What is the explanation for the split? Church schism. Icon with the image of St. Macarius of Zheltovodsk

Preparing for the Unified State Exam Task 16 (from the Task Bank)

1. Looking around the stage (1), Ippolit Matveevich saw (2) rectangles hanging from the ceiling (3) (4) painted in the primary colors of the solar spectrum.

2. Mount Talaya (1), overgrown with young pine trees to the very top (2), seemed to all flare up with every flash of thunder, and one could even see (3) tree branches standing out against the light background (4).

3. Breaking the silence of the morning (1) the roar of the sea (2) occasionally (3) interrupted by the cry of seagulls (4) came through the open windows.

4. Between the bluish stones along the slope shines (1) the water, constrained by the stone shores (2), which is seething (3) trying to spread out in breadth.

5. In the silence, bees sleepily crawled among the flowers near the balcony (1) doing their leisurely work (2) and one could hear (3) the subtle (4) babbling of the silvery foliage of the poplars.

6. The art of the High Renaissance (1) spanning only about three decades (2) travels a very long way (3) marked by the work of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo (4) and reaches its highest peak.

7 . Birds (1) when choosing their (2) life partners (3) attach great importance to the shades of plumage. And if the feathered gentleman does not have (4) the cap characteristic of (5) his fellows, then the chances of receiving favor from the bride are slim.

8. A young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from the summer sky (4) outlining the space above the horizon.

9. The walls of the house (1), updated with paint (2) and cornices painted around the entire perimeter (3) lined with a bright border of tiles (4), look festive.

10. Once seeing (1) the woman depicted in the picture (2) with an amazing smile (3) mysteriously playing on her calm face (4) the viewer falls under the power of Leonardo’s brilliant painting da Vinci.

11. Ippolit Matveyevich walked down the street (1) holding five pound bread in his hand (2) wrapped in a Vladikavkaz newspaper (3) and (4) slightly dragging his left leg.

12. A calm, majestic river with dots of boats and their disappearing traces spread out between the banks and went forward (1) shrinking between huge ledges of rocks (2) and then disappeared (3) into bright green (4) valleys.

13. Flowers (1) merging into a whole forest clearing (2) and forming open space(3) upon closer examination, we were struck by the ideal shape of each corolla (4) framed by delicate petals.

14. After thinking a little (1) Ostap placed on the parapet (2) which protected the highway from the seething abyss of the Terek (3) stocks of sausage purchased in Vladikavkaz (4) and began to climb the rock

15. Picasso’s famous “Dove” (1) created with a few strokes (2) and (3) depicted on a black background (4) in 1949 became a symbol of peace.

16. The technique of deep painting (1) allowing one to draw freely (2) without any physical effort (3) turned out to be especially close to Shishkin (4) who maintained a free and lively manner of drawing.

17.Masha sat in the corner until lunch (1) carefully looking at her older sister and (2) listening to (3) the words she uttered (4).

18. A small fish jumps up (1), leaving behind itself on the sleepy water (2) slowly scattering (3) rings (4) similar to the slaps of raindrops.

19. For several years in a row I spent the summer months away from the bustle and noise (1) of the city, in a quiet village (2) lost (3) among a dense pine forest (4) that emitted a strong resinous aroma.

20. Behind the field (1) sown with (2) rye (3) just blooming (4) a small village was visible.

21. There is not a single Russian painter who (1) having visited the sea (2) would not try to depict the sea element (3) permeated with the rays (4) of the rising sun.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam Task 17 (from the Bank of tasks)

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place

Sentences must contain commas.

1. On the street we were surrounded by dogs and had not the slightest desire (1) it seems (2) to recognize us as acquaintances. Their warlike mood was (3) visible (4) to every passerby.

2. Encounters with the art of painting give the joy of discovery (1) exclusively (2) to an attentive and patient viewer. A visit to an art museum (3) for example (4) requires us to be able and willing to perceive and experience what we see.

3. Some contemporaries were outraged by the use of A.S. Pushkin of common people’s words in contexts where (1) according to critics (2) it was necessary to use the words “high”. However (3) Pushkin resolutely rejected the concept of “low matter”.

4. The wind gently swept through the matte green rye and (1) seemed (2) to run into the aspen trees. From their earrings (3) imagine (4) a white cloud of fluff fell off and rushed into the thicket.

5. Among the poets Silver Age A.A. Akhmatova (1) undoubtedly (2) occupies a special position. She draws the content of her poems (3) exclusively (4) from the depths of her soul.

6. Poems (1) are probably (2) written to say more than can be expressed in prose. As is known (4), the same idea (3) was expressed by L.N. Tolstoy: “In poetry, my thought would require greater completeness.”

7. Roman M.Yu. Lermontov (1) without a doubt (2) are imbued with unity of thought, and therefore its parts cannot be read in a manner other than the order in which the author himself arranged them: otherwise you will read two excellent (3) in my opinion (4) stories and several excellent short stories , but not a novel.

8. Most of the sketches (1) unfortunately (2) were not included in the picture, but the impressions of each May dawn (3) of course (4) sank into my soul.

9. Quiet night hour(1) seemed (2) gave the conversation a special charm.

Working with computer programs (3) will certainly (4) captivate you.

10. In nature (1) there is no doubt (2) there is nothing more musical than the approaching early morning. Still sleeping in stone houses people, and the forest (3) on the contrary (4) is full of life: birds begin to sing joyfully, leaves rustle, butterflies flutter.

11. And to the right, and to the left, and (1) it seems (2) lightning flashed right above the house.

On this sunny day, everything around (3) seemed (4) joyful.

12. In almost every hall of the museum you (1) will probably (2) see statues.

In sculpture, each side of the figure (3) without a doubt (4) has its own special expression, which must be captured by peering at the creation from all sides.

13. Today in literature (1), according to critics (2), the type of writer and the type of reader are changing dramatically. Educational mission of literature (3)

apparently (4) is becoming a thing of the past.

14. Raspberry Mountains in the Middle Urals (1) according to stories famous travelers(2) got their name due to the fact that raspberries grew in particular abundance along the ridges and placers. It (3) true (4) was smaller than the forest raspberry, but ripening in the sun, this mountain raspberry acquired a unique taste.

15. It should be recognized that we live in a world where people are not immune from dangers. Currently (1) however (2) accumulated great experience in preventing the consequences of disasters. In Mexico (3) for example (4) earthquakes occur almost without casualties, because classes are constantly held with the population.

The thunderstorm (1) apparently (2) is passing by, and the rain (3) is unlikely to (4) last long.

16.Roman M.Yu. Lermontov (1) according to scientists (2) are imbued with unity of thought, and therefore it cannot be read in a manner other than the order in which the author himself arranged it: otherwise you will read two excellent (3) in my opinion (4) stories and several no less excellent stories, but you won’t know the novel.

17. The language of poetry (1) as is known (2) cannot be ordinary, since the way of expressing itself in iambics and trochaics is unusual. Therefore, poetry is (3) one might say (4) a miracle of transforming an ordinary word into a poetic word.

18. The Bear Stone on the Tagil River is (1) without a doubt (2) one of the highest rocks in the Middle Urals. Here (3) according to legend (4) Ermak spent the winter with his army.

19.Now the oak is blooming, and (1) as expected (2) it has become cold.

I love northern nature with its silent gloom (3) must be (4) for its primitive loneliness.

20. I (1) probably (2) will not be able to convey vividly and convincingly enough how great my amazement was when I felt that almost every book (3) seemed to (4) open a window into a new, unknown world.

21. In the linden alley, last year’s foliage rustled sadly underfoot, and in the quiet twilight (1) it seemed (2) shadows were hiding. And suddenly for a moment there was a breath of charm from this picture (3) as if (4) something very familiar, close from childhood.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam Task 18 (from the Bank of tasks)

Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s)

there must be a comma(s) in the sentence.

1. Gradually (1) a city grew (2) in the name (3) of which (4) the aroma of the red pine trees that surrounded it was preserved.

2. Each book (1) you study (2) that (3) you will have during the school year (4) is a treasure trove of knowledge.

3. Repin's canvas “Barge Haulers on the Volga” is a monumental work (1) main actors(2) which (3) are not the heroes of antiquity, but the simple people of modern Russia.

4. Thunder struck (1) the rumbles (2) of which reminded me (3) of the sound of a terrible earthquake.

5. The so-called Big Seven Western countries (1) which (2) accounted for about half of world industrial production (4) included four European countries, the USA, Japan and Canada.

6. Among the first Russian princes (1) whose images (2) are covered in traditions and legends (3) one of the places of honor belongs to Prince Oleg.

7 . From the entryway the door led directly to the kitchen (1) to the left wall (2) of which (3) a large Russian stove was attached to one side.

8. The novel (1) the core (2) of which (3) is the love story of Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev (4) has become a truly historical work.

9. A little later (1) the Chursins called the phone (2) number (3) which (4) they found out in the help desk (5) and canceled the doctor’s call.

10. Psychological portrait of the hero of a literary work (1) an example (2) of which is (3) the description of Masha Mironova in the story by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"(4) is intended to reveal inner world hero through his appearance.

11. Every writer is a psychologist (1) whose tasks (2) (3) include understanding the motives of the hero’s actions and revealing his soul.

12.Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which divides countries (3) into developed and developing.

13. It was a poetess (1) whose enchanting verses (2) (3) hid a certain mystery.

Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

14. The Shishkin family lived on the high bank of the Toyma in a house (1) from the window (2) of which (3) the river winding through the flooded meadows was visible.

15. The human body (1) needs microelements (2), the use (3) of which (4) in complex fertilizers (5) increases nutritional value fruits and vegetables.

16. Winding paths (1) smooth lines (2) which (3) beckon into the depths of the site (4) make the garden mysterious.

17. The flood (1) carried a dilapidated house (2) onto a deserted island, the shutters (3) of which (4) were open, as if reaching out to people.

18. In the 19th century in Russia, between the ranks of titular adviser and collegiate assessor (1), an abyss opened up (2) as a bridge (3) across which (4) a university or lyceum diploma served.

19. That same river (1) on the bank (2) of which (3) Eugene spent most of his life (4) was unrecognizable.

20. Lecithin is a substance (1) deficiency (2) of which (3) leads to increased fatigue and memory impairment.

21. I remember (1) a young woman (2) whose mental blindness (3) (4) turned her into a “jumper”.

22.Pechorin involuntarily notices human shortcomings (1) knowledge (2) of which (3) he is especially proud.

23.On earth (1) there are cold-blooded animals (2) whose body temperature (3) depends on the ambient temperature.

24. Scientists note the positive role of conflicts (1) effective management (2) of which (3) allows taking into account (4) the interests of all parties.

25.Already in Paris M.I. Tsvetaeva wrote (1) the famous miniature in prose - “Life Insurance” (2) the action (3) of which (4) takes place not in the past, but in the present, and not in Russia, but in France.

26.I.E. felt the aesthetic value of Valaam architectural ensembles very well. Repin and V.D. Polenov (1) in the work (2) of whom (3) the island of Valaam left a deep mark.

27.Aquilegias (1) have very beautiful openwork leaves (2) thanks to (3) which (4) the plants are attractive throughout the season.

28. There is a known (1) ancient Roman legend (2) according to (3) in which (4) the skilled healer Peon (5) healed the wounds of the god Pluto after his battle with Hercules.

29.After two years of working in one of the Moscow garages (1), he bought on occasion such an old car (2) that its appearance on the market (3) could only be explained by the liquidation of the automobile museum.

30.A.S. Pushkin and his young wife stayed with Demuth (1) whose hotel (2) at that time was considered the most famous in St. Petersburg.

31. When the bark of trees (1) is deeply damaged, resinous sap (2) is released abundantly, the composition (3) of which includes turpentine, water and resin acids.

32.A.S. Pushkin created a series works of art(1) the main characters (2) of which (3) are truly historical figures.

33. In the production of silk (1), a special composition is applied to the fabric in the form geometric figure(2) within (3) which (4) special composition the product is impregnated.

34.Chekhov’s dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of spirit, of a new wonderful life (1) to create (2) which (3) we need (4) to work, toil, and suffer for another thousand years.

35. In domestic scientific and educational literature (1) Latin and Greek words (2) roots (3) of which (4) formed the basis of the terms are often cited.

36. The sovereign and the generals (1) went to inspect the fortifications of the Dris camp (2) about the convenience (3) of which (4) they began to doubt.

37. With the first rays of the spring sun (1), crocuses rush to open their “cups” (2) in the center (3) of which (4) an orange pistil is visible.

38. We needed a conductor (1) whose reliability (2) there would be no doubt about.

39.Later (1) the poet learned in detail the tragedy of an entire generation (2) the best people(3) whom (4) were exiled to Siberia.

40.Scientists have created unique material(1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain huge amounts of moisture.

41.Talking surnames are a classic device (1) thanks to (2) which (3) the author (4) gives the characters an apt description.

42. The famous copper mine near Nizhny Tagil is the only malachite deposit in terms of its wealth and power, with the exception of the Gumeshevsky mine (1) reserves (2) of malachite (3) in which (4) have long been exhausted.

43.For the owners cherry orchard August 22 is not only the day of sale of the estate, but also the reference point (1) in relation to (2) to which (3) time is divided into past and future.

44.B natural conditions(1) the best surviving (2) botanical tulips (3) the seeds (4) of which (5) are easily dispersed throughout the steppe.

45.Russian (1) refers to those languages ​​(2) in which (3) stress plays a very important role for the correct understanding of words (4) when perceiving them by ear.

46.Victory brings Vasily Terkin (1) a deep inner experience (2) to express (3) which (4) does not require pathos.

47. Konstantin (1) enthusiastically expounded on the idea of ​​a new book (2) the basis (3) of which (4) was criticism of all old works on economics.

48. Once in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub tore the chain from the pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was built and ran into the garden.

49. On the canvas I.I. Shishkin’s “Among the Flat Valley” (1) depicts a flat landscape of central Russia (2) whose beauty (3) (4) evokes a feeling of calm.

50. On flat areas (1) a magnificent effect is achieved with the help of high flower beds (2) whose walls (3) (4) are lined with natural stone.

51. Hours dragged on (1) of painful waiting (2) during which (3) Mishka unsuccessfully tried to forget all his troubles.

52.Nothing (1) can influence a person (2) whose soul (3) (4) lives with the conviction of the ultimate triumph of kindness and truth.

53.When varnishing (1), a transparencies(2) through which (3) the natural color and texture of the wood shines through.

54.We were lucky enough to see (1) an ancient Egyptian boat (2) the sickle shape (3) of which (4) was borrowed from papyrus boats.

55.After a long journey (1), the tired travelers drank from the well (2), the water in which (3) seemed unusually tasty to them.

56.Anna (1) was often guided by (2) principles (3) with the help of which (4) she sought to control events.

57. Around the house (1) hazel bushes (2) grew thickly, through the branches of which (3) the windows of the room and the porch (4) between them were visible.

58.Later (1) Raskolnikov encounters Luzhin (2) whose extreme egoism (3) (4) does not stop at destroying someone else’s life.

59. At the request of the sovereign, people (2) whose opinion (3) he wanted to know about the upcoming difficulties (4) were gathered for a military council (1).

60. In the time of Mozart (1) Salzburg was the capital of a small principality (2) headed (3) by (4) the Salzburg archbishop.

61.Today, in the field of nature conservation, the direction (1) is actively developing, the basis (2) of which (3) is ecology - the science of the relationships of organisms with their environment.

62. In the treasury of Russian art (1) one of the most honorable places belongs to I.I. Shishkin (2) with the name (3) of whom (4) the history of the Russian landscape of the second is connected half of the 19th century centuries.

63. A teenager (1) must learn to react to situations that are new to him (2) to resolve (3) which (4) there are no ready-made recipes.

64.On sunny areas(1) the dicentra develops well (2) the flowers (3) of which (4) resemble an inverted droplet or heart.

65.On earth (1) there are cold-blooded animals (2) whose body temperature (3) depends on the ambient temperature.

66.After a long journey (1), the tired travelers drank from the well (2), the water in which (3) seemed unusually tasty to them.

67. On the canvas I.I. Shishkin’s “Among the Flat Valley” (1) depicts a flat landscape of central Russia (2) whose beauty (3) (4) evokes a feeling of calm.

68.Usually (1) iris (2) whose rhizomes (3) can lie quite deep (4) are planted to a depth of 25 centimeters.

69.Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the 5th century BC (4) is described in ancient Indian legends.

70. Sage is planted (1) on light soils (2) in terms of nutrition (3) of which (4) the plant is undemanding.

71. Some minerals (1) whose reserves (2) (3) are not renewed (4) may disappear from our planet in the near future.

72.B middle lane In Russia (1) there are many amateur flower growers (2) whose collections of peonies (3) (4) can only be envied.

73. As a result of loosening (1), a pump effect occurs (2) thanks to (3) which (4) the soil is well supplied with air.

74.After undergoing trials (1) Prince Andrei returns to his family (2), the value (3) of which (4) in his current understanding is immeasurably high.

75.The story “Men” belongs to those works by A.P. Chekhov (1) a distinctive feature (2) of which (3) is the artistic synthesis of life phenomena.

76. In the treasury of Russian art (1) one of the most honorable places belongs to I.I. Shishkin (2) with the name (3) of whom (4) the history of the Russian landscape of the second half of the 19th century is connected.

Task 19

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

1. I don’t remember (1) how I got to the place (2) but (3) when I woke up (4) my friends were already standing next to me.

2. The tame crane kept looking at the sky (1) and (2) if a bird of prey appeared (3) it uttered an alarming cry (4) which the hens and chicks understood well.

3. The snow covered the tracks of the travelers (1) and it became clear (2) that (3) if the snowfall did not stop by night (4) then it would be difficult to find the way back.

4. Cucumbers are so tender (1) that (2) if you look at the light through their skin (3) you can see large grains (4) that are white.

5. N.V. Gogol believed (1) that his fiery words would set human hearts on fire (2) and (3) when his poem fell into the hands of readers (4) he tensely waited for the moment of miraculous transformation.

6. We picked mushrooms, talked (1) and (2) when Masha asked

about something (3) then she came forward (4) to see my face.

7. It was difficult to stay at home on the first winter day (1) and (2) so that we would not get lost (3) grandfather took us to the edge of the forest (4) which we had noticed a long time ago.

8. Cold rain poured for several days (1) and (2) while the bad weather continued (3) it seemed to us (4) that summer was over forever.

9. Hadji Murat was sitting next to him in the room (1) and (2) although he did not understand the conversation (3) he felt (4) that they were arguing about him.

10. At home, my guest immediately began to complain to me (1) that (2) while he was driving to me (3) he got lost in the forest (4) and was forced to spend the night in the forester’s lodge.

11. Caught starlings quickly get used to people (1) and (2) if they live in a house (3) they fly around the rooms (4) they rejoice at their owner and trustingly sit on his shoulder.

12. The moose became so attached to the boy (1) that (2) when he went somewhere (3) the animal anxiously sniffed the air (4) and refused to eat.

13. Summer is in full swing (1) and (2) if you stay longer in the forest (3) you will see a warbler (4) flashing among the branches.

14.But I want to warn you (1) that (2) if you deceive me (3) you will be ashamed (4) because it will be a rather low act.

15.Maria did not answer anything (1) and (2) in order to distract herself from the unpleasant conversation (3) began to stroke the dog (4) although it was sleeping peacefully.

16. And the old woman kept talking and talking about her happiness (1) and (2) although her words were familiar (3) their grandson’s heart suddenly ached sweetly (4) as if everything he heard was happening to him.

17. Elena was so daydreaming (1) that (2) when she heard the doorbell (3) she did not immediately understand (4) what was happening.

18. It’s a long way until dawn (1) and the transparent silence of the night floats over the sleeping forest (2) and (3) when you get used to it (4) every rustle and whisper begins to be clearly heard.

19. The smell of fog is stronger (1) and (2) when we step into the meadow (3) the smell of mown, still damp grass is overwhelming (4) although signs of its first withering are already visible.

20. Pyotr Ivanovich always tried to avoid conversations at the table (1) and (2) when he was invited to have a meal (3) he simply sat down (4) and ate in silence.

21. Tatyana Afanasyevna gave her brother a sign (1) that the patient wanted to sleep (2) and (3) when everyone slowly left the room (4) she sat down at the spinning wheel again.

22. This long row seemed especially difficult to Levin (1) but then (2) when the row was reached to the end (3) and Titus began to follow the tracks with slow steps (4) Levin followed his swath in the same way.

A note on Russia (“Mémoire sur la Russie”) was written by one of the members of the Bavarian deputation of the Order of Malta, which came to the court of Emperor Paul in November 1779 and was in Russia until February 19, 1800. It was headed by the bailiff of Flaxland, and its members were Count d'Arco, Count Preising and the Chevalier de Bray, a Frenchman by birth. The deputation, which had the goal of expressing submission to Emperor Paul, as the Grand Master of the Order of Malta, from the Bavarian priory, was at first very accepted by him favorably, and Flaxland was even invited to the imperial table every day, but soon the participation of the Bavarians in diplomatic intrigues and Rostopchin’s slander, according to Abbot Georgel, irritated the sovereign to such an extent that he stopped receiving Flaxland and did not even give him a farewell audience. does not name himself directly anywhere, but some indications give reason to assume that it was compiled by the Cavalier de Brey, since it was he who bore the burden of diplomatic relations between the Munich court and the St. Petersburg cabinet, which are discussed in detail in the “Note” The time of its compilation is the end. 1800. The note is written in a rather impartial tone, and provides a lot of interesting information about Russia and Russian society at the end of the 18th century, thus being an addition to the “Notes” of Abbot Georgel, who was in Russia at the same time as the Bavarian deputation.

E. Sh.

<…>Russia now has no definite political system. The desires of the sovereign constitute her entire policy, and these desires are governed by such violent passions that it is impossible to ever base anything positive on them in political combinations. Meanwhile, his intentions are always the same. Not a single sovereign, perhaps, was so invariably occupied with one thought, imbued with one feeling, and it is very rare to see such variability of actions connected so closely with this constancy of principles.

Conscientious honesty, a sincere desire to see everyone come into possession of their legal rights, an innate inclination towards despotism, a special cast of knightly mind, which made him capable of the most magnanimous and bold decisions, constantly controlled Paul I in his political relations with other powers. He became the head of the coalition out of feeling, and not for any benefit. Upon his accession to the throne, he followed a different path, because Bezborodko was still at the head of the board, and this latter was imbued with the principles of the policy of Catherine II, who, almost until her death, incited others to act without acting herself. Maybe because the empress last minutes life accepted various measures against revolutionary France, the emperor wanted to show that he did not want to accept anything from her projects and intended to always stay away from the plans drawn up by her. The remaining respect for this minister forced him to keep him at the head of the administration, but, of course, if Prince Bezborodko had lived another year, he would have been dismissed.

Even before the death of this minister, the capture of Malta led the emperor to an idea that he subsequently developed. This monarch wanted to become the restorer of Europe, the defender of all the oppressed, he considered himself able to force everything to submit to his intentions - he was mistaken; he thought that by declaring that he had no interest and no personal ambition in carrying out his political plans, he would entice others to do the same - he was once again mistaken.

Austria pretended because she needed him and his influence to regain importance and to dispel the kind of horror that the military successes of the French in 1796 and 1797 and the enterprises of her government in 1798 and 1799 had spread throughout Europe. The Emperor entered into the coalition with direct, honest intentions: he announced that he wanted to overthrow the lawless government of France, and this was the truth; that he wanted nothing for himself, but everything for those to whom it belonged, this is also true. Anyone who knew the intentions of his allies could have foreseen the clash that was a consequence of the difference in principles and plans. As events followed each other, the politics of the other members of the coalition were revealed, and then the alarmed and excited honesty of Paul I greatly turned him away from those with whom he had united. From then on, the emperor began to have an aversion to politics. All his speeches were filled with sarcasm against her and her figures. He was indignant that they might think that he would help with his troops to implement unjust demands and carry out shameful robberies. He withdrew into himself and expressed complete contempt for everything that he considered infected with principles contradictory to him.

If Paul I had known people and his age better, he would never have made the mistake of thinking that his allies had no personal passions and no other interests other than the interests of justice: then he would have stood between the powers to achieve not an absolute, but a possible good . By acting as he did, he made his noble and good motives unnecessary and even harmful; he affected minds and aroused passions which he wished to curb. Finally, imprinting on the whole of Russia the inconstancy of his character and revealing the flow of the most powerful passions, he made it lose all significance and all external political influence.

How can one really count on an alliance that can be destroyed by caprice, and leave the success of the most important enterprises to the accidents of bad mood! Was it not also noticeable that neither England nor Austria cared about retaining such an ally, and that they limited themselves to expressions of respect and friendship, without actually taking a single step to return to the old plans?

Meanwhile, the emperor continued to negotiate with various powers. Three treaties were signed with Bavaria, Sweden and Portugal at a time when he already had the idea of ​​​​returning his troops. These are all contracts of guarantees and obligations of protection necessary against unlawful attacks. They all bear the stamp of his direct and honest character.

The Emperor is a bad ally for a great power, but he is a very important patron for a small one. He is a difficult and perhaps harmful ally, but at the same time he would be a very dangerous enemy. This is easy to understand, because when acting in alliance with others, the slightest disagreement, the most insignificant event could become a reason for discord, while acting against another, he must either go forward or admit defeat.

Therefore, Austria is just as afraid of him as an ally as she is afraid of him as an enemy. She knows very well that the Emperor will not allow anything that could cause significant harm to her political security, and this makes me think that as long as the Emperor lives or reigns, she will abandon any thought of expanding her borders to the east, west or north. If small domestic quarrels with Austria and just its projects for its expansion to the south could excite Paul I to the extent to which he is now agitated against Austria, what cannot be expected from those measures that would formally affect his acceptance of obligations! The manner in which he now treats the Viennese ambassador is unprecedented in the history of diplomacy; rumors about the severity of his attitude towards gr. Kobenzel even reaches England, but this shows that the emperor is not stopped by any considerations when he considers himself to be offended in his most cherished principles.

The Russian Emperor is currently in a state of complete embitterment against France, whose government he views as self-proclaimed, but in reality he is waging war with her only on one point in the Mediterranean (Malta). He is on martial law with Spain, although there is no hostilities between them; he harbors hatred against Austria, any rapprochement with which will be all the more difficult since it can be said that their distance is the result of true disagreement. He is cold towards England and indifferent towards Denmark. He loves Sweden and Bavaria. He patronizes the Sardinian king because he is unhappy. Naples is the only power he really supports, because its ambassador expresses the strongest hatred of Austria. He is an ally of the Porte because there is something attractive to his character in this alliance. Prussia, of all the powers, is the only one with which he began relations that have more to do with the ordinary course of politics, and this is because they are the work of Count Panin, who put into them the spirit of order and method that characterizes him, and the principles of the alliance with Prussia were the same principles as his late uncle.

Therefore, one can see that relations between Russia and other powers are relations between an individual and others; that they are an expression of feeling, and not of political consideration and calculation; that the emperor is guided by desires, not plans; that he has ardent feelings, but that it is impossible to count on the fulfillment of those of his desires that require a deliberate agreement, a calculated step and foresight.

Despite this, it is terribly important for Bayern to maintain his friendship.

On November 18, 1699, Peter I issued a decree “On the admission of all free people to the Great Sovereign Service as soldiers” and the first recruitment. Initially, they tried to build the army on a mixed basis (voluntary and forced), they began to enroll free people fit for military service. Those who wished to become soldiers were promised an annual salary of 11 rubles and “grain and feed supplies.” Initially, registration for the army took place in a soldiers' hut in the village of Preobrazhenskoye and was led by Avton Golovin. Then recruitment into the army began to take place not only in the capital, but also in Pskov, Novgorod, Smolensk, Belgorod and the Volga region cities. The result of this decree was the formation of three infantry divisions, the commanders of which were appointed generals Golovin, Weide and Repnin. At the same time, the process of forming regular cavalry - dragoon regiments - was underway. Army recruits were armed and supported by the state. The 1699 recruitment was the first step towards a regular army recruitment system. The reform itself was completed during Northern War.

Tsar Peter considered it his life's work to raise the Russian state and strengthen its military power. From the very beginning government activities he paid great attention to military affairs. Researchers note that belligerence was undoubtedly an innate inclination of Pyotr Alekseevich. In his early youth, the prince was only interested in toys of a military nature. In the royal workshops, all kinds of children's things were made for the prince, with which little Peter amused himself and armed the children, “amusing children.” It must be said that such upbringing was traditional for Russian princes; from ancient times, the rulers of Rus' were warriors. The first military leader of the prince was the commander of one of the foreign soldier regiments - Menesius (regiments of the “foreign system” began to be formed during the Time of Troubles by Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, the second organization began in 1630).

After the Streletsky revolt in May 1682, the transfer of power into the hands of Princess Sophia, new living conditions for the young prince were created. Removed from the large court, removed from any participation in state affairs, freed from court etiquette, Peter received complete freedom. Living in the suburban villages of Vorobyovo and Preobrazhenskoye, the prince indulged almost exclusively in war games. The “amusing” ones gather around Peter - the children of the boyars, nobles who surrounded Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, the children of the courtyard people. Peter indulged in the “fun of Mars” with them. Gradually, the “amusing” ones began to take on the appearance of a military unit.

In 1684, a fortress was built on the Yauza River, with towers, walls and a moat. "Presburg" will become a gathering point for the "amusing" people. A whole town appears around it. At this time the prince went through a real military school: stood guard in any weather, built field fortifications together with everyone, was in the forefront in archery, musket shooting, javelin throwing, became familiar with the art of drumming, etc.

The absence of court rules allowed Pyotr Alekseevich to get closer to foreigners, which contributed to his military education. Among foreigners, the commander of the Butyrsky soldier regiment, General Patrick Gordon, had a special influence on the tsar. Scotsman Gordon sought his fortune for a long time in various European countries, went through an excellent military school in the Swedish army, and served in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He took part in the fight against the Russians, but soon accepted the offer of the Russian diplomatic agent Leontyev and entered the Russian service as a major. He distinguished himself in the Chigirin campaigns, for his military skills and valor he was awarded the rank of major general and appointed commander of the Butyrsky regiment. After passing the practical combat school Gordon also had great knowledge in theory - artillery, fortification, and the structure of the armed forces of European countries. Wise with extensive combat experience, Gordon was a very useful adviser and leader for the young king. Between them they established friendly relations.

In addition, Genevan Franz Lefort had a great influence on Peter’s military training. He served in the French army from the age of 14 and gained combat experience in the wars with the Dutch. Lefort arrived in Russia at the suggestion of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and quickly mastered the Russian language and became familiar with the customs of Russia. Comprehensively educated, cheerful, sociable Lefort could not help but attract the attention of the tsar. He quickly took his place among the king's associates. The young tsar listened carefully to Lefort's stories about the life and customs of European countries, learned fencing, dancing, horse riding, and received Dutch lessons. There were other foreign officers who had a significant influence on Peter, but Gordon and Lefort were the most prominent figures.

Soon Peter began to move from fun and games to more serious matters. The Moscow regiments of Gordon and Lefort are adjacent to the “amusing” Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. Peter, under the leadership of Gordon, acquires knowledge from the art of war, and at the same time undergoes practical school, participating in field training for his squad. Conversations and lessons are combined with field exercises and maneuvers. Field maneuvers were held every year, starting from 1691 to 1694, and not only infantry, but also cavalry and artillery took part in them. The exercises ended with exemplary battles. One of these exercises is the Kozhukhov campaign of 1694 (took place in the vicinity of the village of Kozhukhov). The defending detachment consisted of troops of the old system - archers, and the attacking detachment was mixed, consisting of new troops and local cavalry. The attackers crossed the Moscow River and began to storm the fortifications that the archers had built. The exercise almost turned into a real battle, everyone was so carried away by this action.

During the Azov campaigns, Peter received extensive military practice. After the first unsuccessful campaign, the king energetically began building a river and sea flotilla. At the hastily constructed Voronezh shipyards, under the leadership of the sovereign, work was in full swing. By the spring of 1696, thirty large ships had been built and about 1,000 small ones, for transporting troops, weapons and ammunition, were ready for the campaign. In May, ground forces and a flotilla moved down the Don. As a result, the Turkish fortress, blocked from sea and land, lasted only for two months. On July 19, 1696, Azov capitulated. The Azov campaigns became the first personal combat experience for Peter. They became the best evidence that to combat Ottoman Empire on the Black Sea or Sweden on the Baltic Sea, Russia needs a fleet. Peter also realized that the rifle regiments and local cavalry were no longer a first-class tool for implementing broad plans in the region foreign policy.

Peter’s journey as part of the “great embassy” (the tsar went to foreign lands under the modest name of the “Preobrazhensky Regiment of Sergeant Peter Mikhailov”) was of great importance in the sense of his personal improvement in various sciences. During the trip, the king paid especially close attention to military and naval affairs. The Polish-Lithuanian troops in Courland did not impress him. In Konigsberg, “Peter Mikhailov” studied artillery, in Dutch shipyards - shipbuilding practice, in England - the theory of ship construction, in Austria - the organization of imperial troops. On the way back, the sovereign studied the organization of the Saxon army.

Upon returning to the Russian state, the Tsar immediately began to reorganize the armed forces. General Adam Weide became Peter's active assistant in building a regular army. Peter begins to destroy the Streltsy army, starting with the mass executions of participants in the Streltsy revolt of 1698, and the transfer of some of the Streltsy to “live” in county towns. Some of the archers were transferred to the position of soldiers, others were sent to distant cities to perform garrison service (city archers remained in some places almost until the end of the century). The sovereign intends to form 60 thousand infantry troops supported by the state.

On November 8 (18), 1699, the royal decree was promulgated on voluntary enrollment in regular soldier regiments “from all free people” and the first recruitment. “Willing” people (volunteers) were accepted with a salary of 11 rubles. per year on full state support. “Datochnye” people (recruits) were recruited from a certain number of households: one warrior from 100 peasants. In the village of Preobrazhenskoye, the Main Commission was established for the recruitment of recruits, the formation of regiments, their supply and training. Its leader was Golovin. Repnin received the task of recruiting people in the lower towns along the Volga. Recruitment began in December 1699. During the first recruitment, 32 thousand people were accepted; they were sent to form 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments.

The Russian army, before the defeat at Narva, received the following organization. The infantry regiment consisted of ten fusilier companies (from “fusee” - gun). In some regiments one company was a grenadier. The composition of the infantry regiment: three staff officers, 35 chief officers and 1,200 combatant lower ranks. The infantryman was armed with a 14-pound gun, a baguette (a dagger with a flat, less often faceted blade, used as a bayonet) and a sword. Some of the infantry were armed with pikes - pikemen. In addition, corporals, sergeants, corporals and non-combatant lower ranks were armed with pikes and halberds. The dragoon regiments consisted of about 1 thousand people. The cavalry regiment was also divided into 10 companies. The dragoons were armed with 12-pound rifles without bayonets, two pistols and a broadsword.

Back in 1698, General Weide drew up the first charter, the article, based on the German model. The main one for the infantry was a formation of six deployed ranks. Doubling of rows and ranks was allowed. Gun techniques were established for loading, shooting, saluting, carrying a gun during a campaign, etc. The cavalry initially did not have their own regulations; the dragoons were guided in their training by the infantry regulations. The main formation for the cavalry was a deployed formation in three ranks.

All formed regiments brought together the three highest tactical units - generalships (divisions). They were headed by: Avtonom Golovin, Adam Weide and Anikita Repnin. The commanders of the formations were initially foreigners who had previously commanded regiments of the “foreign system”. Foreigners also predominated among the officers. This was a mistake, since foreigners often rushed to take a profitable position, having neither the relevant experience nor the desire to fight and, if necessary, die for Russia. Therefore, the bosses tried to train Russians in order to quickly replace foreigners.

The newly formed military units were hastily trained and within three months they showed positive results in combat training. However, the process of creating a new army was only gaining momentum. A real army, ready to restrain and deliver powerful blows, will be formed during the Northern War. Within a few years, the Russian army will become stronger, tempered and surpass the first-class Swedish army in all main parameters.

V.A. Zhukovsky wrote about one of the military parades on the occasion of the opening of the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg.

Of course, parades as a military ceremony were known even in pre-Petrine Rus'. A distinctive feature of military celebrations then was the indispensable blessing of the army by the church. Such a ritual turned this military review into a sacred event and emphasized the God-given power. It is known, for example, that Prince Dmitry Tverskoy in 1311 even disbanded his army, which did not receive the blessing of the Metropolitan. (It must be said that that military campaign was launched against another Russian prince - Yuri Danilovich).

The first mentions of a military review and painting of regiments include a gathering in Kolomna in 1380, where almost all the “armed forces” of the Russian princes united. According to the chroniclers, then this represented a sufficient gala event.

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, two types of military reviews, or “parades” were adopted:

• . Review before a military campaign
• . Review of the Tsar's Regiment (Great Sovereign Regiment)

As a rule, the archers of that time had their own uniform color and banners of the same color. The king's personal security was provided by a special regiment - the stirrup regiment.

Ceremonial military events were also held on the occasion of major military victories Russian weapons.

With the advent of Peter, a major military reform was launched, which included new regulations for military ceremonies. In 1732, a report “On the Review and Training of Regiments” was published, which outlined new provisions for military reviews. This Senate document reveals the large educational “load” of such ceremonies. For example, it says that at such general reviews (twice a year - before the start of campaigns and at their end), ordinary people, especially young people, are allowed to attend, so that everyone “has a desire for military service,” and also all formation procedures are described in detail, marches and military uniforms of participants.

It is interesting that, for example, in 1740, upon returning from the Turkish campaign, the Russian guard marched solemnly through the capital in their “military” uniform - “just as they were in the war”; officers passed with weapons with fixed bayonets. The festive distinction of the troops was laurel “cuckards” for their hats. Thus, at the request of Empress Anna Ioannovna, that military parade was given a resemblance to the ancient Romans, since it was the Romans who entered their capital with laurel wreaths after significant victories. The soldiers in that parade had spruce “cuckards” - “so that there was greenery.”

Military celebrations with ceremonial marches and review parades were regularly held in the capital in the 18th century, but this “genre” especially flourished during the reigns of Peter III and Paul I.

Almost until the end of the 19th century, the ceremony of changing the guard, established by Peter III, was preserved in the list of military officialdom, which took place twice a year - in the spring on the site between the Admiralty and the Winter Palace and in the winter - in the Mikhailovsky Manege.

Under Catherine the Great, these divorces did not take place with ceremonies and were “revived” only by Paul I. Then, in the highest presence, watch parades were held daily. The event was carried out according to special rules; a third of the officers of each unit of all garrisons or all the commanders of these units had to be present.

IN late XVIII centuries in Pavlovsk time, St. Petersburg festivities were subject to a different, special rigor, discipline, and clarity. Much attention was paid to color, form, ritual, and words. The Pavlovian style can be seen in chamber receptions, musical performances, festivities in gardens, and trips to suburban palaces. Not a single public holiday is complete without brilliant parades, which resembled ballet performances, with clear alignment, symbolic colors, brilliant steps, representing a kind of spectacular entertainment. Brass music played a special role in the festivities, although opera and home music playing were also popular. Pavlov's time was a time of “nervous” changes that were accepted by society without much inspiration. The chronological framework of this period is small - only four years, four months and four days - it is clear that the entertainment life of the capital did not have time to become established, traditions did not have time to form. And if we can talk about the Pavlovian style in applied art, then the Pavlovian style in festive culture did not find its continuation in subsequent reigns. Even throughout the 18th century, one can trace a trend in changing not only the meaning of the official holiday, but also its structure. Time itself dictates a certain selection, in which some fragments of the celebration become part of the history of the festive culture, while other elements of the official holiday are preserved and gradually turn into a stable tradition. For example, festive fireworks, salutes, and firing from the cannons of the Peter and Paul Fortress have survived to this day with some changes.

And, of course, military parades are becoming an indispensable traditional element of official public holidays of the 19th - early 20th centuries. They are built according to certain dramatic laws, have a special plastic solution and a certain type of movement, which O.F. Bolnov described it as a march: “Marching means that you are aware of the full meaning of this action, but you also understand that they are looking at you... At the same time, attention is directed... not to the state of emotions, but to the fulfillment of drill orders.” The St. Petersburg parade was a manifestation of state and imperial power, decorating the festive space with its spectacle and elevating it to the rank of the main parade square of the empire.

His sons also “inherited” such a “ceremonial” passion from their father, Emperor Paul. Thus, according to the memoirs of contemporaries, all the same divorces with ceremonies became one of the favorite pastimes of the young Alexander I. Moreover, they were no longer carried out only in the capital, but also in all places of the tsar’s travels. It is known, for example, how the Russian parade on the occasion of the overthrow of Napoleon in March 1814 shocked the whole of Paris. Eyewitnesses describe the day as a grand display of Russian power. The appearance, attire and weapons of the Russian soldiers were amazing. In the morning, all of Paris resounded with the music of military bands and was completely dotted with citizens. A lot of people gathered to watch the military march of the victors - people stood on balconies and terraces, on boulevards and squares.
“When you think about the labors endured by these people, many of whom, having arrived from the borders of China, in a short time covered the space from Moscow to France, you are filled with a feeling of horror at the vast Russian Empire,” wrote French marquis, an eyewitness to those events.

The ranks of soldiers walking along the pavements, prancing horsemen in luxurious uniforms, the courtesy and wit of noble officers speaking French simply shocked the townspeople. It is known that the Parisians treated our guardsmen with food and wine, however, as a witness to the parade recalls, none of the soldiers “took anything without money.”

Paul's next son, Nicholas, having ascended the throne, also “singled out” military parades as a separate significant event of the empire. During his reign, these military ceremonies were organized on the occasion of the birthdays of august persons, on Orthodox holidays, on meetings of foreign emperors, etc.

Under Nicholas, military parades acquired special pomp; the tsar considered them the most important integral part“state image”, the embodiment of its power, status and greatness. In this matter, Nikolai Pavlovich imagined himself to be a direct follower of Peter I.

At that time, military celebrations accompanied the celebrations of the most important dates in the historical calendar of Russia, as well as the opening of iconic monuments of the era. It is known, for example, that the raising of the Alexander Column in 1834 was considered an episode of national significance. Then the ceremonial march of the Russian guard lasted two hours and was accompanied by cannon shots and orchestral music. On that day, for the first time, the chant “God Save the Tsar” was performed as the national anthem, which later became an indispensable attribute of all shows, parades, divorces and other official ceremonies.

Over the years, some details of the military parade underwent minor changes, but remained true to the main purpose - demonstration and spectacle. Bright decorativeness, pomp and solemnity poured out in everything - the spectacular ceremonial uniform of the army, the pompous decoration of the city, music and gun salvoes - this whole luxurious military spectacle “worked” very effectively for the public. The spectators enthusiastically accepted this action, which, according to the researchers, was supposed to remind them of knightly deeds, tournaments, the triumph of courage and strength and glorify the “ideal army of an ideal state,” where drilled soldiers strictly followed “all the requirements of the rigid monotony of the article, arena, front - “kings of science” (A.S. Pushkin) and merged into a single, unmistakably functioning soulless mechanism.”

Thus, in the parade, each officer, each soldier was leveled as an individual, becoming one part of the whole army, symbolizing the power of the empire, a mechanism provided for by the article (in the words of Paul I).

Soviet cultural scientist Yu.M. Lotman in his works contrasted the parade with the battle, when this ceremony “strictly regulated the behavior of each person, turning him into a silent cog in a huge machine. He did not leave any room for variability in the behavior of the unit. But the initiative moves to the center, to the person of the parade commander. Since the time of Paul I it has been the emperor.”

P.S. The subsequent historical analogies are obvious.