Outline of technology on the topic: labor lesson. Why are labor lessons needed at school?

Technology lessons in Moscow schools are evolving. Homemade stools are being replaced by hand-made robots, and familiar aprons are giving way to fashionable dresses..

The discipline “work” accompanies students almost all the time. school life: from first to eighth-ninth grades. IN primary school children sculpt from plasticine, make origami and appliqués. From the fifth grade, “work” turns into “technology,” which is aimed not so much at handicrafts, but at mastering advanced skills of modern life.

As a rule, in high school, boys and girls are taught separately: some are trained to become jacks of all trades, others to become exemplary housewives. But there are also exceptions. In some schools, technology is taught to the whole class. For example, at school No. 1601, young representatives of the stronger sex learn to cook and embroider together with the fair half of the population.

There are also educational institutions where computer science teachers teach boys how to work, considering the basics of programming to be the job of real guys. Regardless curriculum, such activities adapt children to real life, where the DIY approach is still important.

Expert opinion

Deputy Head of the Moscow Department of Education Viktor Fertman

Technology of the 21st century: what has changed

Today, according to the requirements of the state educational standard, children in technology lessons should be taught to navigate modern medicine, the production and processing of various materials, mechanical engineering, food products and services, as well as the information environment.

Recently, a member of the Public Chamber of Russia taught the fundamentals of agriculture as part of the discipline.

At the same time, schools and teachers are free to choose the program. Deputy head of the Moscow Department of Education Viktor Fertman explained to the site that now educational institutions keep up with the times: in technology lessons, children study robotics and design, gain knowledge from the fields of physics, drawing and computer science. In some schools, children are taught to make devices for people with disabilities. disabilities or cases for mobile phones.

Work by a student from school No. 1021. Photo courtesy of the author

"Exists syllabus, while teachers have a certain degree of creative freedom: you can add something of your own...

IN last years schools now have the opportunity to do design work, make presentations and open lessons. Interactive form communication motivates students and makes classes even more interesting.

Expert opinion

Teachers began to be guided more often creative approach. Technology teacher at school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov told the site that their institution plans to purchase special kits for creating robots. According to the teacher, robotics is interesting for children of any age.

Now technology classes look like full-fledged workshops. At school No. 1021, they are equipped with multifunctional machines, including models that children from eight years old are allowed to access. On one such machine you can perform many actions: sawing, drilling or doing the work of a lathe.

Interesting and tasty: young housewives

Cooking, sewing and handicrafts are the three pillars of the technology program for girls. A striking example School No. 1415 will provide creative education for young ladies.

There, schoolgirls, instead of boring vinaigrette, cook hamburgers and learn how to make decorative elements for dishes and invent their own salad recipes. And during sewing classes, they organize real fashion shows, dressing their classmates in stylish dresses they have sewn with their own hands.

Expert opinion

Technology teacher at school No. 1415 Irina Smirnova

Technology lessons are now aimed not only at teaching the work of a housewife. The girls also do hair projects, learn how to count calories correctly, and master psychological tests. In addition, the school has a museum where tools and various household appliances from the 15th–17th centuries are collected. For example, students can see how fabric was created many years ago.

By the way, projects made by schoolchildren are submitted to various competitions. This year, during technology lessons, children made huge appliqués in the form of the coats of arms of the North-Eastern Administrative District, which were sewn onto dresses on sewing machine. Their works won the district competition. In the next academic year, the school plans to create a handmade panel on the theme “Streets of Moscow”. Teachers of technology, geography and literature are going to participate in the project.

To the machine: a factory of real men

Handmade wooden box made during technology class. Photo courtesy of the author.

When it comes to teaching young people, teachers differ in their opinions. Some people prefer information technology, and some handmade. Wood and metal processing are still included in the “technological kit” of young gentlemen.

Technology teacher at school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov believes that working with your hands ennobles a person and makes a real man out of a teenager. The teacher himself has the badge of “Excellence in Military Construction” and is not just a technology teacher, but the first man in the entire history of school No. 1021 to take charge of the classroom.

Expert opinion

Technology teacher at school No. 1021 Alexander Smetov

During labor lessons, children do decorative works made of wood using carving, burning and painting techniques. Schoolchildren are also taught to work with plywood and paper. Many of the works of school No. 1021 students won the inter-district competition of fine and decorative arts. applied arts"Crafts Pantry - 2016".

However, the boys’ work is not only aesthetic value. According to Smetov, his students know how to make a beautiful birdhouse, hammer or nut own production. While the fifth-graders are mastering the machines, the older kids are being taught how to build a house.

Margarita Maslova

The young speaker spoke,
He talked about work.
He argued from the podium:
- Labor is needed always, everywhere!
The school tells us to work,
The squad teaches this...
- Pick up the papers from the floor!
One of the guys shouted.
But here the speaker winces:
- There is a cleaning lady for that!
A. Barto

Rarely is an appointee greeted by the people with such enthusiasm as the new Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva. Nobody really knows anything about her, but the expectations are the most optimistic.

There is something Shchedrin-esque about this. Remember: “The best citizens gathered in front of the cathedral bell tower and, forming a nationwide assembly, shook the air with exclamations: our father! our handsome guy! our clever girl!.. The residents rejoiced; Having not yet seen the newly appointed ruler, they were already telling jokes about him and calling him “handsome” and “clever.” However, in our case, enthusiasm is understandable and forgivable: Vasilyeva’s predecessors did a lot of trouble, so it seems to the people that things can’t get any worse, which means it will be better.

Today's new is not the completely forgotten old. Soviet. The school is again trying to become a place where they educate, and not just provide " educational services» - like diving or beading courses.

This is good and correct, but in this matter, as they say, the horse was not lying down. There is no official ideology as there never was. Who are friends and who are enemies, who are heroes and who are villains, what is respected and what is despicable is not clearly indicated. The Constitution still prohibits official ideology. And without it, everything is unsteady and incorrect, everything falls apart and all that remains is only gelatinous pluralism with tolerance in addition.

It is impossible to educate without ideology. Impossible. I'm not even talking about methodological developments- this is a matter for later. First of all, I’m talking about general principles.

It seems that there are plans to revive labor lessons at school. Work is indeed the basis of education. Respect for work and your own work.

The progressives immediately began to mutter. Some of the listeners who called Ekho Moskvy scoffed: if they teach you how to sew, it will come in handy in prison. Someone mockingly recalls how completely useless aprons were sewn.

Today, labor - simple, physical, which forms the basis of life - is not respected. Household mainstream philosophy is the life perception of a pretty maid who dreams of becoming a kept woman for a master and finally quitting working forever and starting chasing people just like you were yesterday. One girl I knew, who married a well-paid Moscow yuppie, spoke with contemptuous sympathy about her servant: “She had such a hard life that she can do everything: sew, cook, and clean.”

At the school in our village there is - formally - the subject "gardening". So they manage to study it... theoretically, in the classroom. And hired “Tajiks” look after the garden. At the same time, many children live in houses with plots. But you can also understand the teachers: well, if they impale each other with pitchforks or break each other’s skulls with a shovel, they will have to answer. And finding a teacher who actually knows how to work in the garden, not just from a book, is not an easy task.

The modern urban public has a downright ancient view of work: it is the work of slaves. “Well, there are all sorts of Tajiks, Moldovans, whatever they are also called - I confuse them.” Real life for the advanced crowd that shapes morals - life without work. The ideal is a person who can’t do anything, because he can hire, order, buy. By this he distances himself from the “cattle”.

It was Leo Tolstoy who plowed the land and mowed the grass, it was Churchill who worked in the garden and laid bricks on the estate with his own hands. They did not need to distance themselves from the “cattle” and prove their “difficulty” - they were already “counts”, not office yuppies.

Oh, and it will be difficult to organize labor lessons in the current atmosphere... It’s difficult, but it’s necessary.

What to teach? Yes to any craft. It’s not worth worrying too much about making sure it will come in handy in life. Quadratic equations after all, they also don’t occur in real life, and nowadays spelling is mostly checked by computer, but they teach it. For what? Forms thinking - you say? So handmade shapes it even more! Man became a man when he began to make tools and develop his hand. Today, advanced mothers engage with babies in the so-called “ finger gymnastics- It is believed to promote brain development. That's right, it helps. And sewing, embroidery, working with a hammer and soldering iron contributes even more. In my generation, all the girls sewed for dolls. I remember I created a whole wardrobe for a small doll the size of a palm. This is careful, painstaking work that requires skill. She quietly developed the same fine motor skills, which is taught in school preparation courses.

At school we sewed - not only an apron, but also various other things, and in the 8th grade we even had a “calico ball”, to which all the girls showed up in clothes they had sewn with their own hands. cotton dresses. These were very beautiful and very cheap dresses in the style of Cinderella at the ball. Knowing how to sew is generally very profitable: just compare the price of the fabric and finished product. And it’s very educational: figuring out a pattern (not to mention creating your own), laying it out on fabric so that it comes out economically - all this is mental work.

In general, any craft work is mental, and therefore developmental. Not every man today will put together a birdhouse: he just doesn’t know how to approach it. Labor lessons, no matter what you do, teach you not to be afraid of physical reality. You can do anything: repair, make benches, paint old furniture(a very entertaining thing) - in a word, everything that a teacher can do well. We need to look for craftsmen and bring them to work. Then things will work out.

Look, someone will stop wanting to enroll in an ecological-linguistic university and get down to business. This is education.

Today, the system of labor education in schools is undergoing changes. Their driver is the new norms of federal state educational standards (FSES), which, in particular, provide for a reduction in hours for technology lessons. A more detailed study of this subject will go into the so-called electives, that is, compulsory courses chosen by students, and more attention will be paid to extracurricular activities. And here the children themselves must decide what will become a priority for them - technology in courses and clubs or some other science for in-depth study.

Recently, parents have repeatedly noted that technology lessons in schools are outdated. Life moves forward, but labor education is marking time; in most schools, equipment is not updated, and more modern technologies are not being introduced.

"Cheryomukha" decided to find out if this is really so? What has changed in labor technology lessons lately besides the name, how have they been affected by the standards within which the school lives?

WHAT DO PARENTS WANT?

So that children leave school in literally generalists.

Nikolai Solovyov, father of 12-year-old Anton and 14-year-old Natasha:“Girls would be able to cook not trivial dishes like sandwiches and salads, but more complex ones, they would master cutting and sewing, the basics of household, were psychologically ready to start a family. Boys would know wood and metalworking and become tech savvy. It would be good if children had medical knowledge.”

I agree with one thing - the foundations of medical knowledge should be laid in a person from adolescence. But this should be done by specialists. But why shouldn’t parents instill the knowledge listed above in their children? But the realities of our time are such that almost half of the children in each class are from single-parent families. As a rule, dads are absent. Mothers and grandmothers can also show and explain to girls the basics of housekeeping. What about the boys? The burden falls on technology teachers. And in two-parent families Parents, preoccupied with making money, practically do not see their children.

TEACHERS' POINT OF VIEW

Technology teachers believe that today there is a stereotype regarding technology lessons that needs to be broken. There is an opinion: in class, schoolchildren do nothing but make stools and mops, while girls do cross-stitch. In fact, it's not like that. At least in those schools where I was able to visit during the preparation of this material. Today, children get acquainted with many areas - drawing, electrical engineering, technologies for processing various materials, housekeeping, repair and construction. For example, eighth graders as part of a regional program vocational training schoolchildren study modern industries and production Yaroslavl region, universities and educational institutions in the region.

Technology includes several interrelated subjects: labor training, computer science, mathematics, geometry, drawing, physics. New educational standards provide for the possibility of implementation in educational process modern educational blocks at the discretion of the teacher.

The problem is precisely who will promote modern trends in city schools? Average age technology teachers - about 45 - 50 years old. In addition, there are not very many young specialists who want to go to work in school. There is a stereotype that people earn little here. But with a good workload, a teacher can receive the average salary in the city. Plus summer vacation - 56 days, three vacations a school year. There are also social guarantees. There is a regional mortgage lending program for the purchase of housing for young professionals.

Teachers are confident that the prestige of the profession needs to be revived school teacher and as soon as possible, talk about its advantages, promote it among teenagers and parents. Maybe we shouldn’t wait for young specialists from pedagogical universities? Rybinsk has its own technical university. Why not introduce pedagogy into the undergraduate curriculum as an elective course? And after finishing educational institution attract them to work in schools.

About what's in modern world technology lessons are changing, told and Galina Chepurina, secondary technology teacher secondary school No. 12 named after P. F. Derunov:“We work according to Irina Sasova’s program, which is based on the project method. And the children carry out their work from idea to implementation. If earlier, during labor lessons, girls sewed napkins, and they all turned out almost identical, but now everything is different. We recently carried out a project on a theatrical puppet - and each child got their own one, who wanted which one and chose for themselves.”

Galina Alekseevna showed several project dolls - Smeshariki, others were made from ordinary spoons, the third looked like a tablet doll for a real puppet theater.

Galina Chepurina:“Having completed the project, the children present the results of their work - some simply explain the manufacturing technology, while others prepare a whole performance. Isn't this interesting?

Only the technology for making things remains the same - take measurements, master the seams. But main role creativity plays a role.

Liliya Gladkova, technology teacher high school № 26: “I liked the new standards better because they provide an opportunity through project activities develop children's imagination. And children take on projects with great interest. Our goal as teachers is to introduce girls to new trends in applied art and broaden their horizons. We are now studying the interior of the house, even the formation family budget. And we do everything we can - crocheting, knitting, sewing various products, making paintings in the batik style. With the advent of the Internet, children now more possibilities– we saw something there, and we do this in class. We even cook cabbage soup virtually. It’s just a pity that they are reducing the time for technology lessons.”

What about the boys?

There are all sorts of crafts in the workshop of technology teacher of secondary school No. 12 Stanislav Matchin, who this year became the winner of the Rybinsk stage of the “Teacher of the Year” competition. Flower stands, tablets and Cell Phones, notebooks made from outdated computer materials - floppy disks, mantises made from the “filling” of incandescent light bulbs, care kits indoor flowers, clocks made from old records, model airplanes, wooden devils for Halloween. Boys learn the basics of wood and metalworking, various technologies and tricks that will undoubtedly be useful to them in later life.

It’s easier to master the basics of cooking and learn cutting and sewing with girls. At what plan? The materials are not that expensive. I don’t argue that sewing machines, electric stoves, and dishes also cost money, but it is much cheaper than purchasing metal, wood and the corresponding machines, tools and devices for boys’ technology lessons.

Sergey Zanin, technology teacher for boys at secondary school No. 26:“Technology lessons in schools are an expensive pleasure. They “eat up” about 40% of the funds from the total supply. Today the cost of a school screw-cutting lathe is approximately 240 thousand rubles, plus its installation and connection will cost 50 thousand. And also the cost of tools and equipment. Therefore, the hours spent working with metal have been reduced. “I began to devote more time to arts and crafts.”

Sergei Nikolaevich showed samples of wood and metal products that they made and are making with the boys during technology lessons. Modern children's products are simpler than those of children in the 80s and 90s. The reason is problems with logistics. Equipment and tools are worn out, and, as always, there is not enough money to purchase new ones. At one time, enterprises provided assistance to schools with tools and machines.

To make labor lessons more high-tech today, you need a base, equipment, materials, specialists, in the end. Today, unfortunately, there is no continuity among teaching staff. After all, a teacher, before giving a child knowledge, must himself be able to work on machines and with his hands. There is currently a shortage of technology teachers for boys. In some schools, this subject is taught by women. What can they teach boys? Yes, they will provide theoretical knowledge from the textbook, but the most important thing is practice, for which 75% of the study time is given according to the program.

Sergey Zanin:“I believe that we should teach a child to work with his hands and give the basics of work various instruments, on machines. And then he himself will decide in which direction to improve. If we go a little deeper into history. You know that Bismarck was the first to introduce labor training in German schools. And the emphasis was placed on manual labor. After which Germany began to develop rapidly as an industrial country. And it is still developing. France, England, and the USA followed her example. Our country at the beginning of the 20th century was one of the leaders in manual labor, there were about 5 thousand teachers working at that time.”

After our conversation, I approached the boys who had just mastered electrical engineering in a technology lesson. Judging by the glowing eyes, they like it.

— What else would you like to do during technology lessons? - I ask them. The guys just smiled and ran to recess. Sergei Nikolaevich came to their aid:

“Our goal is to instill a love of work, interest children, and captivate them with creativity. But this requires materials, tools, machines, designers.”

HIGH-TECH VIEW FROM RGAT

If we move away from the standards, what might technology lessons be like in school? “Cheryomukha” addressed this question to one of the teachers of the Rybinsk State Aviation technical university. He has his own vision, quite original.

Andrey Pechatkin, head of the department of radio-electronic and telecommunication systems of the Russian State Aviation Technical University, candidate of technical sciences: “In my opinion, you can go into more interesting areas, for example, robotics, which combines many areas of knowledge. And both girls and boys can do this. At the first stage, the child constructs his own robot. What function it will perform depends only on his imagination. IN in this case children turn to such areas of knowledge as mechanics. An object has been created. Now you need to “breathe” life into it so that the robot can carry out the simplest commands - move in different directions, raise your hands, take something. This is where sciences such as programming and computer science come into play. After which it can be made more elegant - using a 3D printer to shape it. In this case, children are already mastering the systems computer-aided design. The robot can be made colorful.”

Modern technology, which, by the way, is safe for children, allows this to be done. In addition, the robot can be radio-controlled. And let these toys grow with the children. And you can organize competitions to see whose robot can overcome obstacles faster and get from point A to point B - fantasize ad infinitum. But you can create more real devices for the needs of the school, for example, thermal imagers - devices for monitoring the temperature distribution of the surface under study. With their help, it is possible to record whether heat leaks occur in a school, to examine the body of humans and animals, plants, and to answer the question of what happens to a conductor when an electric current passes through it.

What will it take to create robots? Typical kits for creating them, computer and software, design programs and a 3D printer - everything, by the way, can be purchased today.

What will the reduction in hours for technology lessons in school lead to? Probably this means that children will work less and less with their hands. Everything that surrounds us is created by labor and hands. Labor is the basis of human life. Therefore, technology lessons at school should be productive. Labor is connected with the foundations of all sciences. It cultivates many qualities in a person: discipline, caution, perseverance, eye, perseverance, attentiveness. In the end, it shapes the child into a human being.

• Svetlana Bakunina

I have three questions for community members. For those who want to leave their answers, I ask you to first look at the comments that are posted at the end of this post.

1. Please remember your time at school and tell me how much the labor lessons that you attended in those days were useful to you in your life (both professional and everyday). At the same time, it would be interesting to understand, if we talk about basic household things (cooking, sewing for girls, sawing, planing, etc. for boys), to whom do you consider yourself to be more obliged to those skills that you acquired by the time you grew up: school lessons or parents?
2. Can you say how useful (from your point of view) labor lessons are for your children in modern school. Do your children acquire any skills at school that make their PRESENT life in your family easier?
3. If you consider it reasonable to take such an approach to conducting labor lessons, in which children acquire REAL SKILLS that will be useful to them after they begin independent life in your new young family (however, before, too, while they still live “under your wing”), please share your knowledge about those schools where this experience, in your opinion, is actually put into practice.

And now - a few of my own comments.
I want to explain where the legs “grow” from. The fact is that I work for a publishing company that produces products aimed at school administrators. And working with me are people who were (or are still) directors or head teachers of schools. Yesterday, quite by chance, we had a conversation on this topic, and I, as a young father and as an active participant in all kinds of actions that fall to parent committees, asked my colleagues a question about the extent to which children’s education is being taught in the schools in which they work. work is close to real practice. We had a rather interesting and meaningful conversation. For my part, I was primarily interested in whether boys are taught to work with a drill, saw, plan, sharpen, lay tiles, glue wallpaper, etc. In addition, I was interested in the question of whether labor lessons in their schools are somehow connected with the solution of some economic problems that arise in the school and require some kind of repair action. That is, for example, if a classroom needs renovation, is this situation used to demonstrate to children in practice the technologies that are used in renovating rooms, perhaps while giving them PRACTICAL LESSONS. After all, this kills two birds with one stone: the children learn something, and the school saves money on repairs by solving some of the problems using its internal reserves. Or suddenly in some toilet the boys gouged a sink or toilet (this, for example, happened at the school where my girls study), and then at a labor lesson you can demonstrate to some class how to install a new sink, how to connect plumbing, etc. .P. This develops responsibility and a more careful attitude towards what is available at school. And in general, the school then gradually turns into a second home..
The main disadvantages of this approach, which my colleagues immediately told me about, are two things (actually interrelated). The first is the attitude of parents towards such events. Negative attitude. Because many parents will think that their children are simply being used. And in this case, I understand that all kinds of carrying heavy objects, cleaning rooms and other similar work can really strain many parents, especially when their child is plowing, and his desk neighbor does not want to do this. But I hope you understand that this is a different situation. The second problem is that now the school administration must be extremely careful in these types of situations. They are obliged, in the case of such a non-standard event, such as, for example, the participation of children of a certain class, say, in painting walls, to conduct a bunch of instructions, obtain parental consent in writing and take a lot of other paperwork steps. And it's so complicated that hiring a painter is much cheaper.
Our conversation yesterday stuck in my head so much that this post was formed as a result. And now, to be honest, I would like, having received some critical mass of your comments, to formulate some parallel questions for the LiveJournal community director_shkoly where current education administrators sometimes “graze” to find out what difficulties are involved in overcoming such a “tilt” in labor teaching.

By the way, I know for sure that in less formalized schools, in rural areas, everything I wrote about is often natural and familiar. And moreover, sometimes such a joint school-home economics turns out to be a condition for the survival of the school with the level of funding that it has. And the relationships there between students and teachers are more sincere...

Thanks in advance to everyone who responds!

During the technology lesson, the classes are divided into two groups: boys and girls. This happens for obvious reasons. Technology lessons teach children manual labor, which will be useful to them in later life. The work differs significantly from the work of boys. So as not to mix the two different areas activities, classes are divided into subgroups.

Lessons take place in various classrooms. Each group has its own teacher. As a rule, the teacher for boys is a man, and for girls it is a woman.

Technology for girls

Home economics is usually called technology lessons, dating back to Soviet times. The subject got its name because of what it teaches. The task of home economics is considered to be to help girls learn knowledge and practical skills that will be useful in the household and in everyday life, as well as to develop in children independence and many other qualities that every woman needs to possess.

The home economics program includes several sections: housekeeping, cutting and sewing, cooking, clothing care. The entire program is designed for seven years: starting from and ending with 11. Classes are held once a week and last 1 hour.

In the first half of 5th grade, girls get acquainted with the device sewing machine, make patterns and try to sew simple things on their own. Every year the difficulty increases. Cutting and sewing in each class ranges from 23 to 58 hours.

Starting from the second half of each school year, girls are taught to prepare food. First there is an introduction to kitchen equipment, as well as with dishes. Every year the program becomes more complex and teaches you how to cook dishes of varying complexity: starting from vegetable sandwiches and ending with the simplest fish and meat dishes. A mandatory component of each lesson is a theoretical part, during which the teacher introduces students to safety precautions and also demonstrates products.

Technology for boys

Technology lessons for boys and girls are radically different. Starting from the 5th grade, boys are raised to be real men who will be jacks of all trades.

From 5 to 5 boys are taught to work with various materials and tools. Initially, they are introduced to the materials in principle. They explain the properties of wood and metals, and also show what tools they are processed with.

Starting from , under the guidance of the teacher, boys begin to work independently with materials. Initially, an acquaintance with the tree occurs. On practical exercises The teacher teaches how to make stools, and also teaches the techniques that are best used when working with wood.

By the end of 11th grade, boys can independently make a wooden plane, turn some toys on special machine, as well as perform decorative wood carvings. They have the skills to process materials and work with them.