Russian language is rightfully considered one of the most complex languages in the world, because there are more than enough rules, exceptions and all sorts of peculiarities in it. For example, did you know that in the Russian language there is a word with a zero root? This word " take it out." And the fact that the word “ wicked" is the only one-syllable adjective? Or that the British have to remember Russian " I love you", use the mnemonic " yellow-blue bus"? Isn't it interesting?

But even more interesting are the features of writing various parts of speech, for example, prepositions or letters. And, as practice shows, it is often correct writing letters causes the greatest difficulties for people, and to be even more specific, many often confuse the letters " ABOUT" And " Yo" , when it comes to writing them after sibilants. You’ve probably also seen “interesting” words like: “ cockerel", "girl", "tap", "lying", etc.

For anyone who has difficulty writing vowels " ABOUT" And " Yo" after sizzling, we offer this material by spelling.

How do you spell " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing ones

Below we will look at the spelling of letters " ABOUT" And " Yo" in stressed positions (in endings, suffixes, roots and other parts, as well as in pronouns and borrowed words) and in unstressed positions.

Writing ABOUT And Yo after sibilants under stress

Always in a strong position, i.e. under stress, after the letters “zh”, “sh”, “sch” and “ch” you should write “O”, i.e.:

In the endings of nouns or adjectives, as well as in the suffixes of adverbs that end in “ O". For example: cloak, shoulder, hut, knife; hot, good; stranger - stranger, big - big

In suffixes of nouns. For example:

• "Ovshchin (a)": stabbing
• "Otk (a)": rattle, however tap dance is an exception
• “About (a)”: slum, thicket, however studies is an exception
• "Onk(a)" or " onk(s)”: trousers, little hands, little book, vest
• "Onysh" or " onok": little frog, little barrel, little bear, little mouse, little boy
• “Ok”: cockerel, borscht, boot, push, hook, jump
• “Ovk (a)”: rechovka, raincoat, hacksaw, chizhovka, small things - but it is important to note here that “ ABOUT" is used only in words that are derived from adjectives and nouns, and should not be confused with verbal nouns, for example, “ overnight"

In the suffixes of adjectives " ov". For example: canvas, brocade, hedgehog, penny.

In suffixes of adjectives and adverbs " okhonk." For example: fresh, fresh.

In adjectives and nouns, in place of the fluent vowel “ O". For example:

• Colloquial words: nuzhon (from needed), dolzhon (from must), strashon (from scary)
• Ridiculous (from funny)
• Intestines (from the intestines)
• Scrotum (from moshna)
• Knyazhon (from the princess)
• Seam (from seam)
• Arson, heartburn, burn (from burning)
• Gluttonous, glutton, glutton (from eating)

In the roots of words, when the letter " ABOUT" does not alternate with the letter " Yo" after sibilant letters and is always located in a strong position (under stress). For example: evening, rustle, shuffle, prim, clink glasses, blinkers.

In Russian surnames, which are derived from adjectives, " ABOUT" or " Yo" are written based on traditional form, i.e. the way it was recorded in the documents. For example: Pugachev, Kalachev, Kalachov, Khrushchev, Khrushchov, Chernyshev, Chernyshov, etc.

Separately, you need to remember how to write the following proper names with the letter “ ABOUT" after the hissing ones: Sholokhov, Zhora, Pechora, Pechory, Zhostovo

If words are borrowed from any other language, then after the hissing letters it will also be written “ ABOUT", in a strong position. For example: show, shop, shorts, offshore, torchon, gherkin, cruchon, hood, anchovy, kharcho, force majeure, dude, joule, joker, junk, borjom, etc.

Foreign-language proper names are similarly written with the letter “ ABOUT". For example: George, Georges, Chaucer, Shaw, John, Johnny, Jody, Joyce and others

In any other case, after the hissing letters “zh”, “ch”, “sh”, “sch”, which are in the stressed position, it is necessary to write the letter “E”, i.e.:

At the endings of verbs “- eat", "-eat", "-eat". For example: you lie, you push, you bake, you bake, you cut, you cut.

IN imperfect verbs, which end in " -yow", as well as in passive participles and nouns formed from them. For example: uproot – uprooted – uprooting; demarcate – delimited – delimitation

In nouns formed from verbs and ending in “- yovka." For example: to peel - peeling, to shade - shading, to spend the night - overnight.

In nouns with the suffix " –er.” For example: massager, groomer, trainer, conductor, trainee, retoucher.

In passive participles, as well as in adjectives formed from verbs and having the suffixes “- yon" And "- yonn", and in the words derived from them. For example: waxed, learned - learning, stewed - stew, baked, loaded, burnt - burnt, detached - detachment - detached - detached, softened - softened, baked - baked, tense - tense - tension - tense - tense

In past tense verbs and words derived from them, instead of the fluent " ABOUT". For example: walked - left - came, read - took into account, burned - set fire - burned - burned - burned - lit.

In pronouns in the prepositional case. For example: on what? About what? And also in the words: how much, no matter, moreover, more

At the root in a strong position after the letters " w", "h", "sh", "sch" must be written " Yo" in the event that words with the same root are marked with “ E". For example:

• Click (click), lye (alkalis), lye (slit), cheeks (cheek), dandy (flaunt)
• Sherstka (wool), whisper (whisper), lattice (sieve), millet (millet), purse (purse), cheap, cheap (cheaper)
• Callous (stale), black (rabble), bangs (chelo), bees (bee), pechechka (liver), honor (honor), vecherka (evening), twine (becheva)
• Heavy (heaviness), hard (tin), perch (perch), wives (wife), yellow (yolk), gutter (groove), chewed (chew)

In words borrowed from foreign languages, in which a vowel sound that differs from Russian appears in a strong position “ ABOUT". For example: Schönbrunn, Schönberg, Schötz, Schözh, Schöst, Schönbeck

Writing " ABOUT" And "Yo" after hissing ones in unstressed positions

Regarding the writing " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters " zh", "ch", "sh", "sch", then there are only two basic rules:

In certain words borrowed from other languages, in unstressed position it is necessary to write “ ABOUT". For example: driver, chocolate, highway, shock, chauvinism, poncho, ranch, lecho, chonguri, banjo, majordomo, majoritarian, juggler, jockey, Chogori, Jonathan

In words that contain the prefix “- between", in an unstressed position one should similarly put “ ABOUT". For example: intercommunity, intersectoral, interregional

Thus, we have considered the main rules for writing “ ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters. And we are sure that if you repeat them a few more times and master their spelling properly, you will no longer have problems and confusion, and your writing will become more competent.

Rule when writing o or e

Word workday written together.

1. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast and so on., Nord-East and so on.

1. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include:
   1. a) verb in personal form, for example: Dont touch me(plant), love-not-love(flower);
   2. b) union, for example: ivan-da-marya(plant);
   3. c) preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt am Main.

1. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Andersen-Nexe.

For the choice between lowercase and uppercase letters in such surnames and given names, see § 95, note 1.

1. Foreign language compound surnames with the first part Sen- And St., For example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are also written with an initial or final integral part, denoting family relationships, social status etc., for example: Ibn Fadlan, Kor-ogly, Tursun-zade, Izmail Beys, Osman Pasha.

Note 1. Compound names with first part Don- are written with a hyphen only in cases where the second, main part of the name is not used separately in the Russian literary language, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word Don used in the meaning of “master”, it is written separately, for example: Don Pedro, Don Basilio.

Note 2. Articles and particles that make up foreign-language surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, Le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles without which surnames of this type not used, written with a hyphen, for example: Van Dyck.

In the Russian rendering of some foreign language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages ​​they are written separately, for example: Lafontaine, Laharpe, Decandolle, Delisle.

Note 3. Names of different categories, for example Roman ones, are not connected by hyphens Gaius Julius Caesar, similar to the corresponding Russian name, patronymic and surname.

Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written with the latter separately, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest , Vanka Cain, Muravyov the Hangman.

Note. Geographical names are written separately:

1. a) consisting of an adjective and a noun following it, or a numeral and a noun following it, for example: White church, Nizhny Tagil, Velikie Luki, Yasnaya Polyana, Seven Brothers;
2. b) representing combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: village Lev Tolstoy, station Erofey Pavlovich.

Note. This rule does not apply to compound foreign language names expressed in Russian letters literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., which are written separately if they are highlighted in quotation marks in the text, for example: "Standard Oil", "Corriero della Roma".

1. Floor-(half) followed by genitive case noun, if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l, For example: half a turn, half an apple, half a lemon, But: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; Combinations are also written with a hyphen floor- followed by a proper name, for example: half of Moscow, half of Europe. Words starting with semi-, are always written together, for example: half a mile from the city, stop, semicircle.

1. Words, the first component of which are foreign language elements Ober-, non-commissioned officer, life-, headquarters-, vice-, the ex-, For example: Chief Master, non-commissioned officer, life physician, headquarters, vice president, ex-champion.

About continuous writing counter- see § 76.

Also spelled with a hyphen rear admiral(Here counter- does not have the meaning in which it is written together).

For separating an appendix with commas, see § 152.

1. A defined word with a one-word appendix immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the frolic, Anika the Warrior.

Note 1. A hyphen is not written between the defined word and the one-word appendix standing before it, which can be equated in meaning to an adjective, for example: handsome son.

Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: social democrats mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

1. a) in combination of a common noun with the following proper noun, for example: Moscow city, Volga river, playful Masha;
2. b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific concept, for example: bird finch, magnolia flower;
3. c) after words citizen, comrade, sir etc. in combination with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, Mr. Ambassador.

Writing o - e (ё) after hissing words at the root of the word

Particular difficulties in Russian spelling are caused by the spelling of stressed vowels "O" or her after the hissing ones “zh”, “sh”, “h”, “sch” at the root of the word.

To spell a word correctly, we follow the spelling rule:

Let's see how this spelling rule works. To choose between writing letters "e" or "O" in words “evening”, “liver”, “hairstyle”, “black”, we will select related words whose roots contain the letter "e" after the hissing ones:

• evening e rka - evening e R
• oven e nka-pech e no
• ??? e ska - h e shet
• h e rn - h e note
• sch e gol - sch e walk around

We made sure that the letters were changed "e" on "e" in the selected related words took place. This means that in the words under consideration, at the root after the hissing words we will write the letter "e".

Similarly, we select the spelling of the desired letter after the hissing words at the root:

• why e t - zach e there is
• shuttle - shuttle
• bech e Vka - Bech e va
• w e sweat - sh e bird
• younger e we - w e on, well e them

In the Russian language there are a number of words for which it is impossible to select related words or change their form, so that after hissing “zh”, “sh”, “h”, “sch” the letter was written "e".

Exceptions

gooseberry, major, chocolate, glutton, seam, shock, rustle, thicket, jockey, driver, chauvinist, highway, Scottish, saddler, blinders

and their derivatives with the letter "O" After sibilants, you should remember or ask about their spelling in a spelling dictionary.

russkiiyazyk.ru

E or E - which is correct?

We speak and write Russian correctly.

Answered by Yesenia Pavlotsky, linguist-morphologist, expert at the Institute of Philology, mass media and Psychology, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.

We should start with the fact that the letter e in a language there is a special status of a sign, the strict obligatory use of which is limited. No other letter of our alphabet enjoys such a “privilege.” It's hard to imagine that we could write or not write a, t or at, if we so want. But here's the word before you hedgehog- same as hedgehog. The result is this “stereo picture”: a hedgehog is a hedgehog, and in our minds this is the same word.

Many people have a question: if there is no difference, if the use of a letter is not mandatory, then why is such a sign needed at all? Who needed to enter it and why?

Appearance of the sign e was the result of a global transformation in the Old Russian language - the transition to (the transition of the sound [e] to the sound [o]). You can read more about this process in any historical grammar textbook. (He writes in great detail about the prerequisites and the phenomenon itself. V.V. Kolesov.) Most often, the following example is given for understanding: before transitioning into a word honey pronounced like [ m´ed], and then they began to pronounce it the way we hear it today - [ Maud]. (The sign in the transcription indicates the softness of the consonant.) So, the phonetic phenomenon was formed, but there was no expression for it, but the appearance of a special sign, of course, was inevitable. In the 18th century, a combination appeared for this purpose io - miod, however, he was not destined to take root, like other options - o, ё, їô, ió, io.

But e throughout its history it has been objectionable not only for this. Its spread in the XVIII – 19th centuries was blocked by the attitude towards pronunciation with e as ignoble, philistine. Pronunciation with e instead of e was considered something like ours don't call instead of calls- emphasized belonging to an approved group of native speakers. Pronunciation with e was considered common, denigrating the language. President of the Russian Academy A. S. Shishkov wrote that writing “stars” instead of “star” is a complete corruption of the language.

Well, in the end, e they even refuse to be a full-fledged letter. So, A.A. Reformed writes that there is only a special icon umlaut(two dots) above the letter e, which is an opportunity to avoid discrepancies - but not an independent letter e.

So, we have already found out that the path is e difficult, unenviable fate. It remains to understand the main thing: are there cases when the norm establishes its obligatory nature. Yes, there are such cases.

Firstly, e required in special texts: primers, school textbooks for native Russian speakers and foreigners, as well as dictionaries. It is necessary for learning the language.

And thirdly, you will agree that there is a difference between let's take a break we, or still let's take a break. In some cases e has a meaningful function - All And All, perfect And perfect.

Also e required in proper names.

In all other cases, use e optional and determined by the choice of the author of the text.

The letters “o”, “e” in place of an unstressed vowel

Vowels after sibilants and “ts”.

In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e – in accordance with the drum uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ).

This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (cap), leg (schenkel), ironing (angling), cloudy (candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel), punch, raincoat (penny, borscht), watchman (siskin), more(cf. big), redhead (to someone else's), more powerful (hot). Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the striking position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch .

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O .

List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(compare option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing words (see § 18, paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the hissing word is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from choker), cleaning rod(plural from ramrod).

Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix between and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual, not legalized literary norm formations, for example: nutty(from asshole), prim(from prim), rustling(‘barely audible rustling’), freshly(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).

Popular:

• Individual labor property 3.2. Types and forms of ownership Property relations during historical development formed in various shapes. Forms of ownership differ from each other according to the subjects of ownership, [...]
• Order of dismissal for absenteeism - sample 2018 Send by mail Order of dismissal for absenteeism - sample 2018 will be given in our article. This order has its own design features. When you get fired because [...]
• The kindergarten project in Chelyabinsk was included in the federal register of reuse projects According to the project kindergarten designed for 220 seats. Its construction is planned under the “Support and Development” program preschool education V […]
• Spelling of vowels after hissing and Ts. 62. Spelling of vowels after hissing and Ts. After the hissing consonants zh, ch, sh, shch, the vowels a, u, i are written, and the vowels i, yu, y (thicket, bold) are never written. This rule does not [...]
• Sample of a clarified statement of claim in arbitration court Updated statement of claim to the arbitration court - a sample of this document can be downloaded from the link posted in the presented article. We will explain further how [...]
• At a criminal “gathering,” police special forces caught a seasoned thief in law (+ video) After the fiasco in Kyiv, the criminal Guga was going to strengthen his influence in Odessa. Thief in law nicknamed “Guga” (in the world Sergo Glonti - approx. […]
• When and for what years should I apply for a property deduction when buying a home? Most of the questions from our clients are related to the deadline for contacting the tax authorities to obtain property deduction, as well as with [...]
• What is a sample order for extending the powers of the General Director? Send an order to extend the powers of the director by mail - you can download a sample of it on our website - it is used as a local act [...]

Many people get confused with “o” and “e” at the root of the word. This is one of the rules of the Russian language that is easy to remember, but even so, most people misspell such words. To remember the rule about O and E after the hissing words at the root of the word, you need to look at the peculiarities of their use.

“O” is written when in the root, with or without stress after sibilants, this vowel cannot be verified by selecting a cognate word with “E”.

• Chocolate. When selecting words of the same root, “o” retains its position: chocolate, chocolate.
• To shock – shock, shock, shock therapy.

It is important to distinguish between the roots -zhog- and -zheg-: they have different lexical meanings. The verbs use “ё”: “Peter suddenly burned his hand while pouring tea.” In nouns, the root word is “o”: “Marina treated the burn herself with the help of oils and ointments.”

“O” is also written in some foreign words: highway, driver, chauvinism and all derivatives from them.

Note! In the words “stew”, “condensed milk”, “overnight” it is written “e”. In these cases, you need to look at the words they relate to. In this case, these are the verbs “stew”, “thicken”, “overnight”. Therefore, “е” in these words does not refer to the root, but to the suffix.

“Yo” in the roots of words after hissing words

“E” is written at the root of a word in cases where, when the form of the word changes, “e” appears in its place.

• Whisper. If you change the word to a verb, you get the word “whisper.” “e” appears at the root of the word, so “e” is used in the noun.
• Walked. If you change the word to other forms, for example, “who came,” the letter “e” appears at the root of the word, so it is correct to use “e” in the adjective.

If, when changing the number of a word or case, the stress shifts to another syllable, then the root of the word is also written “e”.

For example:

• gutter – gutters;
• millstone - millstone;
• liver - liver.

These two conditions - stress and alternation of “е” with “e” help to choose which letter to write at the root after sibilants.

“Yo” in the roots of words after hissing words

You can remember these rules using simple rhyming “memory notes”.

For example:

• Should I write O or E? Do not you know!

Then you change the word!

If “e” replaced “e”,

Then drop the “o” altogether!

• If you change a word and get an “e” at the root,

Then you can freely write “e” in it quickly, easily!

• Vowels o and e after sibilants

They confuse different children and adults,

But if the word can be changed,

And change the letter “е” to “e” there,

There is no need to think and guess for a long time,

But still write “e” with confidence!

• Don’t forget to write “o” or “e”,

If the rule is simple, you will know.

If you change the word, you get "e"

Then forget about “o” and “e” and write quickly.

How to remember the rule

For those who like sequence of actions when choosing a spelling, there is a sequence of actions that need to be followed in order not to make a mistake.

The algorithm for choosing a letter when in doubt includes the following steps:

1. Write down the word, identify the letter that is in doubt.
2. Determine whether a word belongs to
3. Choose several words with the same root.
4. Analyze changes in the root of the word: does the letter change or not?
5. If the letter has changed to “e”, then in the first form of the word you need to write “e”; if no changes occur, then in the root after the sibilants you need to write “o”.

Interesting fact! Often “e” is used instead of “e”. Many linguists argue that this is rude spelling mistake. But in fact, the use of “ё” is optional: it is mandatory in dictionaries, texts where emphasis matters, in books for schoolchildren, textbooks for foreigners. In other cases, its use is optional.

After ts under stress if the sound is pronounced O , the letter is written O ; written without accent e , For example: ts ó kol, ts ó staked; finger ó , cucumber ó m(But dresses e , mountaineer e m); flatterer ó V(But adherent e V); dance ó r, faces ó vka, sample ó vyy(But gloss e vyy), facing ó howl(But faces e vát).

Note.

In an unstressed position O written after ts only in words ts O cat(from ts ó cat) and in some foreign words, for example: palace O (castle), skérz O (musical piece at a lively, fast tempo). Letter e after ts not written.

E after sibilants under stress

IN roots of words after sibilants under stress, if the sound is pronounced O , it is usually denoted by the letter her) . When forming related words or changing a word, in these cases there is alternation e With e , For example: w e sweat - sh e pchet, h e mouth - h e mouths, w e little red face e hello, cat e lka - kosh e uh, uh e lka - sch e l.

Only in a small number of words in the root after sibilants is written in accordance with pronunciation O , For example: mazh ó ryny, obzh ó ra, prozh ó zealous, h ó repent, h ó porno, w ó h, w ó mpol, sh ó mouths, w ó roh etc. In these cases there is no alternation O With e , For example: h ó porno - h ó porn, live ó zealous - prozh ó zealousness, sh ó roh - sh ó rohi.

Notes:

1. You should remember the spelling of words with obscured composition or unproductive suffixes, where O or e written according to tradition, for example: 1) kryzh ó sank, slum ó bah, thicket ó bah, bang ó weave; 2) uch e ba(cf. uch é tion), decide e weave(cf. decide é woven), bech e vka(cf. bech e va), desh e vyy(cf. bech e va), desh e vyy(cf. desh é ow).

2. To distinguish the meaning of words in writing, letter O written in adverb evening ó R- “yesterday evening” (as opposed to V é black; evening e rka- “evening newspaper”); in nouns burn ó g, cool ó G- unlike verbs burn e G(straw) cool e G(hand): izzh ó ha.

3. In some foreign words the letter O after sibilants it is also written in an unstressed position, for example: and O kay, w O ngler, sh O colád, sh O ssé, sh O fer, sh O Vinism.

ABOUT after sibilants under stress

After sibilants under stress, in accordance with pronunciation it is written O :

1. in endings
   • nouns: candles ó th, cloak ó m, reins ó y, shower ó th;
   • adjectives: great ó wow, great ó mu;
2. in suffixes
   • nouns: -OK- , -He to- , -onok- And -He- (with fluent O ): download ó k, cock ó k, hand ó nka, bear ó nok, prince ó n(princesses);
   • adjectives: -ov- And -He- (with fluent O ): canvas ó vyy, brocade ó howl, funny ó n;
   • adverb: hot ó , total ó (But: yet e ).

In other cases, under stress after sibilants it is written her) . These include:

• verb endings: oven e sew, bake e t, oven e m;
• suffixes of passive participles -yonn- , -yon- (and also the suffix -yon- in adjectives formed from verbs): armed e armed, armed e n; oven e ny;
• suffixes of verbs (and nouns formed from these verbs): demarcation e howl (demarcation e vka), as well as the suffix -yor (experience e R).

(2 ratings, average: 5,00 out of 5)
In order to rate a post, you must be a registered user of the site.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Letters o, e, e after sibilants

Letters about her after the hissing ones

Letters about her in place of stressed vowels

§ 17. After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e , eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.

§ 18. After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?O, eg: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).

2. In suffixes of nouns:

?OK, eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;

?onok And ?Chonok, eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;

?onysh: uzhonysh;

?He to(a) and ?He to(and), eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes;

?ovk(a) (in denominate derivative words), for example: Chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things;

?about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix in modern language does not stand out, and in the ironic formation created on his model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;

?otk(A): ratchet;

?ovshchin(A): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, eg: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?sheep, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick‘cliff-billed heron’ ( tick-borne), fight (pugnacious, from brawler‘kind of plane’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in modern language.

Note 1. Denominal nouns in ?sheep type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, paragraph 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames, the hissing + ?ov (?ev) is written O or e in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchov And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?okhonk-, eg: fresh, good, good.

5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: glutton, glutton, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, overburn, heartburn(cf. I'm burning, I'm burning); trouble(cf. gen. p. why the hell), the seam (seam); princes(genus plural from princess), knife(genus from sheath? - outdated variant of the word sheath), scrotum, scrotum(genus plural and diminution from purse), intestines, intestines(genus and diminution from guts), sauerkraut(decrease from sauerkraut), cat And terrible(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); This also includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(gen. p. hook, jump) etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) the letter is written e (see § 19, paragraph 7).

Note. As well as ridiculous, colloquial versions are written when necessary short forms husband. sort of terrible, must, need.

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh(in writing e): click(And keep quiet), zhoster, zhokh, glutton(and option glutton), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The word is spelled the same way evening(And vecho?roshny), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, paragraph 7).

With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; same in proper names, eg: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors.

§ 19. In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.

2. In verbs imperfect form on ?yowl and verbal nouns in ?yowling, eg: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles ?vanny, eg: demarcated, uprooted, shaded.

3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, eg: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- And ?yong-, eg: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk.

6. In the place of the fugitive O in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire and etc.; the same in participles: set fire and etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), ?person (read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. went, came, went). At the same time, writing verb forms with the root burned contrasted with the writing of cognate nouns with the letter O: burn, arson, burnout(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after f, h, w, sch ).

Roots with combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutters, groove, grooved),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach?k'little acorn', acorn),

bile, gall(cf. options bile, gallbladder; biliary, biliary),

wives, little wife, little wife, newlywed (wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),

perch (pole, pole, pole),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, rigidity (tough, harsh),

overarm (sa?zhen And soot),

heavy (heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).

Roots with combination what :

twine (twine, twine),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, hepatic (liver),

honor, honorable (honor),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary (count, re-count, count, offset, take into account, deduction, accounts?, accountant, not? even),

shit (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),

canoe (shuttles, shuttle),

cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(compare option scratch; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, become callous),

damn, damn, little devil (damn, devils, devil, devil, damn, devilry),

dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, drawing),

comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),

tap dance (what?).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

Koshevka (Kosheva?),

wallet (wallet, purse),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk (silk, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),

fur, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with combination more :

dandy (foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),

tickles (tickle, tickle),

lye, lye (crack, cracks),

click, click (click, click),

lye, lye (alkalis, alkaline),

puppy (whelp, puppy),

brush (bristle).

Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents O in such proper names as, for example, Choboty(Name settlement), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(last names).

8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, vowel sound of the source language, e.g. Prime Minister's wife, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters oh, oh in place of unstressed vowels

§ 20. In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e - in accordance with the drum uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what?), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), tu?che (candle?); b) yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (rooster?k), Punch, raincoat (penny, borscht), one hundred?we're born (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry?zhem (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the striking position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch.

§ 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O . List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(compare option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing words (see § 18, paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the hissing word is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from what?ker), cleaning rod?(plural from ramrod).

Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: Zhokhova?ty(from zhokh), chopornova?ty(from prim), good?(‘barely audible rustling’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).