Qualitative adjective. Adjective * general characteristic
An adjective is independent part speech, which denotes a sign of the subject being discussed in the sentence. Adjective answers questions Whose? or Which? For example: red (rose), huge (territory), iron (shovel), mother's (car).
An adjective is associated with a noun and agrees with it, that is, it changes according to cases, gender and numbers. Examples: Interesting story (masculine), interesting book ( feminine). Interesting stories ( plural), interesting story(singular).
Qualitative and relative adjectives
Adjectives are divided into two types: qualitative and relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives always indicate the qualitative characteristics of an object, as well as the attribute that the object may have to a greater or lesser extent. Examples of qualitative adjectives: tasty, strong, beautiful, small, tall. From such adjectives we can create a degree of comparison: more delicious, very beautiful, very small.
Relative adjectives indicate the relationship of one thing to another. Relative adjectives very often indicate the material from which an object is made. For example: iron bed, porcelain dishes.
Relative adjectives indicate the state of an object at a certain point in time. For example: winter day, evening sun, morning work-out. In this case, adjectives are formed on the basis of a noun: morning - morning, winter - winter.
The category of relative adjectives also includes possessive adjectives. Such adjectives indicate that one object belongs to another person (or object). For example: sister's brooch, dad's car, bear's den.
Full and short adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are divided into the following subtypes: full and short adjectives. Examples of full adjectives: handsome, kind, young. From such adjectives we can create short adjectives by shortening the word, which does not change its essence. Examples: handsome, kind, young.
Full adjectives in a sentence, as a rule, they act as a definition. For example: Beautiful house stood at the edge of the forest. Brief qualitative Adjectives in a sentence are usually the predicate. For example: The breeze is fragrant and fresh.
Relative adjectives are never short.
It should be remembered that short adjectives that belong to the masculine gender, the stem of which ends in a hissing letter, are written the same way as masculine nouns - without adding soft sign at the end. For example: skinny, good, fresh, hot.
In Russian, adjectives are divided into three categories. The classification is based on the lexical and grammatical features of the parts of speech under discussion. Common to all adjectives is the designation of a constant (not changing over time) attribute of an object; differences begin with the nature of their lexical bases, expressing direct (manifesting on their own), indirect (determined through comparison with other phenomena) and “belonging” properties and qualities of objects.
- Qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives answer the question “which?” and denote direct names of features associated with lexical meanings:
- colors (red, pink, crimson);
- spatial characteristics (right - left, straight - curved);
- physical properties of objects (sour - sweet, hot - cold, light - heavy);
- appearance and internal qualities people and animals (thin - fat, smart - stupid, lazy - hardworking).
All of the above characteristics do not necessarily appear in the same word, but they are not typical for other classes of adjectives, and the presence of at least one of them already indicates a qualitative characteristic of the part of speech. - colors (red, pink, crimson);
- Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives answer the question “which?” and denote indirect names of characteristics defined through relation to another:
- an object or person (orange juice - orange juice, children's clothing - clothes for children);
- action (washing powder – washing powder);
- time or place (spring rain - rain that falls in the spring; urban transport - transport operating in the city);
- concept (philosophical treatise).
Relative adjectives can become qualitative. This usually happens in cases where a word gets into other content and changes its lexical meaning (iron lattice - a lattice made of iron and an iron will - strong, strong, unbending). - an object or person (orange juice - orange juice, children's clothing - clothes for children);
- Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives answer the question “whose?” and indicate that one object belongs to another. As a rule, possessive adjectives indicate an animate person - a person (mother's robe, uncle's car) or an animal (a bear's den). Belonging to inanimate objects in Russian is usually expressed using relative adjectives or other parts of speech, but sometimes here (mainly in fiction, in the author’s, metaphorical context) you can find possessive adjectives - for example, Mayakovsky’s rib arches.
Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using two groups of suffixes:- -ov (-ev), -in (-yn);
- -y, -ya, -ye, -other, -sky.
- -ov (-ev), -in (-yn);
According to the difference in the questions “which?” - "whose?" Possessive adjectives are easily separated from qualitative and relative adjectives. The easiest way to identify quality adjectives is to try to change them, give them a subjective assessment, put them in a short form, or develop their quality to one degree or another. Relative adjectives “seem” to form combinations of two nouns whenever possible.
An adjective is a significant part of speech, which, unlike, does not mean a process, does not name an object (like a noun). The adjective enters into certain syntactic and morphological connections with the noun, defining their qualitative characteristics.
What are adjectives used for?
No adjectives speech activity, literary creativity is impossible to imagine. Describing an object or phenomenon, adjective gives him full description, reveals quality, highlights distinctive features.
It's hard to describe what a day might be like without using adjectives.
When describing a day, adjectives give it a certain emotionally charged characteristic. The day can be warm, cold, boring, interesting, ordinary, difficult, successful, sad, funny, special, etc.
Let's take the word "morning". Let's consider what morning is like if we describe it using adjectives. It can be gloomy, sunny, summer or winter, autumn, spring, rainy and cloudy, frosty, cold or warm.
Depending on the adjective, subject noun can be personified, look bright, alive, animated.
Attention! Translated from Latin, the term adiectivum means “adjacent”, “adjacent”. The meaning fully characterizes this.
Adjective closely related with a pronoun or noun. Here it is appropriate to recall Mitrofanushka’s explanation from Fonvizin’s famous comedy. "The Minor" argued that the door belongs to the adjective because it is attached "to its place." Despite the grammatical nonsense regarding “fit,” there is a certain logic in Mitrofanushka’s reasoning.
Adjective categories
What kind of adjective there is in , you can determine it by its lexical and grammatical features.
How to define a quality adjective?
Quality denote quality, properties, characteristics. They answer the question what? which? which? and point to:
- Color - blue, purple;
- Shape - oval, square;
- Parameters: low, wide;
- Temperature - hot, warm;
- Weight - heavy, light;
- Size – tiny, huge;
- The sound is shrill, weak;
- Space – left, far;
- Physical and intellectual properties – smart, healthy;
- Character traits - arrogant, kind;
- General characteristics: negative, reliable.
Important! Qualitative adjectives are words that characterize objective features inherent in a particular object, living creature, or phenomenon.
Relative answers the same questions as qualitative. Indicates:
- Material: iron, wood;
- Purpose, properties - folding, mobile;
- Status – military, civilian;
- Time – morning, evening;
- Unit of measurement – one-story, two-meter;
Possessives indicate that an object belongs to another person (animal), answer the question whose? whose? whose?:
- Grandma's table;
- Fathers jacket;
- Squirrel hollow;
- Cat bowl.
Sentences with adjectives will help to consider the role of this part of speech in the descriptive characteristics of quality. Let's study examples of combinations with the word “estate”:
- Big estate is a qualitative adjective denoting a certain size. Answers the question which?
- Landowner estate - a possessive adjective indicates ownership. Answers the question whose?
- Wooden estate - this relative adjective denotes material and answers the question Which?
Important! The meanings of all types of adjectives are expressed in the morphological categories of gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), cases, and number (singular/plural)
.Borrowed nouns of foreign origin, Having passed into the Russian language, they agree with adjectives in case, gender, number, without changing the form. For example: In the bedroom there were new beautiful blinds.
The concept of what happens jury, give adjectives: the jury can be city, local, school, strict, incorruptible, etc.
Attention! Sentences with adjectives combined with borrowed words show changes.
Foreign words remain static:
- I found myself in clean compartment.
- There was a cup on the table hot coffee.
- There were new riding breeches.
Variety of quality
A real polyphony of characteristics can be expressed by evaluative adjectives.
Let's take the word "forest". What is it like if we use adjectives to characterize it?
The forest can be green, deaf, young, old, mysterious, dense, dense, fabulous, mysterious, distant, etc.
Evaluative adjectives are able to interpret a characteristic by generalizing it. Examples of evaluative interpretations:
- Rationality (harmful, beneficial);
- Quality (good, bad);
- Emotionality (satisfaction, pleasure);
- Communicativeness (agreement, disagreement, approval, etc.).
Important! Evaluative adjectives are qualitative adjectives that carry a special, generalized semantics of quality.
- Useful class, "live" food (rationality);
- Fiery speech, fabulous landscape (emotionality);
- Filthy sidewalk, spoiled product (quality);
- Friendly meeting, closed person (communication skills).
Evaluative adjectives play a big role in language. Depending on the meanings, they are used in everyday speech, business, literary, and the media.
Qualitative or relative?
Having found out what adjectives are, you can consider their differences.
How to determine which adjective is qualitative and which is relative or possessive? What kind of adjective happens will help determine the meaning of the word and its grammatical properties.
Let's look at what morning is like, describing it using adjectives.
- Morning has appeared cold.(quality)
- Morning autumn brought coolness. (relative)
- Petino the morning started poorly. (possessive)
In the first example, a quality indicator (temperature). Qualitative adjectives capable of giving comparative characteristics: yesterday morning colder; With the coldest morning this week. They give shades of quality: they reduce properties or enhance them. For example: the water seemed coldish. In addition, adverbs are formed from them: Cold, Beautiful etc.
In the second case - relative adjective. It bears a permanent sign. It differs from qualitative in that it does not provide comparison. It cannot be said that tomorrow morning will be more autumnal. In addition, these adjectives can be replaced with phrases: autumn leaves- autumn leaves, autumn signs - signs of autumn.
In the third example possessive adjective Petino means belonging. Answers the question whose?
Adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive
Russian 6 Places of adjectives Qualitative adjectives
Conclusion
The specific nature of adjectives is especially clearly manifested in the Russian language, revealing the richest variety of its semantic properties.
Derivative signs.
Syntactic features.
They agree with nouns in gender, number, case (of an interesting film - R.p., singular, m.p.); and acting as the main member of the phrase, they control the noun (pale (head word) from excitement). In sentences they act as a determiner or predicate, short forms perform only the function of a predicate (silent night).
The most productive ways to form adjectives are:
Suffixal – morning arr. from morning o+ - enn.
Reinforced concrete – reinforced concrete
Forest-steppe, steamship
Prefixal-suffixal – Moscow region – Moscow +-n
Addition method – bitter-salted – bitter + salty
Method of addition with simultaneous suffixation - car repair - car + repair (interface O and suffix - n)
Morphological-syntactic – adjectivation – closed (adj.) character, first (adj.) grade
2. According to meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories:
Quality
Relative
Possessives
The core of the adjective class is formed by qualitative adjectives.
Quality indicate a directly perceived feature of an object: blue, long. They can name the mental and physical qualities of a person: kind, strong; animal colors: bay; colors: pink; item size: large, narrow.
Signs:
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the ability/ability to have:
1. Full inflected form and parallel indeclinable form: huge - huge.
2. Change according to degrees of comparison: beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful.
3. Form correlative adverbs starting with –O or –E: quiet – quietly.
4. Educate abstract nouns: blue-blue, kind-kindness.
5. The ability to enter into antonymic relationships: quiet - loud, beautiful - ugly.
6. Form forms of subjective assessment (beautiful, Cute).
7. Combine with adverbs of measure and degree (very narrow).
8. Some qualitative adjectives are non-derivative words (brown, bay, narrowй - - narrow root, when forming words of the same root, the productive stem is truncation).
They have these characteristics, but if an adjective has at least one of the listed characteristics, then it is QUALITATIVE.
They denote the attribute of an object indirectly - through its relationship to another object, action or circumstance ( wooden house, adolescence, city beach).
Signs:
1. The presence of a full inflected form and the absence of a short form (brick, oat).
2. Relative adjectives are derived words, formed from nouns, verbs, numerals, adverbs using the suffixes –an-, -yan-, -ov-, -ev- (kozh en y, birch ov y), -sk- (Belgorod sk th), -enn- (pumpkin enne y).
3. All relative adjectives denote constant, unchangeable characteristics.
4. Can be replaced by a synonymous case form of the noun ( family budget– family budget).
Possessive adjectives (which? Whose?).
They indicate that an object belongs to a person or an animal (in the broad sense).
A) actually possessive adjectives, denoting belonging to one person. These include adjectives with zero endings in nominative case, units, m.r. and suffixes - ov- (-ev-), -yn- (-in-), -nin-: prince's court, nanny's tales, fathers' jacket;
B) possessive-relative adjectives, which are formed from the names of people and animals using the suffix –iii-: fisherman - fisherman th, deer - deer th (zero ending), fisherman (j-suffix, a-ending): in fisherman (ach, j-suffix, and - suffix, because it is an adverb), hare tracks, bear paw.
Scope of use possessive adjectives, such as fathers, mothers, is limited to the framework of colloquial speech, but in phraseological units, in geographical names they are used without stylistic restrictions ( Achilles' heel, Bering Strait).
The boundary between the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives is fluid.
1. High quality relative adjectives are relative adjectives that can take qualitative value(steel springs – relative, steel nerves – qualitative).
2. Relatively quality adjectives are qualitative adjectives that develop additional relative meanings (a deaf person is qualitative, a deaf consonant is relative, a quick step is qualitative, a fast train is
relative).
3. High quality possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in qualitative use ( Foxy burrow– possessive, fox cunning – qualitative, wolfish appetite).
4. Regarding – possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in relative use (fox collar - relative, fox hole - possessive, wolf pack - relative).
In some cases, adjectives formed from the names of animals first turn into relative adjectives, and then into qualitative adjectives (veal head - possessive, veal chop - relative, veal tenderness - qualitative).
Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative values adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –a wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give results; the category cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .
Qualitative adjectives
It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.
2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.
3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.
For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criterion, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.
Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's store - store for children) and etc.
Signs of this 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why Relative adjectives do not have all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives Can transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.
Good luck in learning Russian!
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