also sow in the first decade. It is important that the soil is sufficiently moist, so you should not delay sowing, because after May 10, the soil can already be very dry. The same must be said about the summer period, when the ground is usually dry, unless the summer is extremely rainy.
Rump sowing can be carried out two ways: uncovered and under the cover of other plants.

If the choice falls on the second method, then the placement should be carried out next to a crop that has a high level of moisture reserve. These include fodder and oats if they are to be used as hay or green mass. Both crops should be sown simultaneously or immediately after each other. The sowing rate of all plants in this case will need to be reduced by about 20-30% in relation to the standard. But in the case when a fire is sown in order to obtain seeds, then you need to choose an exclusively coverless method.

When sowing awnless rump in order to obtain food, one should adhere to a width between rows of about 20-45 cm. The seeding rate per 1 ha in this case will be approximately 12-17 kg. It should be understood that higher plant productivity is achieved in wide-row sowing, so it is worth following these recommendations.

Important! There is a relationship between the level of drought, the nutritional value of the soil and the row spacing. The poorer the soil and the drier the weather, the wider the row spacing should be.

Perennial care

Despite the general unpretentiousness of the perennial, it must be bled without fail and at a precisely defined time so that the powerful rhizome does not deplete.
The grass grows quite quickly, but it is still recommended to use it for purposes only from the third year after sowing. By this time, a powerful turf will already have time to form. If this recommendation is not followed, the animals will be able to damage the crops, compacting the soil, and the plant will no longer be able to recover again.

• It is necessary to bleed the plant no more than three times a season. At the same time, the aerial part must have time to grow by at least 6 cm, otherwise the plant will not be able to recover.
• Grazing in the autumn and later is prohibited, as photosynthesis will be impaired and the roots will not be able to stock up on nutrients for the winter. As a result, by the next season there will be very few young shoots and the plant carpet will be restored within a few years.
• Rump tolerates drought well, but at the same time does not tolerate the proximity of groundwater. It is important to remember this feature in order to choose the right site for sowing.

To date, breeders are actively working to develop new plant varieties to make it even more adapted to different types of territories and climates. As a result, an even wider distribution of this perennial will be ensured.

Did you know? The life expectancy of an awnless fire is on average 5-7 years. But in the floodplain (a site that is flooded during floods) it can grow up to 15-20 years.

blank

If the fire is planned to be used as green fodder, you can resort to two methods: either graze animals on such pastures, or mow the green mass and bring such food to the place where livestock is kept. It is possible to graze animals from the stage of tillering and up to the formation of inflorescences. It is recommended to finish grazing about a month before the end of the growing season of the perennial.

The rump is often used for receiving hay. In this case, the grass should be mowed at the stage of inflorescence formation. It is during this period that the fire is rich in protein and fats, and there is less fiber in it.
It is worth noting that the dry matter in the plant accumulates at a later time, but it is not recommended to be late with mowing, since the amount of fiber in the composition increases and the cell membranes begin to lignify. As a result, animals eat food with reluctance, and hay is digested much more slowly in the body.

If you are late with mowing the grass, then the yield of the second mowing will be noticeably lower. The plant should be mowed at a level of about 5-7 cm from the ground, then the herbage will grow better and faster.

The final stage in the technology of cultivation of awnless rump is harvesting. It is possible to determine the readiness of the herbage for this process by the level of seed moisture. Every day, moisture decreases by about 2-2.5%.

Each farmer can choose the harvesting method at his own discretion, based on the general condition of the plant, as well as paying attention to the weather and the availability of the necessary equipment.

• Separate harvesting is introduced in cases where the seed herbage matured unevenly, and the moisture content of the seeds is approximately 40%. Also, this method is suitable in the presence of a strong contamination of the rump. This method works well in dry areas. The herbage is mowed and placed in swaths. After they are completely dry (after 7-8 days), you need to collect them and thresh them using.
• Apply direct should be in unstable weather conditions. At the same time, you need to keep a high cut. Such a collection should be carried out at the stage of seed burrowing in a panicle and their moisture level in the range of 30-35%. After collection, you must immediately resort to preliminary cleaning of the heap and drying. It is important that no more than 3-4 hours pass between harvesting and drying the seeds.

The mass that remains after mowing and threshing can be used for feeding animals in a green form, or for drying for hay. Harvest residues are removed shortly after harvesting the seed part, no later than August 20, while the cut is kept at a height of 10-12 cm from the ground.
As you can see, an awnless fire is distinguished by its unpretentiousness and versatility. Any farmer can grow it, while it can be used for various purposes. It is important that the plant can grow for several years even under adverse weather conditions.

Was this article helpful?

Thank you for your opinion!

Write in the comments what questions you did not receive an answer to, we will definitely respond!

You can recommend the article to your friends!

You can recommend the article to your friends!

440 times already
helped

(Bromus secalinus L.).

Family Bluegrass (Poaceae).

An annual winter weed, found everywhere, heavily infests winter crops, especially winter rye crops.

Seedlings appear mainly in August - September and overwinter well, partly in early spring (March - April). Min. grain germination temperature +1…2ºС, opt. +10…12ºС. Caryopses actively germinate from a depth of up to 2-3 cm, however, individual seedlings can appear from a depth of up to 10-12 cm.

The first leaf of seedlings dl. 20…30, br. 1.5 ... 2.0 mm, subsequent lengths. 50…90, br. 2…4 mm, narrow-linear. There are no ears, the tongue is in the form of a membranous rim. Leaves are pubescent.

The leaves are linear, yellow-green, 10-15 cm long, sparsely pubescent. The leaf blade is spirally twisted, the leaf sheath is bare, the uvula is short, serrated.

It has a branched smooth stem 40-100 cm high, covered with soft hairs at the nodes.

The root system is fibrous.

The inflorescence is a spreading panicle. Blooms in May - June.

The fruit is a membranous, cylindrical, short-awned caryopsis. Fruits in July. The fertility of one plant reaches 5 thousand seeds, which remain viable for 2-3 years. The weight of 1000 grains is 6…8 g. Weed seeds after ripening have good germination (up to 99%). The plant is very bushy.

Distribution: the entire European part, Western Siberia, the Far East.

The biological characteristics of weeds are given according to the books of Bazdyrev G.I., Smirnov B.A. (1986); Kotta S.A. (1969); Dospekhova et al., (1977); Fisyunova A.V. (1984); Mikhailova M.F. (1993). Drawings of weeds are given from the book of Fisyunov A.V. "Weed Plants".

Rye bonfire(field) or Rump ( Bromus secalinus) - a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the Cereals or Bluegrass family ( Poaceae). This genus includes more than 30 plant species and each is unique in its own way, but in this article we will talk in detail about rye bonfire. Among the people, the rye bonfire has several names: unequal, hornfels, rump.

Rye bonfire is widespread in temperate zones: in the northwestern regions of Eurasia, in North America, Africa, Australia, and it can also be found in Siberia and the Far East. In Russia, the eastern border of the range of this species passes. This plant is resistant to frost and is not demanding on growing conditions. Bonfire rye grows in any type of soil, but prefers fertile, well-moistened clay. Rye bonfire is a sowing weed that infests winter wheat and rye crops.

Rye bonfire description

The stems are straight, glabrous, bushy at the base, can reach a height of up to 100 cm. Leaves are yellow-green, glabrous, linear, about 7 mm wide. Leaf sheaths are bare, in rare cases they are with short hairs. The uvula is blunt, short, about 2 mm long. The inflorescence is presented in the form of a panicle, it reaches a length of 20 cm. The panicle consists of a large number of spikelets, straight, loose, airy. During the period of fruit ripening, the panicle droops. Spikelets about 2.5-3 cm long, 10-15-flowered, glabrous. The upper spikelet scales are elongated, ovoid, and the lower ones are lanceolate. The flowering period begins in May, the fruits appear from July to September. The fruit is presented in the form of a grain, which is located in the flower scales. The caryopsis is lanceolate, 7-8 mm long and up to 2 mm wide. The lower floral scale is smooth, the edges are bent inward. The upper floral scale is the same length as the lower scale, bristly along the edges. When ripe, the flower scales are yellow-green in color.

Rye bonfire propagates exclusively by seeds. The plant is very prolific. Only one mature plant can produce up to 1500 seeds. Seeds sprout very quickly, from the moment of sowing, the first shoots will appear already on the 6-10th day. Seed viability lasts up to five years. This characteristic is manifested both in ripe seeds and in semi-ripe ones. The most optimal depth for germination is 2-3 cm. From recesses deeper than 10 cm, the grain will not germinate at all. Plants that are sown in autumn along with winter rye or wheat develop better. They hibernate at the tillering stage, flowering stems appear in summer and the “harvest” ripens by the time of harvesting winter crops. But if a fire rises in a rye spring, then by autumn the plant dies. The weed forms only bushes from leaves, and the stems do not develop at all in summer. Rye bonfire usually reaches the height of winter spikelets, which leads to the appearance of a weed in sheaves. And this, in turn, greatly clogs the grain, since in shape and size the grains of the rye bonfire are very similar to the grains of rye or wheat.

Rye bonfire harms not only because it significantly reduces the yield of winter grains, but also because it negatively affects the quality of export, sowing and food grains with its impurity.

Bonfire rye measures fight

First of all, before sowing the grain of winter crops, it is necessary to carry out a thorough cleaning. In this cleaning, it is necessary to use special grain cleaning plants and trieres. If it is impossible to separate the seeds of the rye bonfire from the grains of winter grains, it is necessary to completely replace the entire seed. In the fight against this weed, it is necessary to carry out multi-field crop rotations.

Bonfire rye application

In agriculture, rye bonfire is used as livestock feed. Rye bonfire grass is used for harvesting hay, and grains are fed both steamed and crushed.

In the decorative design of personal plots, a fire is used as a lawn grass. Tall rye bonfire perfectly decorates the alpine hills. This plant has a beneficial effect on the soil. Due to the fact that a large number of shoots depart from the creeping root, the fire prevents soil resolution (erosion).

Also in floristry, this plant has been used. Bonfire is used in the design of dry bouquets. For drying, panicles are cut at different stages of flowering. Panicles can be dried in any convenient way: in bulk, in bunches or just in a vase.

Bonfire rye photo

Rye brome Bromus secalinus
Rye brome Bromus secalinus

Object map

systematic position.

Family Poaceae (Graminae) Poaceae Bernhart (Graminea), genus Bonfire Bromus L.

biological group.

Spring annual.

Morphology and biology.

Stems 60-120 cm glabrous, rough at the nodes. Leaf blades 2-5 mm wide, pubescent; sheaths usually glabrous or at lower leaves with very short hairs; uvula 1-2 mm long. Panicles up to 21 cm long. Spikelets 11-20 mm long, 6-8 - flowered. Inferior lemmas 6-8 mm long, markedly spaced in fruit and with inward-turned margins, with awns up to 7 mm long or without awns; the awns at the fruits are bent. Flowering in May-June, fruiting in July-August. Seeds germinate in autumn, from a depth of 1-5 cm. Up to 5-6 thousand grains are formed on one plant. After ripening, the seeds do not crumble, clogging mainly the crop.
It does not occur in the wild. The life cycle is fully consistent with that of culture.

Spreading.

Predominantly European species, distributed throughout Western Europe (except the extreme south). Introduced to North America. It is also found in the Caucasus, the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. On the territory of the former USSR, it is distributed in many regions of the European part, except for the Arctic. As adventive, it is found in the South of Siberia and the Far East. It is noted in all regions of Central Russia, more often in the northwest. In Russia, the eastern border of the range of this species passes.

Ecology.

The prevalence in the northwestern regions is explained by the fact that the soils in these places are mostly heavy, clayey, waterlogged, cold, which corresponds to the vital requirements of the weed. On light sandy and light loamy soils, the fire occurs occasionally, mainly along the outskirts of fields of winter crops.

Economic value.

Refers to specialized weeds of winter rye. It also occurs in winter wheat crops. Possesses non-shattering of seeds, is harvested simultaneously with the winter crop and litters the grain. Control measures: thorough cleaning of seed from rye bonfire seeds; melioration of waterlogged soils; increasing soil fertility, sowing winter rye in pairs or in a layer of perennial grasses.

Literature:

Gubanov I.A., K.V. Kiseleva, V.S. Novikov, V.N. Tikhomirov. An Illustrated Guide to Plants in Central Russia, vol. 1. M: KMK Association of Scientific Publications, Institute of Technological Research, 2002, 526 p.
Nikitin V.V. Weeds of the USSR. Leningrad: Nauka, 1983. 454 p.
Areas of distribution of the most important weeds in the USSR. Ed. Volkov A.N. M.-L.: Publishing House of Collective and State Farm Literature, 1935. 153 p.

Bonfire bezosy. The range is very wide - it is found in various countries of Europe, Asia, America. On the territory of the USSR, the awnless bonfire is widespread throughout the European part, as well as in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and Siberia. In the Far East, it is found as an adventive plant. In the Moscow region found in all areas.

Morphological description. Awnless bonfire is a perennial, long-rhizome (rhizome-bush, according to T. I. Serebryakova, 1971), polycarpic herbaceous plant. An adult plant represents a separate system of vegetative and non-vegetative partial bushes and a primary bush (plants of seed origin) or a system of partial bushes (plants of vegetative origin), inside which continuity and morphophysiological integrity are preserved (Serebryakova 1971; Egorova, 1976).

A young plant at the beginning of development has an embryonic root and 1-2 adventitious germinal roots. Embryonic roots penetrate 20–30 cm under culture conditions, and 10–15 cm in natural cenoses (Ovesnov, 1961; Egorova, 1976). In the phase of development of the second green leaf, an adventitious root system begins to form at the base of the main shoot.

Intensive branching of adventitious roots begins when 4-6 green leaves appear. In natural cenoses, germinal roots die relatively quickly.
The roots of adult bonfire plants penetrate up to 2-2.25 m. According to S.P. Smelov (1947), the deepening of the roots in spring begins in the tillering phase and continues throughout the growing season. The bulk of the roots (75-94% of the total) in adult plants is formed by the time of fruiting and is located in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm).

The stem of the fruiting shoot is straight, smooth or pubescent, well leafy. Pubescence is sometimes observed only near the nodes. Height ranges from 30 to 100-134 cm. The main shoot forms 20-25 leaves (Chibrik, 1968).

The leaves are flat, rarely slightly curled. The width of the leaf blades ranges from 0.1 to 1.4 cm, depending on the age of the plants and habitat conditions. Leaves glabrous or hairy on upper side, rough along margins and veins; vagina naked. Uvula 1-2 mm long, dissected. The length of leaf blades in natural cenoses ranges from 4-6 to 40 cm.

Inflorescence - panicle 10-15 cm long, oblong, straight with branches obliquely upwards, extending 3-7 together; spikelets oblong-linear, 1.5-3 cm long and 3-5 mm wide, 5-12-flowered with a rough or pubescent stem, pale green or grayish-lilac. Spikelet scales are bare, rough along the veins.
Caryopsis oblong, broadly lanceolate, 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide and 0.75-1 mm high. It is densely surrounded by flower scales. The embryo is oval, basal, slightly curved, reaches 0.5 mm in diameter and 1.93 mm in length. In relation to the endosperm, it lies obliquely, adjacent to it on one side.

Ontogenesis. Bonfire seeds are able to germinate within 5 days after the end of flowering. However, the highest percentage of germination is found in freshly harvested seeds, 17 days after the end of flowering, when they have the greatest weight. The germination of freshly harvested seeds collected in natural cenoses ranges from 5-6 to 80-95%. The duration of post-harvest ripening of seeds collected from bonfire crops ranges from 1 to 3 months.

Bonfire seeds have the least viability among other cereals; after 3-5 years, their germination rate drops to 40%. In floodplain cenoses (Volga and Kama floodplains), they have a lower germination rate and an extended germination period compared to seeds collected in plant communities of watersheds (Markova, 1955; Ovesnov, 1961). Seeds of the southern and steppe forms of bonfire, on the contrary, have a shallow dormancy, germinate together and quickly in a wide temperature range.

Bonfire seeds germinate better (and especially freshly harvested and unripe ones) at a variable temperature and from a depth of 1-2 cm. Light slows down their germination to a slight extent. They tolerate a long stay under water (up to 24 days). They have high biological stability during germination; dried at a temperature of 14–16°C in the coleorhiza and germinal root phase to an air-dry state during secondary germination after 30 days, they had 100% viability (Ovesnov, 1961; Filimonov, 1961).

The optimal soil moisture for germination of bonfire seeds is 40-60% of the total moisture capacity. Germination begins at 3-5°C (optimal temperature 18-30°C). The swelling of the grain proceeds during the day.

Seed germination begins with coleorhiza, which breaks through the integuments of the seed and fruit. Coleorhiza extends by 1-2 mm, forms numerous hairs, firmly attaching it to the substrate.

The duration of the period from the beginning of the germination of the grain to the emergence of the coleoptile on the soil surface is 4-5 days. At about the same time, the first green leaf unfolds. By the time of deployment of the second, green leaf, the formation of the first secondary roots at the base of the stem part of the main shoot is timed.

In the initial period of development of the main shoot of the fire, A. M. Ovesnov (1961) distinguishes the phases of coleorhiza, the main germinal root, and the first green leaf. P. V. Lebedev (1968) in the same period of development of the main shoot distinguishes 3 phases of morphogenesis: the formation of an embryonic bud, the seedling - from the beginning of the germination of the grain to the full deployment of the first green leaf, the seedling - a young plant with the first unfolded leaf.

In natural cenoses, seedlings appear throughout the growing season. Seedlings that emerged in spring and autumn and collected in the middle of summer in the conditions of the middle zone in the floodplain

Juvenile plants are also the main shoot, but with a dead germinal root system and intensively forming adventitious roots in the stem part of the main shoot, which by this time penetrate deep into 10-15 cm. Branching of the roots increases up to 2-3 orders, the length of the main shoot increases up to 15-17 cm.

Immature plants initially represent an emerging primary bush. At the end of the immature age state, an individual bonfire forms a system; consisting of primary and partial bushes (up to three orders). The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is small (2-4 cm), and therefore, immature bonfire plants are quite compact.

Adult vegetative plants combine individuals of vegetative and seed origin. Individuals of seed origin consist of a primary bush and partial bushes, individuals of vegetative origin - from a system of partial bushes that arose as a result of vegetative propagation.

In natural cenoses, this is observed in the third or fourth year of the seed plant's life. On average, a seed adult vegetative individual consists of 6-7 bushes, of which 2-3 are non-vegetative. Among vegetating partial bushes 3-5 orders. Adult vegetative plants of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, among which 1-3 are non-vegetative. In natural cenoses, the development of bonfire plants of the pregenerative period is carried out in 3-5 years, and in culture conditions - in one growing season during the spring sowing period.

Young generative plants can also be of seed and vegetative origin. Seed individuals consist of 7-9 bushes, 2-3 of which are non-vegetative. Among the vegetating ones there are partial bushes of the 1st-2nd (rarely 3rd) year of life. In the general shoot system of the plant, 4-5 orders of partial bushes can be traced. In a young generative plant, newly emerging partial bushes quickly move away from the parent bush in different directions due to a rather sharp increase in the plagiotropic part of the shoots compared to the previous age states of plants in the pregenerative period. Young generative individuals of vegetative origin consist of 4-5 partial bushes, vegetative ones predominate among them.

Middle-aged generative plants reach their maximum development. They, as a rule, are of vegetative origin, consist of 5-7 partial bushes of the 1-3rd year of life. This age state is characterized by a high intensity of shoot formation. In partial bushes of the 1st year of life, up to three orders of shoots can be traced.

Old generative individuals have 3-4 non-vegetating and 1-3 vegetative partial bushes. Partial bushes of old generative plants are characterized by reduced shoot formation ability, the duration of shoot formation in them is reduced to 2 years. During this time, no more than 3-4 orders of shoots are formed in partial bushes. Among old generative plants, individuals are often found that lack partial bushes of the 1st year of life. The nature of shoot formation in partial bushes changes.

Subsenile individuals most often have one vegetative partial bush.

Senile plants of two categories. The first includes plants underdeveloped, but elongated vegetative shoot; to the second - with one shoot in the rosette state. Vegetates 1 partial bush of the 2nd year of life. The number of non-vegetating partial bushes can vary from 3 to 7. The length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots decreases sharply, and therefore the partial bushes are close to each other (Egorova, 1976).

seasonal development. The development of bonfire plants from seed in natural cenoses is possible throughout the growing season. However, a larger number of seedlings in the cenosis appears in the spring (in May - in the middle lane) and a smaller number in the summer-autumn vegetation period. Autumn seedlings after overwintering in natural cenoses by the end of May or in the first half of July form 5-7 green leaves, of which 2-3 are dead. In the underground sphere, they are characterized by a mixed root system. In the second half of the growing season, they reach the next age state. Spring seedlings under the conditions of the middle zone also pass into the juvenile state during the current growing season. However, in natural cenoses, up to 94% of seedlings die.

Adult seed plants of the bonfire are formed by the main shoot, which arose from the germinal bud, in the process of sympodial branching. Adult plants of vegetative origin are represented by a system of partial bushes resulting from the formation of a clone.

The annual renewal of the above-ground sphere of adult individuals of the fire is carried out as a result of the formation of shoots from the axillary buds of renewal. Long-rhizome (hypogeogenic, diageotropic, plagiotropic), short-rhizome and orthotropic (intravaginal, apogeotropic) monocyclic shoots and winter-type shoots function within the shoot system of bonfire plants.

Short-rhizome and orthotropic shoots are "intra-bush" and ensure the vital activity of the partial and primary bush; long-rhizome shoots - "out-of-bush". Moving away to a considerable distance from the maternal axis due to prolonged plagiotropic growth and leaving the top in the above-ground sphere, they give rise to new partial bushes.

The formation of the main shoot comes from the kidney of the embryo. The capacity of the embryonic bud is one cap leaf under the coleoptile (Knobloch, 1944; Serebryakova, 1959); the capacity of the seedling bud increases to three to five metamers (Lebedev, 1968). The growth point has the shape of a convexity, it consists of a single-layer tunic and several rows of body cells. When deploying the second assimilating leaf, the growth point of the main shoot increases by more than 2 times. It reaches its maximum size with 2-4 unfolded green leaves. With the formation of elongated internodes on the main shoot, the size of the growth point gradually decreases (Lebedev et al., 1972),
During the formation of the main shoot, a change in the morphological structure of the apical meristem is traced, which manifests itself in a change in its shape and size. From the emergence of seedlings to autumn tillering, the height of the growing cone increases by 11-22 times, the width (diameter) - by 9.5-23 times; growth point height - 4-9 times, width - 2-28 times.

The main shoot of the fire is orthotropic, elongated vegetative. Under cultural conditions, the tillering zone of the main shoot during spring sowing has 4-5 nodes and internodes with a length of 2-3 mm, with summer 6-8 nodes and a length of 5-6 mm.

The buds in the tillering zone of the main shoot differ in capacity and shape: 1-2 lower buds are rounded, obtuse, directed perpendicular to the axis of the shoot, i.e., horizontal to the soil surface. The formation of the tillering zone of the main shoot lasts 20-25 days. The elongated part of the main shoot is formed in 60-80 days. The first lateral bud of the main shoot begins to grow when the fifth green leaf unfolds (Chibrik, 1968).

The rate of leaf-forming activity of the growth cone of the main shoot changes dramatically during the growing season: at the beginning of development, the duration of the plastochron is 7-9 days, at the end of the growing season - 14. The average duration of the plastochron is 6 days (Lebedev, 1968).

Lateral shoots are formed from buds located in the axils of the leaves in the zone of shortened internodes. The axillary bud has a greater number of leaf formations than the germinal bud.

The capacity of a mature lateral closed bud is 7-10 ridges, and an open apical bud of a growing shoot is from 5-6 to 8-9 ridges (Lamp., 1952; Lebedev, 1968; Serebryakova, 1971). In the apical bud of the rhizome shoot, which remains underground for the winter, there are 8-10 ridges in autumn. Lateral buds, located along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoot, have an average of 3 rudiments of lower leaves (Borisova, 1960).

Lateral buds are laid in the axil of the coleoptile and further in the axils of the overlying true green leaves in the zone of shortened internodes. They are also laid in the axils of green leaves in the zone of elongated shoot internodes, but here the lateral buds are not completely formed and gradually degenerate. Lateral buds are also formed along the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots. They are located on the upper and lower side of the rhizome. The kidneys on the underside are larger than on the top.

The buds of the tillering zone develop into side shoots. Buds located in the zone of elongated internodes do not develop into shoots.

The first plagiotropic shoots in the tillering zone of the main shoot begin to form when 4-6 green leaves are deployed on it. The plagiotropic part of the first rhizomatous shoots is short (2-4 cm), and soon they become orthotropic. position. Starting from the 3rd-4th order of shoots, the length of the plagiotropic part of the shoots increases sharply.

In natural cenoses in bonfire plants of seed origin, the first generative shoots, as a rule, are shoots of the III and subsequent orders.

Elongation and segmentation of growth cones of future generative shoots begins in the autumn. The inflorescence is formed after overwintering. In the spring, after the deployment of 2-3 green leaves and the laying of 1-3 leaf primordia on the growth cone, an inflorescence begins to form in future generative shoots (Serebryakov, 1952; Borisova, 1960).

Quite intensive tillering is characteristic of the awnless bonfire, although the nature and intensity of tillering "change significantly during ontogenesis. In natural cenoses, during the period of maximum development of individuals during the growing season, 2-3 orders of shoots are formed and in general there are up to 15 shoots in a partial bush .

As the plants age, the duration of vegetation of the partial bush is reduced to 1-2 years. In a partial bush, no more than 3 orders of shoots can be traced. New partial bushes (plagiotropic shoots) are not formed annually. The growth of plagiotropic shoots begins, as a rule, after the death of the mother shoot in the aerial part.

In the course of ontogenesis, rhizomatous (rhizome-bush) and bush life forms can be formed.

Bonfire shoots are blooming in the Moscow region. at the end of June - beginning of July. Flowering can continue until September. Intensive flowering is observed within two weeks from the moment of flowering. In rainy weather, flowering occurs later and stretches for a longer period. In dry years, early flowering is noted, lasting no more than a week. Panicle blooms 6-10 days. Flowering begins at the top and goes in the basipetal direction. Within the spikelet, the lower flowers bloom first and the flowering process spreads in the acropetal direction.

In spikelets, 1-2, sometimes 3-5 flowers open daily. The flowers open within 1.5-3 minutes. The growth rate of filaments is -1--1.5 mm/min. Getting one's own pollen on the stigma of the same flower is impossible, since the opening of the anthers occurs after they overturn and hang on the stamen filaments below the stigma. Blooms in the afternoon: between 15 and 20 hours. Mass opening of flowers from 16 to 17 hours.

Flowering is explosive and portioned.

Methods of reproduction and distribution. Bonfire propagation is carried out by seed and vegetative means. The individuals of the generative period have the greatest potential for vegetative reproduction, when they reach the maximum branching and are characterized by the highest vitality. In natural cenoses, if individuals of the bonfire have a relatively high vitality, they can indefinitely, for a long time, renew themselves and maintain a fairly high number mainly by vegetative means.

In culture, single-species bonfire populations are significantly thinned at 2-5 years of age. The number is falling, the shoot-forming ability is sharply reduced, and, consequently, the potential for vegetative propagation. The comparatively rapid loss of fire in cultivation is connected primarily with the accumulation in the upper soil layers of a large number of underground plant organs, which slowly decompose under these conditions.

In natural cenoses, seed reproduction is less important for self-maintenance and renewal of bonfire coenopopulations, although there is a potential opportunity for this. According to our observations in the floodplain of the Oka, the seed productivity of the fire ranges from 23.8 to 144.5;. the number of seeds per 1 m2 is from 114 to 18,000, depending on the abundance of fire in the cenosis and the vitality of individual plants. Of these, the number of germinating seeds per 1 m2 is 105-16,700, but the number of seedlings in the cenosis is small: only single specimens reach an adult state.

Ecology. Awnless bonfire is found in conditions from meadow-steppe to raw-meadow moisture - 62-80 steps of the Ramensky scale. According to G. Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974), the fire is on the 4th level of the moisture scale, that is, it grows on dry and fresh soils. Particularly resistant to flooding (up to 40-53 days). The fire forms the maximum biomass at the optimal duration of flooding with hollow waters (Khitrovo, 1967). It tolerates well the overlap with a sufficiently powerful silt due to the ability to move renewal buds into the surface layers of the soil, for example, the overlap with sandy loam and sandy silt with a thickness of 5-10 cm. on the mechanical composition of soils and fertilizer regime. Grows better on slightly acidic or neutral soils, cannot grow under anaerobic conditions (Shlygina, 1926; Rabotnov, 1974).

Bonfire is demanding on lighting, and therefore grows better in open and slightly shaded places. G, Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1974) places it between semi-light-loving and light-loving species (3 degree of the scale, at least 50% of full illumination).

Belongs to the group of highly frost-resistant plants, does not freeze even in cold and severe winters. Buds in the tillering zone remain at minus 46°, and during spring frosts - at minus 18°. Little resistant to ice crust (Kolosova, 1947; Rabotnov, 1974).

Bonfire is demanding on the richness of soils; it occurs in the greatest abundance on rich soils - 11-20 steps of the soil richness scale (Ramensky et al., 1956). Medium salt tolerant.
Responsive to fertilization, especially nitrogen. Potassium-phosphorus fertilizers also have a positive effect on the productivity of the fire. The influence of potash fertilizers is less clearly manifested (Savitskaya, 1966; Rabotnov, 1974).

Bonfire awnless in the mountains is distributed to the middle zone (2000-2800 m). In the subalpine zone, it is found, as a rule, on open slopes (Larin et al., 1950; Bykov, 1960).

Phytocenology. Within the range, the fire often acts as a co-dominant and dominant in many natural cenoses of meadows and steppes. Constantly grows on fallows, in bushes, light forests, along beams, especially where sediments are well expressed. (Lyubarsky, 1968). In floodplain cenoses, fire is often dominant and can form monodominant plant communities (Likhachev, 1959). Most often, this is observed in areas with the introduction of increased doses of nitrogen fertilizers and hay use of plant communities.

The number of bonfire populations varies greatly depending on habitats and anthropogenic impact on plant communities. According to our data, in the studied cenoses, the number of coenopopulations of the bonfire ranged from 4-5 to 105 individuals per 1 m2. According to the position of the species in the cenosis, the structure of age spectra, the vitality of individuals of individual age groups and coenopopulations as a whole, also change.

In plant communities where the fire occupies a dominant position, cenopopulations are characterized by a full-length age spectrum. The structure of the age spectrum is dominated by plants of the generative and post-generative period; individuals of the pregenerative period are also quite complete with a maximum in the group of young vegetative plants, which is due here to intensive vegetative propagation. With a decrease in the number of age spectra, they continue to retain fullness, but subsenile and senile plants begin to predominate in their structure. The participation of plants of the generative and especially the virginal period decreases due to a decrease in the efficiency of vegetative propagation.

A fairly strong negative effect on the fire is provided by meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, yellow alfalfa, mouse peas, loosestrife.

Economic importance. Awnless bonfire is a valuable fodder plant, widely used in meadow growing and field grass planting, as well as in the fight against soil erosion in ravine regions of the European part of the USSR, in mountainous regions.

Under the conditions of culture, the maximum yield of a bonfire is in the second year of life, a high biomass is maintained here for 2-5 years, depending on the fertility of the soil.

Literature: Biological flora of the Moscow region. Issue. 5. Moscow University Press, 1980