What kind of walls are there in houses? Types of walls. Cellular concrete walls

By purpose walls are external and internal, and by load perception - load-bearing and non-load-bearing.

Depending on the materials used share the following types of walls:

wooden from logs, beams, wooden frames;

brick made of solid and hollow clay, ceramic and silicate bricks and blocks;

stone made from cobblestone, limestone, sandstone, shell rock, tuff, etc.;

lightweight concrete made of gas silicate, expanded clay concrete, polystyrene, slag concrete, wood concrete, sawdust concrete;

soil concrete made of adobe, compacted pear.

By constructive decision walls are:

chopped from logs and assembled from wooden beams;

small block made of bricks and small blocks weighing more than 50 kg;

panel or panel made from ready-made wall elements per floor high;

framed from racks and frames covered with sheet or molded materials;

monolithic from concrete and soil;

composite or multilayer with used various materials and designs.

Materials for the construction of walls and their design solutions are selected taking into account local climatic conditions, economics, given strength and durability of the building, internal comfort and architectural expressiveness of the facades.

Natural stones and solid bricks have the greatest strength and durability. At the same time, in terms of their heat-protective qualities, they are significantly inferior to lightweight concrete, efficient brick and wood. Their use in “ pure form“Without combination with other, less thermally conductive materials, it is justified only in the southern regions of the country.

When building brick walls, you should strive for lightweight masonry, using efficient bricks and creating voids using warm mortar. Solid brickwork of solid brick walls with a thickness of more than 38 cm is considered impractical.

Reliable in operation and 1.5 - 2 times cheaper than brick, lightweight concrete walls based on slag, expanded clay or sawdust using cement. If you use pre-made ones it’s easy concrete blocks, the seasonal construction time can be significantly reduced.

The traditional material for the walls of low-rise buildings is wood. According to sanitary and hygienic requirements, chopped and cobblestone walls are the most comfortable. Their disadvantages include low fire resistance and sedimentary deformations in the first 1.5 - 2 years.

If lumber is available and effective insulation materials Frame walls are quite justified. They, like chopped ones, do not require massive foundations, but unlike them they do not have post-construction deformations. When lining frame walls with bricks, their fire resistance and durability are significantly increased.

In southern regions with sharp changes in day and night outside air temperatures, walls made of soil concrete (adobe) “behave well”. Due to their great thermal inertia (they heat up and cool down slowly), they create an optimal thermal regime in such a climate.

You watched: Types of walls

Wall classification . It is important for the builder to know that walls- These are the vertical enclosing structures of the building. Depending on their purpose, they can be external or internal.
Classification of buildings by wall construction is currently very diverse.
Internal walls (mainly partitions) are designed to separate rooms (rooms of a residential building, cottage, apartment) from each other.
Exterior walls can be of simple or complex design.
Depending on working conditions walls are divided into load-bearing (self-supporting) and non-load-bearing (hanging, enclosing) building structures.
Load-bearing walls- This walls, which absorb loads from overlying floors and structures.
Self load-bearing walls - these are walls that take their own weight, i.e. exterior walls both in residential and industrial frame buildings.
Boundary walls - This walls, which serve as protection from precipitation. Such walls are made of lightweight materials.
Curtain walls(hanging) - these are external panels that are used in some series panel buildings. They are hung on the building frame and attached to the ceilings.

Panel walls of a residential building

Classification of walls of residential buildings . It is worth noting that depending on the materials from which the walls are made, they can be the following types: brick walls (mostly ceramic or silicate bricks), wooden walls (mainly pine is used),
concrete walls- from large, medium and small blocks (the building materials for which are: concrete, foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, wood concrete, slag concrete and aerated concrete),
panels(1-3 layers), reinforced concrete, sandwich panels - enclosing structures (profiled sheet - insulation - profiled sheet) and monolith.
It is noteworthy that in the construction of both residential buildings and industrial buildings an important part wall designs are temperature-shrinkable seams.

Wall materials classification photo

Supporting structures of the building

When creating a project for their home, the owners want to have a cozy and comfortable room. Thinking through interior decoration each room, plan the arrangement of furniture. But the most important thing in construction quality home its finishing, which provides the building with waterproofing and thermal insulation of the walls, is considered to be the necessary barrier between warm room and cold air outside. The house has external and internal walls - which ones are better to insulate?

By covering the walls of a house from the inside, you significantly lose living space, and cold and moisture continue to affect the outside of the building. If you insulate and sheathe the outer walls, the living space will not decrease in volume, there will be no additional load on the foundation, but the brickwork will be reliably protected from moisture, temperature differences, fungi and bacteria. According to statistics, 40% of heat loss in houses occurs through walls. If the outer walls of the house are carefully insulated, energy costs will be significantly reduced.

Choice of insulation

Before starting any work, you need to take care of the materials and think about which insulation is best. Mineral wool, consisting of artificial mineral fibers, is suitable for cladding the outer wall of a house. It is divided into two types: stone and slag. It is sold in slabs or rolls. It does not allow moisture to pass through, does not burn, does not react to dampness, and is resistant to mechanical damage, protects against insects and retains heat well. It is very convenient to work with her.

You can use glass wool produced from waste from glass production for insulation. It has similar properties to mineral wool, but during insulation work with such material you need to wear protective gloves, a face mask and goggles. This will prevent small parts from getting into your respiratory tract or eyes.

Polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam is very popular. Plates made of this material are very light and have a cellular structure. It is the cheapest material, so it is often used in the construction of houses. There are two types: dense and porous. Now there are non-flammable ones. This is an important quality for the safety of your home. After installing such material, a layer of plaster or other type of cladding must be applied to the external walls. IN open form Such insulation is not left.

Wall insulation

There are two ways to apply insulation to the surface of an external brick wall:

• A bonded method of laying slabs joint-to-joint without leaving any gaps.
• Lathing stuffed on outer surface house, into the cavities of which pieces of insulation are inserted.

Nowadays, the bonded method of insulation is very popular, since this way of laying the material does not leave so-called “cold paths” - these are places where the insulation material does not come into contact with each other behind the sheathing, and unprotected strips of the wall remain. With the fastened method, the tiles are well joined, and the house is completely protected, without cracks.

The first step in insulation will be leveling the surface of the walls. To do this, the surface is plastered, then a layer of glue is applied and an insulation board is applied. The edges and center are strengthened with special dowels, the cracks are blown in polyurethane foam. If the distance between the plates is significant, then better space fill with a cut strip of insulation.

The next stage of work on insulating the external walls of a house is the application of a reinforcing layer, which is a fiberglass mesh or metal mesh. A thick layer of glue is applied to the insulation boards and the mesh is pressed in. Using smoothing movements, the reinforcement layer is leveled. After completely dry glued surface is cleaned and prepared for the last stage of finishing decorative plaster, which is subsequently painted.

Plastered and painted house

After applying insulation thrifty owners They can simply plaster the house and paint it with paint for exposed surfaces. Plaster can be made in relief, volumetric or textured. It is widely used nowadays for finishing works. The relief plasters on the façade are in harmony with the smooth surfaces made of natural materials.

To form a relief layer of plaster, a trowel and trowels, a sponge and various graters are used. In this case, you need to act quickly, forming a relief pattern on the base coat layer that has not yet dried. An interesting decoration element relief plaster is to paint the texture with several contrasting colors. To do this, after applying the main color, the paint that has not yet dried needs to be shaded with a special mitten.

Cladding the house with natural stone

The stone facades of the external walls give the impression of solidity and respectability. Natural stone is always pleasing to the eye, even if the house is not completely lined, but only, for example, the base. It is eco-friendly and durable material, which creates coolness in the house in summer and does not release heat outside in winter. Installation work performed easily and quickly.

The only drawback of this material is its weight. Delivery of the material will be quite expensive, and the stone itself is not cheap. There is an artificial substitute that is much lighter and cheaper, but its service life is much shorter.

Facade tiles

Used to decorate and protect the home from humidity. facade tiles. It comes in several varieties: clinker, terracotta and decorative.

Clinker tiles resemble bricks in appearance, only smooth and bright. Such tiles can be used to cover a building made of foam blocks or sand-lime brick.

After finishing work, the house acquires clear lines and brightness brickwork. And such a coating will last a long time. Therefore, both in Europe and in Russia this cladding is very popular. You can use tiles to lay out paths in your garden plot.

Terracotta and decorative tiles less popular, but have the same properties. Diversity color range and forms will attract the attention of people who want to have an original and unique design your home.

Wood paneling

Since ancient times, cladding the exterior walls of a house with wood has been very popular. Nowadays a material called “block house” is popular. After covering the walls, the structure becomes like wooden frame. This material looks expensive and has good characteristics. It is lightweight, easy to install and durable. In case of minor mechanical damage, the material can be sanded and repainted.

Finishing of external walls can also be done using wooden lining. The quality and durability of the material depends on the choice of wood. Inexpensive and comfortable pine paneling. But if you buy oak, the service life will be extended significantly: oak does not rot, it looks expensive, but is also expensive.

Any wood covering for walls requires treatment with special compounds that protect the wood from rotting, protect against fungus, mold, and insects. The façade will have to be varnished or painted frequently. This way you will maintain the neat appearance of the building.

Siding

Modern plastic material made by extrusion through holes different shapes vinyl mixture. Now siding is produced in two layers: it is more durable, non-flammable, and protects well from water and seasonal temperature changes. The material is not subject to erosion, does not rot, does not conduct electricity, resistant to mechanical damage, has long term service (50 years).

According to the type of installation, there are vertical and horizontal panels. They are fastened with self-tapping screws.

In addition to vinyl they produce metal siding. To produce such panels, they are wrapped on all sides with a passivated layer and painted with protective paint.

Material selection

Before you decide and purchase cladding material for the exterior walls of your home, you need to weigh the pros and cons. Consider the weight, price and quality of the material. When purchasing, be sure to check the integrity of the packaging so as not to receive low-quality lining with broken corners.

At the time of buying natural stone you need to check that the stones are the right color.

Wooden lining is selected without knots and blue spots.

Siding must be uniform in color, thickness and shape.

Preferably upon purchase expensive material use the services of trusted manufacturers who have proven themselves in the market, or listen to the feedback of professional builders.

All buildings, despite their differences in technical solution, consist of separate structural parts. Walls are one of them. I propose to consider the architectural structural elements walls, get acquainted with their name and purpose.

When designing buildings, they also take into account aesthetic considerations, giving the facade a look with attractive proportions of the external elements of the building walls.
To avoid solidity (uniformity), the surfaces are conventionally divided vertically (pilasters, for example, braces) and horizontally (plinths, cornices).

Basic wall elements

Base

The lower part of the building (walls), located on the foundation, slightly protruding beyond the plane of the facade, is called the plinth. It connects the foundation to the walls.

The top of the plinth (cordon) is arranged horizontally, so a building with a high plinth (50-60cm) is perceived as architecturally complete, rising as if on a pedestal. In addition to architectural and constructive expressiveness, the plinth protects the building from the penetration of precipitation.

Waterproofing is installed between the foundation and the plinth to prevent moisture from entering the masonry. In some cases, when the material of the walls and the base is different, a waterproofing layer is also provided on top of the base.

For non-seismic areas this is roll waterproofing(roofing felt, modern rolled materials). For the seismic zone - this is waterproofing from cement mortar M - 100, 150, 30 mm thick.

The plinth is an important architectural and structural element, forming the foundation of the structure; it gives it not only visual, but also structural stability. It must be finished with durable, waterproof and frost-resistant materials.

It can be:

• Plaster with granite additives, marble chips, just plaster;
• Brick cladding with jointing;
• Natural or artificial stone;
• Cladding with natural, artificial tiles and other options.

1-base; 2-window opening; 3 - doorway; 4-jumpers; 5- ordinary pier; 6 — corner pier; 7- crowning cornice; 8 same, intermediate; 9- belt; 10 - sandrik; 11-parapet; 12 – pediment; 13- niche; 14 – pilaster; 15- buttress; 16-cut; 17 – bracing

Architectural and structural elements of walls give the building proportionality in shape and size, improving the visual perception of the structure as a whole.

Openings

Openings are large holes left during the construction of walls for windows, door blocks, and stoves. The distance between the openings is called piers.
Types of piers:

• ordinary - between adjacent openings;
• corner - between the corner of the building and the nearby opening.

The upper and side areas surrounding the opening are called slopes (lintel). In brick external walls, the masonry in the openings is arranged with projections of a quarter of a brick (from the street side).

Jumpers

The structure that covers door, window, and arched openings is called a lintel. The lintels support the walls and ceilings located above. They must rest on the wall masonry.
By bearing capacity jumpers are divided:

• Load-bearing elements - must bear the weight load wall material above it, the ceiling plus its own weight;
• Non-bearing - only their own weight and the load from the wall material above them.

More common in construction are prefabricated reinforced concrete products, the dimensions of which are taken depending on the load, the size of the space to be covered, and the thickness of the walls on which it will rest. Monolithic lintels are not practical in terms of cost and labor intensity, but are possible.
The embedment depth is:

• for load-bearing – 250mm;
• for non-load-bearing elements - at least 125mm;
• for partitions – 200mm.

They are mounted on a layer of mortar no more than 15 mm thick. The geometric shape of the lintel can be bar, slab, façade or beam. If they do not overlap standard size width, it is manufactured according to an individually placed order.

Architectural and structural elements of walls - in particular lintels - can be arranged and brick type provided that the width of the space to be covered is no more than 2 meters, with a small load from the wall material laid above, not seismic areas, in the absence of vibration. They are used only in non-load-bearing walls.

Brick lintels, depending on the masonry technique, are:

• Ordinary lintels - the masonry is of the usual type, like a continuous belt, the mortar is of a higher grade, and special quality control is carried out. The height of the masonry layer is calculated by the project, and should not be less than four rows.
  When installing a lintel, formwork is installed from below, on which a layer of cement mortar 30 mm thick is laid. Reinforcement is recessed into this layer, the cross-section and number of rods of which is determined by the design.
• Arched lintels are laid out on arranged formwork, made in the form of an arc of a given curvature. The brick is laid on edge. In this case, the seams between adjacent bricks are wedge-shaped. The number of rows of masonry must be kept odd.
  They are now rarely used, mostly to give the building architectural and constructive expressiveness. They are mainly present in buildings old building.

Cornices

Cornices are horizontal protruding parts of the wall. The main or crowning one is the upper cornice. It is considered as one of the main elements of the external walls, completing the architectural and structural ensemble of the building. Functionally, it serves to remove precipitation from the roof.

Architectural and structural elements of walls - cornices - are designed taking into account the size of the building, number of floors, accessory and harmony with the main buildings around.

As a rule, reinforced concrete prefabricated elements are installed, which are secured with anchors. If a small overhang of the cornice is provided, then it is made of brick by overlapping masonry (solid brick).

Cornices over openings (windows, doors) are called sandriks. The plane of the facades can be divided by additional, intermediate cornices of simple shape - belts.

Expansion joints in the walls of a building

At long length building, its parts may not react equally to external influences. These are temperature changes, uneven settlement, seismic vibrations, which can lead to the appearance of cracks that reduce the load-bearing capacity of the structure.

Expansion joints divide the building into separate parts from the foundation to the roof. Their width is calculated based on temperature winter period, brands of mortars, wall materials. For example, the lower the temperature in winter, the more often seams are made.

Settlement seams are performed where uneven settlement is expected. At the border of soils of different structure, at the junction of buildings with different number of storeys, and other similar options. Here the cutting is made from the bottom of the foundation.

Anti-seismic seams are provided in areas of high seismicity on the principle that each individual compartment must be resistant to tremors.

Ventilation ducts

In interior walls In heated buildings, smoke and ventilation ducts are installed. They are made of brick and can be made of reinforced concrete (ventilation). They are designed for air exchange in rooms with high humidity, with the presence of combustion products, intoxication, and other similar situations.

According to the standards, each room is provided with a separate exhaust duct. The ducts should not communicate with each other, and the exhaust occurs to the street through ventilation heads on the roof.

Loggia, balcony, bay window

These are also architectural and structural elements of walls, providing additional usable area and operational amenities. They serve for household needs and can be attached to the room where they are located.

Balcony- This is a cantilever slab made of reinforced concrete, anchored into the outer wall. It is fenced with railings, the balconies are glazed and finished from the inside to prevent the access of precipitation, or can remain open.
Some owners of second floors that do not have a balcony arrange them themselves, resting them on racks, but this requires special permission and a design that calculates the loads on the supporting parts.

Loggia fenced on the sides with walls and a ceiling on top. The walls rest on a foundation made specifically for the enclosing walls of the loggia. Its load-bearing capacity exceeds that of a balcony. It can also be glazed and make an excellent utility room.

Bay window protrudes beyond the plane of the wall, increasing inner space from the inside. It is glazed and connected to interior space. This is typical especially in houses of old construction with architectural and structural external forms. In plan form it can be of different configurations depending on the architectural and structural solution.

Parapet

External walls quite often end with a parapet, which is a continuation of the masonry and rises above the roof. It is intended for fencing the roof; according to the architectural and structural design, it is a rectangular wall with a height of 0.7 - 1 meter. The parapet, in addition, serves as an architectural detail decorating the building.

Other description of wall elements

There are other smaller architectural and structural elements of walls. These include:

Gable- a wall covering the attic space gable roof from the end, framed by cornices protruding beyond the plane.

Tong the same pediment, only without a cornice in the lower part at the base.

Niches- a blind recess in the walls. Heating radiators are recessed in them, built-in wardrobes, plumbing, etc. are installed.

Nests– small holes or recesses intended for laying pipelines in sleeves, sealing the ends of structures, etc.

Pilasters– narrow vertically located protrusions of the walls, used for their local strengthening with a large length or height, with rectangular cross-section in respect of. They can have a foundation, base, capital, which visually resemble columns.

Similar semicircular protrusions are called semi-columns. Pilasters and half-columns give the building aesthetic solemnity and monumentality.

Buttresses- structures that increase the stability of walls, which are protrusions from them with an inclined outer edge. This design provides additional rigidity and strength when absorbing horizontal loads.

Walls are sometimes made with ledges along the height of the masonry, which are called sawn-off shotguns. The ledges on the plane of the facades along its length are called unfastening.

All architectural and structural elements of walls have their own functional purpose, and also give the building architectural beauty, expressiveness, and individuality.

Brick binding

A.
b.
Chain (double row):
a - cut,
b - facade A.
b.
Spoon (multi-row):
a - cut,
b - facade Masonry schemes

WITH air gaps With internal insulation Brick walls of well masonry

From interlocking bricks arranged in a checkerboard pattern From interlocking bricks located in the same plane With horizontal diaphragms made of cement-sand mortar
Axonometry of well masonry Brick wall with lightweight concrete filling

Vertical section Examples of plinth designs

From concrete stones to trim
Lined with stone blocks
Brick with low tide
Brick faced Cornice designs

Hemmed On an outrigger Brick With precast concrete slab Vertical section of an external wall using wood

Types of cobblestone and chopped walls Connections and wall inserts

Cutting log walls "in the paw"
Corner connection of cobblestone walls "in oblo" Corner connection of block walls with a dowel
Connection of internal and external walls

So, dear reader, the outlines of your house are already visibly outlined by the foundation, arranged for all the load-bearing vertical structures(walls, columns, partitions). New worries and troubles arise. First of all, about the walls of the house. You already know from the project what material, design, and dimensions they are supposed to be. But much seems unclear. So let's talk about walls. The choice of materials and wall structures depends on the climatic conditions of the location, the purpose and temperature and humidity conditions of the enclosed premises, the number of floors of the building, and the availability of local building materials and their technical and economic indicators, taking into account the transportation distance, the appearance and architectural design of the facades of the house.

In Rus', for a long time, for the construction of civil buildings, churches, monasteries and other structures, wooden, stone, and later brick structures. Beautiful mansions, hipped and multi-domed churches, beautiful and original, were created. It is enough to mention the magnificent St. Basil's Cathedral made of brick ( correct name- “The Intercession Cathedral on the Moat”, 1555-1560). No less beautiful and amazing achievement is the construction of the 22-domed Church of the Transfiguration (1714) in wood at the Kizhi churchyard.

Of course, in the old days, when there were no thermal engineering calculations, the thickness of the walls was often excessively large. For modern low-rise cottage construction, in addition to traditional stone, brick and wooden walls New solutions use more efficient materials and design solutions: lightweight concrete, ceramic, lightweight, layered brickwork, wooden frames, panel boards and others using lightweight insulation. These designs can significantly reduce the weight of walls and improve their economic indicators, speed up construction.

Let's get acquainted with the basic requirements for walls. The selected wall structure must have the same durability as the house as a whole, and perform two main functions: protecting from adverse effects external environment(rain, snow, wind, sun, overheating) and load-bearing - to withstand the load (weight) transferred to them from overlying structures, equipment, furniture.

Depending on the location in the building, walls are of two types: external and internal. The latter also serve as partitions.

External walls must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) heat-insulating qualities: design resistance heat transfer (frost resistance in winter, protection from overheating by the sun in summer), vapor permeability and air permeability, that is, they must provide the necessary temperature and humidity conditions in the premises at any time of the year. Depending on the required degree of fire resistance of the house, the walls must have a flammability group and a fire resistance limit not lower than established fire safety standards. Both external and internal walls must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) soundproofing properties.

These and some other requirements that you need to pay attention to when choosing a project and coordinating the designs of different elements of the house are sometimes contradictory. It is necessary to select materials and designs that satisfy, if possible, everyone technical requirements and the most economical solutions. According to their design, walls can be divided into solid, consisting of a homogeneous material, and solid, consisting of various materials. The former perform both enclosing and load-bearing functions, while the latter perform either load-bearing or enclosing functions.

Let us first consider the constructions stone walls, most often used in cottage construction - from brick, concrete, ceramics, as well as from sandstone, limestone, and shell rock. In low-rise stone buildings, the dead weight of the walls together with the foundations is 50-70% of the total weight of the building, and the cost of the walls is up to 30% (with simple architectural details) of the cost of the entire building. This shows how important it is to skillfully choose the type of walls, especially external ones.

Brick walls

They are laid out from artificial stones - with a nominal size of 250 120 65 mm, excluding tolerances of 3-5 mm. The bricks are laid with the long side (25 mm) along the facade (along the wall) and are called spoons, or the short side - across the wall - and are called pokes. The spaces between bricks filled with mortar are called seams. The normal thickness of a horizontal seam (between rows) is 2 mm, a vertical seam (between bricks) is 10 mm. Often builders use much thicker seams, which is extremely undesirable, because this reduces the heat-insulating qualities and strength of the wall and violates the modularity of dimensions.

In cottage construction, solid ordinary or red clay bricks are used, fired with a volumetric weight of 1700-1900 kg/m3 and less expensive silicate or white ( volume weight- 1800-2000 kg/m 3). For ease of use, the weight of one (solid) brick is from 3.2 to 4 kg. The thickness of homogeneous (solid) brick walls is always a multiple of half the brick and is built in 1/2; 1; 1 1/2; 2; 2 1/2 bricks, etc. Taking into account the thickness of vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm or more. This depends primarily on the winter design outdoor temperatures.

The placement of bricks in the masonry of walls is carried out with a certain alternation of spoon and butt rows in order to obtain a bandage of vertical seams.

The most widespread are two-row (chain and Russian) and multi-row (spoon) masonry systems. In a two-row, spoon rows alternate with bonded rows, forming on the façade, as it were, two repeating chains of rows.

In a multi-row system, three to five spoon rows alternate with one splice row. The outer and inner parts of the walls are laid from whole bricks by a qualified mason, and the middle of the backfill (backfill) is filled broken brick and filled with liquid solution. This method of laying is simpler than chain laying, so labor productivity is higher, and a larger volume of backfill reduces the cost. Before laying, the brick must be wetted, for example by dipping it in a bucket of water. Otherwise, especially on hot days, water from the mortar will be absorbed into the bricks, poorly connecting them to each other, creating conditions for the destruction of the wall.

Some types of bricks, ceramic and lightweight concrete stones, small concrete blocks (solid or with vertical voids) are somewhat larger in size than ordinary brick. For example, their height can be 88, 140, 188 mm in order to coordinate individual matching horizontal rows and seams when laying together with ordinary red brick cladding.

When laying a wall of stones with slot-like voids, it is necessary to lay out the stones so that the slots are parallel to the wall, that is, perpendicular heat flow. Laying walls from natural stone, which are given a regular, larger than brick, shape (by sawing or chiseling), is carried out using a chain system, mainly for unheated buildings in areas where this stone is a local building material.

Solid bricks are durable, but in terms of their heat-protective qualities they are significantly inferior to effective multi-hole and ruffled bricks, which are more porous (volume weight - 1100-1300 kg/m3). Brick grades used are 50-150; grades of mortar (binder) from 10 (lime) to 25 (cement) for different types of masonry and structural elements. Masonry is carried out on heavy volumetric weights of more than 1500 kg/m3), so-called cold (cement-lime, sand) or light (slag), warm solutions. Solid brick masonry of walls made of solid bricks with a thickness of more than 380 mm is considered impractical, because such dimensions of the brick and its large volumetric weight (mass) make solid masonry uneconomical. The thickness of the outer wall of cottages, which is determined by thermal calculations, in terms of strength is redundant. It is sometimes used only at 15-20% of its load-bearing capacity. Therefore, in cottage houses, lighter, more efficient bricks and heterogeneous (layered or lightweight) systems are used wall masonry, and also ceramic and lightweight concrete stones.

Masonry made of silicate bricks having more smooth surface than clay ones, it is usually carried out without external plaster and with unstitching. The same solution can be recommended for red brick masonry using a special facing clay brick.

Combination of red clay and silicate masonry white brick can provide an interesting artistic solution for facades. However, sand-lime brick should not be used in places exposed to increased moisture, such as cornices and plinths. In rooms with wet processes (bathrooms, swimming pools), the masonry of walls and partitions should be solid clay bricks of plastic pressing.

Common and economical design The outer walls are so-called well masonry, in which the wall is laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick (outer, verst and inner), connected to each other by vertical brick bridges every 0.6-1.2 m, forming closed wells. When laying wells, they are filled with insulation: slag, expanded clay, lightweight concrete with compaction. To prevent the insulation from sagging over time, the versts are connected by horizontal jumpers through 3-4 rows: bonded rows, mortar diaphragms in height every 0.5 m, anchors made of strip (1.5-20 mm) or round (diameter 6-8 mm) steel , coated with anti-corrosion compounds (cement laitance, bitumen).

More industrial and faster work are masonry systems in which wall insulation is replaced by less microscopic thermal inserts made of slag concrete, foam concrete, and foam silicate. The width of the thermal inserts is 40-50 mm less than the distance between versts in order to form gaps that are filled with mortar.

Quite economical are masonry made of solid bricks, consisting of two walls with closed air gaps 40-70 mm wide. At the same time, brick consumption is reduced by 10-15%; the outer wall consists of half-brick rows of trays, and the inner wall, depending on the required thermal protection, is 250 or 380 mm. The walls are connected using the methods indicated above, and the outside is plastered to reduce air infiltration. When filling air cavities with mineral felt thermal efficiency walls increase by 30-40%.

To increase the thermal insulation qualities of walls, it is also possible to use thermal insulation boards (plasterboard, foam concrete, particle board) installed on wooden (necessarily antiseptic) blocks, mortar beacons and other methods with inside. For thermal insulation and airtightness, it is recommended to cover the inside of the slabs, facing the masonry, with aluminum foil, kraft paper, etc. In a similar way, the walls are lined from the inside with boards. Tiled insulation can be attached to the wall directly on the mortar. The outer surfaces of walls insulated from the inside also need to be plastered.

Important note, dear reader. Internal load-bearing walls and load-bearing partitions(on which beams or floor slabs rest) should be laid out from solid clay or silicate bricks, with a minimum sufficient (!) wall thickness of 250 mm (sometimes 120 mm). The cross-section of the pillars must be at least 380-380 mm. For heavy loads (check locally), load-bearing pillars and partitions should be reinforced with a wire mesh with a diameter of 3-6 mm through 3-5 rows of masonry in height. The partitions are laid out with a thickness of 120 mm and 65 mm (brick “on edge”). If the length of such partitions is more than 1.5 m, they should also be reinforced every 3-5 rows.

Load-bearing partitions can be constructed (except for rooms with wet processes) from lightweight concrete, gypsum concrete and other slabs with a thickness of usually 80 mm, from boards and other materials suitable for local conditions, using appropriate finishing.

For facing facades, which is carried out simultaneously with the laying of walls, it is best to use facing ceramic bricks, which are somewhat more expensive than usual, but in appearance, texture, color and permissible deviations in size, they are of the highest quality. In this case, there is no need for painting for three to four years.

The laying of external walls should begin from the corners of the building. From the outside mile. To better maintain the straightness of the walls and the evenness and horizontality of the rows of masonry, it is necessary to use a plumb line, a stretched cord-mooring and a vertical strip-order with markings on it for each row of brick and seam in height.

Wall elements

Base - Bottom part walls from ground level to floor level, at least 500 mm high, enclosing the underground space of the house. The base is subject to moisture from atmospheric and ground moisture, snow, and mechanical stress, so when constructing it, durable, water- and frost-resistant materials (stone, concrete, red iron ore brick) should be used.

The outer surfaces of the base can have different textures and finishes; smooth and embossed, including from a thick layer cement plaster with cutting into rustications imitating stone masonry, lined with natural stone, hard rock, ceramic tiles on cement mortar, composition - one part cement to three parts sand. At a level of about 150 mm above the adjacent blind area, a layer of anti-capillary protection should be installed along the entire perimeter of the base. horizontal waterproofing, consisting of two layers of roofing felt, roofing felt or cement screed.

The plinths of layered walls should be made of solid brickwork or other durable, frost- and moisture-resistant materials.

Pickup- lightweight base. A thin wall between the foundation pillars, under the lower part of the veranda wall, insulating the entire space, protecting from moisture, snow, etc. It is made of the same materials as the main wall, for example, one or half brick; is buried into the ground by 300-500 mm. On clayey, heaving soils, a sand cushion 150-300 mm thick is arranged under the intake.

The cornice ends the top of the wall and is called the crowning cornice. It is designed to protect the wall from slanting rain, excessive heating from the sun, and also to drain water flowing from the roof. In addition, the cornice usually decorates buildings, giving the composition a finished look. Therefore, its shape, height, reach and color are largely determined by the general architectural solution facade.

Cornices stone walls of simple shape can be laid by gradually overlapping each row by no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick (80 mm). The total offset should not exceed half the wall thickness. If there is a large extension of the eaves of complex configuration, special prefabricated ones should be used with brackets reinforced concrete slabs, beams cantilevered into the wall and secured with anchors. Cornices are often used on the outlets of rafter legs or fillies; they are open and hemmed.

Undoubtedly, various architectural details, belts, intermediate and crowning cornices introduced into the planar design of facades can improve the aesthetic appearance of cottages. Lined with brick or other, such as concrete elements, but simple in design.

Smoke and ventilation ducts for low-rise buildings, they are usually installed in internal walls 380 mm thick, lined with smooth red solid brick. The cross-section of these vertical channels for stoves is taken to be 140-270 mm, and for ventilation channels from kitchens, restrooms, and bathrooms - 140-140 mm.

Ventilation living rooms- through the windows. Each stove (or fireplace) must have its own separate smoke channel. For better traction, the internal surfaces of the channels must be clean and smooth, rubbed (it is important not to forget about this) with clay (not cement) mortar. Leveling and grouting of the walls is carried out with a clean wet rag when laying channels through five to six rows of bricks.

Smoke channels from different ovens in the attic are combined into chimneys, which extend above roof level. If to the wall at the location smoke channels a combustible structure is adjacent, for example, wooden floor beams, then in this place the walls of the chimneys (120 mm) are thickened to the height (thickness) of the ceiling fire regulations up to 380 mm.

Ventilation ducts (each room has its own duct) are also combined into ventilation pipes, which are discharged above the roof.

We will consider other structural elements of walls, for example lintels - horizontal, arched, arched over door and window openings, later, together with the floors of buildings.

Wooden walls

Wooden walls are traditional in the construction of low-rise buildings in Russia, have excellent sanitary and hygienic properties, have low fire resistance and fragility, and are susceptible to rotting.

A wooden frame, which requires a large amount of first-class timber, usually warps and becomes unusable after about 30-40 years. Construction of cottages with solid wooden walls in modern practice rarely occurs. However, installing a second floor with wooden walls and a first floor with brick gives good results.

Types of wooden walls: chopped logs, cobblestones, frame and panel walls, as well as frame-panel walls. Frame and panel walls are used in simple factory-made houses and garden houses. Logged external walls residential buildings, constructed in the middle climatic zone, must be made of logs with a diameter of at least 220 mm, have a careful fit (the width of the longitudinal oval groove of the upper log, into which the “hump” of the lower one is inserted, is approximately 2/3 of the diameter of the log).

The felling (assembly) of log walls is done “dry” without tow, then the logs are marked, the frame is dismantled and assembled on tow on a prepared foundation. Caulking should be done twice: the first time during assembly. The second - 1-1.5 years after the cessation of shrinkage and shrinkage of the logs. A row of logs laid around the perimeter of a house is called a crown. The crowns are mated to each other using inserted wooden tenons of rectangular or large cross-section, located along the length of the log at a distance of 150-2000 mm in a checkerboard pattern. Nests for tenons, due to the shrinkage of logs by approximately 3-5%, should be made 20-30 mm deeper than the height of the tenons (120-150 mm).

The connection (conjugation) of longitudinal and transverse walls is made using various kinds cutting - “in a bowl”, “in a cloud”, “in a paw”, “in a frying pan”, etc., then insulating some of them with boards nailed to the outside.

Walls made of wooden beams are erected with less labor, since all the cuts, dowels, and dowels have already been made at house-building factories and plants. Therefore, an individual developer can buy and build such walls on his own.

The thickness of the beams, depending on the climatic region, that is, on the winter design temperature, is taken for external walls to be 150 (t = -30 C) or 180 mm (t = -40 C), for internal walls - 100 mm, with the height of the beams being the same for external and internal walls - 150 or 180 mm.

Between the crowns of the beams, a heat-insulating material is laid - caulking made of tow or felt. For better drainage of water from the horizontal seam between the beams, a chamfer 20-30 mm wide is removed (planed) from the upper edge of each beam. Felt strips should be cut 20 mm narrower than the width of the beams. To reduce conductivity between the beams, you can arrange grooves, ropes, and fill slats triangular shape. For fastening crowns (beams) in height in advance drilled holes dowels and dowels are inserted (similar to those discussed above for log walls). Connections (intersections) of external walls in corners and with internal walls are designed in a similar way.

Unlike log walls, block walls are assembled into a log house immediately on prepared foundations of the usual type. To improve the protection of block walls from biological destruction of wood and from atmospheric influences, the walls can be sheathed on the outside with boards (diameter 25-40 mm) or facing bricks(diameter 88.12 mm). This will make the walls warmer, and when brick cladding and more fire resistant. Plank cladding It is better to make it horizontal, which makes it easier to lay the insulation. Fastening using wooden beams and metal clamps.

Sheathing and cladding of cobblestone and log walls should be done after they have completely settled - no earlier than 1-1.5 years after their construction.

Diversity architectural elements and details country houses has always been characteristic of buildings built at the beginning of the 20th century.

So, dear reader, you have now become more familiar with some basic provisions on constructive solutions walls

Now you can professionally conduct conversations with builders, choosing certain options for wall structures, watching the progress of construction.