History of Mordovia from ancient times. Historical figures of the Republic of Mordovia. The era of palace coups. Industrial development

Republic of Mordovia in ancient times

Finno-Ugric tribes have inhabited the territory of modern western, northern and central Russia since prehistoric times. Archaeological sites associated with the Mordovians can be traced from the first millennium BC.
The first mention of the Mordovians is found in the Byzantine bishop Jordan (VI century); in Russian sources - from the 11th century. In the 10th century, Moksha (in the south of the modern republic) and Erzya (in the north) paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate, then in the 11th-13th centuries they formed a state known in Russian chronicles as the Purgasova volost, with its center in modern Arzamas.
Joining the Russian centralized state. As a result of the Mongol-Tatar conquest, the Mordovian land lost its independence, becoming the object of raids and a place for collecting yasak.
In the 2nd half of the 13th century. After the formation of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), the basis of the administrative-territorial structure in the Mordovian region was the system of land grants to princes and murzas.
At the beginning of the 14th century. on Mordovian land a large administrative center Hordes - the city of Mokhshi, which minted its own coins since 1313. The settlements of the local feudal nobility were usually located near large rivers in high, inaccessible places. At one of them, the Ityakovsky settlement, a bronze plaque was found, issued to officials by the Golden Horde administration.
In the XIII-XIV centuries. part of the Mordvins - farmers, blacksmiths, jewelers, builders - was resettled to the Golden Horde cities on the Middle and Lower Volga.
Timur's campaigns at the end of the 14th century. led to the defeat of almost all regions of the Golden Horde, torn apart by endless civil strife. Mokhshi lost its significance as an outpost of the khan's power on Mordovian land. Since the 40s XV century After the final collapse of the Golden Horde, part of the Mordovians found themselves under the rule of the emerging Kazan Khanate.
However, the most important thing for the Mordovian people was joining the Moscow and emerging Russian centralized state. It was a complex and lengthy process that took place in several stages. Its prerequisite was the annexation of part of the Mordovian territories of Primokshanye, the right bank of the Volga and the Suriya region to the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod principalities. The Nizhny Novgorod principality was the successor to the political traditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes. From the end of the 13th century. its border began to gradually move to the East, approaching the left bank of the Sura. In 1328, Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich ordered Russian people to settle along the Oka, Volga, and Kudma rivers on the site of Mordovian villages. In 1372, the Kurmysh fortress was founded on the left bank of the Sura. The territory subject to Nizhny Novgorod included the lands of the Mordovians along the left bank of the Sura to Zapyanye. In 1392, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I received a label from the Horde to reign in Nizhny Novgorod. By 1411 Nizhny Novgorod was finally subordinated to the Moscow princes.
In the 80s XV century a significant part of the Mordovian land was part of the Moscow state. In connection with the aggravation of relations with Kazan and the increasing frequency of raids by the Nogai and Crimean khans, the Russian state strengthened its eastern borders. For this purpose, the construction of new fortified cities began on the Mordovian outskirts (Kadom, Temnikov). Several campaigns were undertaken against the Kazan Khanate, in which the Mordovians also took part. In the summer of 1551, the peoples of the right bank of the Volga took the Sviyazhsk oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar, which was the legal confirmation of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian centralized state. The fate of the Kazan Khanate was decided by the campaign of 1552.

Republic of Mordovia in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

In the 18th century There were significant changes in the administrative structure of the region, which was divided between 3 provinces, 5 provinces and 6 counties. Political development Mordovian region in the Peter the Great era took place in line with all-Russian trends. Among the political events of the early 18th century that affected the Mordovian region was the Great Kuban Pogrom of 1717, which became the last raid of nomads into the region. According to the materials of the 3rd revision (1762-66), the population of the region was about 334 thousand people. The Mordovian region was an agricultural region of Russia: 96% of the total population were peasants.
In 1706, Peter I, by his decree, demanded that the process of Christianization be accelerated. During its implementation, religious intolerance and fanaticism were noted. The violence served as a pretext for protests by Mordovian peasants. Under the conditions of the empire, the largest was the peasant uprising in 1743, the immediate cause of which was the attempt of the Bishop of Nizhny Novgorod and Alatyr D. Sechenov to destroy the Mordovian cemetery near the village. Sarley. The uprising had an impact on the government's policy towards the Mordovians, and it turned to peaceful means of introducing Orthodoxy to the region. Benefits for the newly baptized were increased: exemption from taxes for 3 years, from conscription, and financial rewards. The most important thing was that the adoption of Orthodoxy, which was the state religion, meant the social and legal equation of the Mordovians with the Russians. The consolidation of Orthodoxy in the Mordovian environment occurred in the 2nd half. XVIII - early XIX centuries, when it penetrated into everyday life and became an integral part of the way of life.
In the Mordovian region in the 18th century. An industry related to the processing of local raw materials was created. Potash production achieved significant development, the products of which were used in the glass, leather, cloth industries, and distillation. The state owned Brilovsky, Shtyrmensky and other factories.
Metallurgical enterprises in the region were small: the Ryabkinsky and Sivinsky plants of the Milyakovs, the Vindreysky plant of the Batashevs, the Insarsky plant of Nikonov, etc. In the 18th century. market ties of the Mordovian region expanded. There were more than 10 fairs in Saransk district alone.
In the 18th century In the sphere of socio-economic development, the Mordovian region acted as a part of Russia, closely integrated with other regions. In the all-Russian division of labor, he was assigned the role of producer of commercial grain, alcohol, forest chemical products, etc.
In the 19th century the overwhelming majority of manufactories were patrimonial possessions. The most important role in the organization industrial production The region was dominated by the distillery industry, in which, before the reform of 1861, the nobles occupied a monopoly position. Only two state-owned factories competed with the noble factories: Brilovsky and Troitsko-Ostrogsky.
During the industrial boom of the 1890s. Russia was turning from an agricultural to an agrarian-industrial country. But the Mordovian region remained a typically agricultural region. Another feature of its socio-economic situation was the poor development of cities - only 5 (Ardatov, Insar, Krasnoslobodsk, Saransk, Temnikov), and they were small.

Republic of Mordovia in the first half of the 20th century.

In the spring and summer of 1918, in the Mordovian region, as well as in Russia as a whole, the policy of “war communism” took shape, which included a number of economic, political and social measures. An accelerated nationalization of industrial enterprises was carried out (1918), including unlicensed production, Councils of the National Economy were created, a ban was introduced on private trade, direct trade between the city and the countryside, landowners' estates and possessions of large owners were confiscated, land was redistributed between peasants on an equal basis, etc. d.
The government created various forms of Soviet and collective land use - agricultural artels, agricultural communes, partnerships for joint cultivation of land, collective farms, state farms. However, the experience of the first Soviet and collective farms was unsuccessful, and the situation in the village continued to deteriorate; The middle peasants, wealthy peasants and kulaks had a negative attitude towards the new formations, and hunger among the poor, which began during the First World War, intensified. Due to the threat of famine in cities, especially metropolitan and large industrial centers, in the spring of 1918 a food dictatorship was introduced in Russia, carried out by food detachments of soldiers and workers who were sent to the countryside to seize “surplus” grain. By the end of 1918, there were more than 3 thousand food detachment workers here, working together with emergency bodies created by the authorities (revolutionary committees, emergency commissions, VOKhR, CHON) and committees of the poor. The committees practically turned into rural government bodies, often committing serious abuses. The harsh actions of food detachments and poor commanders became the cause of peasant revolts that engulfed Soviet Republic in the spring and summer of 1918, unrest and peasant uprisings in the village. Bolshoy Azya, Yakovshchina, Barancheevka, Lada, Pyatina, Gumny, Staroe Sindrovo, etc.
The economic situation in the districts of Mordovia became seriously complicated in 1919 with the introduction of food appropriation. In 1918–21, about 10 million poods of grain were collected in the region through surplus appropriation.
In the spring of 1918, the Civil War began. During the period of “war communism”, the districts of Mordovia twice (1918 and 1919) became the front line, the closest rear of the Eastern Front; significant armed forces of the Red Army were stationed on the territory of the region. When the Czechoslovak Corps rebelled at the end of May 1918, one of the first centers of the uprising was Penza, where 660 fighters from Saransk and Ruzaevka were sent to suppress the counter-revolution. In June 1918, the First Eastern Army was created from scattered units operating in the direction Simbirsk - Syzran - Samara. In the village Paygarma, near the station. Ruzaevka, the headquarters of the 1st Eastern Army was located. 15.8.1918 in Saransk, a mobilization department was created to replenish the Twenty-fourth Samara-Simbirsk Railway at the expense of the local population rifle division, Fifteenth Rifle Division and Twentieth Penza Rifle Division. In October 1918, the formation of the First Saransk Soviet Rifle Regiment began, which took part in battles with the Whites on the Eastern and then Southern fronts. In April-May 1919, the Bashkir Revolutionary Committee was located in Saransk, which formed the Bashkir Division; in 1918-20, there were a significant number of international military formations of the Red Army in the region.
In total, about 74 thousand people were mobilized. Local authorities and workers provided all possible assistance in providing the army with food and fodder for the cavalry. However, the harsh policy of “war communism”, especially the surplus appropriation system, increased the discontent of the Russian, Mordovian and Tatar peasants. The uprisings of 1919 became the largest on the territory of the Mordovian region; as a rule, all social strata of the population took part in them. Along with the peasants, there were protests in military units; deserters became participants in the protests. In July-August 1919 alone, 7,096 deserters were recorded in Insarsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Ruzaevsky, Saransky and Narovchatsky districts, 6,004 in Temnikovsky district, by 1920 desertion in the region grew into a “green movement”. In total, in 1918–20, more than 200 peasant uprisings took place in the Volga region.
The result of the policy of “war communism”, along with the victory of the Soviet government in the Civil War and the elimination of foreign intervention, became deep crisis phenomena in the economy of the country and the Mordovian region: a reduction in industrial production, a widespread reduction in acreage, the leveling of the peasantry and the naturalization of their lives, the crisis of the financial system, inflation , degradation of tax policy, curtailment of democracy and the spread of emergency.
In 1928, Mordovian statehood appeared - the Mordovian district with its center in Saransk was formed as part of the Middle Volga region. In 1930, the district was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Region, from 1934 - the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Republic of Mordovia during the Great Years Patriotic War

The Great Patriotic War was not only a dramatic, but also a heroic period in the history of the peoples of our country. Together with other fraternal peoples, natives of Mordovia contributed to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Without waiting for summonses from the military registration and enlistment offices, communists, Komsomol members, and non-party members went to recruiting stations with a request to send them to the front. Over 6 thousand volunteers went to the front in the first 2 months, incl. more than 4 thousand communists.
The republic trained special formations of skiers, tank destroyers, and specialists for underground work behind enemy lines and partisan detachments. Here they received and created military units, prepared partisan bases in the forests of the Zubovo-Polyansky and Temnikovsky districts. Military units of naval aviation, the 29th, 85th, 94th and 95th departments, were stationed on the territory of the MASSR. chemical resistance battalions, armored train regiment, 178th department. communications battalion, etc. The 112th ski battalion took part in the battles near Moscow. The 326th Roslavl Rifle Division, formed on the territory of Mordovia, began its combat journey near Moscow and ended on the banks of the Elbe. Many natives fought in units of the 91st Guards Dukhovshchina Rifle Division. Up to 100 thousand residents of Mordovia were mobilized for the construction of the Sursky defensive line of Moscow and the region. Mordovia could receive combat aircraft at specially equipped airfields.
The republic became one of the centers of the Middle Volga region for the rehabilitation of the wounded: there were 14 hospitals on its territory, 6 of them in Saransk.
The evacuated equipment of 17 enterprises from Ukraine, Belarus, Bryansk, Kursk, and Oryol regions was placed at the production sites of Mordovia. and other regions of the country. In the fall of 1941, many of them began to produce products for the front, and by the middle. 1942 were operating at full capacity. The restructuring of the republic's industry on a war footing was carried out mainly at the beginning of 1942, earlier than in the country as a whole (mid-1942), since it did not require significant changes in technological process. Thanks to the commissioning of the Saransk Mechanical Plant and the Elektrovypryamitel plant in Mordovia, the foundation was laid for the post-war development of large-scale industry and the formation of its national personnel. The first produced fuses for shells, the second produced rectifying units used in the army, navy, and national economy. The Sarov plant, which produced artillery shells, also belonged to the defense industry. Trade cooperation has developed in the republic, and traditional crafts, associated primarily with women’s labor, have been revived. Sewing, cloth, fur, fulling and felt production, and certain branches of the food industry developed.
Mordovia received about 80 thousand people. evacuated population, of which 25 thousand were children under 15 years old. To accommodate more than 3 thousand pupils of orphanages and children from pioneer camps, taken from the front and frontline zones, 26 orphanages and boarding schools were created. In the first months of the war, residents of the republic adopted and fostered more than 1,300 children.
Mordovia helped the territories affected by the Nazi occupation. In 1942–43, about 4 thousand horses, 3 thousand pigs, and 10 thousand heads of cattle were transferred to the Smolensk, Oryol, Ryazan, and Tula regions; assistance was provided to Leningrad; since 1944, each district patronized one of the districts of the Gomel region, liberated from occupation.
More than 240 thousand people went to the front from Mordovia. different nationalities. More than half of them died. Thousands of fighters - natives of Mordovia - performed heroic deeds on the battlefields: in the defense of the Brest Fortress, Moscow and Leningrad, in besieged Sevastopol, in the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk Bulge, in the steppes of Ukraine and the forests of Belarus.
During the war years, more than 100 thousand people. awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." In Mordovia there are 104 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 25 people. became holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees.

Republic of Mordovia in the post-war years

The war with Nazi Germany caused great damage to the country's national economy. Its consequences were also severe for Mordovia. Human losses amounted to 131 thousand people. The most vulnerable link was the village. Almost the entire working-age population was drafted to the front. What remained were women, old people and teenagers. The number of able-bodied people decreased from 342 thousand people. at the end of 1940 to 208 thousand in 1945. Collective farms were actually left without cars. The lack of tractors, combines and other agricultural equipment led to delays in spring field work and harvesting. Cultivated areas have sharply decreased, crop yields, livestock numbers and productivity have decreased. In 1945 there were 1,623 collective farms, more than 1,000 of them were lagging behind.
In the industry of Mordovia in the post-war years, the machine park was almost completely renewed. Production technology has changed radically. The peculiarity of the development of industry was that with the reconstruction and expansion of old enterprises, the construction of new ones began: tool, cable, cement, electric lamp and other plants, for which 500 million rubles were allocated from the Union funds. The volume of gross industrial output increased in 1950 compared to 1940 by almost 20%. However, there has been a downward trend in industrial production. The situation in the republic's agriculture was more complex.
At the end of 1950, out of 1,652 small farms, 910 large farms were created, in 1959 there were 707, in 1962 - 661. The consolidation of collective farms, on the one hand, made it possible to better use land, equipment, labor, reduce unproductive costs, etc., with the other - caused dissatisfaction among the peasants of strong farms because the land was left without an owner, the infrastructure of villages and villages annexed to other farms was violated. Other measures to restore agriculture were also taken. The decisive role was played by the increasing supplies of varietal seeds, fertilizers, fuel, spare parts and equipment to the republic. All this has sharply reduced the volume manual labor, increased productivity, and actually made it possible to increase the pace of agricultural development. During the restoration of the national economy, problems were solved social sphere. Housing construction revived: in 1946–50, over 57 thousand m2 of housing were commissioned, and 20 thousand houses were built in villages and villages. Prices for consumer goods were reduced (1.9 times in 1952 compared to 1946).
In June 1957, the Mordovian Economic administrative district headed by the Economic Council. 71 industrial enterprises and 3 large construction organizations were transferred to his subordination. The placement of a complex of enterprises in the chemical and lighting industries, a foundry, the expansion of the construction base (Kovylkinsky silicate brick and slate plant in Komsomolsk), an instrument-making plant, reconstruction of cable, tool and other plants began. The 1st turbine of the Saranskaya CHPP-2, a workshop of the dump truck plant, a pasta and furniture factory were put into operation.
1950s - early 60s are considered the most successful in the development of the Soviet economy. The average rate of economic growth was 6.6% in the 50s. and 5.3% in the early 1960s.
An important result of the industrial development of Mordovia in 1959–65 was the transformation of the republic from agrarian-industrial to industrial-agrarian.
In 1965, there were 12.3 thousand tractors in the agriculture of Mordovia. By 1965, all collective farms were electrified, but the level of mechanization in livestock farming remained low. The gross grain yield amounted to 700 thousand tons. The average monthly yield increased by 25.8%. wage workers and employees, the income of collective farmers is 2.8 times. Many collective farms have switched to guaranteed monthly payments. More than 44 thousand new houses have been built in rural areas.

1. History

The ethnonym Mordovians is one of the oldest in Eastern Europe. It was first mentioned in the 6th century, in the work of the Byzantine historian Jordanes “Getica” in the form “mordens”. In the 10th century, the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote about the country of Mordia. And in the next century, Russian chronicles begin to mention the Mordovians.

The word Mordovians is Old Russian. At its core, it goes back to the Scythian-Iranian mard - man). This philological fact indicates that from ancient times the Mordovians became very close to the Indo-European peoples, in particular the Scythians and Sarmatians. And the particle -va has a connotation of collectiveness, as in other Old Russian ethnonyms: Lithuania, Tatarva.
The Mordvins themselves - Finno-Ugric origins - usually call themselves Mordvins when in contact with other peoples. When communicating with each other, they use the self-names Erzya and Moksha. These are two large subethnic groups into which the Mordovian people are divided (there are other, smaller ones). In quantitative terms, Erzya is approximately twice as large as Moksha.

The entry of the Mordovians into the Russian lands began in the 11th-12th centuries. Shortly before Mongol invasion On the Erzyan lands, a proto-state was formed, called in Russian chronicles the “Purgas volost”, since it was headed by Prince Purgas. At one time he successfully competed with the people of Nizhny Novgorod, but in the end he was defeated by them.
The annexation of Mordovian lands to Russia ended in 1552 with the fall of the Kazan Khanate.

The Soviet government was concerned with the creation of national statehood among the Mordovians. In 1930, the Mordovian Autonomous Region was formed, four years later it was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Republic, which since 1991 has been called the Republic of Mordovia.
Today, the Mordovians are the largest Finnish-speaking ethnic group in the Russian Federation, even though over the past decades its numbers have decreased from 1,100,000 to 840,000 people.
In this regard, Hungarian scientists came to the conclusion that over the next millennium the Mordovians, as well as other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups, will disappear altogether. Let's hope, however, that this horror story does not come true.

2. Religion, culture, customs

Among the Mordovians, dual ethnic identity is widespread. Mordvin considers himself, on the one hand, to belong to the “Mordovian people”, and on the other, to one of the two largest subethnic groups - Moksha or Erza.

Moksha

They even differ in appearance: while the Erzya look like Caucasians, the Mokshans have pronounced Mongoloid features.
Russian ethnographers of the late 19th century noted that the Erzya and Moksha differ sharply from each other in character. Erzya looks at the land and farm as a shrine and values ​​them. They are very clean and tidy. The table, benches, and benches in an Erzya house are always thoroughly washed, the floor is carefully swept, the loaf of bread and salt shaker are covered with a clean tablecloth.

The Mokshans at that time were considered almost wild people - sloppy and little capable of progressive forms of agriculture and crafts.
Traditional Mordovian food consisted mainly of agricultural products: sour bread baked in a hot oven on cabbage leaves, liquid porridges from millet, lentils, peas, seasoned with hemp oil, millet pancakes, which are baked very thick, pies with various fillings.
For christenings, millet milk porridge was cooked, which, like eggs, was considered a symbol of fertility. Each participant in the christening, having tasted it, congratulated the parents on the addition to the family and expressed the wish for the newborn to live as many years as there are grains of porridge in the pot. We baked for the wedding main pie- luksh made from sour rye dough with 10-12 layers of filling, as well as “young woman’s breast” pies filled with cottage cheese.
In the pre-Christian religious beliefs of the Mordovians, a large number of female deities attract attention. Deities in male form were considered their husbands.
The Mordovians did not expect anything good from their idols. It was believed that the gods could cause a lot of troubles and troubles if they were not appeased in time with prayers and sacrifices.

Although the Mordovians are considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region, they still retain remnants of paganism in their beliefs, to the point that the name of the supreme deity of the pagan pantheon - Shkai, or Nishke - was transferred to the Christian god.

ORIGINS OF ETHNOSIS:
APPEARANCE OF ANCIENT MORDOVian TRIBES

are nomads. The clothes they wear are similar to those of the Scythians, but their language is special. This is the only tribe of cannibals in that country."

« Budins - a large and numerous tribe; they all have light blue eyes and red hair... Every three years, the Budins celebrate a festival in honor of Dionysus and go into a bacchic frenzy... The Budins are the indigenous inhabitants of the country - nomads. This is the only people in this country that eats pine cones... ( note: clarification by linguists - not by cones, but by squirrels feeding on pine cones). Their entire land is covered with dense forests of various types. Among the forest thicket there is a huge lake surrounded by swamps and reed thickets. Otters, beavers and other animals with a quadrangular muzzle are caught in this lake. The Budins trim their fur coats with the fur of these animals...»

Yirki “They hunt and catch animals in the following way. Hunters lie in wait for their prey er evyah (after all, there are dense forests throughout their country). Every hunter has a horse at the ready, trained to lie on its belly so as to be less conspicuous, and a dog. Noticing the beast, the hunter shoots from a tree from a bow, and then jumps on his horse and rushes in pursuit, while the dog runs after him.”

Fyssagetae.“Behind the Budins to the north, first the desert extends for seven days’ journey, and then further to the east live the Fyssagetae, a numerous and unique tribe. They live by hunting... Four large rivers flow from their land through the region of the Meotians and flow into the so-called lake Maeotis. The name of these rivers: Lick, Oar, Tanais And Sirgis».

U Herodotus historians find a description of the Scythian-Persian war of 512 BC, a war in ulcer lice caused serious movements of peoples to the north. Naturally, this movement also affected Gorodets tribes. It is unlikely that they left their inhabited places, but foreigners came to their lands. In history city ​​tribes Thus, the foreign policy factor arose. It was he who apparently speeded up the registration ancient Mordovian culture.

Archaeologists often find on the ramparts of Mordovian settlements in Lower Surye.

The raids of small Sarmatian detachments eventually gave way to the invasion of a large lava of horsemen, who subjugated some Mordovian tribes. On the territory of modern Bolsheignatovsky district near the village Andreevka archaeologists excavated a mound - the burial place of the leader of the conquerors and his warriors. A special platform was installed in the center of the grave, where the leader’s body was laid, and two armed warriors rested nearby. At his feet lay a bound prisoner or slave.

However, the dominance of the aliens was short-lived; they were quickly assimilated ancient Mordovians and dissolved in her environment. Struggle ancient Mordovians with the southern newcomers was truly heroic. After all, the latter stood at a higher stage of development. Mordovian or tribes in the 1st-4th centuries they lived in conditions of the beginning decomposition of primitive communal relations. At that time, distant from us, the tribes united several clans. Each clan consisted of several large patriarchal families. The head of the family was usually where-atya. A clan or several clans made up a settlement - Vele. They occupied mainly convenient riverside places. Only by the middle of the 1st millennium AD did settlements begin to have powerful defensive structures.

Ancient Mordovians settled in fertile river valleys Okie, middle reaches Volga, Prices, Moksha And Surahs. It was a region with rich, fertile land, rich in dense forests, and the rivers abounded in fish. All this left its mark on the economy of our ancestors.

The main occupation of the ancient Mordovians was agriculture. They sowed barley, rye, half peas, and peas. They used a sickle and a scythe; arable farming would appear later.

Archaeological excavations indicate a high level of development of crafts among Mordovians. The discovered tools tell us about a fairly developed ancient metallurgy.

Significant role in life ancient Mordovian tribes They played hunting, fishing, beekeeping - collecting honey from wild bees. Natural resources(furs, honey, fish) made it possible for our ancestors to trade with their neighbors.

standing fighting squad. Agriculture became arable. Property and social inequality arose and began to develop.

At this stage of development, the ancestors of modern Mordovians and foreign authors. In the 6th century, historian of the Gothic kings Jordan in his book entitled “On the Origin and Deeds of the Goths,” describing the tribes Eastern Europe, called the people "mordens". This was the first mention in written sources of Mordovian people. (cm. What other peoples knew about the Mordovians in the 6th-17th centuries)

Mordva... How did the name of the people come about? Is it a self-name or is that what neighboring tribes called our ancestors? In the Iranian-Scythian languages ​​there was a word martiya, translated as man , Human . This formed the basis of the ethnonym Mordovians. In Russian, to the basis “ muzzle" added suffix " va", having a connotation of collectiveness, community. This is how the name of the people arose, a name that has existed for fifteen hundred years.

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD history ancient Mordovian tribes connected with the movements of peoples, which is known as the “great migration”. At the end of the 4th century Sarmatians were defeated by those who came from the east gun-nami. Contemporary of the Hun invasion, Roman historian Ammianus Marcellin wrote about Huns as about a mobile and indomitable people, blazing "uncontrollable passion for stealing other people's property". Suddenness of arrival Huns increased fear of them. Same Marcellinus left us this note: “A hitherto unprecedented race of people, rising like snow from a secluded corner, shakes and destroys everything that comes its way, like a whirlwind rushing from the high mountains.”

And later, new, more formidable enemies appeared on the southern borders of the Mordovian lands. And later, new, more formidable enemies appeared on the southern borders of the Mordovian lands. This accelerated the development process ancient Mordovian tribes, gave impetus to the emergence of fighting squads. The alarming situation in the south forced everyone to mobilize internal forces people. Maybe that's why all attempts to subdue Mordovian tribes in the 4th-7th centuries they failed, were unsuccessful, and until the 8th century the boundaries of their settlement did not change.

At the turn of the 7th-8th centuries the situation changed dramatically. The pressure of the nomads of the south intensified, and Mordovian tribes could no longer successfully resist the onslaught.

In the 7th century Middle Volga region tribes appeared Bulgars. According to a Persian author of the 10th century, Bulgars- people “brave, warlike and terrifying. Their character is similar to that of Turk living near the country Khazars» . Bulgars pushed back Mordovians. Settled on Volga, they became its eastern neighbors. Simultaneously Alanian population North Caucasus, pressed Arabic conquerors, moved to the upper reaches Northern Donets, Oskola And Don, on the lands bordering the Tsna Mordovians. Then a new nomadic wave surged - Khazars.

The fief settlements and military squads were split apart by frequent but poorly organized raids of small nomadic hordes. But government organization mighty Khazar Khaganate(VIII-X centuries) the ancient Mordovian tribes could not resist. Main part Southern Mordovians left their ancestral lands in the upper reaches Surahs and went west and northwest. Those who remained were forced to pay tribute.

Amounts of Khazar tribute from Mordovians difficult to install. Perhaps it was the same as from the Slavic tribes - a silver coin and a squirrel with smoke, perhaps much larger. However, it is reliably known that it was not clearly defined, since they themselves Khazars did not know the size of the Mordovian population. It is no coincidence that the Khazar Kagan Joseph in a letter to a dignitary at the court of the Caliph of Cordoba Abd al-Rahman III to Hasdai Ibn Shafrut, written no later than the fall of 961, said the following about the peoples Middle Volga region: “They are nine peoples who cannot be accurately identified and of which there is no number.”

During the period of Khazar rule, Mordovian tribes The military squad begins to disappear. In the South Mordovian burial grounds of the 5th-7th centuries, archaeologists find a mounted warrior in every second burial of a man, and in the burial grounds of the period of Khazar rule only in every fifth. Khazars they did not allow the local population to create fighting squads. They thereby ensured themselves obedience and the opportunity to plunder the conquered population.

In the second half of the 1st millennium AD, as a result of internal development and external pressure there was a division of one ancient Mordovian tribe.

In the 10th century, the Khazar Khagan Joseph in one of his messages he mentioned the people “ Arisu" This was the first written mention of Erze. Next about Erzyans (« arjanah") reported the chronicler of the Mongols Rashid al-Din, the Nogai prince later wrote about them Yusuf.

First mention of moksha found later, it was discovered in the notes of a Flemish traveler Guillaume Rubruk. ABOUT moksha write Rashid al-Din, Venetian Jehoshaphat Barbaro. There is an ethnonym in the form “ mukhshi"later also on Bulgaro-Tatar gravestones.

These ethnonyms are of Indo-European origin. Erzya goes back basically to the Iranian word arsan, which translates as man, hero, A moksha by origin it is connected with the name of the river, the sources of which go back to Indo-European population Middle Volga region, who lived here in separate groups even before the settlement Finno-Ugrians.

By the end of I - beginning of the 2nd millennium AD differences between moksha And Erzei have become quite significant. The main distinguishing feature was the differences in the funeral rites. The northern group, the Erzya, buried their dead with their heads to the north, less often to the northwest. For the southern, Moksha group of burial grounds, on the contrary, is characterized by the southern and southwestern orientation of the burials.

Arab geographer Ibn-Haukal wrote about the consequences of the campaign Svyatoslav :“Now there is no trace left of any Bulgara, neither from Burtasov, neither from Khazars, because Rus destroyed all of them, took them away and annexed their region to itself, and those who escaped... fled across nearby places in the hope of reaching an agreement with Russia and come under her authority."

The collapse of the Khazar power led to the liberation of the peoples who paid tribute to the Khazars. The Mordovian tribes also receive the opportunity to develop freely. They begin to heal the wounds inflicted during the unequal struggle.

Based on materials from V. Yurchenkov
Drawings by A. Korovin

Material from Letopisi.Ru - “Time to go home”

"Mordovia in dates"

VI century n. e. The first written mention of the Mordovians (Jordan: “Mordens”). IV-IX centuries The transition of the Mordovians to arable farming. Second half of 1 thousand AD e. The beginning of the decomposition of the primitive communal system among the Mordovians. The appearance of Slavic settlements in the territory of its settlement. IX-XII centuries The origin of feudal relations among the Mordovians. XI-XII centuries The initial Russian chronicle about the Mordovians. 1223. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars into Rus' (battle on the Kalka River). 1236. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the Volga region. 1237-1239. Conquest of the Volga region peoples by the Mongol-Tatars. 1239. Revolt against the Mongol-Tatars. 1389. The Mordovian population living in the basin of the Oka, Moksha, and Pyana rivers joined the Moscow principality. 1444. Participation of the Mordovians as part of the Russian troops in the defeat of the hordes of the Golden Horde prince Mustafa. 1480. The fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'. 1485. Completion of the entry of the Mordovian people into the structure Russian state. 1536. Founding of the city of Temnikov. 1606-1607. Participation of the Mordovian population in the Peasant War under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov. 1611, February. Participation of the Mordovians in the first militia against the Polish invaders. 1611-1612. Participation of the Mordovians in the second militia led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky against the Polish-Swedish invaders. 1627. Founding of the city of Krasnoslobodsk. 1638. Beginning of construction of the Atemar (Saransk) guard line. 1641. Founding of Saransk. 1647. Founding of the city of Insara. 1647-1653. Construction of the Insar guard line. 1670. Beginning of the Peasant War under the leadership of S. Razin on the territory of Mordovia. The peasant movement was suppressed everywhere by the end of December 1670. 1722. Introduction of military service for the Mordovian population. 1740. Beginning of mass forced baptism of Mordovians and other non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. 1753. Opening of two theological schools in Kazan, where children of Mordovian peasants began to be admitted. 1773, July 27-30. Stay of the leader of the peasant uprising E. Pugachev in Saransk. 1775. A law was passed on carrying out provincial reform, according to which the territory of Mordovia was divided between the newly formed Penza, Simbirsk and Tambov provinces. 1779. The city of Ardatov was founded. 1785. The Kondra paper mill was opened. 1812, summer. F. F. Ushakov organized an infirmary in Temnikov for the treatment of soldiers wounded in battles with Napoleonic troops. 1855-1886. Educational and pedagogical activities of I. N. Ulyanov in the Penza, Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces. 1893. Railway traffic was opened from Moscow to Ruzaevka. Construction was completed in the summer of 1903 railway from Ruzaevka to Nizhny Novgorod (the road passed through Saransk). 1893. Commissioning of the Saransk railway station. 1897. The first zemstvo library was opened in Temnikov. 1899. Founding of the Republican Library named after A. S. Pushkin. 1905, December 10-21. “Ruzaevskaya Republic” during the years of the 1st Russian Revolution. 1917, October 30 (November 12). Establishment of Soviet power in Ruzaevka. 1917, November 2 (15). Adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia. 1917, November 19 (December 2). Establishment of Soviet power in Ardatov. 1917, December 8 (21). Establishment of Soviet power in Saransk. 1917, December. Organization of the first agricultural labor partnership of 20 farm laborers and poor peasants in the Saransk district. 1918, January 8 (21). Peasant congress of the Insar district, which welcomed the transfer of power into the hands of the Council of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants' Deputies. 1918, January-November. Creation of the RCP(b) organization on the territory of Mordovia. 1918, February. Opening of the first Mordovian secondary pedagogical educational institution - the Mordovian seminary in the village. Machkasy, Petrovsky district, Saratov province. 1918, March 21-27. 1 Penza All-Provincial Congress of Soviets, which organizationally consolidated the transfer of power in the province to the Soviets and approved the resolution of the IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the ratification of a peace treaty with Germany. 1918, March 25. Opening of the first in Krasnoslobodsk pedagogical courses who trained teachers of national schools. 1918, August. Location of the headquarters of the First Army of the Eastern Front in the village. Paygarm (Ruzaevsky district. 1918. Formation of the Temnikovsky orchestra of Russian folk instruments (creator and director L.I. Voinov). 1918, December 15. Creation of a local history museum in Saransk. 1919. Kemlyansky state farm technical school organized. 1920, December. Formed Mordovian section under the Central Committee of the RCP (6) and the Mordovian subdivision under the People's Commissariat of Nationalities. 1920, December. Mordovian departments were created under the Penza, Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Tambov and Nizhny Novgorod provincial committees of the RCP (b) in counties with a compact Mordovian population. 1920, October. the first issue of the newspaper “Chin stomo” (“Sunrise”) was published in Simbirsk. Published until April 1921, 1920. Publication in the Mordovian language of “A Brief History”. Communist Party " 1921, June 10-14. 1st All-Russian Congress of Mordovian Communists in Samara. 1921, September 24. The beginning of publication in Moscow of the newspaper “Yakstere Teshte” (“Red Star”), the organ of the Central Bureau of the Mordovian Section under the Central Committee of the RCP(b). 1923, June 28. Creation of the first pioneer detachment from students of the commune school in Saransk. 1924, May 1. Publication of the first issue of the Moksha newspaper “Od Vele” (“New Village”) in Penza. 1924, September. The 1st All-Russian Congress on the Education of the Mordovians took place in Moscow. It was created on the initiative of the Mordovian section of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). 1924, November 7. Opening of the Smychka power station in Ruzaevka - one of the first in Mordovia. 1925. The books 3. F. Dorofeev “Pizhe paksya” (“Earth field”) - a primer for adults and “Valda yan” (“The Shining Path”) - a primer for children were published in the Mordovian-Moksha language. 1926, September. Organization of the Mordovian department at the pedagogical faculty of Saratov State University. 1928, July 16. Education as part of the Middle Volga region of the Mordovian district with its center in the city of Saransk. 1928, August 1-3. First Mordovian Party Conference. 1928, August 4-6. I Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian District. 1928, August. All-Russian Mordovian methodological and language conference in Moscow. 1929. The first collection of Mordovian writers, “Vasen Syatkt” (“First Sparks”), was published. 1930. A broadcast radio station began operating in Saransk, broadcasting in Russian and Mordovian. 1930, January 10. Transformation of the Mordovian Okrug of the Middle Volga Territory into the Mordovian Autonomous Region. 1930, January. Organization of the first Kovylkino MTS in Mordovia. 1931, February 4-9. 1st Mordovian Regional Congress of Soviets. 1931. Launch of the Ruzaevsky brick factory. 1931. Opening of the first university in Mordovia - the Agropedagogical Institute - in Saransk. 1932. Creation of the Mordovian Research Institute of Socialist Agriculture in Saransk. 1932. Organization of the Research Institute of Mordovian Culture, reorganized in 1933 into the Mordovian Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics. 1932. Creation of the Mordovian National Drama Theater on the basis of the Mordovian Music and Drama Studio. 1932, April 19. Creation of the Mordovian book publishing house. 1932. August 20. Opening of a music school in Saransk (now the L.P. Kiryukov School). 1933 The first primer “Tundon Chi” (“Spring Day”) in the Erzya-Mordovian language was published in Moscow (Gosizdat). 1934, July 27. 1 All-Mordovia Congress of Soviet Writers, which institutionalized the creation of the Writers' Union of Mordovia. 1934, December 20. Transformation of the Mordovian Autonomous Region into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1934, December 22-27. 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1934. Opening of the Saransk Teachers' Institute. 1935, May. Creation of the Union of Artists of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1935. Creation of the State Theater of Musical Comedy in Mordovia. 1936, August. Commissioning of the Saransk hemp plant, now JSC Sura. 1937, February 28. Opening of the Mordovian Opera and Ballet Theater. 1937, August 30. Approval of the Constitution of the MASSR by the Extraordinary II Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1939, October. Creation of the song and dance ensemble “Umarina”. 1939. Implementation of basically universal seven-year education in the MASSR. 1941, August 17. 1 All-Union Youth Sunday. About 120 thousand people took part in it, and 100 thousand rubles were contributed to the National Defense Fund. and 104 thousand workdays. 1941, October 9. Organization of the Republican Committee for Assistance to Wounded Soldiers and Commanders of the Red Army. 1941, December. Start of work at the Saransk Mechanical Plant. 1941. The Elektrovypryamitel plant began operating in Saransk. 1943, February 13. Handing over of a combat gift by the workers of Mordovia to the pilots of the “Soviet Mordovia” aircraft squadron. 1943. Premiere of the Mordovian musical drama “Litova” by L.P. Kiryukov at the Mordovian State Theater. 1944, January 10. Adoption by the Bureau of the Mordovian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of a resolution on patronage over the city of Gomel and a group of districts of the Gomel region of the Byelorussian SSR. The beginning of the patronage of the working people of Mordovia over the Rechitsa, Loyevsky, Streshninsky and Terekhovsky districts of the Gomel region, liberated from fascist occupation. 1944, June 16. Adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of the resolution “On measures to provide assistance to agriculture of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.” 1945, May 9. Victory Day over Nazi Germany. A 20,000-strong demonstration in Saransk in honor of Victory Day. 1948, December 24. Commissioning of the Saransk automatic telephone exchange. 1949, December 21. Launch of the Ardatov Lighting Plant. 1950. Campaign to collect signatures for the Stockholm Appeal to ban atomic weapons, in which almost the entire adult population of Mordovia took part, collecting over 560 thousand signatures. 1950. The DOSAAF Central United Flight Technical School was opened in Saransk, whose students were the outstanding pilot M. L. Popovich and the multiple national champion in parachuting G. D. Mukhina. The school operated in Saransk until 1964. 1951. Start of construction of the Alekseevsky cement plant. 1952. Start of construction of the high-voltage line Kuibyshev - Moscow on the territory of Mordovia. 1954, March 4. Departure for the development of virgin lands by the first group of Komsomol members of Mordovia. 1954, March. Exhibition of works by sculptor S. D. Erzya in Moscow. 1954, October 17. Opening of the Republican Agricultural Exhibition. 1954, December 16. The first flight of the passenger train Saransk - Moscow. 1955. Launch of a brick and asphalt concrete plant and a meat processing plant in Saransk. 1956, February. Launch of the Saransk locomotive repair plant. 1956, March 8. Commissioning of the Saransk Electric Bulb Plant. 1957, February 28. Commissioning of the Alekseevsky cement plant. 1957, June 27. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the sculptor S. D. Erzya (Nefedov) with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in connection with his 80th birthday. 1957, October 1. Opening of Mordovian State University. 1957. The Krasnoslobodskaya spinning and weaving factory was put into operation. 1958, December 10. Creation of the Scientific Research Institute of Lighting Engineering in Saransk. 1958, December 13. Launch of the first stage of Saransk CHPP-2. 1959, July 19. Launch of the Saransk Normal Plant (now JSC Prompribor). 1959, August. Opening of the first folk theater in Mordovia in Ardatov. 1959, October 30. Release of the first products at the Saransk Excavator Plant. 1959, November 5. Commissioning of the first stage of the Saransk plant medical supplies(now JSC Biokhimik). 1960, January 10. Opening of an art gallery named after F.V. Sychkov in Saransk. 1960. Commissioning of the Saransk dump truck plant. 1961, February. Commissioning of the Ruzaevsky Chemical Engineering Plant. 1961, June 27. Connecting the energy system of Mordovia to the Unified Energy System of the European part of the USSR. 1961, October 10. Commissioning of a stationary television center in Saransk with regular television broadcasts. 1962. The Saransk confectionery factory produced its first products. 1963, January 30. Opening in Saransk of a monument to the conquerors of the stratosphere P. F. Fedoseenko, A. B. Baenko, I. D. Usyskin. 1963, July 28. Start of work of the first Mordovian health resort-rest home “Moksha” in the Kovylkinsky district. 1963. Publication of the first volume of “Oral and poetic creativity of the Mordovian people.” 1964. Opening of branches of the Mordovian State University and the Saransk Polytechnic College in Ruzaevka. 1965, July 1. The Ruzaevskaya knitting factory was put into operation. 1965, December 11. Issue of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with the Order of Lenin. 1965, December 30. The beginning of trolleybus service in Saransk. 1968, December 28. Launch of a dairy plant in Ruzaevka. 1966, December 18. Launch of the first stage of the Rezinotekhnika plant in Saransk. 1968, December 28. Publication of the first volume of “History of Mordovian Soviet Literature”. 1968, June 2. The Saransk plant "Tsentrolit" was put into operation. 1970, May 9. Opening of a monument to soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) in Saransk in honor of the 25th anniversary of the victory Soviet people over Nazi Germany. 1970. Opening of the monument to Hristo Botev, the national hero of the Bulgarian people, in Saransk. 1970. Opening in Saransk of a new building of the Republican Library named after A. S. Pushkin (founded in 1899 to commemorate the centenary of the poet’s birth). 1972, May 17. The Palace of Pioneers (now the Palace of Children's Creativity) was opened in Saransk. 1972, December 29. The Mordovian ASSR was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples. 1976, September 23. Opening of a branch of the Moscow Cooperative Institute in Saransk. 1976, December. Opening in Saransk of the anniversary exhibition of works by S. D. Erzya and the new building of the art gallery (now MRMII named after S. D. Erzya). 1978, May 30. Adoption of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1979, March-April. Opening of the Mordovian State Philharmonic. 1979, January 1. The Saransk technological equipment plant began operating. 1979, September 8. The reconstruction of Saransk Airport has been completed. 1979. The new hardware and studio complex of the Saransk Television Center was put into operation. 1980, December 31. A new automatic telephone exchange was put into operation in Saransk. 1981, July 11. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the city of Ruzaevka with the Order of the Badge of Honor. 1981, October 10. Opening of the Saransk - Ulyanovsk highway. 1982, February 27. Creation of the Union of Composers of Mordovia, 1st congress. 1982, January 1. The first flight to Saransk airport of the high-speed turbojet aircraft TU-134. 1984, December 6. Opening of the monument to N.P. Ogarev at Mordovian State University. 1985, March 30. Scientific research took place in Saransk practical conference , dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1985, June. Social and political readings were held in Moscow dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1985, July 10. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin for the successes achieved by the working people of the MASSR in economic and cultural construction, and in connection with the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1985, September 27-28. At the celebrations dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state and the awarding of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with the Order of Lenin, the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee B. N. Yeltsin was present. On Krasnaya Street the monument “Forever with Russia” was opened (sculptor I. D. Brodsky, architect I. A. Pokrovsky) and Friendship Alley was founded. 1985, November 5. An indoor market was built in Saransk with a trading floor for 600 seats. 1986, June 21. An All-Union seminar-meeting of the secretaries of the Komsomol Central Committee was held in Saransk, dedicated to the participation of youth in the implementation of the USSR Food Program. 1986, August 29. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to Alexander Vasilyevich Dolganov, director of the state breeding plant “Russia” in the Lyambirsky district. 1987, May 28. Days of Soviet-Polish friendship in Mordovia. 1987, May 29. At the invitation of the Saransk City Committee of the CPSU and the Executive Committee of the City Council, a delegation from Botevgrad visited Saransk. 1987, June 14. In the year of the 340th anniversary of the city of Insara, a monument to the conquerors of the stratosphere was unveiled at the city stadium. 1987, November 1. The Founding Conference was held to create the Mordovian Republican Branch of the Soviet Cultural Foundation. 1988, January. Days of memory of A.I. Polezhaev in Mordovia (150 years since his death). 1988, March 23. IV All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers, in which a delegation from Mordovia of 30 people took part. 1988, March. In the southwestern microdistrict of Saransk, the Stroitel sanatorium-preventorium was put into operation. 1988, July. A trade exchange agreement was signed between Mordovia and Sieradz. 1989, February 3. An all-Union meeting of machine builders was held in Saransk on the topic “Ways for the development of self-financing.” 1989, February 11. The new cinema "Russia" was put into operation in the southwestern region of Saransk. 1989, March 26. Elections of people's deputies of the USSR. For the first time in Mordovia, alternative elections were held. 1989, May 25. Deputies from Mordovia went to Moscow for the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR; the congress was held under the motto “Democracy is our historical choice.” 1989, May. To restore the cities of Armenia affected by the earthquake, a competition was announced for the best project residential buildings. Among the four best works the projects proposed by the architects of the Mordovgrazhdanproekt Institute were named. 1989, June 23. XII Congress writers of Mordovia. 1989, July. Designers of the Saransk Dump Truck Plant together with designers of the Gorky Automobile Plant have developed a new GAZ-SAZ-4509 dump truck with a diesel engine. 1989, December. At Moscow State University. N. L. Ogarev created a republican science Center "Mordovia". 1990, February 25. In Saransk, the first unauthorized democratic rally took place on Sovetskaya Square. 1990, March 3. In Saransk, in the southwestern microdistrict, the first sanctioned democratic rally took place. 1990, March 12. A new bus station has been put into operation in Saransk. 1990, April 22. At the Founding Conference the Social Democratic Party of Mordovia was created. 1990, April 28. The Saransk City Executive Committee registered the cultural and educational society “Mastorava”. 1990, June 9. The XXIX Mordovian regional conference of the CPSU took place. 1990, July. A conference of lawyers of Mordovia was held in Saransk, at which the Union of Lawyers of the MASSR was created. 1990, August 3-5. The 1st All-Union Congress of the cultural and educational society “Mastorava” took place. 1990, August 18. The founding congress of the republican organization of the movement “Democratic Russia” took place in Kovylkino. 1990, September. School No. 12 was converted into a gymnasium. School No. 26 was transformed into a city pedagogical lyceum. At Moscow State University. Ogarev opened the Faculty of National Culture. 1990, October 26-27. XXIX Mordovian Republican Party Conference. V. A. Skoptsov was elected first secretary, member of the bureau, member of the republican committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR. 1990, November 29. The All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference on environmental and economic problems was held in Saransk at the House of Science and Technology. 1991, February. At the founding meeting of representatives of peasant farms and cooperatives, the Association of Peasant (Farmer) and Agricultural Cooperatives of Mordovia was formed. 1991, March 20. The Council of Ministers of the RSFSR adopted the Resolution “On the activities of commodity exchanges in the RSFSR”. The Mordovian Commodity Exchange was created in Mordovia. 1991, May 27. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Kadoshkinsky district was formed with the center of the river. p. Kadoshkino. 1991, June 25. By decree of the President of the USSR, Yuri Dmitrievich Yutlandov, director of the Elektrovypryamitel Production Association, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. 1991, June 28. The first Founding Conference of the Republican Society “Yaktashlar” (“Countrymen” - Tatar) took place. 1991, July. The city of Saransk and the Tatar villages of the Lyambir, Romodanovsky and Torbeevsky districts were visited by the President of the World League of Tatars, the head of the European representative of the Tatar-Bashkir national movement Ali-effendi Akish. 1991, July 1. Unemployment was legalized in Mordovia, the Ministry of Labor and Employment was created. 1991, September. In the year of the 70th anniversary of Gosstrakh of Russia in Mordovia, instead of the management of Gosstrakh, the joint-stock insurance company “Confidence” (“Askuver”) was formed. 1991, October 15. Constituent Assembly of the Mordovian branch of the LDPR. 1991, October. The exhibition “Folk Crafts of Russia” has been opened at the Republican Museum of Fine Arts. 1991, October 19-20. Days of Culture of the Peoples of the Finno-Ugric Community were held in Mordovia. 1991, October 26. At the Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Council of the MSSR, a law was adopted to establish the post of President of Mordovia and presidential elections were scheduled for December 14. 1991, December 14. The 1st round of elections for the President of Mordovia has passed. 1991, December 22. The 2nd round of elections for the President of Mordovia took place. V.D. becomes President by majority vote. Guslyannikov. Vice President - V. P. Narezhny. 1992, January 20. Decree of the President of the Mordovian SSR “On the reorganization of collective farms and state farms.” 1992, January 22. Decree of the President of Mordovia “On the formation of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Mordovian SSR.” 1992. The last republican pioneer rally took place. The guys have a new association - DOM (children's association of Mordovia). 1992, March 10. An authorized rally of students of Moscow State University and Moscow State Pedagogical Institute took place on Sovetskaya Square with the slogans “To the peoples of Moksha and Erzi - the language of the mother.” 1992, March 14-15. The First All-Union Congress of the Mordovian People. 1992, March 17. The III Congress of Composers of Mordovia took place. 1992, April 2. The Mordovian National Theater became a laureate of the International Festival of Theaters of Finno-Ugric Peoples. 1992, April 25. 1st Congress of the Communist Party of the Working People of Mordovia. 1992, May 16. 1st Congress of the Socialist Party of Mordovia. 1992. A representative office of the MSSR under the President of Russia was created in Moscow. V. Chindyaskin, a native of Mordovia and a resident of Moscow, was appointed as a representative by Decree of the President of Mordovia. 1992, September. took place in Moscow constituent Assembly to create a city society of Mordovian culture “Mastorava”. 1992, September 10. The International Intercontinental Road Expedition “March of Peace” arrived in Saransk. 1992, September. The Azerbaijani cultural society “Yurddash” (“Compatriots”) was created in the city of Saransk. 1992, November. Joint Stock Company "Sarex" (excavator plant) was awarded the International Gold Star for design and product quality. 1992. The Mordovian Republican Organization of the Peasant Party of Russia was registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, February 17. The Foundation for Saving the Erzyan Language named after is registered with the Ministry of Justice. A. P. Ryabova. 1993, February 20-21. The World Speedway Championship took place in Saransk at the Svetotekhnika stadium. 1993, March 26-30. The II All-Russian competition of young performers on Russian folk and national instruments took place in Saransk. 1993, March. The Economic Union is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, April 7. The Supreme Council of the MSSR, in strict accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the MSSR and the Federal Treaty, adopted the MSSR Law “On the abolition of the posts of President and Vice-President of the MSSR and on introducing amendments and additions to the Constitution of the MSSR.” 1993, May 18-20. The inter-republican conference “Problems and Applied Issues of Physics” was held in Saransk. The Mordovian regional branch of the Party of Economic Freedom is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, July. Days of Mordovian culture in the Chelyabinsk region. 1993, July 6-11. Participation of folklore ensembles from Mordovia at the XI folklore festival in Hungary. 1993. The Mordovian Republican branch of the People's Party of Russia was registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, October 11. Russian President B. N. Yeltsin signed a Decree appointing V. V. Konakov as his representative in Mordovia. 1993, November. The founding conference of the federal movement “Dignity and Mercy” took place in Saransk. The Mordovian organization of the Agrarian Party of Russia is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, December 24. The following are registered with the Ministry of Justice: the Social Democratic Party of Mordovia, the movement for equal rights and development “Erzyan Mastor”. 1994, January 25. At the 17th session of the Supreme Council of the Mordovian SSR, the Law of the Mordovian SSR was adopted on the renaming of the Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic into the Republic of Mordovia. The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Mordovia registered the Mordovian branch of the Democratic Party of Russia. 1994, January 5. Founding conference of the movement “For spiritual revival, unity and national harmony.” Founding conference of the Harmony movement. 1994, February 17. At the 17th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Moldova, the Law of the Republic of Mordovia on state authorities of the Republic of Mordovia was adopted, which states that the Government of the Republic is the highest executive body of power of the republic. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova has been abolished. A presentation of the first volume of the republican book “Memory” took place. 1994, April. The exhibition of wooden sculpture “Erzyans in St. Petersburg” from the village worked in St. Petersburg for 10 days. Podlesnaya Tavla. On April 11, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Mordovia adopted a Resolution on the re-establishment of the Soviets on the territory of Mordovia. 1994, May 23-24. In Saransk on the basis of Mordovian University. N.P. Ogarev held a scientific conference “Mordovian people: history, modernity, perspective”. 1994, May. By the decision of the Supreme Attestation Committee of the Russian Federation at Moscow State University. I. P. Ogarev created a scientific council for the protection master's theses By national history and ethnology. 1994, June. Ministry social protection population of the Republic of Moldova opened a republican social shelter called “Nadezhda” in the northwestern region of Saransk. 1994, June. A lyceum for humanitarian and natural-mathematical training was opened on the basis of school No. 26. 1994, June 14-16. The 11th International Medical and Biological Symposium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of the Russian Federation, dedicated to modern problems of neurobiologists, was held in Saransk. 1994, June 21-23. The All-Russian meeting-seminar “Improving the system of medical care for children in educational boarding institutions” was held in Saransk. 1994, July 8. By a resolution of the Head of the Saransk City Administration, the old coat of arms of Saransk, with minor changes, was re-approved and acquired official status. 1994, July. By the Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Republic of Moldova, a state inspection on labor protection. At Moscow State University. N.P. Ogarev opened a new department at the Faculty of History - “Regional Studies”. The Saransk monarchical assembly held the founding conference of the new organization, which included the Saransk and Ruzaev organizations “Tron”. The Saransk Monarchical Assembly is part of the All-Russian Party of the Monarchical Center. By the decision of the Council of Ministers-Government of the Republic of Moldova, a republican migration service was created under the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Irina Stankina became the world champion among juniors in race walking (Lisbon). Under the plenipotentiary representation of the President of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Moldova, a public chamber was created, which included more than twenty parties and movements, except for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Liberal Democratic Party. 1994, September 20. 13th Congress of Writers of Mordovia. 1994, September 26. The IV International Festival of Television Films “Finno-Ugric World” was held at the Saransk Cultural Center. 1994, September. In the city of Buguruslan, Orenburg Region, the first issue of the regional newspaper of Erzyans and Mokshans “Lismaprya” (“Spring”) was published. Founder - Buguruslan Erzya-Moksha Center “Lismaprya”. 1994, October 1. Congress of the People's Patriotic Forces of Mordovia. A. I. Lukyanov, State Duma deputy, took part in the work of the congress, former Chairman Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1994, November 25. A prayer house of the Saransk Muslim Religious Society was opened at 33 Goncharova Street. 1994, November 27. Elections to the State Assembly of the Republic of Moldova took place. 1994, December 3. The 2nd conference of the Mordovian organization of the RCRP was held in Kovylkino. 1994, December 15. At Moscow State University. N.P. Ogareva opened the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the problems of transition to a socially oriented market economy. 1994. The following were registered with the Ministry of Justice: the Women's Union of Mordovia, the Union of Communists of Mordovia, the republican organization People's Labor Union of Russian Solidarists of Mordovia, the Presidential Party, the Mordovian Republican organization of the Party of Russian Unity and Accord. 1995, January. Based on Moscow State University. N.P. Ogarev in accordance with the order of the Russian Federation Committee on High school carried out All-Russian Conference“Problems of forming a socially oriented market economy.” 1995, January 6. The last, twentieth session of the Supreme Council of Mordovia completed its work, setting January 24 as the date for the first session of the State Assembly. The Supreme Council headed by the Speaker ceased to exist. 1995, January 24. At the first session of the State Assembly of the Republic of Moldova, N.I. Merkushkin was elected Chairman of the State Assembly. Deputies - V.L. Volkov and A.N. Burkanov. 1995, February. Mordovia celebrated the 250th anniversary of the birth of the admiral Russian fleet F. F. Ushakova. 1995, March 14. The commander of the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft with the Russian-American crew on board was Vladimir Nikolaevich Dezhurov, a native of Yavas, Zubovo-Polyansky district. 1995, March 22-24. II Congress of the Mordovian people. 1995, March 23. I Congress of Trade Unions of Mordovia. 1995, March 30-31. At the II session of the State Assembly, new state symbols of the Republic of Mordovia were adopted - the coat of arms, flag and anthem. 1995, April 18-20. In Saransk in the National Library. A. S. Pushkin hosted the All-Russian scientific and practical conference "National libraries of the republics of the Russian Federation in the implementation of state national cultural policy." 1995, May 6. The Museum of Military and Labor Feats of 1941-1945 has been opened. 1995, May 18-19. All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Integration of regional education systems”, Saransk. 1995, June 7-9. All-Russian meeting of heads of maternal and child protection services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Saransk. 1995, June 17. In Saransk, on Sovetskaya Square, international race walking competitions were held for the prize in memory of the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, silver medalist of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, E. I. Maskinskov. 1995, July 1. A bicycle ride dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Victory, organized by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the Defense Industry and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, finished in Saransk. Route: Penza - Tambov - Moscow - Kostroma - Bryansk - Perm - Izhevsk - Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola - Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk - Saransk. 1995, July 24. At the next meeting of the Council of the State Assembly, the final version of the draft Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia was approved and the law of the Republic of Moldova on the procedure for electing the Head of the Republic of Mordovia by the Constitutional Assembly was adopted. 1995, August 11. Irina Stankina won the only gold medal for the Russian team in the 10 km walk at the World Athletics Championships in Gothenburg. 1995, September 21. The Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia adopted the Constitution of Mordovia. The Constitution states that the highest official in the Republic of Moldova is the Head of the Republic. At the Constitutional Assembly, N.I. Merkushkin was elected Head of the Republic of Mordovia. 1995, September. In September, the chamber choir of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Moldova recorded the anthem of Mordovia with the academic symphony orchestra of the Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic. 1995, October. At the seventh session of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia, V.A. Kechkin was elected Chairman of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia, V.D. was elected Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Mordovia. Volkov. 1995, November 30. In the village of Vindrey, Torbeevsky district, an obelisk was unveiled to Marshal S. F. Akhromeev. 1996, January. By decree of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia, 1996 was declared in the Republic of Mordovia the year of culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples “Shumbrat, Finno-Ugria!” 1996, March 27-29. The Russian interregional seminar-meeting “National Book in the Diaspora” took place in Saransk. 1996, May 4. An agreement on economic cooperation was signed between the Government of the Republic of Mordovia and the Government of the Komi Republic. 1996. Based on the results of 1995, Biokhimik JSC was awarded the International Diamond Star for product quality. 1996, September. A republican multidisciplinary academic gymnasium at Moscow State University opened in Saransk. N. P. Ogareva. 1996, November 4-6. 1st International Erzin Readings. 1997, January 10. By decree of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia, the title “Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Mordovia” was awarded to Mikhail Petrovich Devyataev, Hero of the Soviet Union, and Vladimir Nikolaevich Dezhurov, Hero of Russia. 1998, January 15 - 16. a republican conference “Attracting investment in the economy of the Republic of Mordovia” was held in Saransk, in which representatives of the Moscow business community took part 1998, January 27 - 28 - international speedway competitions for the prize of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia “Stars of Europe” took place in Saransk 1998, February 2 - An Agreement on socio-economic issues for 1998 - 1999 was signed at the House of the Republic. between the Government, trade unions and employers of Mordovia 1998, February - the III Sretensky readings were held in Saransk, dedicated to discussing the problem of reviving the spiritual traditions of education 1998, February - the first volume of the seven-volume collected works of the people's writer of the republic Kuzma Grigorievich Abramov was published in the Mordovian book publishing house 1998, 13 February - a festival of patriotic songs took place in the capital of Mordovia, dedicated to the Day Defenders of the Fatherland 1998, February 15. national Election of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia. 1998, February 28 - inauguration of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia Nikolai Ivanovich Merkushkin 1998, February 28 - March 1, as part of the Russian national team, Saransk racer Kirill Drogalin for the second year in a row became the speedway world champion in the team championship 1998, April 3 - at the founding congress, the association of employers of the Republic of Mordovia was created 1998, April 20 - 29 - performances by professional and amateur creative groups of Mordovia took place in Saransk and Ruzaevka as part of the republican festival “Musical Spring - 98” 1998, May 4 - 6 - the first interregional pop dance festival “Fox - 98” took place in Saransk 1998 , July -at the meeting Council of the Association “Big Volga” Head of Mordovia N.I. Merkushkin was elected President of the Association 1998, August 28 - 80th anniversary of the founding of the oldest newspaper in the republic “Izvestia of Mordovia” 1998, October 19 - working visit to Mordovia by the head of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation G.V. Boos 1998, October 28 - a meeting of the Council of the Greater Volga Association was held in Saransk with the participation of the Chairman of the Government of Russia E.M. Primakov 1998, October 29 - a working trip around the republic of the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation V.A. Gustova 1998, December 29 - Head of Mordovia N.I. Merkushkin delivered his next Address to the State Assembly of the Republic

History of Mordovia
Training and metodology complex
Compiled by: Matveeva Lyudmila Aleksandrovna
The purpose of this course is to develop historical thinking, increase erudition, and instill a civic and patriotic worldview based on the fact that each individual is an active subject of the historical process.
The main objectives of the course are to understand with its help the complexity of interethnic, interreligious and other relations based on a problem-chronological presentation of the main socio-political and socio-economic events, acquaintance with monuments of material and spiritual culture, biographies of outstanding historical figures- natives of the region.
Concept of the course “History of Mordovia”
The history of the Mordovian region dates back to the era of the ancient Stone Age. Stone tools made more than 12 thousand years ago were found along the banks of the Oka, Volga, and Tsna rivers. Long before our era, the region was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes and has been the place of formation and development of the Mordovian ethnic group for several millennia.
The Mordovian people are one of the oldest in the country. He is a contemporary of the Scythians and Sarmatians, a neighbor of the Goths and Huns, an ally of the Khazars and Volga Bulgars. Long residence on a permanent territory, careful attitude to the experience of his ancestors allowed him to preserve his ancient language, rich mythology and cultural traditions, rooted in the origins of human civilization.
From the second floor. 1st millennium AD e. Representatives of Turkic-speaking tribes appeared in the region, and at the end of the millennium - Slavic tribes. Their descendants are Russians and Tatars and now live in Mordovia. Studying its history allows us to trace the long and complex path of these peoples to their modern friendly state, makes us more attentive and careful about the national feelings of people, helps us realize that only unity serves as a guarantee normal life and progress.
Without knowledge of the past, it is impossible to understand the present and, to a certain extent, predict the future. Therefore, not a single person can be or even be considered educated without an idea of ​​the history of his people, his country. Of particular importance in this case is the study of the native land, because only knowledge of all periods of its development makes it possible to understand and evaluate the current situation, and to develop an adequate attitude towards it.
The history of their native land allows students to develop a civic sense of their “small Motherland”, without which it is generally impossible to develop patriotism and a benevolent attitude towards people and society. Therefore, the role of the course “History of Mordovia” is so significant in the education system, training specialists whose intellectual and moral level must correspond to the tasks facing our state.

Educational and thematic plan for the subject “History of Mordovia”
№
p/p
Title of the discipline section
Number of hours

Lectures
practical lessons
Myself. work (SRS)
1.
Sources and historiography on the history of Mordovia.
2

1
2.
Mordovian region in the primitive era and in the first millennium AD.
2

1
3.
Mordovian region in the pre-Mongol period (XI - early XIII centuries).
2

4.
Mordovian region in the Golden Horde system.
2

4
5.
Entry of the Mordovian Territory into the Russian state.
2

1
6.
Socio-economic state of the Mordovian region in the 17th – 18th centuries.
2

1
7.
National liberation struggle of the Mordovian people in the 17th – 18th centuries.
2

1
8.
Christianization of the Mordovians.

1
9.
Development of the Mordovian region in the 19th century.
2

1
10.
Mordovian region at the beginning of the twentieth century.
2

1
11
Mordovia in the revolution and civil war.
2

4
12.
Mordovia in the 1920s – 1930s.
4

1
13.
Mordovia during the Great Patriotic War.
2

1
14.
Development of Mordovia in the second half of the twentieth century.
6

4
15.
Mordovian national movement in the twentieth century.
2

1
16.
The number of Mordovian people in the 20th and early 19th centuries.
2

Total
36

17
List of basic and additional literature for the course “History of Mordovia”
Main literature
Textbooks
1.Essays on the history of the Mordovian ASSR: In 2 volumes. T. 1. Saransk, 1955.
2.Essays on the history of the Mordovian ASSR: In 2 volumes, T. 2. Saransk, 1961.
3. History of the Mordovian ASSR: In 2 volumes. T. 1. Saransk, 1979.
4. History of the Mordovian ASSR: In 2 volumes. T. 2. Saransk, 1981.
5. History of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from ancient times to the present day: Textbook. allowance. Saransk, 1984.
6.History and culture of the Mordovian region: textbook. for universities / V. M. Arsentiev, N. M. Arsentiev, E. D. Bogatyrev; Publishing house ISI Center of Moscow State University named after. N. P. Ogareva. Saransk, 2008.
.
Additional literature.
Tutorials
7. Kornishina G.A. Seasonal rituals of the Mordovians: historical roots and traditional forms existence. Textbook for a special course / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev. Saransk, 1999.
8. Kornishina G.A. Significant functions of Mordovian folk clothing: Textbook / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev. Saransk, 2002.
9. Kornishina G.A. Traditional ritual culture of the Mordovians: Textbook / Moscow State University. N.P. Ogareva. Saransk, 2005.
10. Rogachev V.I. Issues in the study of Mordovian national culture: ethnology, folklore, literature (second half of the 19th - first quarter of the 20th centuries). Textbook for a special course. Saransk, 1998.

Monographs
11.Abramov V.K. Following the trail of time. Saransk, 1991.
12. Abramov V.K. Mordovian people 1897-1939 Saransk, 1995.
13. Abramov V.K. Mordvins: yesterday and today. Brief essays on Mordovian statehood and the national movement. Saransk, 2002.
14.Adushkin N.E. People's, national, socialist: stages of formation and development of the leading units of the intelligentsia of Mordovia. Saransk, 1988.
15.Adushkin N.E. Working class of Mordovia: biography pages and trends modern development. Saransk, 1981.
16. Balashov V. A. Everyday culture of the Mordovians. Tradition and modernity. Saransk, 1992.
17. Bezzubov V.I. Scientific and pedagogical activity of Makar Evsevievich Evseviev Saransk, 1960.
18. Bryzhinsky V.S. Mordovian People's Theater. Saransk, 1985.
19.Bukin M.S. The formation of Mordovian Soviet national statehood (1917-1941). Saransk, 1990.
20. Vikhlyaev V.I. The origin of ancient Mordovian culture. Saransk, 2000.
21. Questions of the ethnic history of the Mordovian people. Proceedings of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M., 1961. T. 63.
22. Voronin I.D. Industrialists from Mordovians // Voronin I.D. Essays and articles. Saransk, 1957.
23. Voronin I.D. Sights of Mordovia. Natural, historical, cultural. 2nd ed. Saransk. 1982.
24. Voronin I.D. Saransk painting school. Saransk, 1972.
25.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. B.D. Grekova, V.I. Lebedeva. T. I. Part 1 / MNIIYALIE. Saransk. 1939.
26.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. A.I. Yakovleva. Vol. 1. Part 2 / MNIIYALIE. Saransk, 1951.
27.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. B.D. Grekova T. 2. / MNIYALIE. Saransk, 1940.
28.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. A.I. Yakovlev and L.V. Cherepnina. T. 3, Part 1 / MNIYALIE. Saransk, 1939.
29.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. A.I. Yakovleva T. 3, Part 2 / MNIYALIE. Saransk, 1952.
30.Documents and materials on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic / Ed. A.I. Yakovleva T. 4, Part 1 / MNIYALIE. Saransk, 1948.
31.Dorozhkin M.V. Establishment of Soviet power in Mordovia. Saransk, 1957.
32. Eferina T.V. Mariskin O.M., Nadkin T.D. Tax policy and peasant farming in the 1920-1930s. Saransk, 1997.
33. Zhiganov M.F. Memory of centuries. Saransk, 1976.
34.Zavaryukhin N.V. Essays on the history of the Mordovian region during the period of feudalism Saransk, 1993.
35. Notes about Saransk. 18th - 20th centuries Saransk, 1991.
36.Zakharkina A.E., Firstov I.I. Mordovia during the years of three popular revolutions. Saransk, 1957.
37.From the history of the formation and development of the working class of Mordovia. Saransk, 1989.
38. History of the Soviet peasantry of Mordovia. Parts I, II. Saransk, 1987-1989.
39. Kleyankin A.V. The economy of the landowners and appanage peasants of the Simbirsk province in the first half of the 19th century. Saransk, 1974.
40. Kornishina G.A. Traditional customs and rituals of the Mordovians. Saransk, 2000.
41. Korsakov I.M., Romanov M.I. From the history of Mordovia during the civil war. Saransk, 1958.
42.Kotkov K.A. Peasant movement on the territory of Mordovia in the second half of the 18th century. Saransk, 1949.
43. Kuklin V.N. Biography of Saransk streets. Saransk, 1990.
44.Lebedev V.I. The mysterious city of Mokhsha. Penza, 1958.
45.Legends and traditions of the Mordovians. Saransk, 1982.
46.Luzgin A.S. Crafts of Mordovia. Saransk, 1993.
47.Melnikov I.P. (Pechersky A.). Essays on the Mordovians. Saransk, 1981.
48. Merkushkin G.Ya. Development of science in Mordovia. Saransk, 1967.
49. Merkushkin G.Ya., Dorozhkin M.V. On the main stages of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state // 425th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Chuvashia into Russia. Cheboksary, 1977.
50. Mokshin N.F. Religious beliefs of the Mordovians. Saransk, 1998.
51. Mokshin N.F. Ethnic history of the Mordovians. Saransk, 1977.
52. Mokshin N.F. Mordovian ethnicity. Saransk, 1989.
53. Mokshin N.F. Mordva through the eyes of foreign and Russian travelers. Saransk, 1993.
54.Mordva. Historical and ethnographic essays. Saransk, 1981.
55.Mordva. Historical and cultural essays. Saransk, 1995.
56.Mordva. Essays on the history, ethnography and culture of the Mordovian people.- Ed. add. and processed Saransk: Mordov. book publishing house, 2004.
57.Mordovia. 1941 - 1945: Documents and materials. Saransk: Mordovian book. publishing house, 1995. 747 p.
58.Mordovia during the period of consolidation of Soviet power and the civil war: Documents and materials. Saransk, 1959.
59.Mordovia during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945 Documents and materials. Saransk, 1962.
60.Mordovia: Encyclopedia; In 2 vols. T.1: A-M / A.I. Sukharev and others. Saransk: Mordov. book publishing house, 2003.
61.Mordovia: Encyclopedia; In 2 volumes. T.2: M-I / A.I. Sukharev and others. Saransk: Mordov. book publishing house, 2004.
62. Mordovian oral folk art. Saransk, 1987.
63.Nadkin T.D. Collectivization of peasant farms in Mordovia in 1931-1932. The second ebb from collective farms // Economy of Mordovia: History and modernity. Saransk, 1997. pp. 100-113.
64.Education of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Documents and materials (1917-1937). Saransk, 1981.
65. Social movements in Mordovia. Documentation. Materials / Author-comp. V.V. Maresyev. M., 1993.
66.Peterson G.L. Antique pages. Saransk, 1993.
67.Popkov T.V. Everything is for the front, everything is for victory. Saransk, 1982.
68.Safargaliev M.G. Collapse of the Golden Horde. Saransk, 1960.
69. Smirnov I.N. Mordva. Historical and ethnographic essay. Kazan, 1895.
70. Stepanov P.D. Osh Pando. Saransk, 1967.
71. Sukharev A.I. Social image of Soviet Mordovia. Status, development trends. Saransk, 1980.
72. Tyugaev N.F. Fortress village of Mordovia in late XVIII-first half of the 19th century. Saransk, 1975.
73. Establishment of Soviet power in Mordovia: Documents and materials. Saransk, 1957.
74.Filatov L.G. Railway workers of Mordovia in the fire of the first Russian revolution. Saransk, 1972.
75. Firstov I.I. Mordovia during the years of the first Russian revolution. Saransk, 1955.
76. Chistyakova E.V., Solovyov V.M. Stepan Razin and his associates. M.: Mysl, 1988.
77. Chistyakova E.V., Solovyov V.M. Razin and the differences on Mordovian land. Saransk, 1986.
78. Ethnogenesis of the Mordovian people: Materials of a scientific conference / Ed. B.A. Rybakova. Saransk, 1965.
79. Yurchenkov V.A. View from the outside. Mordovian people and region in the works of Western European authors of the 6th-17th centuries. Saransk, 1995

Educational materials

80. Abramov V.K. History of Mordovia. Methodological instructions and course program / Moscow State University. N.P. Ogareva. Saransk, 2003.
81. Kornishina G.A. Rituals of the life cycle of the Mordovians. Methodological recommendations for a special course / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evsevieva Saransk, 1996.
82. History of Mordovian culture: Special course programs / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev. Saransk, 1997.
83.World artistic culture. History of Mordovian culture. Literature of the countries of the language being studied. Collection of programs and educational materials / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev. - Saransk, 1998.
84. History and culture of Mordovia. Elective course programs / Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev. Saransk, 2003.
85. History of the culture of the Mordovian people: Course program and seminar topics / Comp. G.A. Kornishin /MSU named after. N.P. Ogareva. Saransk, 2004.