International trade in services. International trade in services (3) - Abstract

20.09.2019

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Introduction

Relevance and demand for the topic of the course work.

Modern international trade in services is rapidly expanding, exerting an increasingly significant impact on the development of the national economy and the world economy as a whole: it is becoming increasingly important in the social life of all countries. This process is an objective consequence of the ever-increasing needs scientific and technological progress and further deepening the division of labor.

One of the most important patterns of economic development around the world is the relationship between economic growth and the increasing role of services in the national economy. This is reflected in an increase in the share of labor, material, and financial resources used in the service sector. As society develops and productive forces grow, a certain development of the service sector occurs. There is an increase in employment in this area, an increase in the technical equipment of labor, and the introduction of increasingly advanced technologies. Despite this, services have been virtually unstudied in international economic theory for many years. This was partly due to the difficulty of defining the very concept of services, of which there are a great many.

It is precisely because of the intangibility and invisibility of most services that trade in them is sometimes called invisible exports or imports. However, even in this case there are many exceptions. Typically, services do not have a material form, although a number of services acquire it in the form computer programs on magnetic media, films, various documentation.

Unlike goods, services are produced and consumed largely simultaneously and cannot be stored. In this regard, the presence abroad of direct producers of services or foreign consumers in the country of production of services is required. Unlike operations with goods, they are not subject to customs control. Services may be capital and knowledge intensive, industrial in nature or satisfying personal needs, may be unskilled or require a very high level of skill of the performers. Not all types of services, unlike goods, are suitable for wide involvement in international circulation, for example public utilities. The service sector, as a rule, is protected to a greater extent by the state from foreign competition than the sphere of material production.

Difference international trade services from international trade in goods are diverse, heterogeneous and multifaceted various types services; the complexity of a unified approach to regulating their import and export, to the application of generally accepted international trade standards to trade in services, in particular most favored nation treatment and national treatment.

IN last years the problem of more thorough, detailed study world trade in services. This area of the global economy is still poorly understood. Until now the leading world scientists paid little attention to it, services were practically not studied. So it still doesn't exist precise definition services, there is no clear distinction between types of services, perfect system regulation of the service sector, despite the constantly growing scale of global exchange of services.

Goals and objectives of the course work. The main goal of this work is to study the theoretical aspects of international trade in services, its dynamics, problems and prospects.

To this end, the following tasks will be performed:

· study the economic essence of international trade in services;

· identify the features of international trade in services in modern conditions;

· determine the dynamics and current trends in international trade in services;

· study the problems affecting the process of global trade in services and outline the prospects for its development.

Work structure. Course work structured in accordance with the assigned tasks.

The work consists of two chapters, introduction and conclusion.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic and defines the goals and objectives of the study.

The first chapter discusses theoretical aspects research (the concept and essence of international trade in services), in the second - the features of international trade in services in modern conditions. The conclusion summarizes the results of the study.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of the study of international trade in services.

1.1. The concept and essence of international trade in services.

Services are economic activity, directly satisfying the personal needs of members of society, households, needs various kinds enterprises, associations, organizations, public needs or the needs of society as a whole, not embodied in material form.

The term "international trade in services" covers the international exchange of many types of services, each of which has specific characteristics. However, with all the diversity of international trade in services, one can see in the exchange of services whole line general patterns and trends characteristic of this area of international trade.

Trade in services is as widespread as international trade in goods (in the physical sense of the word). International trade in services has its own specifics:

· intangibility

· invisibility

· continuity of production and consumption

· heterogeneity and variability of quality

· inability of storage services

The global services market consists of many narrower “specialized” markets, which is caused by the heterogeneity and variety of services.

The entire variety of services in a modern developed economy can be grouped into several large, functionally more or less homogeneous divisions of a general very heterogeneous structure:

1) Transport:

Passenger (international transportation of passengers by all types of transport and provision of related services)

Freight (international cargo transportation)

2) Trips:

Business (goods and services purchased by non-residents traveling on business: business trips)

Personal (for example, tourism)

3) Communications (postal, courier, telephone and other communication services between residents and non-residents)

4) Construction

5) Insurance

6) Financial services

7) Computer and information services (for example, consultations in the field of computer programs, computer maintenance, etc.)

8) Royalties and licensing fees

9) Other business services:

Intermediary services

Other business, professional and technical services (legal, management, accounting, advertising and other services, design services, cartography, etc.)

11) Personal, cultural, recreational services:

Audiovisual (production of films, programs, discs, etc.)

Other (displaying exhibitions, holding events)

12) Government services (delivery of goods to the embassy, consulate, services provided international organizations to preserve peace)

It should be borne in mind that in Russia construction, freight transport, production service communications, retail, logistics, sales and procurement, production types consumer services are included by statistics in the sphere of material production.

International trade in services has a number of features compared to traditional trade in goods.

First, services, unlike goods, are produced and consumed largely simultaneously and cannot be stored. Therefore, most types of services are based on direct contacts between producers and consumers, which separates international trade in services from trade in goods, in which intermediation is often used.

Secondly, this trade interacts closely with trade in goods and has an increasing impact on it. More and more services are being used to supply goods abroad, from market analysis to transportation of goods. The success of a product in the foreign market largely depends on the quality and quantity of services involved in its production and sale (including after-sales service).

Thirdly, the service sector is usually more protected by the state from foreign competition than the sphere of material production. Moreover, transport and communications, financial and insurance services, and science in many countries are traditionally fully or partially owned by the state or strictly controlled by it. The import of services on a significant scale may be considered by the public and governments of many countries to pose a threat to their well-being, sovereignty and security. As a result, there are more barriers to international trade in services than to trade in goods.

Fourthly, not all types of services, unlike goods, are suitable for wide involvement in international economic turnover. First of all, this applies to some types of services that come primarily for personal consumption (for example, utilities and household services).

1.2. Dynamics of international trade in services in modern conditions.

Trade in services represents non-commodity commercial transactions. Unlike trade in goods, exporting or importing services does not necessarily mean crossing the customs border. The service can be provided to a non-resident within the customs territory of a given country, in which case the transaction will be considered international. A service becomes a subject of international trade if the producer of the service and its buyer are residents of different countries, regardless of the place of the transaction between them.
International exports of services are growing faster than international exports of goods. According to the WTO, Russian exports of commercial services in 2009 amounted to $15.9 billion (0.9% of world exports of commercial services, 24th place). Russia's imports of commercial services in 2009 amounted to $26.7 billion, 1.5% of world imports of services, which meant 18th place among the leading importing countries.
The reasons behind the dynamic growth of international trade in services:
1) STP and associated cardinal changes in the international division of labor;
2) growth in the general openness of national economies;
3) changes in the consumption structure of the population of the modern world;
4) the transition of the leading countries of the modern world to the modern “new information society”, which is based on the growth of consumption of services;
5) the growing interconnectedness of international trade in various types of services.
Reasons why trade in services lags behind trade in goods:
- the bulk of services (especially from government organizations) are sold within countries;
- trade in services, as it develops, requires increasingly higher technical equipment, which was achieved relatively recently;
- In recent years, much greater progress has been achieved in the liberalization of international trade in goods than in international trade in services. The changes that were achieved by the GATT and then the WTO related primarily to trade in goods.
However, one of the most important characteristics modern world trade is a very dynamic growth of exports and imports of services. Many experts believe that officially published data on the volume of international trade in services underestimate the actual value of services sold in international trade.
In the sectoral structure of exports of services until the early 80s. Transport services prevailed, but in subsequent decades they gave way to “other private services” and tourism, which developed much faster. “Other private services” include, in particular, such dynamically developing types of services as financial, information, communication, and consulting services.
Structure of Russian services exports:
42% tourism;
33% - transport services;
25% - other private services.
International exchange of services occurs primarily within the group of industrialized countries. The United States leads in terms of trade in services (16.0% of world exports and 12.5% of world imports in 2003).
In the international services market in 2009, Russia ranked 24th in the world in exports (0.9%) and 18th in imports (1.5%).
We can talk about the specialization of national economies in the export of services in the system of international division of labor. In industrialized countries, these are, first of all, financial, telecommunications, information, business services, and advanced technologies. Some developing countries also specialize in the production and provision of services - tourism (Turkey, Egypt, Thailand, etc.), transport (Egypt, Panama), financial (offshore centers of the Caribbean).

Chapter 2. Features of international trade in services in modern conditions.

2.1. Modern tendencies international trade in services.

International exchange of services is developing at a rapid pace. According to the WTO Secretariat, the capacity of the world services market in 1998 was more than $3 trillion. However, statistics on international trade in services recorded the value of world exports of services at $1.8 trillion. This is due to the imperfection of statistical systems for all four ways of selling services. According to available estimates, in 2020, global exports of services could equal global exports of goods.

The rapid growth of international trade in services and the expansion of their positions in the economies of all countries is a characteristic feature of the development of the modern world economy.

The dynamics of service industries is determined by a number of long-term factors of economic development.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the main circumstances that changes not only the place of services in the economy, but also the traditional idea of this sector of the economy. Services today are knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy that use the latest information technologies.

The very concept of “service” is defined today by a group of such knowledge-intensive industries as transport, global telecommunication systems, financial, credit and banking services rich in electronics, computer and information services, modern healthcare, and education. In the mid-90s, 80% of information technology was sent to the service sector in the United States, and about 75% in Great Britain and Japan.

In the service sector, the formation of large and major transnational corporations has intensified. Here are typical figures illustrating this process. In 1997, of the 100 largest TNCs in the world, according to Fortune magazine, 48 were in the service sector, and 52 were in industry.

During the 1980s and 1990s, services (production and international exchange) emerged as a major sector of business transactions. The share of service production is 55-68% in the gross domestic product of most countries of the world. 55-70% of workers on the farm are employed in the production of services. The share of services in international trade in goods and services exceeded 20% of their total value.

The development of the structure of the service sector occurs in several directions.

First of all, this is the emergence of completely new types of services, such as computer services, information networks, e-commerce, logistics (or commodity flow management), global transport systems using many modes of transport, combined into continuous transport chains, etc.

Further, this is the active separation and separation into independent industries of a number of types of services that were previously of an intra-company auxiliary nature. This applies to marketing services, advertising, auditing, accounting and legal services and many other types of services that have become independent areas of business.

Finally, a notable phenomenon has been the formation of large integrated companies that provide the consumer with a “package” of services, allowing the use of a single service provider without the burden of dealing with providers of other specific ancillary services. According to this principle, large transport companies operate, taking upon themselves all deliveries of services associated with the transport chain and included in it and providing the consumer of transport services with the opportunity to deliver cargo “from door to door” and “just on time”.

As a result, a multifaceted, multifunctional global services market has developed and an urgent need has arisen to create an adequate system of multilateral regulation of international trade in services. Thus, in the mid-80s, for the first time, the international exchange of services became the subject of comprehensive international negotiations, and in January 1995, the first ever General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) began to operate within the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Goods and services in international trade are closely interrelated and interact with each other, and this is one of the reasons for the inclusion of services in the terms of reference of the WTO. Many types of services emerged as independent sectors of international trade at a certain stage of development of the exchange of goods. Thus, international transport, banking and insurance, logistics and many other service industries emerged. However, they retained a close connection with trade in goods. Any foreign trade operation with goods would be impossible without the use of transport, telecommunications, banking services, insurance, electronic systems storage and processing of information and many others. On the one hand, many types of services are in demand because they serve trade. Therefore, when servicing international trade in goods, the international exchange of services depends on the growth rate, structure and geographical distribution of commodity flows in international trade. On the other hand, it would be a serious mistake not to note that the development of international trade in goods and services depends on a number of general, deep, global processes occurring in the world. This defined the structure of this work, the main goal of which is to give the reader a fairly complete and systematic understanding of international trade in services and the multilateral system of its regulation operating within the WTO against the backdrop of growing internationalization and globalization of the economy.

2.2. Problems and prospects of international trade in services.

The globalization of the world economy, including the monetary and financial sphere, and the scientific and technological revolution have attracted attention to such a phenomenon as international trade in services. For a long time provision of services (for example, warranty repair) was perceived as something accompanying (and facilitating) traditional trade in goods. However, national studies that appeared in a number of countries in the early 80s clearly indicated the growing independent role of the service sector in the economy (telecommunications, banking and insurance, transportation, tourism) and its significant export potential. It is estimated that currently, in value terms, about 20% of world trade and 60% of production are accounted for by the services sector. Meanwhile, the lack of generally accepted rules in international trade in services (and the GATT competence extended only to trade in goods) led to significant discrepancies in national regulatory documents, statistical reporting systems, in quantitative and qualitative assessments, etc. All this, obviously, became a brake on the international exchange of services.

International economic organizations play an important role in regulating international trade, removing obstacles to its development, and liberalizing it. One of the main organizations of this kind is GATT - the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The treaty establishing the GATT was signed by 23 countries in 1947 and entered into force in 1948. GATT ceased to exist on December 31, 1995.

GATT is a multilateral international agreement containing principles legal norms, rules of conduct and government regulation mutual trade of participating countries. GATT was one of the largest international economic organizations, the scope of which covered 94% of world trade.
The legal mechanism of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is based on a number of principles and norms:

Non-discrimination in trade, ensured by the mutual provision, on the one hand, of most favored nation treatment in relation to export, import and transit operations, associated customs duties and fees, and on the other hand, of a national regime that equalizes the rights of imported and domestically produced goods in relation to internal taxes and duties, as well as rules governing internal trade;

MFN - most favored nation treatment means the provision by the contracting parties to each other of all those rights, advantages and benefits that any third state enjoys (or will enjoy) from them. This principle may apply to their import and export of goods, customs duties, industry, navigation, the legal status of legal entities and individuals;

The use of predominantly tariff means of protecting the national market, the elimination of import quotas and other non-tariff restrictions;

Progressive reduction of customs tariffs through multilateral negotiations;

Providing preferential treatment in trade with developing countries;

Resolution of emerging trade disputes through negotiations;

Reciprocity in the provision of trade and political concessions.

The GATT activities were carried out through multilateral negotiations, which were combined into rounds. Since the beginning of the GATT, 8 rounds of negotiations have been held. These rounds resulted in a tenfold reduction in the average customs duty. After the Second World War it was 40%, in the mid-90s - about 4%.
By the beginning of 1996, about 130 countries were members of the GATT.
Since January 1996, GATT has been replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Its founding members included 81 countries. In 1998; 132 countries joined the WTO. The agreement on the creation of the WTO was preceded by a seven-year period of negotiations within the framework of the Uruguay Round.

Despite the formal continuity, the World Trade Organization differs from the GATT in a number of respects.

1. GATT was simply a set of rules (selective multilateral agreements). There was only a secretariat as a permanent body. The WTO is a permanent organization dealing with obligations affecting absolutely all of its members.

2. GATT was used as a temporary basis. WTO obligations are full and permanent.

3. GATT rules applied to trade in goods. The scope of the WTO includes the Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). The World Trade Organization regulates the international exchange of services and intellectual property, and also develops measures to control the protection of investments. It is estimated that its competence extends to a trade turnover of 5 trillion. Doll.
The World Trade Organization faces several immediate challenges. First, continue to reduce duties on trade in goods, especially on agricultural products; secondly, providing assistance to trade in services.

After the formation of the World Trade Organization, there are persistent calls from a number of developed Western countries in favor of linking trade regimes with labor and environmental standards. The essence of these calls is that countries that have lower standards gain competitive “non-market” advantages due to low production costs. If the WTO recognizes such a norm, the first to suffer will be developing countries, as well as Russia, where the production of labor-intensive and environmentally-intensive products is cheaper than in the West.

In many countries there are quite strict requirements regarding foreign investment. Often, foreign investors are prescribed areas and industries for the application of their capital, conditions are set regarding the share of products exported, the hiring of local labor, the use of components and materials locally produced etc. Such government regulation measures were perceived by large Western companies as discriminatory and negatively affecting the free flow of capital and, therefore, as a barrier to international trade. At the initiative of the United States, this issue was increasingly brought forward within the framework of the GATT.

In the early 1980s, the issue of trade aspects of intellectual property rights also began to be periodically raised at meetings of GATT bodies. This was due to the unprecedented scale that trade in goods with counterfeit trademarks, video and computer piracy, and the use of other people's scientific and design developments had become widespread. In addition to the fact that companies that own trademarks suffer colossal losses from this kind of “competition” (not to mention moral damage), we are often talking about people’s lives and health, since parts have already begun to be counterfeited aircraft engines and cars, medical supplies. Research conducted in this area has shown that existing international conventions for the protection of intellectual property rights do not provide reliable guarantees against piracy practices. For this reason, the proposed solution was to develop a special agreement within the GATT that would allow the application of trade sanctions to countries that maliciously violate intellectual property rights.

In addition to the mentioned issues, called “new problems” (and today already covered by the WTO), within the GATT framework there remained a mass of “old”, traditional problems that also more and more insistently demanded their solution.

Analyzing the processes taking place in world trade, it should be emphasized that liberalization is becoming its main trend. There is a significant reduction in the level of customs duties, many restrictions, quotas, etc. are abolished. Sometimes liberalization foreign trade carried out unilaterally. For example, foreign economic liberalization was carried out in Russia. Forced liberalization of the foreign trade regime actually interfered with the task of increasing the competitiveness of Russian producers in the foreign market and did not contribute to their protection from foreign competition within the country. Opening Russian market before international corporations unilaterally (maybe forced, but not always sufficiently balanced), the influx of imports (often of poor quality) did not stimulate the formation of a rational structure of consumption and improvement material base production.

In addition to the liberalization of the foreign economic factor, there is also an opposite trend - the preservation and sometimes strengthening of protectionist tendencies in trade and economic relations of various countries and their economic groupings. Thus, in the area of trade in textiles and agricultural products, tariffs remain high, and progress in comparing import quotas is quite slow. There has also been limited progress in reducing trade barriers in areas such as shipping and job opportunities for foreigners. For example, the US still charges a 14.6 percent tariff on clothing imports, which is 5 times higher than the average tax levy. Resistance to tariff cuts is strongest in agriculture. Duties on agricultural goods and other related barriers on a global scale reach an average of 40%.

Despite the fact that the weighted average rate of the import customs tariff of developed countries after the Tokyo round negotiations was only about 5%, the average figures did not fully reflect the real level of customs tariff taxation. Thus, in the EU, Japan and the USA, customs tariff rates exceeding 10% accounted for 21.5, 17.1 and 16.0%, respectively. total number tariff positions. Moreover, most of the high rates were applied to the import of food, textiles and clothing, i.e. main export items of developing countries. An important issue There was also a low share of “bound” (i.e., not changed upward) tariffs. In developed countries this concerned mainly agricultural products, in developing countries - goods of all categories, which made it possible to unilaterally increase the level of customs taxation, worsening the conditions of access to their markets.

Traditionally, a sensitive topic for GATT has been agricultural trade. Historically, under the pretext of “special social significance” or “providing food security“A number of countries (USA, Switzerland, EU, Japan) actually removed this trade sector from the scope of GATT regulation. Thus, even at the initial stage of the existence of the General Agreement, the United States, referring to national legislation, obtained from its partners the legal exclusion of their agricultural sector from the scope of GATT rules. This allowed them to introduce quantitative import restrictions on agricultural products.

In addition to explicit, overt protectionist policies, some countries use forms of covert protectionism. Many states, reducing customs duties, compensated for them with so-called non-tariff barriers. These include subsidies for national production, the introduction of various standards and norms, and certification of goods. For example, much of the grievances of American exporters relate not to trade barriers per se, but to the so-called anti-competitive behavior of Japanese companies when they enter into exclusive supply and order agreements or monopolize certain markets. Advocating for the liberalization of international trade, many economists increasingly associate it with the concepts of “fair” and “fair” trade.

Conclusion.

Exchange of services occupies an important and growing place in international trade. The term “services” covers several dozen types of activities, the products of which can be defined as “services”. The services include all types of transport activities, information transmission services, tourism, construction, education, medicine, financial and banking activities and much more.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the main circumstances that changes not only the place of services in the economy, but also the traditional idea of this sector of the economy. Services today are knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy that use the latest information technologies. The very concept of “service” is defined today by a group of such knowledge-intensive industries as transport, global telecommunication systems, financial, credit and banking services rich in electronics, computer and information services, modern healthcare, and education. In the service sector, the formation of large and major transnational corporations has intensified. The difference between international trade in services and international trade in goods is the diversity, heterogeneity and versatility of various types of services; the complexity of a unified approach to regulating their import and export, to the application of generally accepted international trade standards to trade in services, in particular most favored nation treatment and national treatment.

List of used literature

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Trade in services- an important part of world economic relations. The growing demand for services is directly related to scientific and technological progress and increased economic efficiency of production.

IN general view under services commonly understood various types activities that do not have an explicit material form.

The following features of services as an item of trade are distinguished:

-do not have a material form;
- not capable of storage;
- heterogeneous or variable in quality;
-produced and consumed simultaneously;
- when exporting and importing they are not subject to customs clearance;
-have a close connection with the labor market;
-have a specific legal framework for their regulation.

International trade in services, unlike trade in goods, where the role of trade intermediation is great, is based on direct contacts between producers and consumers (since services, unlike goods, are produced and consumed mainly simultaneously and are not subject to storage).

International trade in services is closely interconnected with trade in goods and increasingly influences it (as the supply of goods to foreign markets requires more and more services, from market analysis to the transportation of goods and their after-sales service).

International trade in services is also closely linked to international movement capital and the movement of labor.

International exchange of services occurs mainly between developed countries and is characterized by high degree concentration. Most services are exported and imported by countries in Europe, Asia and North America.

The leaders in global exports of services are the USA, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. And the largest importers of services are Germany, Japan, and Italy. Russia, despite some increase in trade in services, is characterized by an excess of imports of services over exports.

Currently, the global services market has four levels of regulation:

1. international (global);
2. industry (global);
3. regional;
4. national.

GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) - a multilateral set of principles and rules for international trade in services, compliance with which is mandatory for all WTO member countries.

Signed during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations in 1994.

GATS includes three parts:

-a framework agreement defining the general principles and rules for regulating trade in services;
-special agreements acceptable for certain service industries;
-list of obligations national governments to eliminate restrictions in service industries.

The entire GATS agreement is aimed at liberalizing trade in services and covers the following types: services in the field of telecommunications, finance and transport.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Russia and the OECD.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) - international economic organization developed countries that recognize the principles of representative democracy and free market economies.

Created in 1948 under the name Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to coordinate projects for the economic reconstruction of Europe within the framework of the Marshall Plan.

The organization's headquarters are located at the Château de la Muette in Paris. Secretary General (since 2006) -- Jose Angel Gurría Treviño (Mexico). Governing body The OECD is a council of representatives of member countries of the organization. All decisions in it are made on the basis of consensus.

In the 1960s, the composition and geographical scope of the OECD expanded, and the organization now includes 35 countries, including the majority of EU member states. The European Commission (a body of the European Union) also takes part in the work of the organization as an individual member. OECD member states account for about 60% of global GDP.

The mission of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that promote economic growth and the social well-being of people around the world. The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together, share experiences and address common challenges.

OECD and Russian Federation

In May 2007, the OECD leadership decided to begin negotiations on Russia's membership in the OECD.

The Russian leadership has repeatedly noted that upon completion of negotiations on accession to the WTO, the process of accession to the OECD will be intensified. Since August 2012, Russia officially joined the WTO and began negotiations on membership in the OECD. In February 2013, First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Andrei Denisov announced that negotiations on accession to the OECD are planned to be completed in 2013-2014. He also noted that no one has plans to force these negotiations.

In January 2014 general secretary OECD José Angel Gurría said that when all necessary conditions Russia may join the organization as early as 2015. However, on March 13, 2014, the OECD suspended Russia's membership indefinitely. At the same time, the British weekly The Economist expressed the opinion that Russia’s admission to the OECD is undesirable as long as the anti-Western orientation of the Kremlin’s policy continues.

Over the past three decades, the service sector has been one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. Exchange of services plays an important role in international trade. In 2010, exports of services were valued at $3.7 trillion, while global exports of goods approached $15 trillion. The term “services” covers several dozen types of activities, the products of which can be defined as “services.” Services include all types of transport activities, information transmission services, tourism, construction, education, medicine, financial and banking activities, etc.

Table 10.4

international trade finished products in 2005-2010

Indicators	Billion dollars in 2010	Average annual change, %
Indicators	Billion dollars in 2010
Export (FOB)
Import (CIF)
Leading exporters:
European Union





Including re-export
Singapore
Including re-export
Leading importers:
European Union








Singapore
Including imports less re-exports

Note: a significant part of Hong Kong's exports is re-export, i.e. products manufactured outside the territory, mainly in mainland China, and distributed through Hong Kong.

Source: World Commodity Profiles 2010. WTO: International Trade Statistics. October 2011.

A distinctive feature of international trade in services from international trade in goods is the diversity, heterogeneity and versatility of various types of services, the complexity of a unified approach to regulating their import and export, and the application of generally accepted international trade standards to trade in services: in particular, most favored nation treatment and national treatment. The above was one of the main reasons that, until the early 1990s. trade in services was not covered by a general multilateral intergovernmental agreement like the GATT. At the same time, certain types of services were regulated by sectoral interstate multilateral agreements. And only by the mid-1990s. As a result of the Uruguay round of multilateral negotiations, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was created, containing common legal norms for all types of services. International exchange of services is developing at a rapid pace.

International transport and international private (tourism) and business (business) travel account for 47% of the value of service exports. About 75% of the value of services is exported by developed countries. According to the WTO, in 2010 the USA accounted for 14% of world exports of services, Germany - 6.3%, Great Britain - 6.1%, China - 4.6%, France - 3.9%, Japan - 3.8 %. These countries, with comparable shares, occupy a leading position in the import of services (Table 10.5). Russia's role in international trade in services is small (in world exports of services - 1.2%, in world imports - 2%).

Table 10.5

International trade in services in 1970–2010, billion dollars.

Source : WTO International Trade Statistics 1970–2011.

Rapid growth rates of international trade in services and expansion of their positions in the economies of all countries - characteristic feature development of the modern world economy.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the main circumstances that changes not only the place of services in the economy, but also the traditional understanding of this area of the economy. Services today are knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy that use the latest information technologies. The very concept of “service” is defined today by a group of such knowledge-intensive industries as transport, global telecommunication systems; financial, credit and banking services rich in electronics; computer and information services; modern healthcare; education. In the mid-1990s. 80% of information technology was sent to the service sector in the USA, about 75% in the UK and Japan.

The development of the structure of the service sector occurs in several directions. First of all, this is the emergence of completely new types of services, such as computer services, information networks, e-commerce, logistics (or management of commodity flows), global transport systems using many modes of transport, united in continuous transport chains, etc. Next, there is an active separation and separation into independent industries of a number of types of services that were previously of an intra-company auxiliary nature . It refers to marketing services, advertising, auditing, accounting and legal services and many other types of services as independent areas of business. Finally, a notable phenomenon has been the formation of large integrated companies that provide the consumer with a “package” of services, allowing the use of a single supplier without the burden of dealing with providers of other specific ancillary services.

Defining international trade in services as a specific form of world economic relations for the exchange of services between sellers and buyers of different countries, experts pay attention to its features:

International trade in services is closely related and/or interconnected with trade in physical goods. As a rule, the purchase and sale of material goods entails a whole train of services: marketing, transport, financial, insurance, service (maintenance). And the more technically complex and expensive material benefit, the wider the range of services associated with its movement. At the same time, trade in services increasingly contributes to the promotion of physical goods in the foreign market: marketing research and market analysis, financial and information support, improved transportation and other services “pave the way” for tangible goods and increase the efficiency of trade in them. Thus, if traditionally physical goods “pulled” services with them, now, with very tough competition in the global market for physical goods, “pushing” them to other countries is carried out with the help and thanks to services.

Due to their specificity, not all services can be the object of foreign trade. According to the criterion of possible participation in international trade, all services are divided into three groups:

services that can be the object of foreign trade. These, for example, include transport services: also international tourism, financial, insurance, banking services;

services that, due to their characteristics, cannot be offered on the world market. Typically these include utilities and some household services. Note that the range of such services is gradually narrowing;

services that may or may not be the object of foreign trade. These include most of the services; their range is expanding with scientific and technological progress. Thus, the services of the system are increasingly being drawn into foreign trade turnover. fast food, cultural institutions, healthcare, sports, etc.

International trade in services more than trade in physical goods:

protected by the state from foreign competition. Many governments believe that large-scale imports of services can pose a threat to sovereignty and security. Therefore, international trade in services is regulated more strictly by the state;

monopolized. "The foreign share in the banking total is held by the French bank Crédit Lyon, which ranks ninth in the world rating list, is 46.4%. In the secondary insurance market, 32 largest insurance companies concentrated more than 70% of its volume in their hands. Each of the six largest audit companies in the world has its representative offices in more than 110 countries, and their total share in industry revenue is estimated at 30%, 60% of the world market consulting services concentrated in the hands of 40 companies";

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