Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Ancient civilization: general characteristics

2. Stages of formation and development of ancient Greek civilization

3. Polis system of values

4. Hellenistic era

5. Roman civilization: origin, development and decline

5.1 The royal period of Roman civilization

5.2 Roman civilization during the era of the Republic

5.3 Roman civilization of the imperial era

Conclusion

List of used sources and literature

Introduction

Ancient civilization is the greatest and most beautiful phenomenon in the history of mankind. It is very difficult to overestimate the role and significance of ancient civilization, its merits to the world-historical process. The civilization created by the ancient Greeks and the ancient Romans, which existed from the 8th century. BC. until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. AD, i.e. more than 1200 years, - was not only an unsurpassed cultural center of its time, which gave the world outstanding examples of creativity in essentially all areas of the human spirit. It is also the cradle of two modern civilizations close to us: Western European and Byzantine-Orthodox.

Ancient civilization is divided into two local civilizations;

a) Ancient Greek (8-1 centuries BC)

b) Roman (8th century BC - 5th century AD)

Between these local civilizations, a particularly bright era of Hellenism stands out, which covers the period from 323 BC. before 30 BC

The purpose of my work will be a detailed study of the development of these civilizations, their significance in the historical process and the causes of decline.

1. Ancient civilization: general characteristics

The Western type of civilization has become a global type of civilization that has developed in antiquity. It began to emerge on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and reached its highest development in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, societies that are commonly called the ancient world in the period from the 9th-8th centuries. BC e. to IV-V centuries. n. e. Therefore, the Western type of civilization can rightfully be called the Mediterranean or ancient type of civilization.

Ancient civilization has come a long way of development. In the south of the Balkan Peninsula, for various reasons, early class societies and states emerged at least three times: in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC. e. (destroyed by the Achaeans); in the XVII-XIII centuries. BC e. (destroyed by the Dorians); in the IX-VI centuries. BC e. the last attempt was successful - an ancient society arose.

Antique civilization, as well as Eastern civilization, is a primary civilization. It grew directly out of primitiveness and could not take advantage of the fruits of a previous civilization. Therefore, in ancient civilization, by analogy with the eastern, in the minds of people and in the life of society, the influence of primitiveness is significant. The dominant position is occupied by the religious and mythological worldview.

Unlike Eastern societies, ancient societies developed very dynamically, since from the very beginning a struggle flared up in it between the peasantry and the aristocracy, enslaved into shared slavery. Among other peoples, it ended with the victory of the nobility, and among the ancient Greeks, the demos (people) not only defended freedom, but also achieved political equality. The reasons for this lie in the rapid development of crafts and trade. The trade and craft elite of the demos quickly grew rich and economically became stronger than the landowning nobility. The contradictions between the power of the trade and craft part of the demos and the fading power of the landowning nobility formed the driving spring for the development of Greek society, which by the end of the 6th century. BC e. resolved in favor of the demos.

In ancient civilization, private property relations came to the fore, the dominance of private commodity production, oriented mainly to the market, manifested itself.

The first example of democracy appeared in history - democracy as the personification of freedom. Democracy in the Greco-Latin world was still direct. The equality of all citizens was envisaged as a principle of equal opportunities. There was freedom of speech, the election of government bodies.

In the ancient world, the foundations of civil society were laid, providing for the right of every citizen to participate in government, recognition of his personal dignity, rights and freedoms. The state did not interfere in the private life of citizens, or this interference was insignificant. Trade, crafts, agriculture, the family functioned independently of the government, but within the law. Roman law contained a system of rules governing private property relations. The citizens were law-abiding.

In antiquity, the question of the interaction between the individual and society was decided in favor of the first. The individual and his rights were recognized as primary, and the collective, society as secondary.

However, democracy in the ancient world was of a limited nature: the obligatory presence of a privileged stratum, the exclusion from its action of women, free foreigners, slaves.

Slavery also existed in the Greco-Latin civilization. Assessing its role in antiquity, it seems that the position of those researchers who see the secret of the unique achievements of antiquity not in slavery (the labor of slaves is inefficient), but in freedom, is closer to the truth. The displacement of free labor by slave labor during the period of the Roman Empire was one of the reasons for the decline of this civilization.

2. Stages of formation and development of ancient Greek civilization

Ancient Greek civilization in its development went through three major stages:

· early class societies and the first state formations of the III millennium BC. (History of Crete and Achaean Greece);

· the formation and flourishing of policies as independent city-states, the creation of a high culture (in the XI - IV centuries BC);

· the conquest of the Persian state by the Greeks, the formation of Hellenistic societies and states.

The first stage of ancient Greek history is characterized by the emergence and existence of early class societies and the first states in Crete and in the southern part of Balkan Greece (mainly in the Peloponnese). These early state formations had many remnants of the tribal system in their structure, established close contacts with the ancient Eastern states of the Eastern Mediterranean and developed along a path close to that followed by many ancient Eastern states (monarchical-type states with an extensive state apparatus, cumbersome palace and temple facilities, strong community).

In the first states that arose in Greece, the role of the local, pre-Greek, population was great. In Crete, where a class society and state developed earlier than in mainland Greece, the Cretan (non-Greek) population was the main one. In Balkan Greece, the dominant place was occupied by the Achaean Greeks, who came at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. from the north, perhaps from the Danube region, but here, too, the role of the local element was great. The Crete-Achaean stage is divided into three periods depending on the degree of social development, and these periods are different for the history of Crete and mainland Greece. For the history of Crete, they are called Minoan (by the name of King Minoscus, who ruled Crete), and for mainland Greece - Helladic (from the name of Greece - Hellas). The chronology of the Minoan periods is as follows:

· Early Minoan (XXX - XXIII centuries BC) - the dominance of pre-class tribal relations.

· The Middle Minoan period, or the period of the old palaces (XXII - XVIII centuries BC), - the formation of the state structure, the emergence of various social groups, writing.

Late Minoan period, or the period of new palaces (XVII - XII centuries BC) - the unification of Crete and the creation of the Cretan maritime power, the flowering of Cretan statehood, culture, the conquest of Crete by the Achaeans and the decline of Crete.

Chronology of the Helladic periods of mainland (Achaean) Greece:

· Early Helladic period (XXX - XXI centuries BC) domination of primitive relations, pre-Greek population.

· The Middle Helladic period (XX - XVII centuries BC) - the settlement of the Achaean Greeks in the southern part of Balkan Greece, at the end of the period of decomposition of tribal relations.

· Late Helladic period (XVI - XII centuries BC) - the emergence of an early class society and state, the emergence of writing, the flourishing of the Mycenaean civilization and its decline.

At the turn of II - I millennia BC. serious socio-economic, political and ethnic changes are taking place in Balkan Greece. From the 12th century BC. begins the penetration from the north of the Greek tribes of the Dorians, living in a tribal system. The Achaean states perish, the social structure is simplified, writing is forgotten. On the territory of Greece (including Crete), primitive tribal relations are re-established, and the socio-economic and political level of social development is lowered. Thus, a new stage of ancient Greek history - the polis - begins with the decomposition of tribal relations that were established in Greece after the death of the Achaean states and the penetration of the Dorians.

The polis stage of the history of Ancient Greece, depending on the degree of socio-economic, political and cultural development, is divided into three periods:

· The Homeric period, or the dark ages, or the prepolis period (XI - IX centuries BC) - tribal relations in Greece.

· Archaic period (VIII - VI centuries BC) - the formation of a polis society and state. Settlement of the Greeks along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Great Greek colonization).

· The classical period of Greek history (5th - 4th centuries BC) - the heyday of ancient Greek civilization, rational economy, polis system, Greek culture.

The Greek policy as a sovereign small state with its specific socio-economic political structure, which ensured the rapid development of production, the formation of civil society, republican political forms and remarkable culture, exhausted its potential in the middle of the 4th century. BC. entered a period of protracted crisis.

Overcoming the crisis of the Greek polis, on the one hand, and the ancient Eastern society, on the other, became possible only through the creation of new social structures and state formations that would combine the beginning of the Greek polis system and the ancient Eastern society.

Such societies and states were the so-called Hellenistic societies and states that arose at the end of the 4th century. BC, after the collapse of the world empire of Alexander the Great.

The unification of the development of Ancient Greece and the Ancient East, which had previously developed in a certain isolation, the formation of new Hellenistic societies and states, opened a new stage in ancient Greek history, profoundly different from the previous, actually polis stage of its history.

The Hellenistic stage of ancient Greek (and ancient Eastern) history is also divided into three periods:

· Eastern campaigns of Alexander the Great and the conversion of the system of Hellenistic states (30s of the 4th century BC);

· The crisis of the Hellenistic system and the conquest of states by Rome in the West and Parthia in the East (mid II - I centuries BC);

· Captured by the Romans in the 30s BC. the last Hellenistic state - the Egyptian kingdom ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty - meant the end of not only the Hellenistic stage of ancient Greek history, but also the end of the long development of ancient Greek civilization.

3. Polis system of values

Policies have developed their own system of spiritual values. First of all, the Greeks considered a peculiar socio-economic, political and cultural structure, the policy itself, to be the highest value. In their opinion, only within the framework of the policy is it possible to exist not only physically, but also to lead a full-blooded, just, moral life worthy of a person.

The components of the policy as the highest value were the personal freedom of a person, understood as the absence of any dependence on any person or team, the right to choose occupations and economic activities, the right to certain material support, primarily to a land plot, but at the same time, condemnation accumulation of wealth.

The communal structure of the ancient states determined the entire system of values ​​that formed the basis of the morality of the ancient citizen. Its constituent parts were:

Autonomy- life according to its own laws, manifested not only in the desire of policies for independence, but also in the desire of individual citizens to live by their own mind.

Autarky- self-sufficiency, expressed in the desire of each civil community to have a full range of life-supporting professions and stimulating an individual citizen to focus on natural production for their own consumption in their household.

Patriotism- love for one's fatherland, which was not played by Greece or Italy, but by the native civil community, since it was it that was the guarantor of the well-being of citizens.

freedom- expressed in the independence of a citizen in his private life and looseness in the judgments of a citizen about the public good, since it was derived from the efforts of everyone. This gave a sense of the value of his personality.

Equality- Orientation towards moderation in everyday life, which formed the habit of correlating one's interests with those of others, and others with their own, and taking into account the opinion and interests of the collective.

Collectivism- a sense of unity with the team of their fellow citizens, a kind of brotherhood, since participation in public life was considered mandatory.

Traditionalism- veneration of traditions and their guardians - ancestors and gods, which was a condition for the stability of the civil community.

Respect for the individual expressed in a sense of rear or self-confidence and self-confidence, which gave the ancient citizen an existence guaranteed by the civil community at the subsistence level.

industriousness- orientation to socially useful work, which was any activity that directly or indirectly (through personal benefit) benefited the team.

The value system set certain limits for the creative energy of ancient people.

In the system of spiritual values ​​of the policy, the concept of a citizen as a free person with a set of inalienable political rights was formed: active participation in public administration, at least in the form of discussing cases at the People's Assembly, the right and duty to defend one's policy from the enemy. An organic part of the moral values ​​of a citizen of the policy was a deep sense of patriotism in relation to his policy. The Greek was a full citizen only in his small state. As soon as he moved to a neighboring city, he turned into a disenfranchised metek (non-citizen). That is why the Greeks valued precisely their policy. Their small city-state was the world in which the Greek felt his freedom, his well-being, his own personality to the fullest extent.

4. Hellenistic era

A new frontier in the history of Greece is the campaign to the East of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). As a result of the campaign (334-324 BC), a huge power was created, stretching from the Danube to the Indus, from Egypt to modern Central Asia. The era of Hellenism begins (323-27 BC) - the era of the spread of Greek culture throughout the territory of the state of Alexander the Great.

What is Hellenism, what are its characteristic features?

Hellenism became the forcible unification of the ancient Greek and ancient Eastern worlds, which had previously developed separately, into a single system of states that had much in common in their socio-economic structure, political structure, and culture. As a result of the unification of the ancient Greek and ancient Eastern worlds within the framework of one system, a peculiar society and culture was created, which differed from both the Greek proper and the ancient Eastern social structure and culture proper and represented a fusion, a synthesis of elements of ancient Greek and ancient Eastern civilizations, which gave a qualitatively new socio-economic structure, political superstructure and culture. ancient greek civilization value roman

As a synthesis of Greek and Eastern elements, Hellenism grew from two roots, from the historical development, on the one hand, of ancient Greek society and, above all, from the crisis of the Greek polis, on the other hand, it grew from ancient Eastern societies, from the decomposition of its conservative, inactive social structure. The Greek polis, which ensured the economic rise of Greece, the creation of a dynamic social structure, a mature republican structure, including various forms of democracy, the creation of a remarkable culture, eventually exhausted its internal possibilities and became a brake on historical progress. Against the backdrop of constant tension in relations between classes, an acute social struggle unfolded between the oligarchy and the democratic circles of citizenship, which led to tyranny and mutual destruction. Fragmented into several hundred small policies, Hellas, small in territory, became the scene of continuous wars between coalitions of individual city-states, which either united or disintegrated. It was historically necessary for the future fate of the Greek world to stop internal unrest, to unite small, warring independent cities within the framework of a large state formation with a solid central authority that would ensure internal order, external security, and thus the possibility of further development.

Another basis for Hellenism was the crisis of ancient Eastern socio-political structures. By the middle of the IV century. BC. the ancient Eastern world, united within the framework of the Persian Empire, also experienced a serious socio-political crisis. The stagnant conservative economy did not allow the development of vast expanses of vacant land. The Persian kings did not build new cities, paid little attention to trade, in the cellars of their palaces there were huge reserves of currency metal that were not put into circulation. Traditional communal structures in the most developed parts of the Persian state - Phenicia, Syria, Babylonia, Asia Minor - were decomposing, and private farms as more dynamic production cells gained some distribution, but this process was slow and painful. From a political point of view, the Persian monarchy by the middle of the 4th century. BC. was a loose formation, the ties between the central government and local rulers weakened, and the separatism of individual parts became commonplace.

If Greece is the middle of the IV century. BC. suffered from excessive activity of internal political life, overpopulation, limited resources, the Persian monarchy, on the contrary, from stagnation, poor use of huge potentialities, disintegration of individual parts. Thus, the task of a certain unification, a kind of synthesis of these different, but capable of complementing each other, socio-economic and political systems arose on the turn of the day. And this synthesis was the Hellenistic societies and states formed after the collapse of the power of Alexander the Great.

5. Roman civilization: origin, development and decline

The following periods are distinguished in the history of Rome:

· Royal period - from 753 BC. e. (appearance of the city of Rome) to 509 BC. e. (exile of the last Roman king Tarquinius)

The period of the republic - from 509 BC. .e. to 82 BC .e. (the beginning of the reign of Lucius Sulla, who declared himself dictator)

Period of the Empire - from 82 BC. e. to 476 AD e. (the capture of Rome by the barbarians under the leadership of Odoacer and the removal of the symbols of imperial dignity from the last emperor).

5.1 The royal period of Roman civilization

The emergence of Rome is the starting point of the Roman civilization, it arose on the territory of the region, called Latsi, at the junction of the settlement of three tribal associations, which were called tribes. Each tribe had 10 curias, each curia had 10 clans, thus, the population that created Rome consisted of only 300 clans, they became citizens of Rome and made up the Roman patriciate. The entire subsequent history of Rome is a struggle of non-citizens, those who were not part of 300 clans - plebeians for civil rights. The state structure of archaic Rome had the following forms, at the head was the king, who served as a priest, military leader, legislator, judge, the highest authority was the Senate Council of Elders, which included one representative from each clan, the other supreme authority was the people's assembly or an assembly of curiae - curate commissions. The main socio-economic unit of Roman society was the family, which was a miniature unit: at the head was a man, a father, to whom his wife and children were subordinate. The Roman family was mainly engaged in agriculture, and participation in military campaigns, which usually began in March and ended in October, was of great importance in the life of the Romans. As already mentioned, in addition to the patriciate in Rome, there was another layer - the plebeians, these were those who came to Rome after its foundation or the inhabitants of the conquered territories. They were not slaves, they were free people, but they were not part of the clans, curiae and tribes, and therefore did not take part in the people's assembly, they did not have any political rights. They also did not have rights to land, therefore, in order to obtain land, they entered the service of the patricians and rented their lands. Also, the plebeians were engaged in trade, crafts. Many of them were rich.

In the 7th century BC. the rulers of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia subjugate Rome and rule there until 510 BC. The most famous figure of that time was the reformer Servius Tullius. His reform was the first stage in the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians. He divided the city into districts: 4 urban and 17 rural, conducted a census of the population of Rome, the entire male population was divided into 6 categories, no longer by ancestry, on the basis of, but depending on the property status. The richest were the first rank; the lower category was called - the plebs, these were the poor, who had nothing but children. The Roman army also began to be built depending on the new division into categories. Each category exhibited military units - centuria. In addition, the plebeians were henceforth included in the composition of the citizens. This was reflected in the social life of Rome. The former assemblies of houris lost their significance, they were replaced by people's assemblies of centuries, which had their votes at the people's meetings, more than half of the centuries had the first category. This, of course, dealt a blow to the patriciate, so a conspiracy was arranged and Tullius was killed, after which the senate decides to abolish the institution of the king and establish a republic in 510 BC.

5.2 Roman Civilization of the Republican Age

The republican period is characterized by a sharp struggle between patricians and plebeians for civil rights, for land, as a result of this struggle, the rights of the plebeians increase. In the Senate, the post of people's tribune is introduced, who defended the rights of the plebeians. Tribunes were elected from among the plebeians for a period of one year in the amount of first two, then five, and finally ten people. Their person was considered sacred and inviolable. The tribunes had great rights and power: they were not subordinate to the senate, they could veto the decisions of the senate, they had great judicial power. During this period, there is a restriction on the growth of land among the citizens of Rome, each could have no more than 125 hectares. earth. In the 3rd century BC. the Roman patrician-plebeian community is finally formed. The organs of state power were the senate, the people's assembly, the magistracy-executive authorities. Masters were elected by the people's assembly for one year. The consuls had the highest military and civil power, they also had the highest judicial power and ruled the provinces, they were also elected by popular assemblies for one year. Another important position of state administration was the censors, who were elected every five years and carried out a census, the transfer of citizens from one category to another, their competence included religious issues. In the Roman Republic, various principles of government were combined: the democratic principle was personified by the people's assembly and tribunes, the aristocratic principle was personified by the senate, the monarchical principle was represented by two consuls, one of whom was a plebeian. Thanks to constant, continuous wars, Rome first subjugates all of Italy, and towards the end of the period of the republic, Rome becomes a huge state that subjugated the entire Mediterranean. The main enemy that had to be faced was Carthage - the city, which was the capital of a large and rich state, located along the islands and the coast of the western Mediterranean. The city of Carthage itself was located in Africa on the territory of modern Tunisia. The wars between Rome and Carthage were called Punic, they continued intermittently from 264 BC. to 146 BC and ended with the complete victory of Rome, the subjugation of all the lands of the enemy to him, and Carthage itself was wiped off the face of the earth.

As a result of the Punic wars and the victory of Rome, its territory greatly expanded and, consequently, the problems that had been characteristic of Roman civilization throughout its history, namely, the problems of citizenship and obtaining land, were exacerbated.

The struggle for civil rights, and therefore for land, continues and in 91 BC the "Allied" civil war begins - the Italic war for civil rights, which lasted until 88 BC, under the pressure of these demands, the Senate could not stand it and in 90 BC he granted civil rights to the Italics. This ends the existence of the Roman civil community. This means that the people's assemblies, the tributary committees and the curate committees (respectively, the assembly of tribes and houris) ceased to play any significant role.

The first century BC is the most important stage in the life of Roman civilization, it is marked by the fact that all political life in Roman society developed in two directions: the optimists (the best) supporters of this direction are mainly the plebeian-patrician elite. They defended the power of the senate and the position of the nobility (the patriciate and the plebeian elite). The second direction is popular. Supporters of this direction demanded agrarian reforms, the granting of civil rights, and the strengthening of the power of the people's tribunes. One of the brightest representatives of this trend was the famous commander Gaius Marius. This is in the political life of Roman society, but in this important processes took place in the society itself, its mentality. The Punic Wars not only territorially increased Rome, but also changed the mentality of the Roman, thanks to the inclusion in the state of many ethnic groups of three parts of the world: Europe, Asia and Africa.

As a result of the Punic Wars, the territory of the Roman state was growing, and a strong one-man power was needed to effectively manage it. There were two attempts to gain dictatorial powers in the Roman Republic. The first of them is associated with the name of the commander Sula. To which, in the first half of the 1st century BC, at a tense moment of confrontation between the optimates and the populi, which threatened to escalate into a civil war, the senate granted dictatorial powers. Vessel's harsh measures prevented the outbreak of civil war. The second figure who received dictatorial powers was Gaius Julius Caesar, a well-known and talented commander, who at first was the governor of Spain, and then, becoming the governor of a small part of Gaul that belonged to Rome, managed to conquer all of Gaul in 10 years, which no one before him succeeded. After the death of Caesar, a struggle for power unfolded after a series of intrigues, in which the main participants were Caesar's associate Antony, his great-nephew Octavian and the Senate, as a result of which Octavian becomes the only ruler of a huge state, who is proclaimed Augustus (divine), this happened in 30 BC. AD With this, the Roman Republic ceased to exist, and the period of the Roman Empire began.

5.3 Roman civilization of the era of the empire

The initial period of the Roman Empire, which lasted from 30 BC. to 284 AD The period of the principate was called, this name comes from the naming of Octavian Augustus "Principal", which means - the first among equals. The second stage of the Roman Empire is called - the period of dominance from the word "dominus" (master) -284-476 AD.

The first steps of Octavian Augustus: stabilization of relations between different strata of society. The reign of Octavian is the period of the rise of science, literature, and especially Roman historiography.

Features of the Roman civilization of the principate era:

1. One-man power opens up opportunities for both wise and despotic rulers.

2. Roman legislation, which is the basis of many modern legal systems, is being actively improved.

3. Slavery fails. The army began to recruit slaves due to lack of population.

4. Italy is losing its role as the center of the Roman Empire.

5. Construction development (roads, water pipelines)

6. Strengthening the education system, increasing the number of literate people.

7. Spread of Christianity.

8. Holidays (180 days a year)

Emperor Anthony Pius - the golden age of the Roman Empire, the absence of conflicts, economic recovery, calm in the provinces, but this period did not last long. In 160 AD, one of the wars began, which determined the fate of Roman civilization, the beginning of a catastrophe.

The Roman Empire coexisted with a multifaceted barbarian world, which included Celtic tribes, Germanic tribes and Slavic tribes. The first clash between the barbarian world and the Roman civilization took place under the emperor Marcus Aurelius in the provinces of Retius and Noricum, also Panonia - modern Hungary. The war lasted approx. 15 years, Marcus Aurelius managed to repel the onslaught of the barbarian tribes. Subsequently, during the 3rd century, the pressure of the barbarians intensified, lined up along the Danube and the Rhine "limes" - a border consisting of checkpoints and paramilitary settlements. On the "limes" trade was carried out between Rome and the barbarian world. In the 3rd century, tribes stand out, among the barbarians, waging wars with Rome, on the border along the Rhine these are the Franks, and along the Danube - the Goths, who repeatedly invaded the territory of the empire. Then in the 3rd century, Rome for the first time in history loses its province, this happened in 270, the imperial army left the province of Dacia, then the loss of the “Tithing Fields” occurs - in the upper reaches of the Rhine. At the end of the 3rd century, the era of the principate ends: the emperor Diocletian in 284 decided to divide the empire into 4 parts, for more efficient management. The co-rulers were: Maximian, Licinius and Constantine, for himself and Maximian he left the title of Augusts, and for the other two - the title of Caesars. Although after the death of Diocletian, Clore's son Constantine again becomes the sole ruler, but it was this division that marked the beginning of the collapse of the Roman Empire. In 395, the emperor Theodosius finally divided the empire into two parts between his sons, one of them, Arcadius, became the ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other, Honorius, of the Western Roman Empire. But the situation developed in such a way that the young Gonoreus could not govern the state and the vandal Stilicho, who headed it for 25 years, acted as the actual ruler. The barbarians begin to play a huge role in the army of the Western Roman Empire, this fully reflects the crisis of the empire. Under the pressure of the Huns in the 4th century, the Goths moved to the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, who, under the leadership of Allaric, in search of land to live in, invaded the territory of Italy and in 410 captured Rome. Then, in 476, Odoacer, the leader of the Scirs, finally overthrew the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus. This date is the date of the final fall of the western part of the Roman Empire, its eastern part lasted for about 1000 years. The era of domination reflects the crisis of Roman civilization. Signs of a crisis: the desolation of cities, the cessation of tax payments, a decrease in the number of trade transactions, the disruption of ties between provinces.

Conclusion

Antique culture showed an amazing wealth of forms, images and ways of expression, laying the foundations of aesthetics, ideas about harmony and thus expressing its attitude to the world.

Common to ancient states were the ways of social development and a special form of ownership - ancient slavery, as well as the form of production based on it. Their civilization was common with a common historical and cultural complex. This does not, of course, deny the presence of indisputable features and differences in the life of ancient societies.

Acquaintance with the rich cultural heritage of ancient Rome and ancient Greece, which was the result of the synthesis and further development of the cultural achievements of the peoples of antiquity, makes it possible to better understand the foundations of European civilization, show new aspects in the development of the ancient heritage, establish living links between antiquity and modernity, and better understand modernity. .

Ancient civilization was the cradle of European civilization and culture. It was here that those material, spiritual, aesthetic values ​​were laid, which, to one degree or another, found their development in almost all European peoples.

List of sources used andliterature

Educational literature:

1. Andreev Yu.V., L.P. Marinovich; Ed. IN AND. Kuzishchina History of Ancient Greece: Textbook / - 3rd ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Higher. school, 2001.

2. Budanova V.P. History of world civilizations. Textbook. Moscow, "High School", 2000

3. Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations. - M., 1994.

Electronic resources

1. Ancient Greece. Culture, history, art, myths and personalities. http://ellada.spb.ru/

2. K. Kumanetsky. Cultural History of Ancient Greece and Rome. http://www.centant.pu.ru/sno/lib/kumanec/index.htm

3. Gumer Library - History of Antiquity and the ancient world. http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/History_Antigue.php

4. Library Gumer - Erasov B.S. Comparative study of civilizations. http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/Eras/index.php

5. Library of cultural studies. http://www.countries.ru/library/ant/grciv.htm

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

The birth of a class society, state and civilization on Greek soil. The division of the history of Ancient Greece into two large eras: the Mycenaean (Crete-Mycenaean) palace and ancient polis civilization. The culture of Hellas, the "dark ages" and the ancient period.

abstract, added 12/21/2010


The main stages of formation and features of Western civilization. Characteristics of the Hellenic and Roman civilization. Barbarian Europe and its Hellenization, the role of Christianity. The Renaissance and its fundamental difference from the medieval, changes in culture.

abstract, added 03/18/2011


development of Roman civilization. The legend of the brothers Romulus and Remus. The Roman community in the ancient period. The establishment of a republican system, patricians and plebeians. The appearance of the first written laws in Rome. Orders in the civil community, the idea of ​​"common good".

abstract, added 12/02/2009


Characteristics of the process of formation of Roman civilization. The political and cultural influence of the Etruscans on Roman civilization. The division of Roman citizens on territorial and property grounds. Analysis of archaeological data on Etruscan influence.

term paper, added 11/22/2014


Stages of development of Russian civilization. Territory of Russian civilization. Monarchy, state and socio-economic development of Russia. Prospects for the development of society, culture and civilization. The main features of the development of Russian civilization.

abstract, added 07/24/2010


Roman civilization is the civilization created by the Romans in Italy and then extended to all the conquered peoples. Formation and development of state power. Legal and social foundations of the life of the Romans. The crisis and decline of the empire.

abstract, added 11/25/2008


Stages of development of ancient Greek civilization. The emergence of the policy. Polis as a phenomenon of Greek civilization. Policy authorities. Polis as a state. Society in policies. The economic life of the policy. Characteristic features of the Athenian policy.

term paper, added 06/18/2003


The main (global) types of civilization, their features. The essence of the civilizational approach to history. Characteristic features of the political system of Eastern despotism. Features of the civilization of classical Greece. Civilizations in antiquity and Ancient Russia.

abstract, added 02/27/2009


abstract, added 03/16/2011


Analysis of Eurasia as a specific civilization in the history of mankind, its geographical features and history of formation. The most ancient civilizations of Eurasia, located on the shores of numerous seas: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Judea.

History and cultural studies [Izd. second, revised and additional] Shishova Natalya Vasilievna

Chapter 4 ANTIQUITY - THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

ANTIQUITY - THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

Chapter 6 CIVIL WAR IN EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION War is a choice of path. O. von Bismarck The path of European civilization From the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, European civilization absolutely dominated the world. That is why all European states created colonial empires.