Signs of scientific style in a particular text may appear with a greater or lesser degree of severity. It depends on many reasons:
- genre;
- the subject of consideration (in works on humanities the language is freer than in works on technical sciences);
- addressee.
Under the influence of these factors, genres of NS were formed, i.e. different forms of organization of speech material. It is customary to distinguish the following groups of genres.

1. Genres “for their own”(genres of the actual scientific substyle). With their help, new scientific information is transmitted between specialists. This is a monograph, a scientific article, a report.
Monograph- a scientific work devoted to the study of one issue, one problem.
Research Article- essay small size in which the author presents the results of his own research.
Report can be considered an oral version of the article (adjusted for the form of speech), since it is prepared in advance.
Special genres “for their own” are reviews and reviews. They give an assessment of the monograph, article, collection of reports.
Review- this is written analysis, suggesting: 1) commenting on the main provisions (interpretation of the author's thought; own addition to the thought expressed by the author; expression of one's attitude to the problem statement, etc.); 2) a generalized reasoned assessment; 3) conclusions about the significance of the work.
Review gives the most general description of the work without detailed analysis, but contains practical advice: the analyzed text can be accepted for publication, for competition degree etc.

2. Genres "for myself"(genres of scientific and informative sub-style). The texts of these genres (secondary genres) are compiled on the basis of existing texts. This is an abstract, summary, theses, abstract.
abstract reflects the main information contained in the primary source (article, monograph), new information, essential data. The volume of the text of the abstract is determined by the content of the document (the amount of information, their scientific value and / or practical significance), as well as the accessibility and language of the document being referred to. The recommended average length of the abstract text is 850 characters.
annotation- a concise description of the book (article, collection), its content and purpose; this is a kind of advertisement of the text, therefore it is appropriate to emphasize the most significant and advantageous aspects of the work in it. An abstract usually consists of two or three sentences. At the end of the text, it is usually indicated for whom the work is intended.
Abstracts- briefly formulated main provisions of the report, articles.

3. Genres "for others"(genres of educational and scientific, scientific and reference, popular science substyles). In the texts of these genres, not only the material (research results) is important, but also the form of its presentation.
To genres educational and scientific substyle belong to the textbook, lecture, explanation, oral answer;
scientific reference– dictionary, reference book, catalogue;
popular science- a book, an article, a note, a speech on TV, radio in a popular science program.

Self-scientific sub-style of scientific style (monograph, scientific article, etc.).

A scientific article and a monograph are original works of a research nature related to the actual scientific style. These are the so-called primary genres of the scientific style, since they are written by specialists and for specialists.

· Monograph- a scientific work, a scientific book devoted to the study of one problem, one issue.

· Research Article- a short essay in which the author presents the results of his own research.

The same group of genres includes report, dissertation work, as well as course work and graduate work, adjacent to another variety of scientific style - educational and scientific genres. The texts of these genres should have the properties inherent in any scientific text - be accurate, logical, abstract and generalized, have a harmonious composition.

In the texts of these genres, structural and semantic components are distinguished:

title (title)

introduction,

· main part,

· conclusion.

· Title (title) scientific text - the most important informative unit, reflecting the theme of this work and corresponding to the content of the text. There are several types of headers:

general name (introduction to terminology; talks about physics; asymmetry of the brain and sign systems);

title specifying the questions being developed by the author scientific theory and practices (storage of information in a non-literate society; Lie algebras with finite grading);

· Introduction (water part) should be short and precise. It substantiates

· choice research topics,

describes research methods,

· the goals and objectives of the work are formulated.

The main goal of any branch of science is the disclosure and study of the patterns of communication between phenomena and processes. The range of goals of scientific research also includes: disclosure of the specifics of the object of science, creation of a typology, explanation of phenomena, description of functions, systematization and generalization of facts, etc.

· Main part monograph text, thesis is divided into chapters according to the tasks and volume of work. AT scientific article chapters are not distinguished, but each new scientific position is drawn up in a new paragraph.

· Conclusion contains conclusions on this study or has the form short summary

Scientific and educational sub-style of scientific style (textbooks, teaching aids, industry encyclopedias, reference books).

The scientific and educational substyle involves the appeal of a specialist to a non-specialist or a future specialist who already owns the initial information in a particular field of science, sufficient to assimilate the reported new scientific information. The main goal is to activate logical thinking, the learning function comes to the fore. The material is scientific information necessary for the addressee to obtain a certain amount of knowledge in order to obtain an education or acquire a specialty. A scientific and educational sub-style is being implemented in the educational literature for educational institutions various types, reference books, teaching aids, abstracts, lectures, explanations of the teacher in the lesson. The presentation in scientific and educational texts “is carried out according to the principle “from ignorance to knowledge, from less knowledge to more”: terms are introduced based on already known ones, great attention is paid to the explanatory part, completely new terms and concepts that have not yet been established in science missing”24. Along with strict, academic means of the proper scientific substyle, there are also those that help make scientific information more accessible. For this purpose, it is used a large number of examples, illustrations, tables, diagrams, comparisons, explanations, interpretations, etc. In oral scientific and educational speech, colloquial, figurative, emotionally expressive vocabulary can also be used.

The amount of information reported is limited by government educational standards, curricula, educational programs. The nature of the presentation depends on the age of the students, the degree of possession of primary scientific knowledge, the level and stage of education received - primary, basic general, complete (secondary), professional (secondary specialized and higher) education. Naturally, textbooks for universities are closer to the actual scientific sub-style, and for elementary school- closer to popular science.

Popular science substyle

The popular science substyle is addressed to a non-specialist and aims to familiarize the addressee with scientific information in an accessible and / or entertaining form, to popularize them. “The author of a popular science presentation has to temporarily abandon the point of view of a specialist, look at his science from the outside, talk about it without simplifying it and at the same time not overloading the presentation with hard-to-reach material. He does not need to strive for special brevity, conciseness of presentation, to save language resources, since in this case there is a danger of reducing the reader's understanding of the material being presented. Popular scientific literature is based on scientific facts, stated simply, without outward signs of "scholarship""25.

The lesser degree of competence of the addressee of the popular science substyle compared to the addressees of the actual scientific and scientific-educational substyle requires a slightly different language design. In general, the same means are used to convey scientific content as in the actual scientific style - terms, terminological stable combinations, morphological forms, syntactic constructions, etc. At the same time, terminological vocabulary is used to a limited extent, scientific concepts are often introduced based on the everyday consciousness and practical experience of the addressee, emotionally expressive and figurative means, metaphors, comparisons, epithets, etc. are used. Scientific information is not reported in full, not systematically, but selectively, evidence of truth is given without sufficient rigor or is completely omitted. In popular science texts, it is allowed to express the author's position in relation to the information presented, the author's direct appeal to the addressee, i.e. manifestation of the author's self, in contrast to the actual scientific and educational texts. This is also facilitated by the use of interrogative and exclamatory constructions, interjections, and appeals. The use of such linguistic means contributes to the implementation of another function inherent in the popular science substyle - the function of influence, which brings it closer to the style of journalistic and fiction.

The ratio of strictly scientific means of transmitting information and emotionally expressive and figurative means aimed at popularizing this information is related to the level of scientific awareness of the addressee and the genre used - scientific articles in periodicals, popular science magazines, popular science books, public performance on the scientific topics on radio, television, speeches of scientists, specialists to a mass audience.

The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency to complex constructions, which contributes to the transfer of a complex system of scientific concepts, the establishment of relationships between generic and specific concepts, between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, proposals are used with homogeneous members and generalizing words attached to them. Common in scientific texts different types complex sentences, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; in view of the fact that, while, etc., the means of communication between parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To unite parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in the scientific style are monotonous in terms of the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to draw the reader's attention to an issue.

The generalized abstract nature of scientific speech, the timeless plan of presentation of the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences. Actor they are absent or thought of in a generalized, indefinite way, all attention is focused on the action, on its circumstances. Indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, when explaining the material in examples: Speed ​​is depicted as a directed segment; Consider next example; Compare offers.

Scientific style substyles

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three sub-styles:

Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, abstracts, scientific reviews, etc.

Example: “The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under no circumstances can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stresses, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, hissing, prolonged holding of the stop in explosives, voluntarily stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythmic group, violate the prevailing in the language rhythmic tendencies (T. Poplavskaya)”.

Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, in order to teach, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Mandatory is the description "from general to particular", strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms. Typical for textbooks teaching aids, lectures, etc.

Example: “Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from the Greek word "botani", which means "green, herb, plant". Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, distribution of plants on the surface the globe, the relationship of plants with surrounding nature and with each other (V. Korchagin).

Popular science. The audience with this style is usually without special knowledge in this area. The purpose of the style is to familiarize with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal. The features of the style are: the relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of private phenomena without overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, messages of a "scientific nature" in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can range from newspaper headings "historical/technical background" or "it's interesting" to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks.

Scientific style of speech. general characteristics and main varieties.

scientific style- one of functional styles literary language serving the sphere of science. In scientific speech, the message function dominates, it is said about the result of their research activities. The usual form of implementation of this style is a monologue. In scientific speech, there is a preliminary selection of language means.

The scientific style is implemented in the following genres - monograph, article, dissertation, report, abstract, review, review, abstract, textbook, lecture, etc.

In the field of scientific communication, the goals of the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thoughts are pursued. The leading form of speech in the field of science is written, and usually thinking is expressed in judgments and conclusions following one after another in a strict logical sequence. The thought is strictly argued, hence the generalization and abstraction of the nature of thinking. In scientific works, the main type of speech is reasoning - proof. final crystallization scientific statements carried out through careful external linguistic embodiment.

Vocabulary. In scientific texts, almost every word acts as a designation of a general or abstract concept (cf.: "Chemist should pay attention to ... ", i.e. a chemist -abstract face; Birch tolerates frost well; here the word "birch" means not a single object, a tree, but a species of trees, i.e. general concept).

The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: commonly used words, general scientific words and terms.

Common vocabulary includes words common language, which are most often found in scientific texts and form the basis of the presentation. For example: The languages ​​of the world include the languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting (or inhabiting earlier) the globe. There is no special word here.

General scientific vocabulary is already a direct part of scientific speech, as the speech of describing scientific objects and phenomena. General scientific words are assigned to certain concepts, but are not terms, for example: operation, question, task, phenomenon, process, etc.

The core of the scientific style is the third layer of the vocabulary of the scientific style - terminology. A term can be defined as a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content; the term is based on a scientifically constructed definition.

The abstract generalized nature of speech is also emphasized by special lexical units (usually, usually, regularly, always, every, everyone) and grammatical means: indefinite personal sentences, passive constructions (For this, a funnel is taken in the laboratories; At the end of the experiment, the acid residue is counted etc.).

2. Terminological vocabulary of the Russian language, its introduction to scientific style texts. Terminology - component vocabulary of the literary language. TERMINOLOGY, a set of terms of a certain branch of knowledge or production, as well as the doctrine of the formation, composition and functioning of terms.

The subject of the general theory of terminology is: the study of the formation and use of special words, with the help of which the knowledge accumulated by mankind is accumulated and transmitted; improvement of existing terminological systems; search for optimal ways to create new terms and their systems; search for universal features inherent in terminologies different areas knowledge.

A term (lat. terminus "border, limit, end") is a special word or phrase adopted in a certain professional field and used in special conditions. The term is a verbal designation of a concept included in the system of concepts of a certain area of ​​professional knowledge. Terminology (as a set of terms) is an autonomous sector of any national language, closely related to professional activity. The terms of each branch of science, technology, production form their own systems, determined, first of all, by the conceptual connections of professional knowledge in an effort to express these connections by linguistic means.

Each branch of science operates with certain concepts and terms. These words constitute the terminological system of a given branch of science or technology. “... Terms in the field of vocabulary and a formula in the field of syntax are those ideal types of linguistic expression that the scientific language". Terms can be common (general scientific terminology) and highly specialized (terms of a given field of knowledge).

Common terms are often determinologized. Elements of term systems can be included in different systems, serving different branches of knowledge, for example: morphology - in linguistics and botany. However, within the same terminological system, the term must be unambiguous, monosemic, of one terminological field. Multi-valued terms denoting quantities, design concepts are not allowed.

Lexical and phraseological features of the scientific style.

For unambiguous presentation in a scientific style, words predominate, excluding the possibility of ambiguity. Concerning feature scientific style is its high terminality saturation with terms. Scientific vocabulary is constantly supplemented with new terms. In a purely scientific academic style, terms are not always explained.

In scientific and educational works for a wide audience, terms are usually explained. The emotional load of the word is perceived as a disadvantage that interferes with understanding, therefore, in the scientific style, the choice is shifted towards more neutral words. Scientific and humanitarian, as well as scientific and natural literature, where the subject of study is man and nature, allow the use of emotionally expressive means of language.

The lexical and phraseological composition of the scientific style in terms of semantics can be divided into three groups. The first includes words and expressions characteristic of the national Russian literary language and used in bookish speech with the same meaning that is fixed in the language.

Syntactic features of the scientific style.

One of the main specific features of scientific speech is the emphasized logic expressed at the syntactic level.

Scientific speech is characterized, for example, by the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between parts of the statement (reasoning or presentation of generalizations of conclusions). So, thus, therefore, therefore.

The use of adverbs in the linking function is also very characteristic: therefore, therefore, then, hence(in terms of cause and effect relationships).

The most typical for scientific speech is the use of an expression of emphasized coherence of presentation - special constructions and turns of communication. They are organically inherent in scientific communication; without them, scientific speech becomes jerky, spasmodic.

Examples: Now let's move on to the question of ...; Finally, we can also note the constant connection ...; Let me give you another example; Let's try to explain now ...; Let's stop at…; Next, we note... etc.

Scientific speech is also characterized by special “complex” turns ( according to Pavlov, according to Mendeleev I.T. d.); word specialization. "next" in the introductory word function ( Further ... This substance is easily soluble in ...).

The chain of genitive cases is very widely used, which is explained by the increased frequency genitive in scientific speech (... establishing (what?) Dependence (what?) Length (what?) Line (what?) Wave X-ray (what?) Rays (what?) Atom.

In addition, the use of almost exclusively declarative sentences is noted, and interrogative sentences are used only in the function of focusing the reader's attention on a particular question; hence the uniformity of sentences in terms of the purpose of the statement

Substyles of scientific style, their characteristics.

The main function of the scientific style is the transfer of logical information, the proof of its truth. But scientific style along with this main function has other equally important functions that are implemented in three varieties of scientific style - substyles: actually scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.

The distinctive features of the scientific style at all levels of the language are most fully manifested in actually scientific substratum. At the lexical level- wide use of terms, often highly specialized and general scientific vocabulary. At the morphological level- the predominance of abstract nouns, mostly of the neuter gender. At the syntactic level: according to the purpose of the utterance, the sentences are, as a rule, narrative.

According to their distinguishing features scientific and educational substyle lies between the actual scientific and popular science sub-styles. The function of this substyle is educational. At the same time, the amount of information reported is strictly limited. curriculum, and the evidence system should be simplified to make scientific information more accessible and easier to assimilate.

The scientific and educational substyle as a whole is much closer to the actual scientific substyle than the popular science substyle is rarely used.

main function popular science substyle is the promotion function. The popularization function limits the manifestation of the main function of the scientific style: scientific information is not reported in full, not systematically, but selectively, evidence of the truth of the information is given without sufficient rigor or is completely omitted.

The scientific style is realized in several sub-styles, but their number in science is still being debated. However, the existence of three sub-styles is generally recognized: these are the actual scientific (academic), educational and scientific and popular science sub-styles. The differences between them are especially pronounced in the following points:

in the specifics of the addressee;

in the amount of general background knowledge of the subject of speech and the addressee;

in the use of terminology in a scientific text.

Thus, communication within the framework of the academic substyle assumes that the subject of speech and the addressee have a significant amount of common scientific knowledge, therefore, the terminology in a scientific article, in a speech at a scientific conference, etc., as a rule, is used without definitions. In the texts of the scientific and educational sub-style, terms are introduced gradually, with definitions, taking into account the significant difference in the amount of scientific knowledge of the teacher and the student. According to this principle, for example, the presentation of material in a textbook is carried out. And, finally, terminology is used sparingly in popular science works, and the meaning of the term is explained in the most accessible form, since almost every person with any, even minimal, background knowledge about the subject of speech can act as the addressee.

The system of scientific style sub-styles and their main genres is presented in the following table:

Table 1.1

Substyles and genres of scientific style

Recall that the primary genres include texts based on creative, research work on the study of one or another object of reality, and the secondary genres include texts that are the result of processing, generalization, evaluation, etc. of another, original, primary text. The thesis (thesis project), as we see, is the primary genre.

The style-forming features of a scientific text are most clearly expressed in the actual scientific sub-style (its name also testifies to this); least – in popular science. The fact is that the reader of a popular science text needs to be attracted, interested not only in the subject of speech, but also in the author's manner of presenting scientific information. That is why popular science works should be written in an accessible, entertaining form, they widely use a variety of expressive and colloquial language means. Although this contradicts the very essence of the scientific style, it gives the text features of publicism and even artistry.

In the text of the thesis (thesis project), the features of the popular science style look alien and therefore are unacceptable.

The scientific style is heterogeneous. Its varieties (substyles and genre forms) are linked to the target installation in use.

Linguistic features of communicative and stylistic types of scientific text (sub-styles) - academic (or actually scientific), educational and scientific, scientific-informational and popular science (or scientific-journalistic) - are determined primarily by the scope of their functioning and purpose.

The central place among texts written in a scientific style is occupied by academic texts - articles, monographs, dissertations, as they most clearly meet the goals of science - to expand and deepen knowledge about the world around. The addressee and addressee of these texts are maximally objectified. The main goal is to reliably, at the proper scientific level, inform about this subject. Academic texts are most characterized by logical harmony, objectivity of presentation (without emotional coloring), strict scientific character, brevity and clarity of formulations, an abundance of terms. The syntax of these texts is characterized by pronounced conciseness, subordination to logical models. Consider, for example, a text on geophysics.

Large stresses in the vicinity of workings cause destruction of rocks, often in the form of cracks and delaminations, which can result in the destruction of the workings. Particularly dangerous are sudden collapses of the hanging lava roof, crushing of the abandoned pillars, sudden falls out of side rocks and roofs in development workings ... These phenomena are usually combined under the name of rock bursts. It is believed that their presence is associated with the release of the elastic energy of the rock ... and is determined by the mechanical (deformation and strength) characteristics rocks, the structure of the reservoir and, of course, the geometry of the workings and the method of mining ...

This text contains a lot of special terms (lava roof, pillars, fallouts, rock bumps, elastic energy, deformation and strength characteristics, etc.), rocks, working geometry, mining etc.), omissions of linking verbs. All these characteristics ensure the information density and accuracy of the text.

Educational texts serve the purpose of learning, which determines the composition, structure and style of the text. Unlike academic texts, the purpose of which, as a rule, is to communicate new knowledge, educational texts fix an already established system of knowledge, generally accepted concepts and laws of a given science. This is determined by greater clarity, clarity, intelligibility of presentation. In addition, the addressee in this area is more clearly defined, since the author of the textbook usually focuses on the specific needs and level of training of his potential readers (for example, he knows for which faculties, specialties, courses his textbook is intended).

The need to motivate the learning process, to interest students, to make the material more accessible and useful explains the expressed position of the author - a potential teacher. It manifests itself in the use various means updating and accentuation of the material presented, its assessment, in the volume and content of recommendations, comments and notes. Consider, as an example, a fragment from a textbook on mathematics.

In mathematics, we deal with a wide variety of sets. For the elements of these sets, we use two main types of notation: constants and variables.

An individual constant (or just a constant) with a range of values ​​A denotes a fixed element of the set A. ... An individual variable (or just a variable) with a range of A denotes an arbitrary, not predetermined element of the set A.

Usually, constants and variables whose range is a certain numerical set [I], namely one of the sets N, Z, Q, R, C, are called natural, integer (or integer), rational, real, and complex constants and variables, respectively. In the course of discrete mathematics, we will use various constants and variables, the range of which is not always a numerical set.

As you can see, this educational text captures the generally accepted concepts and laws of mathematical science. This determines the clarity, conciseness of the presentation, the addressing of the material and the expression of the author's position. In order to attract the attention of a wider readership to the issues under consideration and the author to express his own opinion, popular science (scientific-journalistic) texts are created. These texts show the most individual style the author, the desire to use means of expression to influence the position, opinion of the reader.

The syntax of the texts is characterized by greater development, simplification of constructions, the exclusion in many cases of justifications and explanations, terminological vocabulary, mainly general scientific, is used less. This is due to the orientation of popular science texts to the reader - a non-specialist in this field of knowledge, as a result of which the author pays more attention to postulating certain provisions than to explaining them using strictly scientific methods.

To illustrate what has been said, we present a fragment from a popular science publication.

European culture occupies a very special place among other cultures of the world... Due to what has this been achieved? The answer sounds very simple: by limiting the person.

Of the entire spectrum of human spiritual possibilities, only one part of it was taken - the reflective thinking mind. All the forces of many nations are concentrated around its development. Only this region of the spectrum was, generally speaking, visible: the rest turned into a kind of ultraviolet and infrared region of the spectrum. This concentration on one area made it possible to make a breakthrough, but hence the crisis and mental discord both in personal and in public consciousness; and hence, as a consequence, the unjustified dominant of materiality.

A distinctive feature of the above fragment is its figurativeness. Syntactically, information is expressed by nominative sentences, expressive phrases are used (reflectively thinking mind, mental discord), introductory words that facilitate the perception of the text (generally speaking). This passage can be referred to mixed type, as it combines narrative, reasoning and inference.

Scientific and informational texts occupy an intermediate position between academic and official business texts. Texts of this type (articles in encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books, abstract journals and collections, scientific documentation) are written in order to provide the reader with information on any scientific question. As a rule, such texts are created according to a certain model with a fixed order of elements and a given volume, which brings them closer to the genre of official business papers. The similarity is observed in modal assessments: maximum objectivity, high information content and capacity of syntactic constructions, absence of subjective assessments. For example, in the following article excerpt from encyclopedic dictionary information is briefly and meaningfully presented about what an earthquake is, why it occurs, how it spreads, what its strength is connected with, how it is measured. In terms of informativeness, syntactic brevity and terminology, the style of this fragment approaches the academic substyle, and in terms of a comprehensive description of the subject, it approaches the educational and scientific one.

Earthquake - tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in earth's crust or the upper part of the mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. The intensity of an earthquake is measured in seismic points ... for the energy classification of an earthquake, magnitude is used.

The difference between the communicative and stylistic types of texts is manifested in frequency, in the functional and semantic types of speech. So, for academic texts, descriptive and argumentative compositional speech forms are equally characteristic, the choice of which is determined by the content of the text and the communicative goals of the author. In this regard, educational texts are closest to academic texts, since they represent all functional and semantic types (description, definition, explanation, reasoning, etc.); nevertheless, descriptive types prevail, realizing the goal setting of these texts - to present a fragment of knowledge. In the scientific literature, descriptive texts are most frequent: clearly structured definitions and messages. In popular science texts, the presentation of the material reflects the general logic, there is no detail, so they are descriptive or descriptive-narrative.