“Closed cycle” enterprises as a point of strategic development of the industry. Closed loop

“We can still provide ourselves with useful and healthy food. But as long as the concept of profit exists, your task as a biological organism is simply to survive." Anatoly Kokhan

Modern civilization at the dawn of its formation can provide itself with safe and healthy food. Closed ecological agricultural cycles can provide environmentally safe and healthy food.

Take a plot of land for your personal farming and try, at least sometimes, to eat yourself and treat your family with an environmentally friendly product that cannot be bought, neither in the market, nor in a store, and for any money.

The basis of a closed agricultural cycle is the balanced maintenance of farm animals and the cultivation of crops on a limited plot of land as a quasi-closed ecosystem, part of which is a physically removed consumer - a person.

Thus, we obtain a self-renewing consumption resource in the form of an environmentally friendly, complete agricultural product.

Closed ecological agricultural cycles will make it possible to solve the issue of producing environmentally friendly, nutritionally complete and healthy products in terms of maintaining immunity during the development of technologies for the production of complete mineral nutrition, if the use of mineral nutrition shows its feasibility.

Closed ecological agricultural cycles exclude the use of mineral fertilizers, growth stimulants, herbicides and similar agricultural technologies.
Bacteriological and anti-infective measures are carried out as necessary. Closed ecological agricultural cycles are localized in a limited area, which maintains a certain bacteriological regime, the composition of microflora and fauna, which does not contribute to, but rather prevents, the development of dangerous infections.

The initial testing of prototype technologies for closed ecological agricultural cycles is currently being carried out on the basis of the private farm of Anatoly Kokhan.

The direction of work to create and improve closed ecological agricultural cycles must be continued and developed. To date, some significant results have already been obtained. Of course, the achieved results and recommendations must be expanded and refined, but today they can already be used in practice.

On modern stage products obtained through a closed ecological agricultural cycle are not so much important for everyday nutrition, but as an analogue of a medicine that allows you to restore the natural functions of the human body associated with the construction and restoration of tissues, metabolism, treatment and prevention of diseases that have become widespread in urban life, as well as changes in human nutrition.

The products of ordinary private household plots, hunting trophies and collected forest gifts cannot replace them or be their equivalent due to uncontrolled environmental pollution. The cleanest areas are potentially and actually the sites of increased pollution.

Creation of a closed ecological agricultural cycle.

To create closed ecological agricultural cycles, it is advisable to use agricultural lands, but the long-term use of herbicides has led to long-term pollution, and the lack of crop rotation has led to land depletion. Meadow grasses, shrubs and overgrowing of agricultural land with forests, of course, clean the land, but they simultaneously impoverish the soil and cause a surface accumulation of pollutants and carcinogens. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to carry out measures to clean up any territory planned for the organization of closed ecological agricultural cycles.

Initially, it is necessary to use agricultural areas that are traditionally suitable for various types of agricultural work.

Preparing a site for organizing a closed ecological agricultural cycle. Territory planning.

First of all, it is necessary to plan the territory of the site and begin its development and cleaning. It is necessary to take into account climatic conditions, soil characteristics, landscape features and site humidity.

At the same time, you must take into account not only the characteristics of the top layer of soil, but also the subsequent ones, especially the characteristics associated with moisture absorption, looseness and of course chemical reaction and features of the chemical composition.

At this stage, you should already have pre-planned the type of closed ecological agricultural cycle to be used, the types of farm animals raised, poultry, crops grown, fruit trees and shrubs, as well as trees and shrubs used for technical and environmental purposes.

Particular attention must be paid to the landscape and natural moisture circulation. Your farm should make the most of the terrain and the irrigation structures you may need to build.

The site is planned in such a way that you use minimal electricity and energy-consuming technologies. The turnover of agricultural products must be combined with soil enrichment, environmental cleanup and renewable energy resources.

If you have small area for individual use, for example: one hectare or less, even if use “for livestock farming” is permitted, you will not be able to keep cattle on it, even one cow. This area is not enough. You won't even be able to keep sheep. In a closed ecological agricultural cycle you can count on a few goats, a small number of poultry and, of course, rabbits. Perhaps the landscape will allow you to create a small pond for fish, crustaceans or molluscs. Part of the plot will have to be allocated for crop production and vegetable gardening.

In any case, you will have to use equipment, so immediately plan passages and sanitary barriers.

Fruit trees and shrubs will serve as sanitary barriers and snow retention. If you use firewood, you need to consider replanting fast-growing trees for firewood.

The cycle must be complete and closed, no matter what types of farm animals you raise or what crop rotation you organize.

If possible, you should organize water collection on the site for agricultural, technological, domestic and fire-fighting purposes.

It is also necessary to plan a collection site, sorting and disposal procedure for waste associated with the use of equipment, packaging and transportation means that are not involved in the ecological renewal cycle.

Cleaning up a site from contamination should begin by searching for information about the previous use of the site, as well as using neighboring sites and searching for potential sources of air pollution, spring and storm water, and potentially hazardous objects on your site from the point of view of contamination. Particular attention should be paid to official and actual cattle burial grounds, existing spontaneous, organized and abandoned landfills, cemeteries and spontaneous burial sites of infectious and chemically hazardous waste.

After examining the condition of the territory and potential threats, surface debris is removed and hazardous sources of pollution are eliminated. It must be remembered that any recycling is part of the ecological cycle. For this purpose, there is no burial or disposal of biological and chemical hazardous materials, and their neutralization in order to ensure subsequent biological safety.

After surface cleaning, measures are taken to neutralize potential contamination threats.

Final cleaning is carried out from biologically active pollutants and herbicides and fertilizers previously used on the agricultural site. Final cleaning lasts about seven years and is combined with the restoration of soil cover by growing crops and keeping farm animals.

This is the period of launching a closed ecological agricultural cycle. During this period, the biological system allows us to include a person as a consumer, and the food product will be superior in quality to the products of traditional and industrial agriculture, however, the ecological system is still in the stage of coming into balance and freeing itself from previously accumulated pollution.

It should be noted that such systems cannot be isolated from global and large-scale territorial pollution of the current period. The introduction of closed ecological agricultural cycles does not eliminate the problems of environmental protection and disposal of waste from industrial production , transport, extractive industries, settlements

and retail chains. However, the production of agricultural products itself becomes safe and ceases to be a source of environmental pollution.

Seven-year agricultural cycle of biological purification and soil restoration. An experiment on Anatoly Kokhan’s personal plot showed that the cycle was seven years. During this time, farm animals were completely transferred to full nutrition from the same land plot and the soil cover of the land plot was sufficiently enriched with organic matter for agricultural plants.

One should not think that a closed ecological agricultural cycle is possible using only fencing technology. It is not enough to build a fence and let animals in there to live and reproduce. Ecological systems are self-regulating. From such a system it is impossible to painlessly, for the ecosystem itself, select biological material as food for an organism located outside the ecological system itself.

Fencing is an important detail for ensuring the sanitary regime of closed ecological agricultural cycles, however, the determining factor in functioning to ensure the selection of biological material from a closed ecological cycle (for cooking) is the management of animal populations and flora and reimbursement of waste products of the remotely served population in a closed ecological cycle.

First of all, it is necessary to use green manures (green fertilizers). Then forage crops are combined with keeping herbivores and poultry. At the same time, plant trees. Then you move on to the planned formation of a closed ecological agricultural cycle.

While cleaning the soil, you must have a complete understanding of what animals and poultry you can keep and what food you will grow for this. During this period, you will be able to experience the technologies of growing plants, animals and poultry from your own experience.

Practical organization of a closed agricultural ecological cycle.

Growing vegetables, berries and fruits in a closed ecological agricultural cycle involves a complete rejection of chemicals that protect against pests.

The fact that growth stimulants and chemicals for controlling weeds and pests are abandoned calls into question the yield of agricultural products. Therefore, pest control is carried out with the help of their natural enemies. Weed control - non-industrial cultivation methods.

It is advisable to grow vegetables in a closed ecological agricultural cycle for human consumption; in case of surplus or illiquid stock, they are fed to domestic animals.

Potatoes are an important crop in the human diet. However, growing potatoes is associated with damage from the Colorado potato beetle. In a closed ecological agricultural cycle, potato growing is accompanied by maintaining a sufficient number of adult guinea fowl - natural enemy Colorado potato beetle. At the same time, the guinea fowl must be raised without the use of intensive feeds and technologies used in industrial poultry farming in order to preserve its natural diet.

Cabbage is very useful plant, however, it is also highly susceptible to various kinds of pests and is loved not only by humans, but also by domestic animals and birds. To protect cabbage from pests, small birds are used, for which an excessive number of birdhouses are installed at the growing site or special protected growing methods are used.

Tomatoes are not only susceptible to cold weather, but they are also popular with birds. If there is an excess population of small birds, all ripe fruits will be destroyed. Therefore, tomatoes must be covered with non-woven material. In addition, tomatoes cannot be grown if there are significant numbers of weeds and the soil should be covered with light-proof non-woven material.

Cucumbers are well suited for growing indoors and open ground. Lightproof non-woven material is used to control weeds.

Zucchini, squash and pumpkins are grown in small quantities on the manure of poultry and animals, without contact with the latter, since for many of them they are a delicacy. These crops can be grown on compost heaps and pits.

Field crops are among the most important agricultural crops. Bread is the basis of the human diet. An experiment on Anatoly Kokhan’s private farm showed that grain grown industrially causes progressive obesity in animals and poultry, while fodder grown in a closed ecological agricultural cycle allows animals to develop harmoniously and even excess consumption does not cause severe obesity.

When growing field crops, it is necessary to follow the rules of crop rotation and change crops in places. However, closed ecological agricultural cycles do not use fertilizers or herbicides. This causes contamination of crops, which reduces crop rotation requirements. In addition, grains must be collected together with weed seeds. The presence of weed seeds in animal feed eliminates the need to use additives that are vital for animals and poultry, since they receive additional necessary elements from weed seeds.

Field crops can be grown in small areas and harvested traditional way or with the help of small-scale mechanization.

The main recommended field crops are wheat, barley and oats. It is useful to use millet, high value has both grain and harvested straw of this crop, but you must make sure that millet can actually be grown in the conditions of your strip.

Storing grains encourages the breeding of rodents, while keeping farm animals and birds will attract wild predators. Therefore, there should be dogs and cats on your property.

These outdoor pets are healthy and solve problems with rodents and wild animals. Do not use hunting dogs, you will lose your livestock.

It is advisable to grow alfalfa from forage grasses; it enriches the soil well and is a valuable forage crop not only for herbivores, but also for almost all birds. But alfalfa is not the only suitable one; clover, grass mixtures or other grasses can be used. Closed ecological agricultural cycles do not use chemical products, which is favorable for bee breeding.

Let's consider keeping the most common animals in a closed ecological agricultural cycle. Rabbits are very good view for cultivation and one of the few species suitable for growing in microfarms. The rabbit is a herbivore, tolerates any frost well, does not require water in the cold season, and gets along well with ice. In winter, grains are added to the diet. It is very sensitive to inbreeding, so only individuals planned for slaughter can be kept in enclosures. When kept, it requires daily observation in case of nasal discharge (runny nose), formation of “dandruff” or nodules on the ears (and other external signs any diseases), the animal must be slaughtered immediately. If you follow this simple rule, you will never use medications that may subsequently end up in your body. human organism

Sheep cannot be kept in a completely “wild” state. Sheep breeding also requires breeding work, without which the population is doomed to very rapid extinction. Sheep should not be allowed to come into contact with potentially dangerous places. A place for disinfection of vehicles, their parking, storage of oils and equipment. An animal does not die from contaminated food, but it becomes unsuitable for human consumption.

Sheep are a very good species for breeding, require scheduled slaughter and are very critical to the cleanliness of feed. When sheep are raised in closed ecological agricultural cycles, the meat does not have a distinct animal smell.

Cows are the most difficult species to raise on a private farm due to the insufficient space allocated for this. One unit of cattle requires at least one hectare of land for grazing and fodder. Cows are very sensitive to feed variety and quantity. An animal becomes an adult only in the third year of life, and a bull becomes an adult animal only at the age of five. Readiness of meat for food accordingly. The quality of meat does not change upon reaching adulthood. Animals that have not reached adulthood do not have sufficient amounts of essential substances in their meat. In a closed ecological agricultural cycle, an animal that produces milk is highly desirable. Fermented milk product in combination with ground grain products, they completely replace food additives in the diet for raising chickens different types farm birds. You can, of course, use worms, but this requires significant costs to ensure required quantity

biomass. In nature, this deficiency is compensated for by insects. However, air pollution and accumulated toxic substances have reduced the population of insects, the breeding of which in a closed area - as part of the food chain - is still very expensive. But that doesn't mean it's impossible. This is a separate area of ​​research.

Purchased chickens and adult birds of commercial breeds must be vaccinated; the first vaccination is done in the egg before the chick hatches. Vaccinated birds remain carriers of the diseases against which they were vaccinated. Therefore, any bird must be bred from eggs using an incubator. If you buy a commercial bird and place it with your own, your bird will die because the commercial bird is vaccinated and yours is not.

Bird droppings have a high content of substances that fertilize the soil and in primary concentration are destructive even for all weeds. This property of bird droppings is used to protect plants with a buried root system, such as fruit trees, during cultivation. Bird droppings are placed at some distance from the trunk on the surface, creating a ring of non-competitive growth, which is subsequently dug up. This makes it possible to fertilize the soil for the fruit tree and remove weeds that interfere with the growth and development of new plantings.

Digestion of a bird requires the presence of pebbles in the stomach, since the bird does not chew its food. In addition, the bird lays eggs, for which it needs calcium in almost ready-made form. Thus, any bird needs fine gravel and limestone all year round, preferably in the form of crumbs or flour.

The guinea fowl is in first place, since this bird gives preference to insects in its diet, but they eat berries with the same pleasure, and if there is a lack of plant food, they will dig up crops and peck them with roots, even if the feeder is full of grain. The guinea fowl, or African chicken, flies and withstands severe frosts. Like all animals, it does not like damp, cold air. Does not die due to local frostbite. Does not tolerate inbreeding.

Chicken is the most common and unpretentious appearance poultry. Chickens used in industrial production are distinguished by high performance in the production of eggs and meat. However, these indicators are achieved with the use of growth stimulants and medications against the background of special nutrition, which give a quantitative yield of eggs or meat, with a complete loss of their quality. These are not viable hybrids and genetically modified individuals in an evolutionary sense. During breeding, the offspring of industrial birds lose the quality of the industrially used ancestor, gradually degenerating into viable breeds from which industrial birds were obtained.

For use in closed ecological agricultural cycles, non-industrial breeds are applicable, which produce much less production, but of adequate quality, given that feed is used that ensures a natural existence that does not require intensified development, which eliminates the ingress of substances unusual for traditional nutrition into human food.

Chickens will grow for a long time, lay eggs in about a year, but will not be a synthetic allergen. Poultry meat will have traditional nutritional and health properties, but will differ significantly in taste from the products of intensive poultry farming.

Turkey is one of the most ancient birds used in agriculture. Turkey poults are born with poor eyesight, grow slowly and poorly, and require warmth and care. However, despite the disadvantages of breeding, adult birds have low feed consumption and good meat. The proportion of green mass in the diet of turkeys is higher than that of chickens. Turkey is characterized by low mobility, as a result of which turkey meat is softer than that of other birds. Turkeys eat insects well, but they love berries, so they are not used for protection. fruit trees and berry bushes from pests, especially during the fruiting period.

A very good bird, but requires close attention. Chicken eggs are placed under the turkey along with turkey eggs, but a little later, so that the chicks hatch at the same time.

The duck is one of the unpretentious, but very voracious birds. Ducks need grass and low-calorie food. Ducks are omnivores and excellent litter producers. Feeding ducks grains grown in a closed ecological agricultural cycle does not lead to obesity. However, it should be noted that ducks even eat poisonous plants, which usually causes the death of the bird.

Therefore, the area for keeping ducks must always be prepared in advance. Excessive numbers of ducks in a limited area can lead to contamination of the area, which can cause the death of the bird. This is especially true for ducks, since the duck gets a significant part of its diet by straining the contents of any puddle. Duck chicks can drown, especially if they have not fledged.

Therefore, chicks need to be kept in the presence of water in which it is impossible to drown (believe me, chicks without a mother are like homeless children, they can manage to drown in a saucer of water). But in fact, it is better to raise a duck to full plumage before releasing it into the pond. Ducks on the pond compete with fish, knocking out frogs and small snakes. Therefore, a pond where there is no fish is optimal for ducks.

Although the goose spends all its time in the water, it is a herbivore bird. The goose is one of the most profitable birds. In summer, one goose needs at least 15 square meters of grass. The goose is a strong bird with high survival rate, but is practically not bred commercially. Goose eggs purchased from farmers are practically unsuitable for incubation due to improper maintenance and inbreeding. Breeding work with geese must be carried out very scrupulously. In closed ecological agricultural cycles, geese can replace herbivores. Fruit trees and berry bushes in closed ecological agricultural cycles. In Russia, fruit trees are apple trees, pear trees, cherries, sweet cherries, cherry plums, and plums. Fruit trees require maintaining fertility and tillage. In addition, fruit trees are sensitive to soil moisture. Fruit trees with seeds do well in soils with a high limestone content. The apple tree does not like excess moisture and prefers soils high in iron and iron oxide. All fruit trees require crown formation and do not like crowded planting. Plums, cherries and sweet cherries are subject to attacks from small birds when ripe. All these factors must be taken into account when forming a closed ecological agricultural cycle. The most heat-loving of the listed trees is the cherry; an appropriate place should be allocated for its planting.

Excess apples and pears can be used to feed rabbits, cattle and sheep. Cherries and plums that have not been consumed by humans can be used as a feed additive for poultry.

Wood heating in a closed ecological agricultural cycle.

For a house of 120 sq. meters, 25 acres of tree planting is enough for heating purposes. There are two ways to grow trees for firewood. The first one involves planned felling. For example, 25 acres are divided into 10 parts; every year one 10 part is cut down and planted. The second involves one-time planting, annual sawing off of large branches and replacement of dead trees.

A similar amount of firewood will provide 50 acres of fruit tree garden.

A place for planting trees for firewood is a favorable place for raising animals and poultry.

The need for heating fuel depends greatly on the design of the house. The use of thermal accumulators, for example, a Russian stove, a jet stove or modern analogues, significantly reduces fuel consumption. Systems are also effective convection heating solar energy, even in winter.

You can learn more about the technologies of closed ecological agricultural cycles at advanced training courses or free lectures at the training center “Modern Civilization “Open World Campus”.

Anatoly Kokhan

In recent years, markets have been environmentally pure species energy is growing at an extremely high rate, contributing to the development of new technologies and the creation alternative types fuels are contributed not only by scientists, but also by companies that invest in finding solutions environmental problems. To preserve natural resources, new types of biofuels are being sought. Algae are already considered the third generation of plant raw materials that can be used to generate energy. Investments in the environment can be considered not only direct environmental measures, but also investments in resource-saving structural restructuring, low-waste and non-waste technologies.

Sources of environmental danger are the development of mineral deposits and the construction of oil and gas pipelines, industry using old technologies, concentration of vehicles and irrational environmental management, leading to the transformation of natural resource potential. In addition, the region's climate - too hot in summer and cold in winter - often causes environmental instability.

One of the directions for greening economic development is the widespread development of low-waste and resource-saving technologies. The goal of their development is the creation of closed technological cycles with full use of incoming raw materials and waste. The AgroSib-Razdolye company also resorted to waste-free production technology, which began producing fuel briquettes from sunflower husks in the Altai Territory.

Waste-free production

Previously, the AgroSib-Razdolye enterprise produced oil and meal - concentrated feed for poultry and livestock farms. Behind Last year The company's capacity increased, and the question arose about the appropriate use of waste from the main production. “Today we process 600 thousand tons of sunflower. The amount of husks removed has increased. The boiler room is working at its limit. So the need arose to dispose of the husks,” says the general director of AgroSib-Razdolye. Vladimir Anipchenko.

For the purchase of equipment and launch of production fuel briquettes AgroSib-Razdolie spent 17 million rubles. The payback period of the project is estimated at one and a half years.

The fuel briquettes themselves are small cylinders with a diameter of up to 12 centimeters and a length of up to 30 centimeters. Today AgroSib-Razdolye produces up to 20 tons of briquettes per day, but with an increase in the volume of oil produced, the fuel production capacity will also change. “As far as we know, in the Altai Territory they also produce fuel from sawdust waste from wood processing, but not in briquettes, but in pellets. There is also production in Altai fuel pellets from oat husks,” says the company’s marketing analyst Evgenia Vasilyeva.

According to the program coordinator of the charitable organization "Siberian Ecological Center" Alexandra Dubynina, agricultural waste should be a raw material for the production of biofuel and be included in the cycle of resource use. “There is a trend in the world - a company that produces any product must also be responsible for waste disposal. One way or another, we must enter such closed cycles - produced and processed. Of course, we need to calculate how beneficial this is for the enterprise, but from an environmental point of view, any such projects are important, and we must support them in every possible way, and the state must provide the best conditions possible, if it is a small business, give grants or interest-free loans,” comments Dubynin.

According to Vasilyeva, there is still no great demand for biofuel from husks, there is only interest so far. “There is quite a lot of interest, we are receiving calls. In any case, the product is innovative; it requires a lot of explanatory and educational work, because people need to be shown and proven what the benefits are, what advantages this fuel has over others. But the demand has not yet fully formed, the market is in its infancy,” sighs the marketer.

Speaking about the new technology, Evgenia Vasilyeva makes a reservation: processing husks is not the invention of the Altai plant. Oil extraction enterprises, which also produce biofuel from husks, operate in the European and southern parts of Russia. “But this is a new thing in the Altai region and in Siberia in general,” she adds.

You can use fuel briquettes made from husks instead of firewood or coal both in a private home and in low-power boiler houses that heat villages or administrative institutions: schools, hospitals. Firewood and coal can be replaced or supplemented with these fuel briquettes.

Instead of wood and coal

Wood, which itself is a biofuel, is a renewable resource. Currently, in the world, energy forests consisting of fast-growing species, such as poplar, are grown for the production of firewood or biomass. In Russia, firewood and biomass are mainly used for pulpwood, which is not of suitable quality for lumber production.

Firewood is being replaced by fuel pellets and briquettes - pressed products made from wood waste (sawdust, chips, bark), straw, agricultural waste (sunflower husks, nut shells) and other biomass. Wood fuel pellets are called pellets; they have the form of small - up to three centimeters in length and two in diameter - cylindrical or spherical granules. Today in Russia, the production of fuel pellets and briquettes is economically profitable only in large volumes.

However, to use pellets you need special boiler equipment, the installation of which requires significant costs, while husk fuel briquettes can be burned in already installed boiler rooms.

According to research by the AgroSib-Razdolye company, in comparison with traditional hydrocarbon raw materials, fuel briquettes made from husks have a number of undeniable advantages: unlike firewood, fuel briquettes have a stable humidity of 8–10 percent, while the humidity of firewood can constantly change, why their thermal conductivity also changes. Optimal humidity firewood for the firebox is about 20–25 percent, but then their thermal conductivity is 30–35 percent less than that of briquettes. “Often, the supplied firewood has a moisture content of 30–40 percent, in which case the calorific value of the briquettes can be 40–100% higher. That is, to produce the same amount of thermal energy, 100 kg of briquettes will be required from 130 to 200 kilograms of firewood,” they explain at AgroSib-Razdolye. The amount of heat released during the combustion of briquettes is comparable to the heat transfer during the combustion of coal, but at the same time, the ash content of briquettes is much lower - only 2.8 percent versus 10–20 percent for coal and 5–10 percent for wood. “That is, 5–10 times less combustion products are formed. In addition, coal combustion products contain many harmful substances and require mandatory disposal - removal to ash and slag dumps, etc. The ash resulting from the combustion of husks is absolutely harmless and can be used as fertilizer,” explains Evgenia Vasilyeva.

Other advantages are savings on transportation, saving on the space they occupy, but most importantly, environmental friendliness. According to Vasilyeva, synthetic adhesives are not used in the production of briquettes. “At high pressure and temperature, a sticky substance, lignin, is released from the fibers, which binds the husks into a briquette. Due to the extremely low content of elements such as sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine in the husks, no harmful volatile substances are formed when burning fuel briquettes,” explains the marketing analyst.

The cost of briquettes is from 1,900 rubles per ton without transport delivery, the price depends on the type of packaging, volume of purchase and other factors. According to manufacturers, this is a fairly competitive price compared to the price of firewood. “In Barnaul now the average price of birch firewood is 1,300 rubles per cubic meter. If we translate this into kilograms and thermal conductivity, then burning briquettes is 50–60 percent more profitable in price. The price of coal for boiler houses is approximately at the same level, and for the population coal will also cost significantly more,” the company explains.

The company plans to sell briquettes in the Altai Territory and in the surrounding regions. AgroSib-Razdolye fears that longer logistics will lead to an unprofitable increase in the price of the product. The company intends to sell biofuel through its Barnaul distributor.

General Director of Technological Equipment LLC

Report on round table“Assessing the effectiveness of additional burdens when issuing quotas for catching aquatic biological resources”

The fishery complex plays significant role in the country's food complex and is one of the main sources of employment for the population of the coastal regions of Russia. This is determined by the presence of significant potential of aquatic biological resources, which is natural competitive advantage Russia in the global economy and forms the basis for the development of the economy and social sphere of coastal entities.

1. Granting fishing rights for 2018-2043.

The current situation in the fishery sector of the Russian Federation is characterized by positive dynamics of the main indicators. Thus, over the past five years, the catch of aquatic biological resources increased from 3801.4 thousand tons in 2009 to 4296.8 thousand tons in 2013, or by 13%. Production of fish and fish products, semi-finished products and highly processed products increased during the same time from 3309 thousand tons to 3682 thousand tons (by 11%). The share of domestic fish food products in the domestic market increased from 72.4% in 2009 to 78.2% in 2013, but has not yet reached the 80% threshold defined by the Food Security Doctrine. There are a number of factors that hinder the development of the industry. Among them, one of the key places is given to the moral and technical aging of the industry’s main material assets (including onshore processing plants and the fleet).

Today, the production potential of the industry is almost exhausted. An effective mechanism is needed that can give impetus to investment in production.

State Duma deputies have prepared a bill, according to which it is proposed to increase the period for fixing quotas for catching ABRs from 10 to 25 years. A broader planning horizon will make it possible to attract investments into the industry for the development of those sectors of the fisheries industry that today are in dire need of modernization and renovation.

At the same time, it is necessary to observe principles that will guarantee that the measure taken will be effective and sufficient.

The fishing right “2018 – 2043” must additionally:

To consolidate the principles that guarantee the sustainable development of the industry;

Balance the solution of socio-economic problems and preserve the natural (resource) potential of the industry;

Meet the economic and social interests of both the state and the economic entity;

Provide access to the resource and encourage its rational and effective use;

Stimulate the renewal of fixed material assets of the industry.

Compliance with these principles when allocating resources will stimulate the development of both the industry in general and enterprises in particular.

2. The closed-cycle plant is a point of strategic development of the industry

To date, no common understanding of the essence and principles of restrictions (encumbrances) on fishing rights has been formed. Meanwhile, the need for a substantiated and documented understanding of this issue exists. Not only for the state, but also for the implementation of practical, economic activities. As noted, the right to catch should encourage business entities to direct funds to update funds, but at the same time it should not contradict the very logic of conducting economic activity.

As a possible mechanism for such stimulation, the very need to modernize production can be considered, which involves the introduction at enterprises of modern technology for processing incoming raw materials, which will allow them to work without waste. Enterprises with a properly organized technological cycle become closed, processing all incoming raw materials into useful products.

Closed-cycle factories can be considered as a new strategic point for the development of both the industry in general and enterprises in particular.

Modern technology, which is incorporated immediately when designing an enterprise (both onshore production and shipboard), will ensure:

High technology of production (automation);

Its efficiency (high degree of processing of raw materials);

Increase labor productivity to European levels;

Increase the added value of each ton of FBR caught.

A closed-loop plant means that every step of processing matters. The technology will allow us to accept, sort, preserve and process fish and seafood in such a way that they do not lose their quality at each stage. Moreover, a closed-loop plant also means that any part (whether bycatch or waste) could be effectively used to produce a profitable product.

Everything that enters the plant must be turned into marketable products.This technology can be implemented both on shore and in the fleet. At the same time, it will allow work at all fishing facilities. Including including such aqueous products in the production cycle biological resources such as saury, herring, salmon, as well as by-catch and non-breeding objects and all production waste.

Let's consider the effectiveness of the designated concept using the following examples:

a) Modernization of ship fish-meal plants

b) Modernization of the coastal fish processing complex for receiving salmon.

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a) Traditionally, the bulk of aquatic animals are caught on ships in the exclusive economic zone. The volume of production of hydrocarbons in the Far Eastern basin is up to 2.6 million tons per year. At the same time, waste from the processing of aquatic organisms on ships ranges from 30 to 40%, or 560 thousand tons.

All large-tonnage vessels are equipped with “traditional” press-type fish meal plants for the production of fish meal. Due to the imperfections of this technology, up to 25% of dry substances are removed from the processed waste by discharging the press broth overboard.

Modernization of existing RMUs will increase the yield of fishmeal by 15% and protein by up to 62%.

Thus, vessels of the MRKT type “Starzhinsky”, which have a ship-based fish meal plant with a capacity of 150 tons of raw materials, with modernization will be able to increase the yield of fish meal by 6.3 tons per day, which in monetary terms is equal to 260 thousand rubles. And this is only for one fishing day.

If we extrapolate this example to the industry, we will see: 1.6 million tons of cod are mined in the EEZ of the Russian Federation annually. When using traditional pressing technology, a pre-press broth is formed, which, when modernizing ship RMUs with decanter centrifuges, can produce an additional 32 thousand tons of high-quality protein flour. In ruble equivalent, this equals 1.2 billion rubles ($37 million).

b) Currently at onshore enterprises Far East More than 700 thousand tons of various fish species are processed - from flounder to sockeye salmon. At the same time, fish production waste amounts to up to 30%, or more than 200 thousand tons. Often they are not used at all. At best, enterprises process waste into flour in inefficient pressing plants, but most dump waste into the sea within a 7-mile zone or bury it.

The equipment existing at most enterprises in the industry is not capable of ensuring the protection of environmental interests and rational use of natural resources, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, producing high-quality products from recycled materials for subsequent use in agriculture, medicine and other industries, i.e. make money from waste.

Among the main reasons why waste is not currently used effectively are the following:

Lack of waste collection technology;

Lack of infrastructure to effectively process waste to produce low-fat flour with a high protein content and medical-grade fish oil;

Lack of technology that allows efficient processing of small (up to 200 tons per day) volumes of fatty fish waste;

There is a small amount of available data on the specifics of processing fatty fish (primarily salmon).

At the same time, for one salmon fish in the production of headless products, the share of waste is 15-20%, or about 66 thousand tons of 330 thousand tons of salmon processed. Using modern technology based on a decanter, it is possible to extract about 15 thousand tons of flour and 11.5 thousand tons of fish oil from this volume.

According to IFFO, for the period from March to September 2013, the cost of flour reached a historical maximum of $2,018 per ton. The cost of a ton of fish oil is 1.3 thousand dollars, food oil is 2200 dollars per ton. Thus, This year alone, the industry has lost more than 50 million US dollars.

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Both in the fleet and on shore, waste can become a growth point for both a company and an industry.

The introduction of closed-loop plants will continue the current trend of reducing waste and increasing the use of fish by-products, which will bring increasing economic, social, conservation and environmental benefits.

Thus, the introduction of closed-cycle plants as part of the modernization of production will allow us to make the industry efficient and close the issue of “burdening” fishing rights.

2.1. Market needs

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the Russian market's demand for fishmeal is 500 thousand tons. Production barely exceeds 145 thousand tons, but about half of the volume - about 70 thousand tons - is exported. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world market demand for fishmeal is 10 million tons per year.

Global market demand for fishmeal and oil is projected to continue to grow faster than production rates. Thus, in the period until 2015, the demand for fishmeal will increase to at least 6 million tons per year. Increased demand for flour will be ensured by the growth of aquaculture, the volume of production of which, according to FAO forecasts, will increase by 10% - to 70-75 million tons.

As for fish oil, the most promising direction is the production of medical grade fish oil. According to the FAO report, global demand for Omega-3 components in 2010 amounted to 1.595 billion US dollars.

Analysis of pharmacy sales of products containing fish oil shows high dynamics: in packages, the growth of this segment amounted to +17%, and sales volumes in monetary terms grew by 32%.

In total, in 2012, pharmacies sold 210 million packages of dietary supplements worth 29.9 billion rubles, while the share of dietary supplements containing fish oil amounted to 7.8 million packages (26%) worth 1 billion rubles.

The weighted average cost of products containing fish oil increased from 76.1 rubles in 2008 to 126.6 rubles in 2012 (by 40%).

According to the “Retail Audit of Dietary Supplements in the Russian Federation”™ (IMS Health), every year the range of drugs increases by 8-14 types of dietary supplements containing Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil as the main active ingredient. If in pharmacy sales in 2008, out of 113 trade names in the RZhO-3 drug segment, 97 were dietary supplements, then in 2012, out of 144 trade names, 129 were dietary supplements. The share of medicinal products in the segment in packages amounted to 11.5% (back in 2008 it was 20.9%), while in monetary terms it was 10.2%.

Frosn&Sullivan analysts, having conducted an in-depth study that included analysis of data on key suppliers of raw materials, the competitive environment, production, demand, distribution, pricing, morbidity and other factors affecting the prospects for the consumption of Omega-3 ingredients, predict a 10 percent average annual growth rate of the global market polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

One of the ways to saturate the market segment under study with products from domestic manufacturers may be the use of import-substituting technologies for the production of modern dosage forms.

2.2. Line

A closed-cycle plant can exist as a chain of several enterprises linked to the main fish processing centers with different capacities and a single production and logistics center, for example, in a port. So be a separate, autonomous structure. The key solution is waste-free production technology.

3. Assessment of the impact of the implementation of “closed cycle” plants in practice in the strategic plan

From point of view government controlled and taking into account the goals and objectives of the Federal Target Program, the introduction of closed-cycle plants:

1. Consistent with principles rational environmental management, including:

Solves environmental problems;

Eliminates pressure on the fishing base.

2. Meets the economic and social interests of the state and business entities, including:

It is a lever that stimulates an increase in the supply of fish products to the domestic market;

Allows you to modernize the fish processing sector (both coastal complexes and on ships);

Increases the production of high value-added products in the country;

Provides high-tech development of the fishery complex;

Has multiplicative healing effect for the territorial economy:

Stimulates the growth of gross regional product;

Leads to an increase in income to budgets of all levels.

For business entities, the implementation of closed-cycle plants allows:

Maximize the efficient use of raw materials in 100% volume without increasing the cost of fishing;

Ensure continuous operation;

Achieve high automation of processes;

Makes it possible to process any fish, primarily the fattest types (versatility);

Expand the range of products offered;

Make the maximum possible profit;

Increase the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market;

Provide high level environmental safety.

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Conclusion

According to the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2010 No. 1873-r, one of the main tasks public policy RF in the region healthy eating population for the period until 2020 is the development of industrial production of specialized products baby food, functional products, dietary (therapeutic and preventive) food products and dietary supplements, incl. for meals in organized groups.

1

A systematic analysis of the possibilities and boundaries of reusing materials within the framework of industrial ecology was carried out. A classification of non-renewable materials is given. The directions of use of certain classes of non-renewable materials are reflected. Criteria for the effectiveness of reusing materials are considered. The structural features of a closed cycle are given. Possible forms of a closed cycle are characterized. The importance of a closed cycle for ensuring sustainable development is shown. The role of energy in ensuring a closed cycle is considered. Incineration as a possible waste disposal process has been studied. The dual (positive and negative) role of technology in ensuring sustainable development is shown. Value defined innovative technologies for a successful transition to industrial ecology. It is concluded that there is a need for expanded use of existing and proven sustainable technology; innovation and development of new sustainable technology.

industrial ecology

sustainable development

closed loop

1. Dorokhina E.Yu., Ogoltsov K.Yu. On the issue of conceptual understanding of industrial ecology // Entrepreneur’s Guide. – 2012. – No. 16. – P. 95–103.

2. Dorokhina E.Yu., Ogoltsov K.Yu. On possible strategies for sustainable development and industrial ecology // Entrepreneur’s Guide. – 2013. – No. 17. – P. 100–108.

3. Dorokhina E.Yu., Panteleev S.S. On the issue of the three pillars of sustainable development // Scientific works of SWorld. – 2012. – T. 33, No. 4. – P. 16–21.

4. Allen D.T. An Industrial Ecology: Material flows and engineering design. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas - Discussion Paper Austin, 2003.

5. Cohen-Rosenthal E. Making sense out of industrial ecology: a framework for analysis and action // Journal of Cleaner Production, 12. Jg. (2004), H. 8-10, pp. 1111–1123.

Closing the circulation of materials by returning them to production or consuming residues from production processes or end-of-life old products and waste materials is called a closed cycle. Closed loop like economic activity has long historical traditions.

Purpose of our research- a systematic view of the possibilities and boundaries of the return of materials within the framework of the transition to industrial ecology (IE). This is a significant problem that has not yet been solved for a number of reasons. Closed-loop processes are difficult to capture at a glance, and in particular it is difficult to distinguish between closed-loop and waste management. Although the main structural features of a closed cycle are known, this concept is so multifaceted that even in the PrE it is defined in different ways. For PR, all forms of a closed cycle are important - reuse, other use - in all their manifestations, and the transitions between these forms are often blurred. As a matter of fact, the possibility of reusing materials in economic circulation is one of the main necessary prerequisites for the functioning of the PrE. A property observed in nature is the ability to disassemble complex materials into their original components for new use of the latter. It is necessary to find out which forms of closed loop play a significant role and which applications are encountered. There are 3 classes of non-renewable materials (see table).

Classification of non-renewable materials

This classification is relative, since technical capabilities and economic conditions are constantly changing, and process participants do not always know which class the material belongs to.

The transition to PR requires, firstly, increasing the use of materials from classes I and II in industrial production processes, secondly, avoiding materials from class III, and thirdly, finding ways to compensate for irreplaceable materials from class III through innovations in classes I and II. Of course, in class III we're talking about, first of all, about highly dissipative materials, which, when used, dissipate in the environment. The limits of their reuse are determined only by the laws of thermodynamics, but as their use increases, the necessary costs tend to infinity.

The circular economic frontier different materials determines the ratio of the share of attractive raw materials in natural materials to its share in secondary materials. The smaller this value, the more profitable the return. With a ratio significantly greater than one, a closed cycle is an economically unprofitable form of obtaining raw materials. Ultimately, it all depends on the density of the raw material in the original material, which tends to decrease. On the other hand, it is believed that as the concentration of newly acquired raw materials in recycled materials decreases, the energy costs for recovery increase exponentially.

Empirically proven that the economic potential of reuse has not yet been used up heavy metals, representing hazardous waste(hazardous waste). However, it is countered by dissipative losses of ecotoxic substances, the concentration of which in the ecosphere in many cases increases. As the use of heavy metals continuously increased during industrialization, dissipative losses gradually became increasingly important. Although not all ecotoxic effects and critical concentrations are known, significant environmental disturbances can be expected from certain levels.

We see great potential in highlighting PrE applications, as there is a lack of information and legal norms limit initiatives even for their economically beneficial application. There are two reasons against the use of Class III non-renewable materials: irreversible use and depletion of the relevant materials; toxic effects on ecosystems.

At the same time, there can be only one path, implemented consistently by all interested parties. This is the path leading in the direction of PrE, i.e., to ensure that all highly dissipative materials meet the criterion of consistency with the environment. Wait until technical progress allowing materials to become closed when resources become so expensive that there is no other way would be an expression of the misplaced inertia of existing industrial systems. Each stage and each element of the PrE requires an active approach. The following stages of a closed cycle can be distinguished:

Direct closed cycle (within the same production process);

Indirect closed cycle (within the same production process with temporary or spatial transfer);

Integrated closed cycle (combination of both of the above formations with additional inclusion structural elements or production process blocks);

System-integrated closed cycle (a combination of internal closed-loop provisions integrated into the process with external production processes implemented at another enterprise).

However, it is necessary to ensure that recycled products are used as early as possible and in the immediate region. This will provide economic benefits associated with reduced transport and storage costs. The higher the value of newly used goods, the stronger the latter aspect becomes.

PrE requires a concept that generalizes all forms of a closed loop into a holarchical system. In addition, new technologies for material recovery are needed, continuing the legacy of reliable and long-established closed cycles of metals, glass and paper. In this case, we are talking about materials for which, due to their relatively simple chemical and mechanical separability, a closed cycle is already theoretically possible. Of course, even in already implemented material cycles, there are still unresolved problems with impurities and insufficient purity of recycled materials, which prevent more complete reuse of materials. For example, in the case of metals that acquire specific properties when alloyed, mixing in a closed cycle leads to a regular decrease in the quality of secondary materials. Note that metals are characterized by good adaptability to a closed cycle. Regularly appearing impurities with each cycle accumulate in secondary raw materials and reduce its purity, which actually corresponds to downcycling. Within the framework of EDP, it is possible to expand the boundaries of circulation control, as new technical and organizational cleaning processes are gradually developed for those circulations of materials in which this phenomenon has not previously been encountered. In the future, this will become possible on a much larger scale, since natural raw materials are also characterized by mixtures of materials, which are then separated through technological processes. However, for the functioning of the EDP, a focus on closing the cycles of the materials used in production is inevitable. In this regard, “Design for Environment” will play a significant role. With PrE, the share of a closed cycle in production tends to 1, since this is target value, established by nature as a “model”. In any case, this value can only be achieved in long term, since many materials in the current closed cycles lose quality, and usable raw materials can only be obtained by adding new materials.

Closed loop and energy

The importance of circularity for a sustainable economy can be assessed by analyzing the following basic principles proposed by ecology:

a) all applicable non-renewable resources should be reused whenever possible;

b) the ratio of energy used to produce and consume products and energy used to re-provide raw materials should be changed in favor of a closed loop (i.e., the share of closed-loop energy in overall economic energy consumption will increase significantly);

c) non-renewable resources can be put into circulation only to the extent that there is regenerative energy available for this, unsuitable for other forms of use;

d) the consumption economy should be recognized as economically equivalent to the production economy, since the creation of added value there represents an essential basis for production.

The prerequisite for the implementation of these rules is that in the long term only renewable energy resources will be available and only a limited amount of energy per unit of time. The resulting restrictions on energy use in an industrial society must be operationalized using sustainability criteria. Points b) and c) show that this causes a distribution problem. If the limited resource “energy” is not lost, as it has been until now, during the unwanted dissipation of substances in the processes of production and consumption, but is directed to the return of raw materials, then it becomes obvious that the previous methods of production exploited the foundations of their own existence from two sides: raw materials and energy. If both sides are now considered from an energy point of view and their use is subjected to natural limitations, then energy availability will ultimately become the bottleneck of industrial processes. If involved in economic circulation or bound in products should large quantity materials, more of the scarce energy must be used. According to ecology, with increasing use of biomass, energy consumption increases. maintenance and repairs. That is, the transition to PR cannot be fruitless for the volume and quality of both industrial production and mass consumption. Although efficiency and consistency (consistency) are necessary for a viable economy, without fulfilling the conditions of existence they are not the target characteristics. Technology that generates material and energy flows will play a decisive role in the transition to sustainable development. It is therefore inevitable that already when planning and designing products, the closed-loop ability of the materials used and, in addition, the possibility of using more recycled materials should be taken into account. This means nothing less than a complete renewal of production methods while constantly taking into account the requirements of the Pre-Employment. If we are talking about returning materials to economic circulation, then it is necessary to solve a multi-criteria problem that takes into account, on the one hand, the relationship between economic costs and environmental consequences, and, on the other hand, the quality of newly acquired materials and their economic efficiency. Thermodynamics indicates that energy costs (and, accordingly, costs) increase with a decrease in the share of recovery and a decrease in the quality of secondary raw materials. The connection is expressed as follows. The lower the density of the material to be recycled, the more expensive it is to concentrate it to an acceptable level, since this entails a disproportionate use of energy. However, this process requires detailed analysis. If we consider the conditions for the repeated and further use of materials at the ecological level, then at 5 stages of trophism from the original producer to the primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, as well as destructors, one can see a relatively increasing loss of energy in the form of emitted energy, i.e. unhealthy heat. To transition to PR, energy losses from one to another consumption stage must be described by normative methods that take into account natural and environmental principles. It is currently difficult to determine exactly which closed-loop processes due to excessive energy use will have a negative impact on sustainable development, i.e. on the “strength” of the ecosystem. In the foreseeable future, the energy of the sun will still be radiated into the Earth's ecosystem, so the bottlenecks will be the preservation of non-renewable materials and the elimination of substances alien to nature from the natural cycle. The negative environmental "cost" of losing material cannot exceed the cost of the environmental consequences of providing the energy. Or, to put it another way, in terms of sustainability, the optimal closed-loop anthropogenic processes are those in which the negative cost of (ultimate) loss of material avoided is comparable to the cost of providing the (regenerative) energy needed for the process. The problem of “assessment” based on this simple rule has not yet been solved.

Incineration as a waste disposal strategy

The combustion of materials that are no longer integrated into economic circulation is called “thermal application” by some experts and is also considered a form of a closed cycle. From a thermodynamic point of view, this cannot be the case, since the burned materials contain negentropy (negative entropy), but when burned either produce entropy in the form of dissipation or, at best, useful heat. Received thermal energy(which, from the point of view of entropy, is a devalued form of energy) is compared with the energy contained in the burned (and dissipated) materials. The latter is many times more important than the extracted heat. The combustion of previously used materials, but for various reasons that have lost their usefulness, according to thermodynamics, is an unprofitable business, and therefore cannot be classified as a closed-cycle method and should be an exception within the framework of the PrE. It is a forced measure in the absence of imagination and creativity. Only in isolated cases, which should be carefully checked, can incineration become a sustainable solution, while remaining generally an exception. Closed-loop processes require adequate technology that takes into account economic, environmental and social interests. In particular, when current conditions economic and environmental optimums of technological processes are far from each other and, undoubtedly, require rapprochement. It is known that the creation of combustion facilities requires high capital investments, so some sections of society may be interested in their construction. At the same time, many dependencies (environmental, social) are underestimated. Uses that could compete with incineration are rejected.

The importance of innovative technologies for ensuring sustainable development

Technology as a product of the cultural evolution of mankind during the transition to PR acquires great, if not decisive, importance. Technology plays a key role in transforming socio-economic processes within the EDP. Technical innovation was the core of industrialization and the economic development that followed it. Moreover, their role is twofold. Each new technology only then does it become successful when the human component added to it positively corresponds with technology, i.e. they are capable of connection. In this case, the new technology can spread widely. This process is called technology diffusion.

Technology, on the contrary, can also become an obstacle to the transition to PR, since shadow dependencies arise with high investments.

Historically, cultural and technological evolution can be divided into 3 major phases: hunter-gatherer society, agricultural society, and industrial society. In the course of cultural and technological evolution, due to the use of new technologies, anthropogenically caused consumption of energy and raw materials has continuously increased. The idealized view of many environmentalists is that the sustainable option for the future is to abandon technology (in a general sense), since technology is the main factor causing the environmental crisis.

Conclusion

In our opinion, the dynamics of technological development is a decisive element in the transition to PR. Anthropogenic transformation of natural systems has already advanced so much that technology and its effect on the environment have become an integral part of planet Earth. Life as a phenomenon arose and is maintained through the integration of matter and energy. Anthropogenic and cultural development is integrally linked with environmental development. The first is possible only by transforming matter based on the use of energy. And the final solution to this problem has been taken on by technology, which must adapt to the newly emerging requirements of sustainable development. The look and form of using the old and, above all, new technology depends on the creativity of the individuals involved and general economic conditions. Ultimately, the introduction of technical inventions is determined by the economic effect they provide to investors. Investors again depend on the incentive system. The new cultural organization of matter will always be associated with technology, since only technology launches phenomenal material and energy flows. Thus, technology corresponds to two strategic options: increasing use of existing and proven sustainable technology; innovation and development of new sustainable technology.

Bibliographic link

Dorokhina E.Yu. CLOSED CYCLE AS A FORM OF BUSINESS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY // International magazine applied and fundamental research. – 2016. – No. 8-5. – pp. 772-776;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=10167 (access date: 03/22/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Doctor of Chemical Sciences N.D. Chichirova, professor, director of the Institute of Thermal Power Engineering, head. Department of Thermal Power Plants,
Doctor of Chemical Sciences A.A. Chichirov, professor, head. Department of Chemistry,
S.S. Paimin, postgraduate student of the Department of Thermal Power Plants, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kazan State Economic University", Kazan;
Ph.D. A.G. Korolev, Head of the Production and Technical Department, OJSC "TGC-16", Kazan;
Ph.D. T.F. Vafin, engineer, Generating Company OJSC, Kazan

Introduction

Among the most significant areas of strategic development of most domestic thermal power plants are developments that make it possible to minimize the amount of wastewater discharges generated in the technological process of producing thermal and electrical energy, through the creation of low-waste and waste-free water use schemes, as well as the improvement of many existing technical and economic solutions for water treatment.

The implementation of the concept of creating an environmentally friendly thermal power plant is possible in two directions.

The first direction is based on the development and implementation of economical and environmentally advanced technologies for the preparation of additional water for steam generators and make-up water for heating networks. In this aspect, the development of effective technological schemes for water treatment at thermal power plants while maintaining the basic equipment is the most promising direction that meets the requirements, especially when it comes to the expansion and reconstruction of existing installations.

The second direction is associated with the development and implementation of technologies for the most complete processing and disposal of generated wastewater with the production and reuse of initial chemical reagents in the station cycle.

Let us consider the results that were achieved through a set of measures to improve the water treatment technology of the Kazan CHPP-3.

Reconstruction of a chemical desalting plant

Built according to a design from the 1960s, which did not include zero- or low-flux and environmentally friendly schemes. With annual consumption from 9.5 to 11.5 million tons process water According to the project, up to 4-5 million tons of mineralized wastewater were discharged after their neutralization through the industrial storm sewer system into the river. Kazanka and further to the Volga.

The schematic diagram of water treatment implemented at the Kazan CHPP-3 is presented in Fig. 1.

The water treatment system receives components contained in the blowdown water of the recirculation cooling system, as well as reagents: ferrous sulfate, lime, sulfuric acid, caustic soda and sodium chloride. During the process of liming and coagulation of water in clarifiers, part of these components is removed from the system in the form of sludge containing calcium carbonate, magnesium and iron hydroxides, silicic acid and organic compounds. In addition, some components are removed with the heating network make-up water.

The main objective of the activities carried out at the station was the maximum reduction in the amount of reagents used, treatment and disposal of wastewater.

In 2001, a new environmentally friendly and resource-saving technology for chemical water desalination was introduced at Kazan CHPP-3. This technology was developed at the Azerbaijan University of Civil Engineering in relation to the conditions of the Kazan Thermal Power Plant-3, taking into account the requirements for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.

According to the new technology, the regime of chemical desalting of lime-coagulated water at the installation has changed, as well as the regeneration technology in both H- and OH-ion exchange filters (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Chain of chemical desalting filters:

NEW - purified water pumps; N pre, N main - preliminary and main N-cation exchange filter; A 1, A 2 - anion exchange filters of the first and second stages; N 2 - N-cation exchange filter of the second stage; D - decarbonizer; BFW - decarbonized water tank.

Changing the chemical desalting regime involved preliminary softening of the desalted water in an upstream H-cation exchange filter. To convert the cation exchanger in this filter to the Na form, concentrated portions of the spent regeneration solution of H- and OH-filters were used.

Improving the economic and environmental performance of ionization was achieved by using double-flow countercurrent technology for regenerating ion exchange filters.

To implement this technology, the regeneration circuit of chemical desalting chain No. 5 was reconstructed with the installation of medium-sized filters in H main, H 2 and A 2 switchgear.

The essence of regeneration of anion exchange filters “chain” is as follows. The alkali regeneration solution supplied to the second stage anion exchange filter is divided into two streams. One of the streams is supplied from above, the other from below. The spent alkali solution after the first stage anion exchange filter is collected in an alkaline water tank for reuse in subsequent regenerations.

Regeneration of the H main and H 2 filters of the “chain” is carried out separately, independently of each other using double-flow countercurrent technology. The regeneration acid solution is completely passed through the lower parts of these filters in a direction from bottom to top. Regeneration of the upper part of the cation exchange charge, located above the middle distribution device, in these filters is carried out with a spent acid solution from the acidic water tank.

Economic efficiency is achieved by saving chemical reagents used for filter regeneration, reducing water consumption for the own needs of chemical water treatment, reducing the cost of preparing lime-coagulated water, reducing the consumption of raw Volga water and the volume of waste water.

As a result of the introduction of a new technology for chemical water desalination, the following data were obtained:

■ water consumption for own needs decreased from 36.3 to 26.4%;

■ specific acid consumption for the regeneration of H-filters decreased by 3.5 g/g-eq and amounted to 123.4 g/g-eq;

■ specific alkali consumption for the regeneration of OH filters decreased by 10.6 g/g-eq and amounted to 63.2 g/g-eq;

■ reduction in the consumption of lime and coagulant in the clarifier as a result of reducing the consumption of demineralized water for internal needs amounted to 64.2 and 25.7 tons, respectively.

At the same time, the production of demineralized water did not change significantly, remaining on average at the level of 2.8-3 million tons/year.

Introduction of thermal desalting method

In parallel with the ongoing work on the reconstruction of the chemical desalination plant, the technology for preparing demineralized water using the thermal desalination method was introduced.

In accordance with the project completed in the 1980s, two six-stage evaporation units equipped with I-600 type evaporators were built at the station. The design capacity of each installation is 100 t/h. At the end of the 1990s, these installations were put into operation. However, the design capacity was not achieved due to excess steam of the last stages of the installation, which could not be fully used in technological scheme, because the installation itself was installed in a separate building, remote from the main technological equipment using a couple of such parameters. As a result, in the summer and transition periods, the evaporators were stopped or switched to operating mode with the release of excess steam (up to 10 t/h) into the atmosphere. Such operation of the installations had a negative impact on the technical and economic indicators of the evaporators, and in 2000 a decision was made to build a thermal desalting complex with a capacity of 300-350 t/h on the basis of the existing evaporation installation. The complex includes two existing six-stage evaporation units, two flash-boiling evaporators of the IMV-50 type with deep-vacuum multi-chamber deaerators.

The IMV uses excess steam from evaporation units (up to 6 t/h for each evaporator), with a total additional production of up to 100 t/h of distillate from two IMVs. The developed IMVs are fully adapted to the conditions of the complex.

These solutions made it possible to ensure optimal use pair different pressure in the thermal diagram of the complex. For example, the initial production steam with a pressure of 13 ata is used as heating steam for the first I-600 evaporator, the excess steam of a multi-stage evaporation unit with a pressure of 1.2 ata is used for the IMV, and the steam of the last stage of the IMV with a pressure of 0.12 ata is used in a vacuum deaerator.

When improving the complex, aimed at increasing its efficiency and reliability by improving the heat recovery system of evaporation units, in existing scheme Steam-water and jet-bubble heaters were additionally included. This made it possible to increase the temperature of the distillate and, as a result, reduce the specific consumption of thermal energy for its production (Fig. 3). This indicator is the most important characteristic cost-effectiveness of thermal desalination installation.

Currently, distillate production covers almost 50% of the station's need for demineralized water.

Providing the required standards for the quality of water used to feed boilers with a superheated steam pressure of 140 ata, the thermal desalination technology has significantly lower water consumption for its own needs compared to chemical methods(9 and 28% respectively).

Economic efficiency when replacing the traditional chemical method of water treatment with a thermal one is also achieved by reducing the consumption of chemical reagents.

It should be noted that during the period under review, by analogy with the reconstruction of chemical desalting chain No. 5, work was carried out to improve the technical and economic indicators of chains No. 6 and No. 7.

Due to the reconstruction of chains No. 6 and No. 7 and automation of the technological process, it was possible to further reduce the values ​​for the CHP plant as a whole specific costs acid (from 110.6 to 91.9 g/g-eq) and alkali (from 62.7 to

60.4 g/g-eq).

Disposal of water treatment plant wastewater

Experience in creating low-waste water treatment complexes shows that the bulk of calcium and magnesium contained in wastewater can be removed in the form of solid sediments suitable for subsequent use or long-term safe storage. As a result, mainly sodium compounds remain in wastewater, primarily its sulfates and chlorides. In this regard, when developing a scheme for recycling wastewater from the water treatment plant of the Kazan CHPP-3, the concept of maximum use of sodium salts contained in wastewater was adopted, which made it possible to reduce the cost of imported sodium chloride.

It should also be taken into account that the quantity and composition of wastewater from a water treatment plant depends on its productivity, the composition of the source water and the specific consumption of reagents for regeneration. It is during chemical desalination that the main amount of sodium is introduced into the water treatment plant system in the form of NaOH and sulfates in the form of sulfuric acid. In this case, the main problem is caustic soda. In this regard, when optimizing the operating mode of a chemical desalting plant, maximum attention is paid to reducing the consumption of caustic soda. Excess sulfuric acid is less dangerous because When neutralized with lime, the main part of the sulfates is precipitated in the form of gypsum.

When the wastewater recycling plant operates in winter, about 6.1 tons/day are generated. gypsum sludge (at 30% humidity). In summer, the amount of wet sludge decreases to 2.7 tons/day. About 1600 tons of wet or 1200 tons of dry sludge are generated per year. The main component of the sludge is gypsum - 90-95%. The content of magnesium hydroxide is 4-5%, calcium carbonate - 1.52%. This sludge can be used to produce gypsum binder High Quality and other purposes.

When determining the economic effect of introducing a wastewater recycling plant, the reduction in fees for the amount of source water used and wastewater discharge was taken into account.

With constant production, the technologies introduced at the station made it possible to achieve a significant reduction in the consumption of process water from 11,330 thousand m 3 in 2003 to 6,958 thousand m 3 in 2009. It is important that during the period under review the cost of source water increased 11 times.

Along with reducing water consumption, it was possible to reduce the discharge of industrial wastewater (Fig. 4), the main share of which is wastewater from the chemical workshop. The use of modern water treatment methods has made it possible to significantly reduce the mass of pollutants in wastewater (Fig. 5). Due to the reduction in the discharge of pollutants, the payment for this discharge also decreased (Fig. 6).

Technologies based on electromembrane devices

The purge water of the evaporation unit contains all the sodium that came with the source water and was introduced with caustic soda during the regeneration of the filters of the chemical desalting plant, chlorides introduced with the source water, as well as a small part of the sulfates introduced with the source water, coagulant and sulfuric acid during the regeneration of the filters.

Pay attention to the high content of alkali and alkaline components (sodium carbonate) in the purge. Alkali and soda are expensive products that are widely used in water treatment plants of thermal power plants. We also note the almost complete absence of hardness ions. In connection with this, the idea was formulated of dividing the purge water into alkaline and softened solutions and using them in the station cycle.

To utilize excess purge water from evaporators, a technology has been developed using electric membrane devices (EMA) as the main element (Fig. 7).

At the first stage, partial separation of alkali occurs from the initial solution in EMA with cation and anion exchange membranes. Since the selectivity of the process is low, it is possible to obtain an alkaline solution containing salts of the original solution as a product.

The first stage EMA produces a concentrated alkaline solution and diluate-1. The latter is a more dilute solution of the original salts and the remaining alkali. Diluate-1 is the starting solution for second-stage EMA.

The second-stage EMA is assembled with bipolar membranes and serves to separate the salt solution into alkaline and acidic solutions. The products at the second stage are diluate-2, which is a more dilute solution of the original salts, non-concentrated alkali solutions and mixtures of acids.

Diluate-2 is sent to the third stage EMA, the alkaline solution is sent to the first stage for concentration or to the EMA alkali concentrator. An acidic solution containing a mixture of sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids is sent to the consumer.

At the third stage EMA, the process of concentration and desalting of diluate-2 is carried out to produce partially desalted water with a salt concentration of approximately 0.3 g/l (diluate-3) and concentrate.

The scheme (Fig. 7) uses three devices with a total electricity consumption of 100 kWh per 1 ton of processed solution. As a result of processing, 0.4 tons of alkaline solution (5% alkali, 1% salts) and 0.6 tons of acidic solution (1.2% acids, 1% salts) are formed. The presented scheme is quite flexible. It is possible to reduce the steps sequentially, starting with the last one.

If the third stage of the EMA is removed, partially desalted water for the second stage can be taken from the TPP water supply unit. An equivalent amount of water in the form of diluate-2 (a solution of sodium salts) is sent to replenish the heating network. In this way, water is exchanged between the water treatment and electric membrane units.

By reducing the third and second stages simultaneously, it is possible to obtain an alkaline solution and diluate-1 at the EMA of the first stage. The alkaline solution is sent for concentration or directly to the consumer. Diluate-1 (saline solution) can be used to regenerate Na-cation exchange filters, to feed the heating network or to feed evaporators.

In the diagram in Fig. 8, two EMAs are used with a total electricity consumption of 13 kWh per 1 ton of processed solution. The products of processing the evaporator purge water in this case are 0.1 t of an alkaline solution (4% alkali, 2% salts) and 1 t of a saline solution (2.5% of the original salts).

Relatively low operating costs make it most appropriate to use the scheme shown in Fig. 8, for recycling evaporator purge water to produce concentrated alkaline and softened salt solutions, which are used in the station’s technological cycle.

conclusions

1. At Kazan CHPP-3, a new technology has been introduced for processing liquid waste from a water treatment plant with the production and reuse of softened saline and alkaline solutions in the station cycle.

2. A closed cycle has been created to ensure the waste-free water treatment technology of thermal power plants.

3. The research results, as well as the developed schemes, can be used to create low-waste water use complexes both at existing thermal power plants and other industries in the process of their reconstruction, and during the construction of new ones.

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