Hitler's personal enemy is Levitan. Hitler's personal enemy

The Fuhrer's personal enemy This story is not at all about the heroic Soviet submariner Alexander Marinescu, who drowned one of the largest German liners in the waters of the Baltic after a stormy night with a hot Finnish girl. His personal enemy is the Fuhrer, in private conversation with Grand Admiral Raeder, long before Marinescu, he named the captain of the first rank of the German Navy, commander of the submarine U-*49, Willy Lorenz. The Reich Chancellor accompanied the conversation with the admiral with fist blows on the table, foam at the mouth and harsh German expressions. Such a heated reaction from the Fuhrer was preceded by the events of the autumn of 1939. The Second was in full swing World War. Raeder's submarines, forming "wolf packs", sank British ships in the Atlantic and North Sea. Operation Sea Lion was being developed to land German troops on English soil. The whole world was preparing for a great fight. But only and realized that his bride was unlikely to wait for him soon. The torpedo, having pierced the left side in the area of ​​the engine room, left the “Old Bolshevik” with three hours of life, which, however, was enough to send an SOS signal and board the crew in the boats. Otto von Altenstadt comfortably, fortunately the weather allowed, settled down in the rescue command whaleboat and waited for an English submarine to appear from under the water. Who else could attack Germany's ally in the North Sea! When the submarine, having blown out the ballasts, surfaced, the attaché was amazed to see a swastika on the wheelhouse. But this was only the beginning of that chain of events, in the finale of which the Fuhrer poured bile on the Grand Admiral. The hatch on the submarine was cleared, and a naval officer appeared on the deck with binoculars around his neck and a megaphone in his hands, into which he shouted in a motley German-English mixture: “Achtung, achtung,” the German naval forces greet you. I order the captain of the ship to come to me with all the documents for the cargo and the ship's log. The rest remain calm. I don't have room for you on the ship, wait for help. I will not sink boats - the German command does not fight unarmed people.. Life on land has spoiled you. Do you want me to show you how real sea wolves fight?

In the early thirties, a seventeen-year-old young man, Yuri Levitan, arrived from Vladimir to Moscow. The young man firmly decided to become a famous film actor. Alas, Levitan’s provincial dialect made the members of the selection committee laugh, and he failed to become an actor. Yuri accidentally saw an advertisement for a recruiting course for announcers and went to the Radio Committee. Here he was more fortunate: despite the blatant speech, Levitan had a very strong voice and was accepted into the group of trainees. One night, Yuri Levitan was reading an article from the Pravda newspaper on the radio, and the young announcer was heard by Stalin, who worked at night and did not turn off the receiver in his office. Stalin immediately called the chairman of the Radio Committee and said that the text of his speech was on XVII Congress It is this young announcer who should read the games. So the 19-year-old guy became an announcer for the Soviet Union. During the Great Patriotic War, it was Levitan who read the Information Bureau reports. His voice was known to every resident of the Soviet Union. People froze at the loudspeakers, listening to the latest events at the front. No wonder Rokossovsky once said that Levitan’s voice is worth an entire division. But Yuri Levitan was known not only in our country. Hitler himself stated that Levitan was his personal enemy No. 1. Stalin was named second on the list of main enemies. Hitler promised to hang the announcer as soon as German troops entered Moscow. The fascist intelligence services developed a plan to destroy Levitan, and a reward was promised for his head. Various sources call the amount from 100 to 250 thousand German marks. True, from the fall of 1941 Levitan no longer worked in Moscow, but in Sverdlovsk, and in 1943 he was transferred to Kuibyshev. It was impossible to report from the capital at that time - radio towers were dismantled, since they were landmarks for Nazi aviation. At the very beginning of the war, when Levitan was still in Moscow, a German air bomb fell in the yard of the Radio Committee, but did not explode. Hitler's radio hastened to report the death of announcer Levitan. But after 15 minutes, Yuri Borisovich’s voice was heard on the air. Due to the “secrecy regime,” the envelopes with many of the texts delivered by the courier officer could only be printed just before going on air. So Levitan had to sight-read. Therefore, he used a little trick: he pronounced the first phrase, deliberately drawing out the words, and at this time he managed to skim the next fragment of the text with his eyes in order to understand whether the conversation would be about joyful or tragic events, and to give his voice the appropriate intonation. In August 1943, he read on the radio the first order during the entire war to hold a fireworks display - in honor of the liberation of Orel and Belgorod. And he made the mistake of saying “The capital of our homeland will salute...”, whereas according to the rules of Russian speech the emphasis should have been put differently: “salute.” However, no scandal followed: “at the top” they simply decided from now on to use this word “as amended” by Levitan. Levitan himself recalled that he had seen leaflets more than once with a promised reward for his destruction. They even said that Goebbels was developing a plan to kidnap the announcer. Fascist propagandists dreamed that Levitan would be the one to read the message about the fall of Moscow in Berlin. It is interesting that Levitan was seriously guarded. Even his photographs were not published anywhere: the appearance of the “main announcer of the country” was a secret. In total, during the war, the announcer read about two thousand reports and 120 emergency messages. Once Stalin was asked: “When will victory come?” The leader replied: “When Levitan announces.” Stalin turned out to be right, order 369 with the message about victory in the war was read by Yuri Borisovich Levitan.

For which Soviet citizens were included in the list of personal enemies of the Fuhrer.

Many have heard more than once about the list of Hitler's personal enemies. It included different people: politicians - leaders of hostile Nazi Germany states, military, artists, athletes.

Most of them need no introduction: Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower, Bertolt Brecht, Josip Broz Tito, Georgy Zhukov, Alexander Marinesko, Ilya Starinov, Yuri Levitan, Kukryniksy, football players of Dynamo Kiev , who defeated the German pilots in a “death match”, black Olympic runner from the United States Jesse Owens.

But there were also those on this list whose names are not known to everyone today. “Russian Planet” decided to restore historical justice and dedicate the publication to these little-known heroes.

Black General - Russian James Bond

Dayan Bayanovich Murzin was born on January 20, 1921 in Bashkiria. He studied to become a teacher, worked as a rural teacher, and received a certificate of honor for his success. When the Soviet-Finnish war began, he was eager to go to the front, but he only got to fight in the Great Patriotic War. After graduating from the Riga Military School, Dayan Murzin served in the 10th rifle division Baltic Military District. There the war found him. From its first day, Murzin was on the front line.

In the next battle he was wounded and lost consciousness. Two soldiers carried Murzin on a raincoat, but they couldn’t get far, and Dayan Bayanovich asked his comrades to leave him. Fortunately, the wounded man was picked up by local residents and taken to the hospital. Having recovered a little, Murzin decided to catch up with his division, but ended up in the Yampolsk group of partisans “For the Motherland” and remained there. First he was appointed commander of a reconnaissance platoon, and then company commander.

The group “For the Motherland” was part of the partisan unit S.A. Kovpak and operated in Belarus. The partisans carried out daring acts of sabotage: they derailed trains, blew up warehouses, bridges and roads.

In 1942, Murzin organized a partisan detachment in Ukraine, and a year later - in Moldova. In 1944, Murzin was transported to Czechoslovakia, where he became chief of staff and then commander of the famous international partisan brigade named after Jan Zizka.

I was the commander of a brigade, it consisted of five detachments,” recalled Dayan Bayanovich. - This is more than 2 thousand people. And I was only 23 years old then. And then the command ordered me to grow a beard so that I would look more respectable. With a beard they gave me 45 years - that’s how I lived until the end of the war. The beard was thick and black. That's why they called me the Black General.

There were heavy battles, the brigade inflicted great damage on the enemy, and the Germans began to introduce their agents into it. One of the spies managed to lead the machine gunners to the partisans, a battle ensued in which Dayan Murzin was wounded in both legs, but was still able to escape by jumping into the river. The fast current carried him away from enemy bullets. After this, the hero hid in an empty bear den for four days and was on the verge of death. The punishers were combing the forest, their dogs were circling very close, but the Germans did not understand where exactly the partisan was and burned a haystack 15 meters from him.

Having recovered from his injuries, Dayan Murzin begins to smash the enemy with new strength. Upon learning that the death of German soldiers was the work of “some pathetic gang of partisans,” Hitler becomes furious. He puts Murzin on his list of personal enemies and assigns 3 million Reichsmarks for the living Black General, and 2 million for the dead one.

The operation to destroy the partisans is entrusted to Otto Skorzeny himself, and an all-out hunt begins for the brigade. To save her, the command decides to transfer the partisans along with their commander to the border of Slovakia. The village in which some of the partisans remained was razed to the ground by the Nazis, no one survived...

Skorzeny joyfully reported to Hitler that the gang had been destroyed and was awarded. But after some time, the “destroyed” detachment, led by the “dead” commander, captures the commander of the tank army, General Muller, right under the enemy’s nose. The partisans managed to find out that Muller liked to visit the landowner’s estate, where a relative of one of the partisans worked as a housewife. She helped the partisans capture Müller.

The black general personally interrogates the commander, promises to spare his life in exchange for important information, and gets his way. Murzin kept his word: Muller was left alive.

Partisan detachments from the Jan Žižka Brigade liberated the cities of Vsetin and Zlín and took an active part in the anti-fascist uprising in Prague. According to some reports, they also detained the traitor general Vlasov.

Dayan Murzin.

The Englishman John Howland, whose father served with Dayan Murzin, wrote a book about the Black General. In this book, he compares Murzin with nothing less than James Bond, and not even in favor of the latter. According to the author, the real exploits of the partisan commander largely overshadow the literary adventures of agent 007.

Dayan Murzin, like another “figure” on the list of Hitler’s personal enemies, “saboteur No. 1” Ilya Starinov, had various awards, but did not receive the title of Hero of the Soviet Union...

In peacetime, Dayan Bayanovich showed himself in different areas activities. First he worked in the public education system, then became a lawyer and worked in law enforcement agencies, served as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He lived a long life - 91 years.

In order to be included in the list of Hitler's personal enemies, it was not at all necessary to serve in the army; it was enough to simply have anti-fascist views and express them in literature or painting.

Author of the Killer Joke

In the 70s, the comedy show Monthy Python (Monty Python) was released in Britain - purely English humor, with unexpected plot twists and a large dose of absurdity. One of the most successful sketches of this show was dedicated to a certain killer joke, with the help of which the British successfully fought the Nazis during World War II. But the creators of the show could hardly have known that the killer joke actually existed in history, only it was used not by the British, but by the Russians.

Cartoonist Vladimir Aleksandrovich Galba was born in 1908 in Kharkov. He lived in Leningrad, from the age of 18 he participated in exhibitions and collaborated with many newspapers and magazines. He has been drawing anti-fascist caricatures since the 30s. And when the war began and Leningrad was under siege, Galba’s cartoons were published every day in Leningradskaya Pravda, people were looking forward to them.

In one of the cartoons, a mad goalkeeper - Hitler - is rushing about in a football goal, and in the net there is a mountain of skulls in German helmets. This is how the Soviet artist responded to Goebbels’s saying: “German, war is football. Instead of a ball, we play with human heads."

And the killer joke we want to talk about did not appear in the newspaper, but right on the front line. In 1942, Vladimir Galba came from the besieged city to the Leningrad Front. The fighters accepted him as an old friend and asked him to draw something especially for them.

Galba attached a sheet of thick paper with thumbtacks to the log wall of the dugout and took a pencil with a soft lead.

A few minutes later, the crowd laughed when they saw Hitler looking like a stray dog. Then the artist painted a fat hog - Goering, an evil monkey - Goebbels. The Red Army sniper said to Galba: “You are doing great, caustic and accurate! Could you lure the enemy out of hiding?” “Let’s try,” Vladimir Alexandrovich smiled mysteriously.

And he drew a couple of caricatures of Hitler. We won’t describe them in detail: it’s too indecent... Let’s just say that the fascist leader was depicted in a tunic, but without trousers or underwear. The soldiers laughed, and then, on the orders of their political instructor Fokin, they divided these drawings into squares and proportionally transferred them to huge pieces of gauze. At night, the scouts stretched out these “canvases” in front of the Nazi trenches on power lines and stakes.

As they wrote in the Nevskoe Vremya newspaper, after seeing the cartoons, “the Nazis opened mad fire from guns and mortars at the giant cartoons. Moreover, to disrupt them, a lot of soldiers were thrown into battle. Our machine gunners and snipers did not sleep. Leaving many corpses on the field, the enemies retreated to their homes.” Their shots only made holes in the gauze, leaving the art unharmed.

Vladimir Galba.

“This is the case,” said Galba, “when laughter killed in literally words". The political instructor was awarded an order for this battle, and Vladimir Alexandrovich was included in the list of Hitler’s personal enemies for his drawings and posters. The Great Encyclopedia of Cartoons says that our intelligence officers found a certain list of those sentenced to hanging on one of the killed Germans. It said that these enemies would be hanged “on Palace Square at the hour when the Wehrmacht troops entered the conquered Leningrad.”

The artist’s best wartime works were included in albums under the wonderful titles “Blitz-cry” and “Fritz-howl”, which were released in 1944. Already from these names it is clear that Galba was not only a talented artist, but also had an excellent command of the literary word. He wrote satirical epigrams on the enemies of his homeland, for example: “The drooping tail of the Norwegian Terrier, nicknamed Quisling, cannot hide.”

As a corresponding artist, Vladimir Galba attended Nuremberg trials. Until the end of his life he continued to do what he loved. Vladimir Alexandrovich died in 1984.

He predicted Plan Barbarossa

Well, the least known representative of the list of Hitler’s personal enemies to the general public was, perhaps, the writer and journalist, and according to some sources, intelligence officer Ernst Henry (real name Leonid Abramovich Khentov, was also known as Semyon Rostovsky). It is difficult to say exactly where he was born: according to some sources, it was Odessa, according to others - Tambov, according to others - Vitebsk.

Sources agree that he was the son of a manufacturer. In his youth he became interested in politics, went to Germany and became a courier for the Comintern, and then a member of the German Communist Party. For this activity he was arrested several times and served in Polish and German prisons. In 1933, when Hitler came to power, Henry happened to be in London and, on the advice of friends, decided not to return to Germany. In England he worked as a journalist, although there is an opinion that this was only a cover for intelligence activities. It is known that Ernst Henry was in contact with the famous Kim Philby and other members of the “Cambridge Five”.

In any case, we are interested in him not so much as an intelligence officer, but as a writer. In 1937, Henry’s book “Hitler against the USSR” was published, in which the plan for the upcoming German attack on the Soviet Union was described in almost every detail. Much is predicted there accurately: the Anschluss of Austria, the destruction of Czechoslovakia with the help of the Sudeten Germans, a list of Hitler's main satellites. And most importantly - the victory of the USSR in the war. But not everything came true: for example, the author predicted that the Red Army would defeat Nazism with the help of the rebellious German proletariat. The German masses, according to Henry, should have rebelled after the very first bombs fell on the roofs of their houses...

Despite the obvious mistakes, which were quite obvious by the beginning of the 1940s, it is believed that Stalin studied the book “Hitler against the USSR” very carefully. And this could very well be true.

Here is what Yaroslav Dobrolyubov writes in the article “The Brilliance and Poverty of Military Futurology” (Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, 2002, No. 1): “If Henry mentally played “for the blacks,” thinking through a possible Nazi strategy, then the future Generalissimo tried to play “for the reds.” "on a real map of Europe. Henry predicted that instead of war in the West, Hitler, with the connivance of the Western powers, would go first to the East. Stalin did everything so that Paris would meet German tanks much earlier than Moscow, and the war would make Western democracies reliable allies of the USSR...” And so on.

Ernst Henry.

The author himself recalled in the early 1970s: “There was a joke that I broke into Hitler’s safes and found the Barbarossa plan there.” These are all fairy tales, this plan, and even then in draft form, was drawn up somewhere in 1940. My work was the result of an analysis of current reality, what a historian of our time should do. I just put myself in the place of the fascists, tried to think in their categories.”

Well, Hitler declared the author his personal enemy for this book. Or maybe also for his daring act in 1942, when Henry, straight from the BBC studio, greeted Soviet intelligence officers and declared to the whole world that the USSR had one of the best intelligence services in the world and the Gestapo was powerless against it.

In the early 50s, Ernst Henry returned to the USSR, was arrested and spent four years in prison. After his release he was engaged in journalism and research work. Henry's last book, entitled Anti-Man, was published in 1989, a year before his death, and was also dedicated to the Nazi leader.

These are the people who were on the list of Hitler's personal enemies. There are not many politicians in history who could boast of such a list, and such an extensive one at that. Why did the possessed Fuhrer collect enemies? For reasons of German pedantry? Were you afraid of undeservedly forgetting someone? Did you enjoy the process? Who will understand him, a fascist...

But, be that as it may, each new item on the list did not weaken its participants, but, on the contrary, made them stronger. Having learned that their name was included in the list of Hitler's personal enemies, they began to fight with redoubled force. Ultimately, the abundance of enemies and their courage destroyed Hitler. Because you need to be kinder to people, more humane, or something...

But, sad as it may be, Hitler’s work, in a certain sense, lives on. Recently, due to the deterioration of the international political situation in different countries They began to compete to see who could find the most enemies and declare it louder. Most of the propaganda materials, regardless of ideological orientation, are based on complete negativity.

I would like to suggest: maybe it’s better to do the opposite - start making lists of friends? And in general, concentrate on positive images - both from the past and from the present. And laugh at your enemies, as Vladimir Galba did.

Hero of the Soviet Union, submarine commander A.I. Marinesko was born in Odessa, according to official data, on January 2 (15), 1913, although his family always celebrated his birthday on November 6. His father is Iona Marinescu, a Romanian, a native of the city of Galati, who served in the Romanian Royal Navy. One day, in 1893, Alexander’s father hit an officer, was arrested, and was threatened with the death penalty

, but he escaped from the punishment cell, swam across the Danube, moved to Odessa, married a Ukrainian woman, and changed the letter “u” at the end of his last name to “o”. Already at the age of 13, from the end of 1926, Alexander began sailing as an apprentice sailor on the ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company. At the school of cabin boys, as the best, his training period was shortened and without exams he was transferred to the Odessa Naval College. In 1929-1930, Alexander Marinesko sailed as a sailor on ships, and since May 1933, after graduation, he was the fourth, third, and then second mate of the Red Fleet steamship. In November 1933, A. Marinesko was mobilized and sent to the highest command courses of the RKKF, after which in November 1934 he was assigned to the submarine "Shch-306" of the Baltic Fleet. Here are a few characteristic phrases from his first certification in 1935: “Insufficiently disciplined. He knows his specialty well. He can manage personnel under permanent leadership

. Conclusions: pay attention to increasing discipline..." In March 1936, personal military ranks were introduced in the Armed Forces of the USSR, and now Marinesko is a lieutenant. In 1937, he was sent to the Underwater Diving Training Unit for training. And suddenly, on July 16, 1938, in the midst of classes, it turns out that Marinesko has “relatives abroad” (in Romania) and he is dismissed from the Navy with a ban on serving even in. Proud and proud Marinesko did not write a single request for reinstatement, but literally right there, on August 7, for some unknown reason, he was reinstated in service, and in November he was awarded the next military rank - senior lieutenant. Upon completion of training, Marinesko was appointed assistant commander of the L-1 submarine, and six months later - commander of the M-96 Malyutka boat. In Marinesko’s first command certification, written by the future famous submariner, and at that time commander of a submarine division V. Yunakov, we read: “Disciplined, demanding of his subordinates. Not demanding enough of himself. Decisive, but with little initiative... Caring about his subordinates, but sometimes can be rude..."

Just a year after the “low-initiative and rude” Marinesko took over the Malyutka submarine, it set a fantastic dive speed record in just 19.5 seconds, whereas according to the norms it was supposed to be 35! Many commanders simply did not believe it! In addition, the Marinesko boat was the most successful in torpedo firing and in 1940 was recognized as the best in the Baltic Fleet. The People's Commissar of the Navy awarded Marinesko a gold watch. In March 1940, he was accepted as a candidate member of the CPSU (b), and in November Marinesko was awarded the next military rank - captain-lieutenant. In the certification conclusions for 1940 it is written: “Worthy of appointment to a type “C” submarine. Can be appointed commander of a division of “M” type boats of the XII series.”

When the war began, circumstances were such that neither Marinesko nor his crew immediately had to participate in hostilities. The command planned to transfer the M-96 to railway on... the Caspian Sea. The boat had already begun to be dismantled, but fate decreed otherwise. The blockade around Leningrad closed, and the M-96 remained in the Baltic theater of operations. Marinesko went to work on getting the boat into operation as quickly as possible, and then began literally demanding to go to sea. Finally, on July 22, 1941, Marinesko went to sea on the low-power M-96 - and in the same first combat campaign he sank an enemy transport with a displacement of 7,000 tons. And in October 1941, Alexander Ivanovich was expelled from the candidates for membership of the CPSU (b) “for systematic drunkenness, collapse of discipline, lack of educational work among personnel, for insincerity in admitting their mistakes." For such offenses in war time It was possible to end up in court. However, Marinesko was not removed from his post; he continued to command the boat. Perhaps because in 1941 the Baltic Fleet lost 29 submarines and there were not enough experienced submarine commanders?

From August 9 to 25, 1942, "M-96" makes another trip, in which Marinesko in one salvo sinks the German transport "Helena" with a displacement of 1850 tons, the next one with three patrol ships, after which he successfully evades the pursuing patrol ships. For this campaign, on November 13, 1942, he was awarded the Order of Lenin, despite exclusion from candidates for party membership and a bunch of penalties. This is how the political report about this campaign looks like: “An example of a high political and moral state is captain-lieutenant comrade Marinesko, a non-party member, previously expelled from the CPSU (b), who in a military campaign showed courage, bravery, high quality commander-submariner..." From November 8 to November 11, 1942, "M-96" was again on the march - to land a sabotage group on the coast of Narva Bay. At the end of the year, Marinesko was reinstated as a candidate member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and awarded the next military rank - captain 3rd rank. In his certification in 1942 it is noted: “Worthy of promotion to a submarine of a larger tonnage.” Marinesko is sent to study at the Naval Academy in Samarkand (the academy was transferred there during the siege of Leningrad in his absence). under his command, the M-96 dies... It was a grave loss, and Marinesko was very worried and annoyed: if I hadn’t left the “baby”, it would have survived, somehow it would have turned out!

In April 1943, Captain 3rd Rank Marinesko received the S-13 medium submarine under his command. The commander of the submarine division, Captain 2nd Rank A. Orel, in his combat description indicates: “A combative and brave commander... He knows submarine business perfectly... Disciplined, but in Everyday life requires constant monitoring..." However, in all characteristics of Marinesko, along with best qualities a brave commander, an excellent submariner, it is noted that “in everyday life he requires control,” “prone to drinking,” etc. And this passion becomes more and more obsessive and will ultimately prove fatal for him.

In September 1944, Marinesko was accepted as a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and from October 1 to November 11, he made his fourth (his first as commander of the S-13) campaign, in which he sank another German transport, Siegfried. True, the torpedo attack was unsuccessful: having used up all the torpedoes in the first salvo and one in the second, the commander missed, and the German captain turned out to be experienced and managed to evade the torpedoes twice. Then "S-13" surfaced, caught up with the ship and shot it with artillery guns. Having set off on a military campaign from Kronstadt, the submarine returned from there to Hanko. Finland withdrew from the war, and the Baltic Fleet was able to be based at Finnish bases. In November 1944, A. Marinesko was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

On December 22, 1944, the S-13 returned to Hanko and began preparing for a military campaign in the southern part of the Baltic. It was then that the story described by A. Kron in the story “The Sea Captain” happened. On New Year's Eve, Marinesko and a friend, also a captain of the third rank, went ashore in Turku and looked into a Finnish restaurant-hotel. There the Finns celebrated the year 1945. Marinesko and his friend sat down at a table and, as usual, drank to the imminent Victory. Further... According to one version, the Russian officers argued with the orchestra members, who refused to play "The Internationale" under the pretext that they did not know, according to another, a fight almost broke out with the Finnish guests, recent allies of Germany... Whatever it was , the situation was defused by the owner of the restaurant-hotel, a charming Swede, who took the Russian officers upstairs. Marinesko stayed with her until the morning. Then the hostess’s fiance arrived, with whom she had quarreled the day before; without thinking twice, he informed the Union Control Commission... They came for Marinesko and took him home. There was a big noise and SMERSH intervened. There was a rumor that Marinesko was recruited by enemy intelligence. He was suspected of espionage, transferring secret data, and had to appear before a tribunal for unauthorized abandonment of the ship in a combat situation. It is easy to imagine the effect that Marinesko’s misconduct had on the command. But the fleet commander still gave him the opportunity to atone for his guilt in a military campaign. There was a legend that Marinesko almost without permission went to sea on the S-13 and, in order to atone for his guilt, began to seek a meeting with an enemy convoy... Of course, this is not so. The idea of ​​removing Marinesko from the command of S-13 had not yet taken the form of an order, but such an idea was in the air. And the commander himself felt that this could happen, despite his past merits and military orders on his jacket...

Much has been written about the “attack of the century” in detail. On January 30, 1945, on the approaches to the Danzig Bay, the commander of the submarine "S-13" discovered, pursued and with three torpedoes (the fourth did not leave the torpedo tube for technical reasons) sank the German superliner "Wilhelm Gustloff" (length 208 m) coming from Danzig , width 23.5 m, displacement 25,484 tons), with over 8 thousand people on board. According to Western researchers, there were about 6 thousand refugees from Konigsberg on board the liner at that moment, including almost 4 thousand children. Therefore, in the West, the death of the Gustloff is stubbornly considered not a military result, but the largest tragedy at sea in history in terms of the number of victims (only 988 people were saved), surpassing the tragedy of the Titanic, on which 1,507 passengers died. Meanwhile, in fact, the former tourist liner "Wilhelm Gustloff" has long become a floating educational base German submariners. At the time of the sinking, there were 3,700 trained submariners on board who were heading to their destination, as well as a women’s battalion of the Navy, a military unit of the 88th anti-aircraft regiment, and Croatian volunteers. On board the Gustlof were 22 Gauleiters of the Polish and East Prussian lands, many Nazi leaders, senior Gestapo and SS officers. As the whole world, including the Germans, later admitted, “this was a legitimate target for attack.” "Wilhelm Gustloff" became the largest military transport sunk by our submariners during the war. There is a legend that it was on the Gustlof that the Germans exported the famous Amber Room to Germany. At least, divers are still searching for a room in the area where the ship crashed. Contrary to persistent and beautiful legends, there was no three-day mourning in Germany, and Hitler did not declare Marinesko a personal enemy. The message about the death of the liner could undermine the fortitude of the German nation.

In the same campaign, on February 10, the S-13 skillfully attacked and torpedoed the auxiliary cruiser General von Steuben with a displacement of 14,660 tons (carrying 3,600 tankers, which would be enough to staff several tank divisions). Alexander Marinesko turned out to be the most effective submariner in terms of tonnage of sunk enemy transports and ships (42,557 tons). Marinesko carried out both attacks by breaking through the outpost. He pursued targets at the limit of the submarine's engines, and even in the surface position, which is mortally dangerous. It was a bold and daring approach to enemy ships at the minimum permissible range of a torpedo salvo. However, Marinesko himself will not consider himself a hero until his death and will never call that S-13 campaign a feat. In his letters, he calls this following military duty and regulations.

Already on February 20, 1945, the commander of the 1st division of submarines of the Baltic Fleet, Captain 1st Rank A. Orel, signed a nomination for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, in which he indicated: “The sinking of the liner Wilhelm Gustlov dealt an irreparable blow to submarine fleet Nazi Germany, since the sinking killed a number of submariners that would be enough to man 70 medium-tonnage submarines. With this strike, "S-13" under the command of Captain III Rank Marinesko thwarted the plans fascist invaders on the sea. For the excellent performance of combat missions of the command, for courage and courage... the commander of the submarine "S-13", captain III rank Marinesko, is worthy of the highest government award - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. with good reason, adding to these two sunken ships two more previously sunk transports with a total displacement of 12,000 tons, petitioned for the awarding of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to Alexander Ivanovich. But the command did not forget that the crew of the S-13 went on that January campaign essentially as a “penalty.” The commander himself committed a fine, and three more “Eski” sailors also committed a fine: they were detained in the city by a commandant’s patrol and had to sit in the guardhouse for three days... So “S-13” left with a literal parting word from the commander of the submarine brigade: “Wash away the shame with blood!” "

The nomination for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was signed, but most likely, even then A. Orel knew that it would not go further than the brigade headquarters, that such an outstanding underwater victory, of course, would be celebrated somehow, but not with a Gold Star. In the section of the award sheet "Conclusion of superior commanders" it is said: "I am applying for the award of the Order of the Red Banner. VRID commander of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet UAV, Captain 1st Rank Kurnikov." On the title page of the presentation there is a stamp: “Order of the Red Banner”, pr. KKBF No. 30 dated 13.3.45." As can be seen from the documents, the presentation to Marinesko did not even reach the People's Commissariat of the Navy and the awards department of the Main Naval Staff. Later, the fleet command explained that it was categorically impossible to award the commander of the S-13 the title of Hero, since his example would have a negative impact on “the results of educational work among cadets of naval schools.” Marinesko perceived this decision as a humiliation for the crew, who were also deprived of awards. any other commander of a submarine who sank two ships of smaller tonnage in one campaign immediately received the title of Hero, and the crew - every single one - received military orders. Wasn’t the crew of the S-13 worthy of the same thing? But the boat did not become a Guards one? but only the Red Banner was deprived of their well-deserved awards by the entire crew - first mate L. Efremenkov, navigator N. Redkoborodov, torpedo commander K. Vasilenko, mechanical engineer Y. Kovalenko, acoustician I. Shnaptsev, helmsman-signalman A. Vinogradov, commander of the squad of commanders A. .Pikhur, torpedomen V.Kurochkin, V.Abalikhin, I.Pavlyachenko, engine mechanic A.Astakhov, cryptographer F.Egorov... After that, Marinesko gave himself free rein - drinking and conflicts with his superiors became more frequent.

From April 20 to May 13, 1945, Marinesko made his sixth and last military campaign. Actually, the war in the Baltic has actually ended. Upon returning from the hike, he went on a real spree. Even Captain 1st Rank A. Orel, who always looked after Marinesko, could not stand this. This is what he reported on May 31 in a report to the brigade commander: “The commander of the submarine “S-13”, captain 3rd rank Marinesko... does not engage in his official duties, drinks on the ship, at other bases, in the city, etc., for that I would ask you to remove him from presentation to the award ceremony... His further tenure as a commander is unacceptable. He must be removed from the ship, placed at the disposal of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet Military Council, placed in a hospital, treated for alcoholism, or transferred to the reserve..."

Order of the People's Commissar of the Navy No. 01979 dated September 14, 1945 read: “For negligent attitude towards official duties, systematic drunkenness and everyday promiscuity of the commander of the Red Banner submarine "S-13", captain 3rd rank Marinesko A.I. remove from a position, demote military rank to senior lieutenant and placed at the disposal of the Military Council of the same fleet." It must be said that before the order, Marinesko was summoned to the People's Commissar of the Navy N. Kuznetsov. He, appreciating Marinesko's service merits and military achievements, friendly advised him to think about his behavior and get to work on new position, since service does not end with temporary demotion. But Marinesko did not listen, and then was demoted two levels in rank at once and transferred to the reserve. The war was over, and such a commander was no longer needed. He never returned to the navy.

Then his fate took a turn for the worse. There was even imprisonment for a trumped-up case. Since 1948, Marinesko worked at the Institute of Blood Transfusion as deputy director. The grabber director was building a dacha and wanted to get rid of his principled deputy. With the consent of the director, Alexander Ivanovich delivered discarded peat briquettes lying in the yard to the homes of low-paid workers. Director V. Kuharchik himself called the OBKhSS. The first composition of the court disintegrated. The prosecutor, a front-line soldier, seeing the linden, refused to charge, both people's assessors expressed a dissenting opinion. Only judge P. Varkhoeva did not give up. Marinesko was sentenced to 3 years in prison. They don’t send you far for such a period, but Marinesko was driven to Kolyma. He was highly respected and in his own way “protected” in prison, although they did not know about the submariner’s exploits. One day, a book was stolen from him in his cell - a gift from his wife. Having learned about this, the owner of the cell, the “godfather,” said: “In a minute you will have the book.” But it turned out that the young thief had already cut the book into cards. By order of the “boss,” four lessons killed the guy... In prison, Marinesko learned that his first wife, with whom he had separated long ago, began to demand child support. This further complicated Marinesco's situation. His mother, Tatyana Mikhailovna, wrote a letter about help to Stalin, but never received an answer.

October 10, 1951 A.I. Marinesko was released early. Then he worked as a loader, topographer, and then came to the Mezon plant, earned many thanks, his portrait hung on the Board of Honor. After his release from prison, he was financially poor. In 1954, he worked in the carpentry workshop of the Higher Naval School of Weapons Engineers, and the cadets ran to sneak a look at the famous submariner. Then he again found himself on trial “allegedly” for falsifying a certificate allowing him to receive a larger pension. Until 1960, when A. Kron spoke in the newspaper, no one around knew about the military merits of Alexander Ivanovich. About two hundred officers, among them 20 admirals and generals, 6 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 45 commanders and commissars of submarines, appealed to the CPSU Central Committee: “Taking into account the exceptional services of A.I. Marinesko to our Motherland, we earnestly request and petition for Marinesko to be granted a personal pension “It cannot be considered fair that such a well-deserved submarine commander found himself in an immeasurably worse position in pension provision than officers who did not participate in the war.” The request was initially refused, but then, following numerous requests, by order of the USSR Minister of Defense No. 600 A.I. Marinesko was restored to the rank of captain of the 3rd rank of the reserve with the assignment of a fixed pension based on length of service.

In the early 1960s, a frail man with the Order of Lenin on the lapel of his worn jacket appeared in Leningrad pubs. The order was a particularly honorable one - not on a block, but on a screw. But this was of little concern to the local public, who did not treat Sashka the Submariner so badly. I just didn’t understand much when he started talking about bearings, headings and other naval nonsense... It just so happened that last years The best Soviet submarine ace, Alexander Marinesko, did not spend his life in the most appropriate company. By that time, the Motherland had long ago turned its back on “submariner No. 1”, and the fleet had crossed his name off the lists of personnel. It soon became known that Marinesko was fatally ill - two cancers, of the throat and esophagus. He was in a very bad hospital; the hospital did not have enough experience. The veterans went to the commander of the Leningrad naval base, Baikov. The admiral was furious: “In our hospital, God knows who is being treated, but there is no place for Marinesko?” He immediately gave orders and gave me his car. On October 4, 1963, writer Sergei Smirnov said in a television program that the legendary submariner lived in almost poverty. Money poured into Leningrad from all over the country, including even from students and pensioners. Translations continued even after he died.

He died on November 25, 1963, and was buried at the Bogoslovskoye cemetery. After Marinesko's death, his name was removed from circulation, and it was forbidden to mention the S-13 feat. The shipbuilders turned to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov with a request to name one of the ships the name of Alexander Marinesko. The admiral put a resolution on the collective letter - “Unworthy.” Only 27 years later, in 1990, after numerous representations and petitions from the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Fleet Admiral V. Chernavin, a member of the military council - the head of the Navy PU Admiral V. Panin, fleet veterans and the general public, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to Captain 3rd Rank Marinesko A. AND. posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, although in the late 60s it was prohibited to assign this title for exploits in the Great Patriotic War.

Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko will forever remain in the history of our fleet as one of the outstanding submarine heroes. He was not afraid of anything, neither on sea nor on land. At sea, he acted contrary to all the laws of underwater warfare and even logic. Sometimes he attacked from the side of the German coast, from shallow water, and escaped from the pursuit - to the place of drowning. He climbed into the most dangerous places - because he was not expected there, and there was a higher logic in this illogicality. 13 “esok” submarines fought in the Baltic. The only one that survived was the unlucky 13th number.

(March 5, 2015) A legendary personality, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, a hero of Czechoslovakia, an honorary citizen of 15 cities in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Moravia - Dayan Bayanovich Murzin (1921-2012).

During the war, the commander of the international partisan brigade of occupied Czechoslovakia, 23-year-old Tatar boy Dayan Murzin, kept the fascists at bay and terrified Hitler's entire army. “The Black General,” as the Nazis nicknamed the legendary intelligence officer for his black beard, was a personal enemy of the Fuhrer, who promised 3 million Reichsmarks for his capture. But no one bothered to receive such a reward from Hitler; the “black general” was never caught. The Gold Star of the Hero of Russia is perhaps the only award that the front-line soldier did not have . His ceremonial jacket weighed about 60 kilograms. Recipient of the Order of the Red Banner, the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and a myriad of medals of the USSR and Russia. But Dayan Bayanovich still has fewer of our awards than foreign ones. The officer is a Hero of Czechoslovakia, a holder of all the highest orders of this country, an honorary citizen of 16 cities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Moravia, a street in Zlín is named after him. Paradoxically, they know more about Dayan Murzin’s exploits abroad than at home. In the UK, a book about Murzin was published by John Howland, the captain’s son royal army, a fellow Soviet officer. The Englishman compared Dayan Bayanovich to James Bond. According to the author, the real front-line exploits of the “Russian” largely overshadow the adventures of the famous literary character, born from the imagination of Ian Fleming. Soviet officer They could neither catch nor eliminate them. The film about the “black general” was shown more than once on the Rossiya TV channel. This documentary was filmed in England, Germany, the Czech Republic and in our country. No less legendary personalities spoke about the hero: the chief of foreign intelligence of the Stasi, Markus Wolf, a former legionnaire of the Turkestan Legion of the Wehrmacht, Murat Tachmurat; former Czechoslovak partisan, chief of Czech illegal intelligence Jan Ondrovchak.

Dayan Murzin was born on January 20, 1921 in the village of Iske Balykly, Bakalinsky district, Bashkortostan. As a child, the Tatar boy dreamed of becoming a teacher. No one in the village doubted this; at school he studied “excellent” in all subjects, and especially loved mathematics. After graduating from school, fifteen-year-old Dayan continued his studies at a pedagogical school. After graduation, he begins to work as a rural teacher. After a year of work, the Ministry of Education of the BASSR awards the talented and irrepressible young man with a certificate of honor. When the Soviet-Finnish war begins, he strives to join the army at all costs. Together with a friend, he signs up to volunteer, but he had to hide his age. After undergoing military training in Ufa and Leningrad, the young volunteer is sent to the front in Finland. By the time he arrives, the war is already over, and he goes to study at the Riga Military School.

There the beginning of the Great Patriotic War finds the children. “On June 20 at four o’clock in the morning, platoon commander Kharchenko said that the war would begin on June 21-22. We were all perplexed. It turned out that two German communists had crossed the border and warned us about the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union. All night on June 21, we stood in the trenches in full readiness, no one slept a wink, we listened to the slightest rustle. And suddenly the roar of planes in the sky... They headed for Moscow, Kyiv and Leningrad... At six o'clock in the morning tanks began to come towards us. It’s scary: the roar of planes, the roar of tanks, the whistle of bullets, the groan of the wounded.

D. Murzin recalls:“We held the defense all day, lost a lot of soldiers, the forces were unequal. We could not stop the Nazis, they broke through, and we remained behind enemy lines. In the next battle I was wounded and lost consciousness. I remember how two soldiers dragged me on a raincoat. We wouldn’t have been able to get far this way; we would have fallen into the hands of the Nazis, so I asked them to leave me. They hid me near a ditch and left. I don’t remember how long I lay there, but one Latvian picked me up and took me to the hospital. If it weren't for him, I would have died. Having recovered a little, he decided to catch up with his army. But he ended up in the Yampolsk group of partisans “For the Motherland” and stayed there. I was appointed commander of a reconnaissance platoon, and then company commander.”

In the most difficult and terrible conditions behind enemy lines, they wage guerrilla warfare. Under the very noses of the Nazis, the most daring acts of sabotage were carried out: every now and then trains with Nazis and ammunition, numerous enemy airfields took off into the air, warehouses with weapons and products of the Nazi army, bridges and roads were blown up. On one of the missions, Dayan is again wounded, after which he was sent for treatment to a hospital in the city of Gorky. He is then sent behind enemy lines in Ukraine. The partisan movement has intensified, but at the same time the SS are widely deploying their punitive operations to capture and destroy the partisans, who have to be more careful. Dayan Murzin is sent to Moscow to an intelligence school. Then Dayan is sent to Moldova, where he organizes a new partisan detachment named after Molotov. Until 1944, the partisan movement under the leadership of Murzin in the Carpathians fought against the brutal fascists. In 1944, Murzin was transported to Czechoslovakia, where he was appointed chief of staff, and then commander of the famous international partisan brigade named after Jan Zizka, which included Russians, Czechs, Italians, Romanians, Hungarians, Poles, French, and two Tatars from Bashkortostan. The brigade consisted of about 700 partisans, who, under the leadership of Dayan Bayanovich, gave no rest to the fascists day or night.

D. Murzin recalls:“There were fierce battles. Our brigade continued to destroy fascist objects and carried out demolition work. The Nazis simply lost their temper due to the inability to resist the partisans, so they managed to introduce their agents into our ranks. That's how he was random person named Dvorek, who came to our brigade. It was he who almost led us to our common death. Dvořek informed us that a representative from the Central Committee wanted to meet with us in Prague. Although there were doubts in our hearts, Ian Ushyak and I and several fighters went to the meeting. It was late autumn, it was already getting dark. I see a tall man standing and, extending his hand, says: “I am from the Central Committee.” I looked closer and there were German machine gunners behind him. He quickly grabbed the machine gun, shouted: “Ushyak, run,” and rushed to the side. And Ushyak took the fire on himself, only managing to shout out: “Run, save the radio operators!” The Germans shot at my legs, they wanted to take me alive. They were wounded in both legs. Ahead there is a high ditch, a waterfall, there is nothing to do, I jumped straight into the river. I can’t go ashore, they’re shooting. So the river carried me away with its current. The Nazis found our headquarters and blew it up. My legs hurt unbearably, and somehow, overcoming the pain, I crawled to the forester’s house. The news of the Nazi attack on the partisans spread throughout all the districts. Apparently, they no longer hoped to see me alive, so their joy knew no bounds. They bandaged my wounds and took care of me, but it was dangerous to stay with them. Gestapo men were scouring everywhere, looking for partisans. Therefore, the forester and his friends carried me into the forest in their arms, where they dug up an abandoned bear’s den. There I was “buried” for a while. And indeed, punitive squads They searched every house, every bush, every meter of land with dogs. Through a small gap I see the dogs circling around my den, but they cannot find the trail. Then the embittered fascists set fire to a haystack that stood 15 meters from me, thinking that I was hiding there. So I spent about four days in the den. I ate snow to quench my thirst. The wound festered to the point of impossibility, the legs were swollen. Something had to be done. I took a compass out of my field bag, broke it with a pistol and cut the wound with a piece of glass, all the pus flowed out, I lost consciousness. I woke up because they were tugging on my shoulder: “Mrs. Captain! Lady captain! It was my friends who brought me home, washed all my wounds, and, fearing the Nazis, hid me in the cellar of the barn.”

Having strengthened, Dayan resumes the fight against the Nazis even more boldly and zealously. Fierce fighting took place on the border of Romania and Hungary. The Fuhrer was perplexed why so many of his soldiers were killed in the countries he captured. To understand this situation, Hitler himself comes to Prague. He gathers everyone for a council and demands a report. Then he decides to go back, but his subordinates warn him about the dangers of flying on an airplane. The embittered Fuhrer orders the armored train to be prepared. Then they tell him that a Russian gang is operating here. Upon arrival home, Hitler dispatches the head of the SS, Otto Skorzeny, to eliminate the partisans. But he did not know how much he was mistaken when he spoke of the brigade as a pathetic gang. Upon arrival, Otto Skorzeny demands a report from the generals. Having learned that the gang consists of 5 detachments and they are commanded by a man with the rank of major, a certain “Black General”, either a Georgian or an Armenian, and one detachment is even led by a woman, Oto Skorzeny does not believe his ears. In a report to Hitler, he reports this, after which the Fuhrer assigns 3 million Reichsmarks for the living “black General”, and 2 million for the dead one.

The Gestapo involves not only the army, but also residents of the occupied countries in the operation to capture Dayan Murzin. In Moravia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, thousands of leaflets with the image of Dayan Murzin and promises of millions are dropped from airplanes. But the people do not agree to betray their hero-liberator. On the contrary, legends are made about him in gratitude.

“To save the partisan detachments, we had to transfer them to the border of Slovakia. The Nazis dropped a bomb on the village where the partisans remained, tanks leveled the village to the ground, none of them survived…” recalls Dayan Bayanovich. After this, Otto Skorzeny was informed that the gang of the “black general” had been destroyed. Hitler himself rewards Otto Skorzeny for an excellent operation with another cross.

But their joy did not last long... After some time, Dayan Murzin’s detachment again commits a daring act: under the very nose of the Nazis, they take away the commander of the tank army, General Muller. The “Black General” personally interrogates the commander and promises to save his life if he reveals all the information about the Fuhrer’s army. Dayan Bayanovich is seeking very important information from the German general, all the plan maps have been revealed. The “Black General” keeps his word and saves Mueller’s life. A detachment of partisans also conducts a successful operation to capture General Vlasov. The 23-year-old hero more than once made the fascists tremble with horror. 68 trains with military equipment, about 400 fascists, 86 strategically important bridges were then derailed by Murzin’s brigade.

After the war, Dayan Bayanovich married radio operator Nadya Ermakova, with whom he served together. Dayan Bayanovich served for many years in the department of public education in his home district, and then, having become a lawyer, for many years he was on guard of law and order. The couple lived together for almost half a century, raised their son Igor, who became a colonel, and granddaughter Albina, like her grandfather, currently works as a lawyer. In 2012, at the age of 92, the legendary intelligence officer from the Great Patriotic War Dayan Bayanovich Murzin died after a long illness.

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