Reinforced concrete staircase frame. How to pour concrete stairs according to all the rules. Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: video

Buildings of two floors and above cannot do without flights of stairs. To create such structures, they are used various materials. One of the most popular materials is concrete. Cast staircases made from it are erected both inside and outside buildings; they have many structural alternatives that satisfy the highest requirements and refined aesthetic tastes.

Advantages of monolithic stairs

Staircases cast from concrete have been in use for decades. They have the highest strength and load-bearing capacity, are fire-resistant and do not burn. Such staircases further strengthen the structural frame of buildings. The use of monolithic stairs inside and outside buildings is predetermined by their frost resistance and moisture resistance. The load-bearing reinforcement frame is reliably protected from corrosion.

The concrete base remains monolithic under the influence of external environment. Any defects that arise can simply be filled with new solution. Interfloor transitions are created on objects under construction, without requiring the involvement of expensive materials, cranes

After removing the formwork, the stairs are available for silent movement of building materials. Any variants of such products stand without supports, which allows rational use of the space under them. Similar designs have no restrictions on the implementation of engineering ideas and decoration.

Kinds

The designs of staircases vary depending on the method of formation and location.

By manufacturing method

Monolithic staircases made of artificial stone are divided into marching and spiral.

Screw

This interfloor transition configuration is created inside and outside buildings. This is a complex design to implement, the creation of which is relevant due to the need for rational use of living space. It takes up little space and does not require the installation of a central support pillar. The ladder is installed with support on the walls and away from them.

The formation of such a monolithic staircase is complicated by the need to create shaped formwork with smooth contours, planes and curved surfaces, the difficulty of strengthening an autonomous rigid reinforcement frame, as well as the use of many temporary support elements.

Marching

Marching monolithic staircase.

Used more often than the spiral design. Easier to create, more secure, but takes up a lot of space. Such interfloor transitions are divided into single-flight straight or corner (with winder steps), two-flight (straight or angular, connected through a platform). There may be more marches. Single-flight structures resting on the side walls are the easiest to implement - the formwork and its reinforcement are attached to the wall base.

This option can rest on one side of the wall or only on the load-bearing base and ceiling of the next floor. The latter will require a lot of supports when constructing the formwork. In some cases, two-flight crossings are created, articulated at a selected angle by a platform. As a rule, they are placed with support on the wall (walls) on one side.

By installation type

Monolithic concrete interfloor connections according to the type of installation (installation location) are divided into internal and external.

Outdoor

Marching products can be cast on a prepared base (compacted soil, sand, etc.) or “hang” in the air with support on two “points”. Screw - mounted with support on the facade or only on the upper ceiling.

Internal

Monolithic staircase, installed inside a structure, can have any implementation option. At the same time, in contrast to external placement, there are opportunities to redistribute the load of the march from the foundation to the walls.

Technology

Work on the construction of a staircase made of monolithic concrete consists of the following stages: selection of an acceptable type of staircase, design, assembly of formwork, installation of reinforcing steel, and decoration.

Choosing the type of staircase

A spiral staircase is good to install if there is little space.

What type of staircase it should be is clear already when designing a building, which is determined by its location. However, there is room for clarification when the skeleton of the building is already ready. If living space is insufficient, you should consider installing spiral design in the middle of the room or supported by a wall (walls in the corner).

A marching passage supported by walls on both sides is as light as possible for the foundation. Supporting the march on the wall on one side will increase the load on it. But the most massive option is a marching interfloor connection, resting only on the floor and foundation (reinforced concrete beam).

In the last two cases, you will also need to carefully support the formwork. There will also be nuances when choosing a two-flight (corner, arched) or staircase with winder steps. Not least of all will be considerations regarding compliance with the overall design of the premises and their purpose.

Calculation of elements

On at this stage the inclination of the product, the number of flights, the dimensions of the platforms, the number of steps and their parameters, the angles of rotation of the winder steps, the width of the stairs are determined, the heights of the screeds and future finishing are taken into account. Calculations affect the ease of use of the structure, material consumption, cost and duration of work. A drawing is then created showing all the dimensions.

Climbing angle

The sector within the range of 25 - 37 degrees is considered optimal in terms of space occupied and safe. It determines the length of the stairs. The shallower the angle, the longer it is. So, for example, with an interfloor height of 3 m, a march with a slope of 35 degrees will create a projection of the span onto the floor with a length of 430 cm, and at 25 degrees, the structure in concrete will occupy 640 cm of the room. Thus, the product will take more space and it will require more materials.

Step sizes

Installation diagram of a monolithic staircase.

Convenient parameters for moving people - height 17 – 21 cm (a), depth 27 – 31 cm (b). The dimensions of the steps must be the same. Next, the length of the designed structure is divided by the size of one step so that, by selection, a whole number of steps is obtained (taking into account the equality 2 a b = 60 - 64 cm). For every 12 to 15 steps of the march, it is advisable to provide one platform 1.5 steps long.

Stair width

The parameters of the room can set existing restrictions on the width, but values ​​of 90 – 150 cm are considered optimal. These dimensions allow you to move furniture and allow people to move comfortably.

Perhaps monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are not as common in the private sphere as wooden or frame ones, but they are also quite popular. They captivate with their solidity and massiveness, as well as enormous possibilities in terms of finishing; not least of all, they attract long term services. Such designs are also in demand among portal craftsmen, thanks to which they have accumulated extensive experience in both design and execution independently or under personal supervision.

Consider:

• Monolithic stairs - design, varieties.
• Features of designing a monolithic staircase.
• Technology for constructing a monolithic staircase.
• How to prepare formwork for a monolithic staircase.
• Reinforcement of a monolithic staircase.
• Concreting a monolithic staircase.

Monolithic concrete stairs

Monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are load-bearing stationary structures, poured directly on site, necessarily including a reinforcement cage. Depending on the dimensions and type of staircase, the reinforcement frame can be independent or connected to the wall.

As for the shape, concrete provides no less possibilities than wood or metal; monolithic stairs can be anything you want:

• marching;
• with winder steps;
• screw;
• on a bowstring, with a gap between the steps;
• on the stringer.

Based on the design of the bottom, monolithic stairs are divided into two types:

• full-bodied - with a smooth bottom;
• mirror - with a figured bottom.

Naturally, the more complex the shape of the structure, the more complicated calculations and implementation, the simplest are considered to be marching concrete stairs. But they also require more space, the flight must be laid out initially, but it is more realistic to “squeeze” a staircase with winder steps into a more modest opening, although it is considered less convenient.

Features of designing monolithic stairs

Ideally, monolithic stairs should be laid at the design stage, since due to their massiveness they require more space and a reinforced base. For example, if you first pour a heated floor and then decide that you want a monolith, this will cause certain difficulties.

Pozitivnyi member of FORUMHOUSE

I wouldn't rest the ladder on a heated floor. There is insulation underneath, which can play out and the screed can burst, damaging the pipes. We usually remove part of the screed and make a pile foundation in the area of ​​the first step, its farthest part from the wall.

The staircase, regardless of the type and material chosen, must first of all be safe and functional - with comfortable steps, at least an acceptable angle of inclination and sufficient span width.

For the calculation of monolithic stairs, the same rules apply as for the rest:

• When calculating the length of the march, the thickness of the floor coverings is taken into account.
• The optimal march width is 1000-1200 mm, the minimum is 900 mm.
• The number of steps in a flight is a maximum of 15 pieces.
• The height of convenient steps is 150-170 mm, maximum 200 mm.
• Tread width – 250-300 mm.
• The optimal tilt angle is 30-37⁰, maximum is 45⁰ (along the middle axis).

There is a calculation formula: 2a+b=640, where a is the height of the step, b is the width of the step, and 640 mm is the average length of our step. Portal craftsmen use another formula to calculate monolithic stairs.

Josic

The norm is when, according to the formula: riser plus tread equals 45 cm, or riser plus tread plus riser equals 58-62 cm.

When developing a project yourself, you can either draw it on paper or use a special construction kit. The second option is preferable, since a virtual 3D model is obtained, and the main calculations based on the input are performed by the computer. This is especially true when it comes to structures with winder steps.

Josic

A properly designed staircase should have the same height for all risers and the same tread size for all steps along the axis of the running strip (usually in the middle of the flight). For straight stairs, such a calculation is not difficult to make, but winder steps are more problematic. Often this rule (about the same size) is not observed when making such stairs, and as a result there is discomfort when using them in the future. I don't count on hand-to-hand stairs. Arkon copes with this task perfectly. I place a staircase on the plan the right type, I set parameters, observe the model in 3D view.

Technology of construction of monolithic stairs

The process of constructing a monolithic staircase consists of three main stages:

• formwork assembly;
• reinforcement;
• concreting.

Finishing work, although a mandatory final stage, can often be significantly spaced out over time, especially when the staircase is being erected simultaneously with the frame.

Formwork for monolithic stairs

To get enough right away smooth surface, the formwork is assembled from smooth materials, mainly waterproof plywood with a thickness of 20 mm or more. If there is a financial opportunity or feasibility (several stairs), then it is better to choose laminated plywood. The bottom and sides are assembled from plywood; to form the risers, a 30-35 mm thick edged board or 50×50 mm timber is used.

All formwork elements are cut out as accurately as possible and adjusted during assembly without the formation of cracks; if necessary, the joints are additionally sealed.

Long self-tapping screws are most often chosen as fasteners; they are used to strengthen the shape. metal corners and bars, the timber is used to strengthen the flanging, the bottom is supported with metal or wooden racks with a step increment. If the staircase has a complex shape (spiral, winder steps), then instead of racks they sometimes make load-bearing ones (crossbars, one end fixed to the wall and the other to the side). When using ordinary plywood, it is recommended to cover the inside of the formwork with film or other insulation.

The formwork is usually assembled in two stages - first the bottom and sidewall/sidewalls, and after laying the reinforcement cage, crossbars are installed under the steps. One of our craftsmen decided to try to completely assemble the formwork first, and then perform the reinforcement.

Golubev

First I made the reinforcement at home, now I’ll try it differently, yes, there will be difficulties - knitting and welding the reinforcement under the steps (lintels). But then installing jumpers on the reinforcement is not easy. And now I can immediately see where and how to install the reinforcement. If any step gets in the way, then unscrew it for a couple of minutes, and then return it to its place for another so many minutes. The main thing is that this place is found, delineated, and the step is installed in three dimensions in level, painstaking work. And when the reinforcement is still underfoot, it’s uncomfortable, so I try this.

Another of our craftsmen, who works professionally with stairs, advises not to create unnecessary difficulties for yourself.

NickVas

A roll of cheap wallpaper - you draw a stringer (monolith), attach it to the wall, level it - mark the places for the fittings and fasteners, drill, attach the bars/boards directly according to the pattern on the wallpaper, then just rip the wallpaper off the wall!

Reinforcement of a monolithic staircase

To increase the strength of the structure and prevent the edges of steps and flights from crumbling, reinforcement must be performed - longitudinal and transverse. They use steel reinforcement with a periodic profile, 10-14 mm in diameter (longitudinal reinforcement is thicker), from which a spatial frame is formed in the form of a grid with a cell of 100-200 mm, depending on the march parameters. The reinforcement is fixed to each other with a knitting mesh using a hook or by welding. To maintain the thickness of the protective layer (2 cm), today they use special ones.

If the staircase design provides for support in the wall through reinforcement, then usually the rods are simply driven in, but if the wall is made of materials characterized by reduced bearing capacity, for example, aerated concrete, our craftsmen advise making pits.

Pozitivnyi

Do not drive reinforcement into the aerated concrete, this will not provide the required support area for the stairs; it is better to make pits and place the reinforcement there, and then fill it all with concrete. Here's an example.

Thanks to this technique aerated concrete walls You can support fairly heavy ladders.

Pozitivnyi

If you make pits in the wall at least 10x10 cm, then the support area will be 100 cm², and if you drive in reinforcement, then 10 cm². The grade of aerated concrete is from 35 to 50, therefore, 100 cm² will withstand from 300 to 500 kg. This means that twenty pits will provide a load of 6 to 10 tons, plus the ladder will stand against the walls, plus support on the first step, plus support on the floor slab.

The reinforcement can be single or double; the opinions of our craftsmen on this matter are divided - some believe that it is better to install two meshes to be sure, others that for most structures one is enough. The forum is dedicated to this issue. In short, he advocates for single-layer reinforcement alexxxxx, one of the professionals producing custom monolithic staircases.

alexxxxx

Reinforcement in monolithic structures is needed in the tension zone, but what is the tension in the upper part of the slab? The reinforcement lies there like a dead weight - that's the first thing. Double reinforcement is required in very rare cases; doing it on all stairs is a transfer of material and extra work, this is the second one. Third - total of fittings in percentage terms is regulated by SNIP. If with single-layer reinforcement this percentage approaches the limit, then with two-layer reinforcement this SNIP percentage will definitely be exceeded. Fourth, on a span of three meters I use reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm with a pitch of 120-130 mm. For comparison - monolithic slab floors of six meters are reinforced with the same reinforcement in increments of 200 mm. Which will be stronger? Of the hundred-plus stairs I have made, three were made under the supervision of technical supervision; technical supervision did not make any comments on the reinforcement - this is the fifth.

What does he think? alexxxxx, double reinforcement is justified when:

• there is pinching of the top and bottom - if there is no third support;
• there is no support at all on the bottom and top, and the structure “hangs”, embedded in the wall;
• staircase on one stringer - upper reinforcement and clamps prevent the stringer from torsion;
• with thin monolithic steps, for example, one side stringer - the lower reinforcement of the steps works in compression, and the upper reinforcement in tension;
• the flight of stairs crosses the retaining wall (it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the lower layer so that, together with the upper one, does not exceed the permissible percentage).

The exception is standard factory marches designed for large throughput and use both inside and outside - they always have double reinforcement.

One of our forum moderators has a different point of view.

Rolandspb

I usually always make two grids in the stairs, no matter what. But in general, of course, they are not always needed. If tension is obvious in the lower zone, then reinforcement is not needed in the upper zone. But, in fact, the overexpenditure on the upper grid of the stairs is about 100 kg, you won’t gain much. Reinforcing stairs is quite difficult with several bends of rods from the upper to the lower zone. I especially don't like the transition from the lower flight to the platform or slab. A bent rod may not work within a certain range. Therefore, I connect two rods (one from the lower zone of the slab, and the second from the lower zone of the march), each of which is anchored at the point of their intersection and brought into the upper zone of the march and slab, respectively. And in the transition from the slab to the upper flight - there, in my understanding, it is quite possible to leave simply bent rods that pass from the bottom of the slab to the bottom of the flight. It’s not a fact that this is exactly what is needed. But I do this. I'm not promoting anyone.

Concreting a monolithic staircase

For monolithic stairs, it is advisable to use prefabricated concrete, class B20 (M250), and better B25 or B30. If it is not possible to order a ready-made solution, then a self-mixer prepared in a concrete mixer will do, but the use of plasticizers is mandatory. The typical ratio of cement, sand and crushed stone (fraction 10×20 mm) is 1/3/3, the solution should not be too liquid.

The staircase is poured in one go, starting from the lower steps, moving up, each step must be vibrated to prevent the formation of voids. During the vibration process, concrete may be squeezed out or settle; the excess is redistributed; after final shrinkage, the surface of the steps is carefully smoothed with a rule or trowel. To ensure uniform strength gain, it is recommended to cover the concrete with a film and moisten it several times a day for a week.

After about a week, partial stripping is carried out - the crossbars and sides are removed to carry out rough grinding. The bottom is removed no earlier than after 3-4 weeks, when the structure has gained the necessary strength. The next stage will be finishing - installation of fences, plastering, cladding with wood, tiles, stone or other material. Previously, during the concreting process, embeds were required, but today they have lost their relevance.

alexxxxx

Why mortgages? Are the railings going to be welded? It will be very aesthetically pleasing! Yes, and the installers of the railings will remember with a very “kind” word the one who installed these mortgages when they need to drill a hole in this place for fasteners. Now everyone has hammer drills, and the anachronism in the form of mortgages only interferes with the normal installation of railings. Why do you need a mortgage when hidden fasteners look better? about monolithic staircase technology permanent formwork.

Selecting a staircase reinforcement scheme
Assembling the reinforcement frame of the stairs

Before starting to reinforce the concrete staircase, it is necessary to assemble the staircase formwork, and then perform concreting of the staircase. How to do it yourself is described in the article Do-it-yourself concrete staircase.

Bar reinforcement is excellent for reinforcing concrete stairs of simple shape.

To understand what and why to reinforce, let's look at the forces that arise on a single-flight staircase.

This will be the force of gravity from the own weight of the stairs, its pedestrians, carried things and other heavy property. All of the above puts pressure on the stairs from above.

At the same time, in the upper part of the staircase slab the concrete is compressed, and in the lower part it is stretched. All this means that concrete, which is weak in tension, needs to be reinforced at the bottom of the staircase slab. In the upper part of the staircase slab, in this case, there is no need to reinforce concrete; there the concrete will perfectly resist compressive forces even without any reinforcement. It should be noted that some private developers, when assembling the reinforcement frames of stairs, put steel channels, angles, beams, etc. into the formwork on the sides.

Of course, this won’t make things worse, but it’s a completely useless waste of expensive metal these days. Reinforcing a concrete staircase with reinforcement in the lower part is more than enough to absorb tensile forces.

The figure shows a reinforcement diagram for a simple single-flight staircase. It can be seen that a single-flight monolithic staircase (without a monolithic platform or winder steps) is reinforced only in the lower part of the slab, that is, where tensile forces are concentrated.

Sometimes you can find projects where the top of the stairs near the top surface of the concrete is reinforced steel mesh 100x100x5 mm. Such a mesh practically does not increase the rigidity of a monolithic staircase, but only protects the steps in case of accidental accidents. strong blows from chipping.T
Such a simple nature of the effects on a simple single-flight staircase makes it possible to use a simplified method to draw up a reinforcement diagram.

Define optimal scheme It is quite possible to reinforce such simple monolithic stairs yourself.

Designations in the figure for the concrete staircase reinforcement diagram: working height of the monolithic staircase slab (H), length of the flight of stairs (L).

The distance between the transverse reinforcement (E) is usually chosen to be 40 cm. Rods with a diameter of 10 mm are used as transverse reinforcement. Optimal distance power reinforcement to the surface 3 cm.

The height of the working slab of the staircase (H), the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement and the distance between the bars of the longitudinal reinforcement (I) are selected according to table. 1 depending on the free flight of stairs (L).

Table 1. Determination of longitudinal reinforcement of a single-flight concrete staircase

In the case of a two-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the forces that arise in the design of the monolithic staircase, the reinforcement scheme of the concrete staircase becomes more complicated.

The picture shows that, unlike a conventional single-flight staircase without a platform, the own and useful weight of the staircase wants to break off the landings, causing tensile forces in the upper parts of the monolithic landings.

This is partly helped by shrinkage stresses. Therefore, monolithic platforms are reinforced both from below and from above, and the upper reinforcement in the landings partially continues in the stairs. The parameters of the upper reinforcement cage are selected similarly to the lower reinforcement.

The landings of double-flight staircases experience great stress from the weight of the staircase, and therefore must be firmly fixed to the wall.

In practice, to secure monolithic platforms, reinforced concrete crowns are most often used, which are formed by recesses in the walls with dimensions on average of 20x20 cm. Thus, in order to secure a monolithic concrete platform, you need strong and thick walls, for example, made of concrete, concrete blocks or bricks . For brick walls, free recesses are left in them, and in the case of thick walls made of monolithic concrete, wooden trapezoids or foam plastic products of the appropriate size are laid to the formwork at the location of the platform.

If the walls are built using the thermo-house monolithic casting technology, then it is most practical to monolith the flights of stairs and the landing at the stage of wall construction.

To increase structural rigidity, stairs with monolithic landings should be attached from above to the reinforcement frame with upper and lower reinforcement.

As for do-it-yourself reinforcement schemes for concrete stairs with winder steps and spiral stairs, their reinforcement schemes with rod reinforcement are too complex and individual.

To compile them, at a minimum, you will have to use special programs for calculations and design of reinforced concrete structures.

Do-it-yourself concrete staircase and options for finishing it

Therefore, it is best to entrust the design of the reinforcement scheme for such stairs to professional designers, especially since the project itself will be relatively inexpensive in the total cost of a complex staircase.

In order for the reinforcement cage bars to maintain their design position in accordance with the reinforcement diagram, it is necessary to fasten all the reinforcement bars together. To fasten reinforcing mesh, you can use either spot welding or knitting.

There is an opinion that welding leads to a decrease in the strength of the reinforcement, but this is only true if special high-strength reinforcement is used. In this case, indeed, high-strength hardened reinforcement, due to heat treatment at the welding points, turns into ordinary construction reinforcement. Such high-strength reinforcement is expensive and is produced by only a few factories in the CIS on special order.

For ordinary construction fittings welding does not harm in any way and is the main method of connecting reinforcement cages in industry.

Assembling the reinforcement frame of the stairs

If you don't have it at hand welding machine, then the reinforcing mesh can simply be tied with annealed knitting wire using a hook.

For quick tying, it is convenient to clamp the hook into an electric screwdriver.

It is even more convenient to fasten reinforcement cages using electrical plastic clamps. The truth about this method of connecting reinforcement is still kept silent by domestic SNiPs, but this method of connection is already widely used abroad and on private construction sites.

To maintain the distance between bottom formwork and reinforcement 3 cm, it is convenient to use plastic clamps, which are sold in construction supermarkets.

For a monolithic staircase, it is preferable to use a clamp shaped like a “chair”.

Sometimes it is not possible to assemble a reinforcement cage from continuous bars of the required length.

It is difficult to do this when connecting on bends, since it is not convenient to bend the reinforcement without a bending apparatus. In this case, the power reinforcement can be connected from pieces. The connection is made by welding or bonding. The easiest way to weld is to use manual electric arc seam welding between reinforcement bars. When welding rods with an overlap on both sides of the joint there should be at least 6 diameters, and when weld on one side only there are at least 12 diameters.

In the case of a two-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the diameter of the wire that is taken to secure two reinforcing mesh must be at least 6 mm. If the power reinforcement is connected to each other using ties, then the overlap should be (on average) equal to 50 diameters of the connected reinforcement.

If there are several joints to be connected, then they are placed in a checkerboard pattern so that they are 0.7–1 m apart from each other.

Construction of houses, dachas, and cottages has recently become one of the most common “hobbies” for most Russians. The richer one hires professional builders, someone is trying to slowly cope on their own. This is the category that most often searches for construction advice on the Internet.

It is for those who want to build their own house with their own hands that our guide is about “ How to make a concrete staircase yourself».

Stairs are usually installed in buildings of more than one floor, but sometimes a staircase is required to go to the basement.

After all, today no one can do without a basement. a private house. Where else to store the “gifts of nature”: potatoes, pickles, preserves and jam?

The strongest and most durable is a concrete staircase. And, by the way, the process of its construction is quite within the capabilities of a skilled owner.

Calculation of concrete stairs

If the interfloor stairs in a house under construction are planned to be made of concrete, then their calculation is done at the project stage.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands: recommended dimensions, materials and technology

If there is a need to equip a staircase to go down to the basement or ground floor, then you should take measurements on site, make a drawing for the future structure, and then begin its construction. Before making a concrete staircase yourself, you should consider hiring a specialist to do the work.

In order for the staircase to be comfortable, it is necessary to remember the standard building codes that have been in use for a long time.

So, the optimal width of the stairs is 1 meter, the minimum is 80 cm, and the maximum is optional. Optimal height steps - 17-18 cm (if cladding is planned, then the height of the cladding material is minus).

A convenient step width is 28-30 cm, i.e. by the length of the foot (if the staircase is made with winder steps, then their width is calculated based on the angle of rotation of the staircase).

When calculating the stairs, the angle of elevation is important. Optimal - 30-35 degrees. It is important to maintain the distance from the ceiling to any step, which cannot be less than 2 m.

Sequence of work

Work must be carried out in strict sequence:

• install formwork;
• reinforce the frame of the future staircase;
• concrete steps.

The most labor-intensive process is the installation of formwork.

The simplest formwork is made for stairs placed between two walls that perform load-bearing functions. The markings of the future staircase are made directly on the wall and the frame itself is attached to them.

For a staircase that is attached to the wall on only one side, it will be necessary to provide supports.

Putting up the formwork

The actual formwork for a concrete staircase is a box, at the bottom of which there is a solid slab (it is advisable to cover it with film), side walls that correspond to the shape of the steps, and transverse boards that form the steps themselves.

For steps up to one meter in length, you need to take boards 30-40 mm thick, and if more than a meter, then there is no need to compact them with a second board. Boards for end formwork can be about 30 mm thick.

You can fasten the formwork elements using wood screws with a diameter of 3.5 mm; when dismantling, they are easier to remove than nails.

It is better to connect corner elements using metal corners.

The boards forming the steps are installed with a slight offset - the second step is made 2 centimeters below the top edge of the first. The same principle is used to build formwork for all other steps. This is done so that the concrete does not fall out from under the boards.

To prevent concrete from being absorbed into the wooden parts of the formwork, it is abundantly moistened before concreting, or protected waterproofing material.

The manufactured formwork must be well strengthened, since concrete is very heavy and a cubic meter weighs 2.5 thousand kilograms. Therefore, the reinforcement is also attached to the side supports by approximately 15-25 cm.

For a non-professional builder, the procedure for tying the reinforcement necessary to give strength to the stairs will be difficult.

Manufacturing of reinforcement cage

As a rule, steel ribbed reinforcement with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm is used, which is knitted at the intersections with wire.

There must be at least 3 cm between the bottom of the formwork and the reinforcement.

If you plan to install railings, then you should make wooden inserts.

After this, you can begin concreting.

Remember that the steps and slab are poured with concrete in one go. The optimal composition of concrete contains 10 parts cement, 30 parts crushed stone, 20 parts sand, 7 parts water.

Concrete is poured into the formwork from the bottom step; after pouring, the mass is compacted and smoothed with a trowel.

It is better to take short breaks between concreting steps - 5-10 minutes - to contain the pressure of the concrete.

After pouring all the steps, it is advisable to cover the steps with film so that the concrete does not crack when it dries quickly.

It is better to begin dismantling the formwork after three to four weeks, when the concrete has completely dried. The staircase is ready: all that remains is to finish it to your taste.

12/08/2013 at 15:12

I. General information

II. Main product characteristics

Design

V. Scope of application

VI. Standard project

VII. Making reinforced concrete stairs yourself

VIII. Installation

IX. Average cost of reinforced concrete staircase products

During the construction of buildings, everything is worked out in detail technical nuances related to engineering projects, construction technologies and building materials.

Multi-storey buildings, cottages, schools, kindergartens, institute buildings, banks, industrial complexes and many other structures for residential and industrial purposes have master plan-project reinforced concrete stairs + reinforced concrete flights of stairs.

I. General information

Reinforced concrete stairs and flights of stairs are connecting elements that are installed in special openings between floors or levels (this opening is called a staircase).

These elements are subject to constant kinetic or mechanical stress. Reinforced concrete products are manufactured at reinforced concrete factories, according to standard dimensions and building regulations applying concrete grade M300. And privately to order - according to individual sketches.

Flights for stairs are an inclined component of a staircase structure, which includes load-bearing beams and a certain number of steps (from 3 to 18 steps).

Standard flight width is 90cm.

II. Main product characteristics

- persistent monolithic design,
- It has long term operation,
- not subject to destructive effects from sudden temperature changes,
- does not rot or be destroyed by insects or rodents,
-has high resistance to chemical and mechanical influences,
- does not tend to age,
- highly resistant to wear,
— the possibility of diversity in the decorative and finishing design of the flooring,
— possibility of manufacturing any shape and configuration,
- reasonable price and quality,
— stair steps reinforced concrete is fire-resistant and durable.

Reinforced concrete stairs and flights have one single disadvantage - weighting general design building.

III.

According to the methodology of the production process and engineering technologies, products are divided into:
- monolithic type (prefabricated),
- combined type.

Based on the number of flights used, concrete stairs are classified:
- for one-march,
- two-march,
- three-march
- and screw ones.

The form is: straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, screw and exclusive configuration.

According to GOST, reinforced concrete staircases are divided into the following types:
— flat march without equipping fascia step elements (LM)
- ribbed march with equipment of frieze steps (LMF),
- ribbed march with half platform (LMP).

IV.

Design

All reinforced concrete elements of the staircase - flights, steps, platforms and beams, as well as additional components and fastening materials constitute iron concrete structures stairs, which are obviously displayed in project documentation home, namely in the drawing of the staircase.

The design parameters of the prefabricated modification divide products into small-sized and large-sized.

The small-sized group is assembled from individual elements composition, which includes steps, stringers (or without stringers), platform beams and slabs.

The heaviest of this structure are platform beams (300-450kg).

Large-sized or industrial stairs differ in size and number of structural elements: platforms and flights.

V.

Application area

- industrial complexes of all types,
- schools and kindergartens,
- airport and railway stations,
- cinemas and restaurants,
- higher education buildings educational institutions,
— ordinary stairs for reinforced concrete houses up to 3 floors,
- multi-story frame, brick, stone houses and other areas.

VI.

Standard project

Development of drawing and technical information with the provision of all structural details of the future staircase is a standard project. Several options with drawings are provided to the customer for consideration. They include technical drawings with component parts and their dimensions. Drawings can be drawn up individually for each type of stairs. Namely: with straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, spiral staircases.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

In three dimensions and in section, all the complexities of the future structure in combination with the interior of the house are clearly visible.


A typical design of a staircase complex is carried out before the construction of a house (low-rise or multi-storey buildings). It is included as part of the general construction project.

All details of the project plan are discussed and agreed upon with the customer. A standard design for the installation of reinforced concrete stairs and flights can be ordered from the design government organizations or in private design offices.

List of detailed information of the drawing part of the project
precise technical marks for high-rise installation,
range of sizes horizontally and vertical plane,
clearance niches for fastening products;
parameters of concrete steps,
all technical data for installing beam products,
calculation of the resistance of buildings to the additional weight of stairs,

Typical projects are divided into standard (for multi-storey buildings), And non-standard or customized(for private houses).

The first includes prefabricated stairs (factory), consisting of two elements: a staircase and a flight. To the second - all other options.

In standard designs of private houses up to 3 floors and above, the following are taken into account: firstly, the size of the site allocated for construction or installation, secondly, the manufacturing and installation technology, the type of raw materials used in production and the shape of the staircase structure, thirdly, the location , intended for installation (load-bearing walls, middle of the hall) and geographical area.

The number of steps, width, height and shape are agreed with the customer.

VII. Making reinforced concrete stairs yourself

The question always arises: “how to make a reinforced concrete staircase with your own hands?” When performing this work, some skills in the construction field are required, as well as a thorough understanding of the installation stages: assembling the formwork, installing the rebar frame and pouring the concrete frame.

Assembling the formwork is the most sensitive moment– precise selection of formwork for each element is carried out.

Wooden boards, plywood and metal sheets can be used as formwork. When installing wooden formwork must be soaked in water to prevent moisture absorption from concrete and disruption of the geometric shape of steps, etc.

elements. An easy option for manual installation is the option of a wall staircase or an inter-wall staircase. The most difficult operation is making formwork for a spiral staircase.

All options involve the installation of support beams made of thick timber.

After the final assembly and strengthening of the formwork sections, the marches and platforms are reinforced. The role of reinforcement is played by metal rods and mesh. The final step is pouring concrete. For cooking concrete composition You will need cement, sand, crushed stone. All components are diluted with water, then mixed in a concrete mixer for 15 minutes.

Using buckets, the solution is poured into the formwork.

Within 25-28 days, concrete reaches one hundred percent maturity, it's time to start decorating. Natural wood, laminate, thick plastic, cork covering– ideal for finishing work.

Precise technological execution phased construction will give concrete structures strength and appropriate resistance to various destructive environments.

All DIY products, elements and stairs (reinforced concrete) have a number of advantages, namely: high resistance to mechanical stress due to the building materials used, special decorative finishes and various exclusive forms, which is why reinforced concrete stairs in private houses are preferred by all clients who have country houses.

VIII.

Installation

Installation begins with pouring concrete platform on the first floor in a flight of stairs. Precise marks for reinforced concrete structures are made in advance. Each slab is checked for defects.

Installation steps: stringers of 2 flights go into the nests of the platform beams. The stepped part is placed on the stringers, resting its ends on it, while the front edge rests on the step lying below.

The march consists of two steps - lower and upper. Their purpose is to transition to the site. In turn, the platform is a reinforced concrete slab that serves as the load-bearing walls of the building or concrete beams. The handrails are attached with screws to the grille.

The connection of these structural elements is carried out by welding.

Factory marches have a solid cross-section, and the treads are folded or overhead. Handrails are delivered to the site ready-made and installed on site. The weight of a reinforced concrete element reaches 1t.

When installing large-sized reinforced concrete positions, teams of professional builders and special equipment (crane) are involved. The installation technology is carried out simultaneously with the construction of high-rise buildings. Phased technological process it is recommended to strictly observe otherwise it is fraught with unforeseen circumstances - collapse of staircases or cracks in load-bearing walls and the products themselves.

Installation of stairs on metal stringers, reinforced concrete easy option and consists of: installation of stringers, installation of formwork and reinforcement, the last thing is pouring concrete.

This architectural composition can be installed anywhere. They are mounted without the use of additional equipment, unless the weight of the flights exceeds 350-400 kg.

IX. Average cost of reinforced concrete staircase products

For the attention of builders, combined reinforced concrete stairs can be purchased in ready-made prefabricated form at factories. It is also possible to individually manufacture reinforced concrete staircases to order from professional companies producing reinforced concrete products.

Product type (length) (width) (height) (weight) price

ML30-60-10(9 speed) (3610.0) (1050.0) (1200.0) (1.80) 10570rub
ML30-60-12(9 speed) (3610.0) (1200.0) (1200.0) (2.0) 11860rub
ML36-60-13(11 speed) (4280.0) (1350.0) (1200.0) (2.70) 17970rub
1LM30.11.15-4 (3000.0) (1050.0) (2500.0) (1.480) 9850rub
1LM30.12.15-4 (3000.0) (1200.0) (2500.0) (1.70) 10500r
LM1(3910.0) (1050.0) (1600.0) (1.920) 11650rub
LM2(4250.0) (1050.0) (1800.0) (2.080) 10750rub

Staircase structures made of monolithic concrete

During construction country houses and apartments on several levels use stairs. These essential elements must be practical and safe.

Most often, monolithic concrete stairs have recently begun to be used, since they do not require treatment after pouring and have a number of undeniable advantages.

1. Calculations and design
2. Manufacturing

Device options and advantages

The structure can be located both indoors and outdoors and, depending on the type, consist of one or two inclined beams and steps.

As load-bearing elements may be used:

• Stringers of a monolithic staircase - can be made of reinforced concrete or steel, the steps are attached from above.
• Bowstring - steps are inserted into grooves located on the inside. It is made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood.

Monolithic concrete stairs have a number of undeniable advantages: strength, durability, and high environmental friendliness.

The design does not require frequent repairs, can be done by individual order. The advantages include relatively inexpensive materials and work.

It is very important that high-quality monolithic stairs made of concrete are silent and safe.

Main types

Stepped products are different:

• A concrete staircase for a home can be entirely monolithic.

  It is poured into pre-prepared formwork, which is dismantled after hardening. cement mortar. It is worth noting that this option has recently been used infrequently for the home. There are several reasons for this, but the main one lies in heavy weight, due to which the load on the foundation significantly increases. But basement or yard stairs made of concrete are not uncommon today.

• Combined - made of cement-sand mortar and metal.

  They consist of a frame made of high quality steel and concrete steps. In this case, the formwork is assembled for each of them separately.

There is another classification of monolithic concrete stairs:

• Marches - can contain 1, 2 or more spans, called marches. According to building codes perfect angle equals 45˚. The most optimal flight is considered to have 9 steps; sometimes it is advisable to use more, although then you will also have to make a landing.

  Its width should be the same as the span, and its length should not exceed 1.5 average steps. This type is one of the most common.

• Screw or spiral - are a more complex design, so they are not used too often.

  They are not very convenient, but they take up little space, so they can be used in small spaces. Spiral monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are calculated and designed much simpler than marching ones.

  Do-it-yourself concrete staircase - calculations, installation, tips on how to make

  So, if the length of the steps is 0.5 m, the length of the entire staircase structure will be approximately 2 times greater. In the interior modern houses And multi-level apartments they look very elegant and stylish. They can be successfully combined with marching ones. So, in the main part of the house a product of the first type is installed, for example, from the 1st to the 2nd floor, and from the 2nd to the attic - a spiral staircase, which will save not only money, but also space.

The product can be ordered from professional builders or made independently.

It is worth noting right away that this is a very labor-intensive process, and for those who have never worked with a cement-sand mixture, it is better not to undertake it, as this will jeopardize the safety of movement. Do not forget that a monolithic staircase with your own hands must be made of high-strength concrete.

It should be thick and not slip out of the formwork, thereby breaking the symmetry.

In order to calculate the height, you need to measure it from the floor to the part of the wall where the last step will end.

After this, visually draw a diagonal from the end point to the floor so that you get a right triangle. Then calculate the most optimal width of the marches, length and height of each step. Do not forget to deduct the height of the top floor slab, as well as those that will serve as the base of the staircase and its platform if you decide to make a two-flight structure.

Write down all calculations on paper and make a drawing. When calculating the height of the steps, do not forget that they will be lined with some material, for example, plastic or carpet, their thickness must be taken into account.

Making a staircase with your own hands

Only the highest quality materials are used. The grade of concrete for the manufacture of monolithic stairs should not be less than M-300.

• They start by assembling the formwork. It is necessary in order to cement-sand mixture did not leak or spread, it is advisable to use moisture-resistant plywood. Don’t forget about the special adhesive lubricant, which will help you dismantle the prefabricated equipment easily and without damaging the surface.
• Reinforced mesh, consisting of strong metal rods welded together by a point method, is a mandatory component of both monolithic marching staircases and spiral staircases.

  It serves as a skeleton that prevents concrete from cracking and crumbling.

• After the formwork and reinforced mesh are ready, you can begin concreting monolithic stairs. It is worth noting that they are installed before finishing dwellings during construction. Make sure the concrete is viscous and start pouring it into the formwork. It is more convenient to do this from the top step.

  It is very important to ensure that there are no bubbles or voids; each freshly poured step must be compacted. For this purpose, a vibrating screed is used.

Staircase structures made of monolithic concrete can be used only after the surface has completely dried. A facing works It is better to leave it until the interior decoration of the house is completed.

Price

If you do not want to do the work yourself, you can turn to specialists.

The price of a monolithic concrete staircase in Moscow in this case will be approximately as follows:

Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: photo and video instructions

Concrete is a material of extraordinary strength and durability. But for the builder, its most interesting property is the plasticity of the newly prepared mixture. If structures from other materials are constructed, that is, they are composed of elements, then concrete ones are poured into a finished form.

Monolithic concrete stairs are, without a doubt, the most durable of all.

At the same time, the view can be more than fantastic. In this lesson you will learn how to make a monolithic concrete staircase with your own hands without involving specialists.

To do this, you only need desire, perseverance, patience and determination.

Types of construction

According to the method of manufacturing, concrete stairs are classified into two types:

1. monolithic - march and landing, if provided, are a single whole and are manufactured as one structure.

   The price for a monolithic concrete staircase varies depending on the structure;

2. combined - march elements are produced separately. For example, it is installed metal carcass, and the steps for the stairs are made of concrete.

In the first case, the entire process is carried out at the installation site. In the second, the structure is only assembled on site.

Calculation, installation, pouring and finishing of concrete stairs with your own hands

The photo shows monolithic concrete stairs.

Necessary Requirements

Despite its other advantages, a concrete structure has one significant drawback for private construction - heavy weight.

Therefore, before deciding how to make a concrete staircase in your house, you first need to make sure that the wall and floor can withstand such a load.

A standard march 4 m long and 1 m wide weighs about 2.5 tons. The support of such structures should be either monolithic foundation, or reinforced concrete beam.

When installing in an already completed building, another difficulty may arise.

If a layer of heat insulation is placed under the coating, then it will be pressed under the weight of the march. Before installation, it is necessary to disassemble the floor and remove the insulation.

Construction of concrete stairs

This entire process is labor-intensive and time-consuming, since installation of formwork, pouring, and, most importantly, hardening of the material take a lot of time.

However, a DIY concrete staircase is a doable task.

Work on constructing a concrete staircase with your own hands is carried out in several stages:

• layout;
• formwork installation;
• reinforcement;
• pouring concrete.

Preliminary calculations

Making a concrete staircase will not require excessive effort if you consider its construction at the planning stage.

The easiest option is to make steps between two walls. And the formwork in this case is simple, and the volume of concrete is minimal.

If the building has already been built, then the arrangement of stairs will depend on the parameters of the room.

When choosing a project, you need to remember some features:

• the steeper the angle of the march, the less concrete will be required and the lower the price of the product will be.

  But at the same time, the greater the slope, the more difficult it is to climb and descend;

• it is easier to build a landing than winder steps;
• spiral staircases will require many formwork panels non-standard shape, which will significantly complicate installation. The price also increases;
• When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the recommended sizes of steps, otherwise it will be extremely inconvenient to use.

Manufacturing of formwork

In essence, this is a wooden form into which concrete is poured.

Formwork is constructed from plywood 12–18 mm thick or edged boards at 3 cm.

1. If the formwork for a concrete staircase is intended to be used once, then the material is not protected. If repeatedly, the product is covered with glassine, old linoleum, or roofing felt.
2. The material is fastened with wood screws: nails are difficult to remove after concreting.
3. For supports and temporary stands, timber with a cross-section of up to 10*10 cm is used. The number of supports is calculated based on the fact that a pine beam 3 m long can withstand up to 150 kg.
4. All elements are cut from plywood or boards with a jigsaw and assembled according to the sketch.

   In its finished form, the formwork looks like a model of a staircase, in which only the upper part of the steps and the landing are missing.

5. It is better to make the side formwork from plywood, the bottom from boards, as shown in the photo.

Reinforcement of the staircase structure

Before the staircase formwork is poured with concrete, reinforcement is performed.

The metal frame significantly increases the strength of the product and prevents cracking and crumbling of concrete. Mounting rods and steel mesh are used.

1. At the stage of installing the formwork in the wall, you need to make grooves for attaching the mounting rods.
2. Transverse rods are fixed into the grooves, then longitudinal rods are laid - the step between them depends on the length of the span.
3. Fastening of reinforcing bars is done either by spot welding or wire knitting.

   The latter method is more appropriate for a small amount of work.

4. The resulting frame mesh should rise 5–10 mm above the bottom. To do this, plastic bosses are installed under the mesh.
5. The side edge of the step is reinforced with a reinforcing bar, the top - with a flat steel mesh, fixed to the main frame.

Concreting stairs

To pour concrete stairs, use a solution of at least B15 grade.

The composition is prepared independently in a concrete mixer. It is necessary to add at least 4 parts of crushed stone (fraction 10 - 20 millimeters) to the finished solution so that the concrete does not leak out of the formwork during pouring.

The technology for constructing concrete stairs involves the sequence of the following stages:

1. Concreting stairs is done at a time, so it is advisable to prepare the solution in one portion.
2. The formwork is wetted with water.
3. Filling is done from bottom to top.
4. The steps are compacted and carefully leveled with a trowel.
5. Concrete surfaces are covered with film to prevent uneven drying.
6. The formwork and supports are removed after the concrete has hardened - no earlier than after 4 weeks.

Concrete monolithic stairs are designed for the most severe operating conditions.

For external structures it is difficult to find a more durable and unpretentious material. Inside the building, the attractiveness of the structure is no less important. The most varied finishing is possible: wood paneling, artificial stone or ceramic tiles, or a combination of materials. The choice of design depends only on the features of the interior and personal tastes.

The video below will tell you in detail about the construction of a monolithic concrete staircase on your own!

Good luck with your construction!

Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: video

In this article we will tell you how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands.

Positive sides:

• Long service life;
• Strengthens the structure of the building;
• Moisture resistant;
• Fireproof;
• Silent;
• Wide range of decoration and modeling.

They choose the concrete option, since its costs are low. Investments are only for the purchase of material for production and personal time. Such a staircase is built simultaneously with the construction of a house. On the general drawing of the house construction, a place for installing a flight of stairs is planned.

First preparations

First of all, you need to calculate the number of steps to fit into a certain area of ​​the building. The ease of movement on the stairs depends on this. Behind standard height the step when lifting is 17 cm. The width must be at least one meter. Also take into account the embedded parts for future railings.

Material

To prepare concrete, take: cement (1 part), crushed stone with a grain size of 10-20 mm (3 hours), sand (2 hours), water (0.7 hours). If the concrete is thick, you can add a little more water.

To create the formwork, purchase 10x10 cm construction timber, waterproof plywood with a cross-section of 2 cm or an edged board of 3 cm, reinforcement, and a metal corner. The wooden structure is secured with 3.5 cm self-tapping screws, which are conveniently removed during dismantling.

Formwork is a box into which concrete is poured. It is built directly on the construction site. The best material wood is considered to be used. It can be easily removed after the solution has hardened. The width of the boards should be equal to the height of the steps. Supports are installed perpendicular to the base of the stairs using special fastenings to the support.

It should be remembered that concrete stairs are heavy, which means the supports must be massive and durable.

The formwork boards are additionally fixed with a longitudinal plate to avoid deflection when pouring concrete. The entire structure is assembled with self-tapping screws so that it can be easily disassembled after use. If the use of formwork continues, it is recommended to protect the wood with a waterproofing material: alkyd varnish (painting), roofing felt, glassine, oilcloth, old linoleum. This is done to prevent the boards from deforming when the concrete solution comes into contact with water.

To strengthen the flight of stairs, a frame is made of metal rods. It is laid along the load-bearing edges and connected by welding at a distance of 3 cm from the formwork to the reinforcement. To attach the iron assembly to the wall, pins are driven into it.

Types of staircase structures

Of all the designs, the main types can be distinguished:

• helical - looks like a spiral twisted in the center;
• rotary - marches can be located to each other at an angle of 90 o and 100 o;
• straight - the most convenient for climbing; they do not require much physical effort to climb, but take up a large amount of usable space.

First, prepare the concrete mixture. Before pouring, wooden plugs or iron pins are placed in the formwork on the side where the handrails will be for further fastening. Then they begin pouring concrete into the formwork boxes. To prevent the edges of the steps from crumbling during operation, a metal corner is welded to them.

Filling should be done in one go to avoid peeling.

After filling the formwork, the solution must be compacted and leveled. Only after the concrete has completely dried do they begin to dismantle wooden mold and walk up the stairs.

Indoors, a concrete staircase is rarely left without cladding. For finishing reinforced concrete forms the following can be used:

1. Laminate.
2. Natural wood.
3. Stone.
4. Ceramic tiles.

Glass is used to make the parapet; the decoration of the entire staircase can be a piece of metal. They look rich wooden railings in the form of sculptures. The choice of fencing option depends on the style of interior design of the room and what material the flight of stairs is decorated with.

Cladding is done not only on steps and landings, but also on the back side of the stairs. For this they use decorative plaster, ceramic or porcelain tiles. A staircase made using such methods undoubtedly always pleases the eye of people - regardless of whether it is located in a cottage outside the city or connects the floors of an enterprise.

If it is noticed that some deformations have appeared in the stairs, for example, cracks or something else, it is necessary to eliminate them in a timely manner. To do this, you can use the following methods, depending on the defect: cement-sand mortar, anchor bolts or something else. If you carry out preventive maintenance on time, you can avoid the occurrence of defects.

Have you built the stairs in your home yourself? Share personal experience with our readers by leaving a comment on the article.

Video

We invite you to watch a video about the construction of a monolithic concrete staircase.

Not a single residential or industrial building is conceivable without such a structural element as a staircase. A series of steps serves as a communication point between rooms located at different levels. She experiences considerable stress every day. Therefore, increased demands are placed on it in terms of comfort, reliability and safety. This article will talk about how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands.

Reinforced monolithic concrete stairs

• Staircase structures can be rectangular, rotary or spiral. But regardless of the type, concrete architectural element stands out for the following advantages.
• Resistance to moisture, temperature fluctuations and aggressive environments. Therefore, such structures are erected both indoors and outdoors.
• High strength is achieved by reinforcing the concrete mixture. The steps can withstand very impressive loads, which makes them incredibly reliable and practically durable.

Monolithic concrete stairs photo

• Concrete stairs provide ample opportunities for decorative finishing. Here you can use porcelain stoneware and ceramic tiles, wooden planks (parquet, laminate) and other materials.
• The steps do not require special care or regular impregnation. If a defect occurs on the surface, it is enough to re-fill the area to be restored with concrete.
• Construction of the structure is underway on our own without the use of special or expensive building materials, as well as without the involvement of special equipment and specialists.
• Filled steps are ready for use within 7-10 days. This allows you to use them at all stages of construction, carry tools, materials, etc.
• Since the staircase is erected simultaneously with the construction of the house, in addition to its direct purpose, it plays another role - constructive.
• Among the disadvantages are its impressive weight, massiveness (takes up a lot of space) and solidity - the staircase cannot be dismantled, rearranged or modified.

Concrete grade for staircase structures

• To make concrete stairs, ready-made mortar M200 class B15 or M250 class B20 is usually used. This material is based on fine crushed stone, with the addition of binders, modified additives and other fillers.
• When choosing concrete for the construction of external stairs, it is important to pay attention to the frost resistance (F) and water resistance (W) indicators.

To mix concrete mortar Mark 250 on your own, use the following proportions:

• 1 part concrete M400;
• 2 parts washed sand;
• 4 parts of crushed stone fraction 10x20 mm;
• about ½ part water;
• 0.7% by weight of cement plasticizing additive C-3.

Mixing the mortar the old fashioned way, using a pallet and a shovel, is incredibly difficult, especially since filling the steps must be done in one go. Therefore, it is recommended to borrow a compact concrete mixer from your neighbors or rent it from construction crews.

First, sand and crushed stone are poured into the device, bulk materials stir for at least 2-3 minutes. Then a plasticizer (in dry or concentrated form) and water are added. All components are mixed for at least 5 minutes.

Important! Poor mixing of all components reduces the final strength of concrete by 20%.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

Staircase design

• If work on the construction of a staircase is carried out independently (without the involvement of specialists), then the project on paper is drawn up on its own. The plan calculates the dimensions of the room, the slope of the structure, its length and width, and also takes into account the presence doorways, method and direction of door opening.
• The construction of concrete stairs requires special attention to the angle of inclination. The optimal value of this parameter is in the range of 26-37º. Too much steep stairs can become life-threatening, and a flatter one will take up a lot of usable space, and it is not particularly comfortable when ascending/descending.

• When developing a project, you must act consistently. First, the number of steps is calculated, then their length, width, angle of rotation, platform parameters, etc. Only when the right approach we can talk about the safety and convenience of the design.

Calculation of stage parameters

• In addition to strength characteristics, such a design must meet operational characteristics. The selected parameters should be as comfortable as possible when ascending or descending while maintaining evenness of step.
• As for the width, it can vary from 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Undoubtedly, the wider the staircase, the more convenient it is, but the area of ​​the room does not always allow the construction of structures of the preferred size. Therefore, when designing, we take into account not only comfort, but also free squaring.

There are average indicators of stages that determine ease of use:

• height 190-220 mm;
• width 250-330 mm.

• For correct calculation parameters, a simple formula is used: 2a+b=640, where: a - step height; b - step width; 640 mm is the average length of a human step.
• Substituting the average data, we get: 2x190+280=660. As you can see from the example, the selected dimensions fully correspond to comfortable performance characteristics.
• Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the length of the march. Here it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the decorative flooring. The result obtained is divided by the height of one step. For example: 3000/190=15.8, which means there are 16 steps for a 3-meter long flight.
• If during the calculations the tenth part is small (for example, it turned out to be 14.3 or 16.4), then it is recommended to take only the whole number as a basis, and distribute the remainder evenly over the height of all steps (the damage to the comfort of ascent and descent will be insignificant).

Important! When calculating, you should take into account the height of the tallest family member. So that when he gets up on the second step he doesn’t hit his head on the ceiling. Here it is necessary to add 400 mm to a person’s height (the average height of two steps without finishing material!)

Formwork for pouring concrete stairs

• Formwork assembly is one of the key points construction. To make the concrete surface as smooth as possible, use moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of at least 20 mm. For the side walls of steps and the formation of risers, edged boards with a thickness of 30-35 mm are used.

• For the bottom surface, take a solid slab. Its installation at the desired angle is carried out using vertical bars or special telescopic racks, which can be easily rented from construction teams.
• Since the mass of the concrete mixture is quite large, it makes sense to use metal corners and bars to strengthen the formwork. It is recommended to attach additional reinforcing elements to the bottom of the formwork every 50-80 cm.
• Next, steps are formed using edged boards. When installing, take as a basis inner dimensions, that is, when fixed, the external parameters of each step will be 30-35 mm (exactly the width of the lumber used) greater than the design indicators.
• Wooden elements must fit tightly to each other, the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. To prevent the solution from being absorbed into the lumber, before pouring it, it is generously moistened or the walls are protected with plastic film, as well as any waterproofing material.

Important! When assembling the structure, self-tapping screws are used. Their location should be only external, so that when dismantling the formwork there are no difficulties that could lead to partial destruction of the concrete surface.

Technology for reinforcing concrete stairs

• To give strength to the staircase structure and prevent the edges of the steps from crumbling, reinforcement is carried out. For the work you will need steel reinforcement with a diameter of 8 and 14 mm, knitting wire, as well as a tool for bending and cutting rods, pliers.
• Thicker steel rods are used for longitudinal reinforcement, and smaller diameter rods for transverse reinforcement. At a distance of at least 30 mm from the bottom of the formwork, 14 mm reinforcement is laid in increments of 150-200 mm. To do this, it is enough to place broken pieces of brick or ceramic tiles under it.

• Transverse rods are also laid out at a distance of 150-200 mm from each other. Fixation of the reinforcement in the form of a mesh is ensured by means of a knitting wire, fastened and tightened with pliers.
• For reliability, you can lay out the second row of the finished mesh with 150x150mm cells from 4 mm reinforcement. This layer should be positioned in such a way that the concrete layer covers the metal by 30-40 mm. To ensure such parameters, original chairs are prepared from metal rods.
• If the structure will rest on three sides (top, bottom and side), then reinforcement is laid in advance during the construction of the walls. As a result, the most durable fixation of the staircase from the side is ensured.

How to properly pour concrete stairs

• The concrete solution begins to be poured from the bottom step. The frame is filled in small portions. After filling, tamping is performed with an electric vibrator. This tool will help get rid of air voids that adversely affect the strength characteristics of the finished structure.
• In addition to the vibrator, you can gently tap with a hammer on all sides of the formwork. As a rule, the mixture will settle 2-3 cm from the required level; the deficiency is compensated by a new portion of the concrete mixture. Next, the tamping process is repeated.

• If the solution no longer settles, then the surface is finally leveled with a trowel or rule. Between concreting each step, a break of 10-15 minutes should be maintained, during which time the pressure of the solution drops slightly.
• To move upward, you can lean a standard wooden ladder on the frame or use ordinary boards. After completion of the work, the concrete is covered with plastic film, which prevents it from drying out prematurely.

Important! During the first 2-3 days, the polyethylene is periodically removed, and the concrete surface is wetted by spraying; a direct stream of water should be avoided.

• The frame is dismantled after 3-4 weeks, during this period concrete mixture will gain at least 80-90% strength.
• An undoubted advantage concrete surfaces is absolute maintainability. Therefore, if any defects are found after drying, they can easily be corrected by partial “patches” or re-filling. However, in order to avoid financial and time costs, it is better to do it once according to all the rules, putting in more effort and effort.

Decoration Materials

• It is not recommended to leave a concrete staircase without further finishing. After some time, the edges of the steps will begin to crumble. Yes and appearance staircases leave much to be desired, although many modern styles welcome concrete structures in their original form.
• Depending on the style direction, the steps are lined with porcelain tiles, ceramic mosaics, wooden planks. Side walls and the bottom surface of the stairs is usually plastered and then painted.

• For safety of movement, the staircase structure is equipped with fences. Balusters and railings are made of wood and chromed metal. Tall decorative qualities Forged products are distinguished, which can be called real works of art.