Hypotheses of the location of the Slavic ancestral home. The ancestral home of the Slavs according to archaeological data The question of the Slavic ancestral home and the origin of the Slavs

1. ancestral home from the "VELES" BOOK. "From the oldest written source" The Book of Veles ", the ancestral home of all Slavs can be localized in the territory between the Armenian Highlands and the Iranian plateau. 10-9 centuries BC According to another calculation, from the forefather Orey to the Kyiv prince Dir, who ruled in the 9th century, there are 1.5 thousand years. about 3 thousand years ago - long before the flourishing of ancient Greek culture and the founding of Rome. According to the mythology of the Slavs, the forefather Orei (Arey, Ariv or Orius) after the "great cold" led the tribe from the "Russian Mountains" first to the south and then to the west.
The surroundings of Mount Ararat, where the Slavs came from, is the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans.

VOLKHA: "The Book of Veles" is an art/epos and nothing more. I DO NOT BELIEVE.

2. HOMELAND. "The concept of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, its essence: the territory of the historical ancestral home coincides with the territory of the early stage of the Sredny Stog archaeological culture of the late 5th millennium BC. Ros and Ingul and on the Lower Don. In favor of such a decision, the whole set of data from archeology, hydronymy, geography,
linguistics, cultural studies, natural sciences. For the first time, the concept of the Indo-European ancestral home in the Northern Black Sea region was put forward as early as the 19th century (V-IV millennium BC). Germanic or Slavic tribes stood out from the Indo-Europeans. The most important tree for the Indo-Europeans was the "oak".

VOLKHA: No, dear UKRAINIAN author, the tree of the Family was FIR. What oaks are in the NORTH?! I didn’t see ANY serious material evidence in the BOOK. "Ukraine still defends its "priority" to the true ancestral home of the Ross-RODS, ignoring the "borealness" of Hyperborea-OR, the knowledge of Dr. Greece, Dr. Egypt ...

ROS - "C"; the abbreviation of the god Svarog of the Kiev pantheon ... Svarog, there is no such "god" and never was in the ARI, but there was VAR as part of the light and darkness of the god Vorvar of the World BOR; "b" - a typical suffix-ending from Byzantium, the desire to DISCHARGE from the ARE of the North into the "independence" of the Kiev region ... ROS = ROSA with an emphasis on "O"). ROS - "The world born of Svarog."

In fact, ROS-ROSA came from the ancient part of the AR GENUS (with a strike on "O"):
KIND - "KIND" (the main great-ancestor-god Mormar OR, his nickname, as the father - "Adam" of all the first people of the planet of the white race) + "A" (original). KIND - "Original Kin". By the way, there is a steam room (female ) the hypostasis of Mormar - the goddess Mormar, better known as Mara, she is also KALI Dr. Inda, she is also the Great Ma (Mother) - "Foremother of all mothers", i.e. a kind of "Eve". The Temple of Christ gave her the status of "Our Lady" - "Virgin Mary".

CONCLUSIONS Volkha: No matter how you lie, the TRUTH will come up ... from mine and people like me, VOLKHOV (not to be confused with the Magi, imitators of us) WORK. but it SHITs incredibly ... It's a pity.

3. CHRONICLE NESTOR (PVL). "The chronicler Nestor called the most ancient territory of the Slavs - the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. The reason for the settlement of the Slavs from the Danube was the attack on them by the Volohs." and the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs. There was even a version about 2 ancestral homelands of the Slavs, according to which the 1st ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language developed (between the lower flow of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavs themselves were formed. people (according to the authors of the hypothesis, this happened starting from the 2nd century BC) - the basin of the Vistula River. From there, the western and eastern Slavs had already left. Dnieper and Dniester. The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis about the ancestral home of the Slavs, although it remains a hypothesis, is still the most popular among historians. It is conditionally confirmed by local toponyms, as well as vocabulary. Slavs were on the sidelines from the sea, in a forested flat zone with swamps and lakes, as well as within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of the culture of under-klosh burials already known to us fully correspond to these geographical features. " (stat "Where is the ancestral home of Russians actually located?", Russian Seven, 2016)

VOLKHA: "Chronicler Nestor" is a monk of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ, known as his ardent fanatic-adept. He practically "legitimized" the pro-Ukrainian ancestral home of the Slavs, which is quite consistent with the "ideas" on false history with the help of the "works of the ROC" on It's coming out to Slavs.

VOLOKH - "V" + "OL" (window of light) + "O" (window, world) + X (ban on other worlds).
VOLOKH - "Prohibition to the World of Light from the (earthly) region-world." The World of Light is PARADISE (Temple).

In fact, OL - "World of Light" / "World of the Sun" - a civilizational center-core-colony of settlement of the pra-civilization of OR - "WHITE GODS", like the 1st on ORE-Earth, pre-human. "GODS" are aliens who created DNA- engineering of the first HUMANS, the white first race of people.
Inhabiting the planet, praciviliz "GODS" (Or) was the only humanoid global civilization of the Earth.

Volkha's CONCLUSIONS: Everything around is a total lie and falsification of the myth-making of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ and NOT A SINGLE still written source "not from the Temple."
The project "SLAVES" is an informal sabotage (part of the war with the ARE - the union of the lands of the ARs (they are ARs, not ARIAs) of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ, part of his "Biblical Project" to conquer the territories of the globe under his rule.

3. ROC and SLAVES. "Nestor in the PVL ("The Tale of Bygone Years" - Volkha) already lists among the Slavs those peoples to which we also refer. This is because the Greco-Roman world and the Western European world have defined the term "Slavs" arises as an opposition to the Slavic world German. But at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, neither the Greco-Roman world nor the German one yet existed, and therefore there was no Slavic world. myths from PVL (Chronicler of Pereslavl-Suzdal, Trinity Chronicle, etc.), and even in Muller's notes there is no word SLAVES, but there is SLOVEN. Lomonosov writes about SLAVENS, spreading it to all Slavs. The original word SLOVENE was replaced with SLAVES and now everyone is tormented by where this word came from, which has become a generalizing term for all Slavic peoples.

VOLKHA: Muller explores the people of SLOVENIA (see point 1), Lomonosov - the people of "SLAVEN" - the same Slovenes, but erroneously combines them with the SLAVES (see paragraph 1), i.e. AROV Ari with NON-ARAS (obviously , the works of Nestor "helped" to distort the picture of the worldview, because M. Lomonosov is a Christian of the Russian Orthodox Church). Karamzin is also one of the adherents of the Russian Orthodox Church, repeats Lomonosov's mistake ... "and now everyone is tormented by where this word came from, which has become a generalizing term for all Slavic peoples.". Thus, the ROC (a branch of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ) brought to life the project "Slavs" (part of the "Bible. Project" of the Temple): the poor peoples of the Ari ... ARY have already forgotten their ancestral roots and began to call themselves "Roman" Slavs, and here it’s not far to "Moscow-Third Rome"!

4. "I once knew this, but forgot. White Dew. That's what the stars in the sky were called! White Dew shine. This is the name of Belarus. Dews are Stars. That's what the ancients called them. grass, and at Night it sparkled in the sky. (stat. "Shine grew", - Sloven Gor, 2013)

VOLKHA: Beautiful fantasy... It's a pity - only FANTASY (there is NO real basis). It is curious: for me, the Rus descended from the Ross-rodov. Here they are - a real superethnos; lived for thousands of years and live within the modern Russian plain of Russia, Belarus and part of Ukraine (modern East and North). But "science" is the opposite. I will understand ...

5.GREAT ANCESTOR-GOD KIND. "Rod is an ancient non-personified god of Russians, the god of the Universe, who lives in heaven and gave life to all living things. The author of the" Book of Idols "(E.V. Ilyenkov) considered the cult of the Family to be one of the world religions, which once covered Egypt, Babylon, Greece, Rome and the Slavic world. Russian history was most directly connected with the ancient civilizations that grew up on the banks of the great rivers: Aryan - on the Volga; Egyptian - on the Nile; Sumero-Akkadian - on the Euphrates; Indian - on the Ganges; Jewish - on the Jordan; Slavic - on the Danube; Slavic Russian - on the Dnieper.
((A.A. Abrashkin, book "Russian gods. The true history of Aryan paganism." -2013)

VOLHA: Why is it "not personalized"?? - His own name is Mormar, see my articles. ROD - "The Parent of Od" (the World of the Ancients) - the nickname of "god" - "Adam". ). There is one more nickname of the Sort - KOL (own name of the Polar Star) - "TO OL" (World of the Sun), as the founder of the cult of the Sun among the great-ancestors of the "Russians" and "Slavs" - AROV.

E.V. Ilyenkov IS WRONG, like many, "inspired" by pagan (Volkhov) Ukraine. school of Svarog. - Fake. The real pantheon of the Family is located in the OR-Hyperborea, and there you need to "dig", and not use falsifications of "literature about ...". For example, Ilyenkov himself - 20th century, "Soviet philosopher, researcher of Marxist- Leninist dialectics" (encyclopedia).

CONCLUSIONS Volkha: For more detailed information about Boget Rode, see my "Encyclopedia of the GODS OR". I do not comment on the rest of the text ... Everything is ahead.

6. RUSSO-SLAVES. "The position "Russians - Slavs" is a key postulate of academic science. Following it, historians represent Russians as migrants who came to the Russian Plain during its Slavic colonization in the 5th-6th centuries AD. From here both the Norman theory and statements about our cultural immaturity, all sorts of talk about borrowing foreign gods, etc. This provision limits Russian history both in time and space. Accepting it, we begin to disfigure our past. , does not fit into a common Slavic house. It is too narrow for a Russian bear. Russians are not Europeans, Russians are EURASIANS. At a certain moment, Russian and Slavic histories intertwined, but this happened relatively late. Rejecting identification with the Slavs, we open new horizons of its history. And if Slavic history can be traced back to the time of Dr. Rome, Russian history is incomparably ancient. And this should become a reminder to every Russian person. "( A.A. Abrashkin, Prince. "Russian gods. The true history of Aryan paganism." -2013)

VOLKHA: This author says, reader, in principle the same thing as I do. I agree with his opinion as a specialist researcher (academician). But here is one of his "jambs" - a tribute to the modern. not Europeans. The most Europeans!! ARA-Ar began from its civilizational core - the center of the subsequent settlement of the population of the Ars of their lands ... And the center was called the "World of the Sun" ("World of Light" = OL in the parent language) BOR ("Great Ancestor OR"), otherwise for other Greeks BOREA .BOR was in the area of ​​COASTAL lands, archipelagos of the islands of the White Sea:
Solovki, Kola peninsula, Arkhangelsk region and Karelia, Komi and Yamal peninsula, arch. Novaya Zemlya...
That's why the Greeks called OR HYPERBOREA ("there, beyond Borea", and not the wind Borea, - the foolishness of the Christian sense of "science"). Ares also lived there, in the local they are ary-BORS (Boreas among the Greeks, let me remind you). This Isn't it modern. North of Europe, Mr. Scientist! And don't be stupid anymore. Fact: today "Russians" ("Russian-Slavs" - only PART PART, see my text above) also live in Asia, as the Asian part of Russia. It turns out EURASIAN resettlement. There are "Russian" diasporas all over the planet ... so what? Can we already be called a PLANETARY ethnos? An ethnic group is called by its core of settlement (the main core is "homeland"). So we are EUROPEANS, Mr. "scientists", whether you like it or not.

CONCLUSIONS Volkha: Modern RUSSIAN - Europeans by origin. Ancestral home of Or (Hyperborea), birthplace of BOR; lands of settlement ARA-AR, then split into European countries, GENUS (Kin - "Rosa" - Ros) and Rus. SLAVES - ares, but returnees from Southern Europe (Ancient Rome) and then settled throughout the "Russian world", assimilating with the closely related ethnic group "Russians", entered it as a part.

7. RUSSIANS are not SLAVES. "The theory is now popular in Ukraine, the Russians are not Slavs, but the people resulting from the mixing of the Finno-Ugric peoples with the Tatars (link to the Laboratory. Population of Human Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Studying the gene pool of the Russian people allegedly showed that Russians are the same Finns. So there is no brotherhood of Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Russians are the most "Slavic Slavs"! The idea is planted by another category of myth-makers, according to which the historical age of the people somehow affects its authority and status in the world. Proponents of the myth equate Russians and Slavs in general, declaring the complete identity of Russians and Indo-Aryans, thus getting "Ruso-Aryans" ("Slavonic-Aryans"). In both cases, talk about genes, DNA and haplogroups is associated with "purity of blood" .In one case, the people are contemptuously denied the right to bear the proud name of the Slavs on the grounds that it consists of half-breeds, in the other, the people are declared the most pure-blooded people in the world. There is no such thing as Finnish, Finnish or Germanic. Genes are structural and functional units of genetic material, a hereditary factor, a segment of a DNA molecule – much older than any people on Earth. Geneticists distinguish a haplogroup characteristic of the Slavic peoples (a set of nucleotides of the male Y-chromosome). About 4.5 thousand years ago, a boy was born on the Central Russian Plain with a slightly different haplogroup than his father's. Father's genetic haplogroup: R1a. Modern geneticists classified the mutated haplogroup of the son as R1a1. The mutation turned out to be tenacious. Today, the owners of the R1a1 haplogroup make up 70% of the population of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as the majority of the population in other Slavic countries. This is the biological marker of Slavism. The Slavs are heterogeneous: many peoples have left their genetic trace in them. Among the Russian population, approx. 14% of the Finno-Ugric peoples (tribes are the ancient inhabitants of the lands of modern Russia. The haplogroup of the Mongols (Tatars) is extremely rare among Russians 1.5-3%, among Ukrainians approx. 5%. But among Ukrainians approx. 37 % haplogroups of the Balkans.Inhabitants of other Slavic countries also have their own characteristics.In Belarus there are carriers of haplogroups of the peoples of the Baltic group, Czechs and other Western Slavs are closer to Western European peoples, the Bulgarians have a fair Thracian trace.The people are determined not by genes, but by language, traditions, religion and culture. Therefore, the concept of "Slavic gene" should be attributed to the field of poetic metaphors, and not science.

VOLHA: I agree with what has been said, only DNA genetics and its haplogroups are a reality, and the author’s reasoning about them is “ignorant nonsense.” I agree: there is no Slavic gene, there is a genome. . Slavs are a small part of the ethnic composition; the main superethnos is "RUSSIAN".

8. RODINA. "The testimonies of historians vary. Dominic. monk-historian Mavro Orbini in the late 16th-early 17th century in the "Slavic kingdom": the Slavs left Scandinavia: "Almost all authors who conveyed to the descendants the history of the Slavic tribes claim that the Slavs left Scandinavia. "The descendants of Japhet the son of Noah (Slavs) moved to Europe to the north, penetrating into Scandinavia, along the Northern Ocean." The chronicler Nestor called the ancient territory of the Slavs, as the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. there was an attack on them by the Volokhovs. "For many years, the essence of Slovenia sat along the Dunaev, where there is now Ugor land and Bolgarska"; hence the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs. There were supporters of the European homeland of the Slavs. you need to look for in Europe in the neighborhood with their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believed that in ancient times the Slavs occupied the vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe, from where they were forced to leave for the Carpathians under the Nat There was a version of the 2 ancestral home of the Slavs, according to which the 1st ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language was formed (between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavs themselves were formed. people (from the 2nd century to AD) the Vistula river basin. The Western and Eastern Slavs have already left from there. The first settled the area of ​​the Elbe River, then the Danube and the Balkans, and the second - the banks of the Dnieper and Dniester. The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis of the ancestral home of the Slavs is the most popular among historians. the ancestral home of the Slavs is away from the sea, in a forested plain. A zone with swamps and lakes, within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of culture of the under-klosh burials fully correspond to these geographic features.

VOLHA: I have said everything and answered all the questions of the text above. To the question of the Finno-Ugric peoples: they are also assimilative, but a micro part of the northwest is modern. Russia: the people "Merya" (as Nestor called it), in fact, the historical authentic self-name of the people of MARY (the people of Mar, the great-grandfather god, the coastal inhabitants of the Kola Peninsula - their homeland; then they settled along the ARI in the basin of the Upper Volga and the Onega rivers, Northern Dvina and lakes Ladoga and Onega). Mara is an example of such assimilation. Mara is the people "VOLKHI" (wolves), because its ancient zoototeme: Whale, and then added to the basin of the Upper Volga - WOLF. "unearthed". The parent language is the language of the NORTH (the Nords of ROSOV). The rest of the text is real to me.

9. SLAVES. "The East Slavic peoples include Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as sub-ethnic groups of small numbers: Pomors, Don Cossacks, Zaporozhye Cossacks, Nekrasov Cossacks, Russian Ustintsy, Markovites. The territory of residence of these peoples is compact, limited from the west by Poland, the Baltic countries , the countries of Scandinavia, from the north - by the Arctic Ocean, further from the east by the Dvina and Volga rivers and from the south - by the Black Sea. have 2 anthropological types: Atlanto-Baltic and Middle European. The Atlanto-Baltic minor race is characterized by light skin pigmentation, light shades of eyes and hair. Hair is broadly wavy and soft, beard growth is medium and above average, tertiary hairline is from medium to weak. The face, the head are large. The height of the face somewhat predominates over the width. The nose is usually straight and narrow, with a high nose bridge. to the Atlanto-Baltic, but differs in a stronger pigmentation of the hair ("brown-haired belt"). Larger proportions of the face have average values. The growth of the beard is medium to above average, the tertiary hairline is moderate. variants of this race are lighter. Characteristic for Russians and Ukrainians. In addition, several complexes are distinguished (according to T.I. Alekseeva), which are based on features inherent in the population of a particular territory: Baltic, Belozersk-Kama, and Ural. Of the enumerated anthropological complexes, 3 have the most distribution among the East Slavs:
the population of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the sources of the Volga; central-eastern European (along the Oka and its tributaries, in the upper reaches of the Don, along the Klyazma, in the upper and middle reaches of the Volga) - among the majority of Russian groups; tributaries) - among the Ukrainians. The rest of the complexes on the territory of Eastern Europe in the Slavic population are mainly in the contact zones. Consideration of the territories. The Eastern Slavic population showed that, according to the entire complex of racial diagnostic features, Russians and Belarusians gravitate towards the north-western groups, Ukrainians towards the southern ones. peoples is the allocation of the Eastern European type as a special independent branch within the Caucasoid race; the type is characteristic of the population of the central regions of the range of the Russian people.
VOLKHA: "Atlanto-Baltic minor race"... Hmm, thought of it! "Atlanto-Baltic anthropological type - a small race (anthropological type) as part of a large Caucasoid race;
Distributed in the UK, Scandinavian countries, Latvia and Estonia.
(encyclop.) The North Russian Nords were brought here. Great "Yes, Atla (Atlantis) is our OR (Hyperborea) pra-civilization." daughter, but the Nords are ROSA not Atlanteans !! We (Ors) are Hyperborea. "We have our history for hundreds of millennia! How we want to PULL OUT our roots from Ora-Hyperborea !! Pull out and throw "into the Baltic" ... "SMALL RACE", they say, these Russians! Not "mother-father of the whole white race", but so ... some kind of bastard child ... Nada, it's a shame to call "OUR" Russia.

Russians (brown-haired) are, they say, "Middle European. Malay race." As there is no dismemberment; here it is - there. RACES we Russians are DIFFERENT! Here is the third "anthropological.type" for Russians: Eastern European. DIVIDED into 3 independent. Calling a tribe a people with highly civilized features (obviously higher than that of the Slavs) is not weak, which means ... The Temple of Christ, you tried! Launched your "claws" into the brains of "Russian science". Note, reader, everything relies on the works of Alekseeva T.I.!!

10.UKRAINE. “In the central regions of Ukraine, V.D. Ukrainians are stronger than their neighbors." (MSU abstract, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)

VOLKHA: Again reliance on Alekseeva T.I.! Here it is, the "crown of the jester" of the Temple of Christ!
And UKRAINIANS are not related to us, it follows from the "works of overwhelming Russian archeology" since the times of the USSR. So which Slavs are more Slavic: Russian Slavs or Ukrainians? And so, reader, the ground is being prepared for the creation of the NEW PEOPLE "UKROV", their separation from "all Russians", which in 2018 finally took shape in the "fact" of the creation of the UKRAINIAN PEOPLE - a hybrid of the Urs, Slavs (Slavs), Russians and .. Attributes were also created: pseudo-language, pseudo-writing, pseudo-culture, etc. Before your eyes, reader, the people of UKRA are "selected" REALLY ARTIFICIALLY and their "historical ethnogenesis" is composed.

11. LANGUAGES and DIALECTS. "People who inhabited the north and center of the East European Plain,
spoke Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages. East Slavic peoples speak Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European group; they are close to the Baltic ones, say Lithuanians, Latvians. The branch of the Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200bwas separated in the 5th-6th centuries AD. And at that time, and in subsequent centuries, there was no distinct connection and demarcation of the tribes according to the language. sign; the tribes were at enmity or maintained good neighborly relations, without attaching paramount importance to ethnic differences or similarities. Almost all sources expressively, with reference to a certain territory, record the Slavs only from the middle of the 1st millennium AD (most often from 4), i.e. .when they act on the historical arena of Europe as a numerous ethnic. generality. Ancient authors (Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Herodotus) knew the Slavs under the name of Wends. Mentions are present in Byzantine and Arab authors, in Scandinavian sagas, in German. legends." (Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)

VOLKHA: "East Slavic peoples speak the Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European group..."
Dear anthropologists of the Russian Federation, modern world linguistics has long buried the very concept of "INDO-EUROPEANS" in general! So where do we get the "Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European group"?
I marvel at the slowness of "scientific academic brains" ...

13. VOST, SLAVES. "The prehistory of the Eastern Slavs begins from 3 thousand BC. Tribes
Proto-Slavs already knew hoe farming and cattle breeding. In 4 thousand BC. pastoral and agricultural tribes, carriers of the Balkan-Danube archaeological. cultures, occupied the area of ​​the lower reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug. The next stage was the resettlement of the "Trypillian" tribes in 3 thousand BC. the tribes of the East Slavs stood out: Krivichi, Slovene Novgorod, we can definitely talk about the anthropological similarity of the East Slavic tribes that took part in the formation of the Russian population. and a strongly protruding nose, which will attribute the East Slavs. The population to the circle of Caucasoid forms, with the exception of the Krivichi of the north-eastern regions (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir-Ryazan groups), in which Caucasoid features are somewhat weakened. The homogeneity of the physical appearance of the East Slavs, between their individual groups have differences in the cranial index and zygomatic diameter, which distinguishes several
anthropological complexes: narrow-faced dolichocranial among the Vyatichi, dolichocranial from cf. the width of the face of the Smolensk and Tver Krivichi and northerners. As a result, numerous. archaeological expeditions, a large number of paleoanthropological.materials on the East Slavs appeared; a conclusion was drawn about the significant coincidence of the pattern of morphological.complexes in the studied territory of the last millennium. with the complexity of the ethnic composition of the population
Ukraine in this era. The territory of Ukraine is rich in nomadic burial grounds, but they are strangers to the Ukrainian steppes. Ukrainians have no Mongoloid admixture. Paleoanthropological. materials of the Upper Paleolithic in the European part of Russia are numerous, Kostenki and
Sungir." (Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)

VOLHA: Well, well ... "Continuation of the movie"! Kostenki and Sungir DID NOT HELP, but it's a pity!
Again, Ukraine is the "mother of Russian cities" and the official "science" of the Russian Federation does not want to hear anything more. The necks are bent, the backs are bent ...

14. BONES. "Kostenki is a large Upper Paleolithic site-settlement in the Don valley (Voronezh region). Its absolute age is about 30–25 thousand years. The morphological population of the site is diverse: Kostenki 2 is an adult Cro-Magnol male;
child aged 9–11, Cro-Magnol; Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora) - the most complete and earliest skeleton of a modern human with some features of the equator type (proportions of the limbs, a very low ratio of body mass to the surface, prognathism, wide,
strongly protruding nose); Kostenki 15 - a child of 5–6 years old, Central European.

VOLKHA: And where is the main conclusion? Who are the Kostenkovites by origin? Shamefully while silent
Russian science. He doesn’t dare to declare the “truth”. At least thanks for that ... I’m waiting for the Slavs, from whom an old Russian anthropological type crawls out ... Don’t get used to being slandered! "! .. ARE we, gentlemen, ARE (arias)!

15. SUNGIR. "The Sungir site is located on the outskirts of the city of Vladimir in the Klyazma basin; it belongs to the end of the Mologo-Sheksinsky glacial period, the absolute age is 25–27 thousand years. The remains of 9 individuals were found, of which the most complete: an adult male Sungir I, children Sungir 2 ( 11-13 years old) and Sungir 3 (9–11 years old). The population of the site is morphologically diverse: sapiens with Cro-Magnoda and some more archaic features. .Features of similarity with the "Kromagnod Mousterians" from the Near East of the Skhul type and the Central European Neoanthropes from Pshedmost. - Streltsy culture on the Don." ((Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)

VOLHA: Yeah, Sungir is being pulled to the Poles: "neoanthropes from Przedmost" - Poland.
It is disgusting and embarrassing to read, gentlemen, scientists! Everything is the same, the same furrow of science!

16. DIVISION OF THE SLAVES. "A comparison of the medieval and modern East Slavic populations reveals the continuity of the population in some territories and the change in others. Continuity was found: Belarusians - Dregovichi, Radimichi, Western Krivichi; Ukrainians - Tivertsy, streets, Drevlyans, Volynians, meadows; Russians of Desno-Seiminsky triangles - northerners, Russians of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Volga, the Oka basin and the Pskov-Ilmensky lake district - western Krivichi and Slovene Novgorod. areas, in the late Middle Ages Contacts with the Finno-Ugric population in the modern era are noticeable in the north of Eastern Europe and in the Middle Volga region.
to definitely state: the medieval East Slavs belonged to different branches of Europe. races. Slovene Novgorod, western Krivichi, Radimichi, Dregovichi, Volhynians - to the circle of northern Caucasians; Drevlyans, Tivertsy, street and clearing - to the circle of the south.
(Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)

VOLHA: Dismemberment is preserved! There is nothing more to talk about.

17. Settlement in Eastern Europe. "The resettlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe came from the Center.
Europe: southern forms, the genesis of Belarusians and Russians, the second - Ukrainians. As they advanced, they included aboriginal Finno-, Balto- and Iranian-speaking
population. In the south-eastern areas of settlement, the Slavs came into contact with the nomads. Turkic-speaking groups. The anthropological composition of the East Slavs of the Middle Ages reflects the participation of local groups to a greater extent than in subsequent centuries. the Krivichi were not so much the Slavs as assimilated by the Slavs
Finnish population. Approximately the same with regard to the meadows, which there is reason to consider as assimilated Chernyakhovites. In subsequent centuries, there is an influx of Slavic population, to some extent leveling anthropological differences between individual East Slavic groups. However, the anthropological heterogeneity of the substrate, and some differences in the original forms, the specifics of ethnic history could not but affect the physical appearance of the East Slavic peoples. forest belt of East Europe. Ukrainians are connected in genesis with the medieval Tivertsy, streets, Drevlyans, included in their anthropological.
the composition of the features of the Middle European substrate of the left bank of the Danube. Considering their similarity with the meadows (Poland), we conclude: in the addition of the physical appearance of the Ukrainian people, along with the Slavs, the peoples of the pre-Slavic substrate (natives), Iranian speakers took part. Glade - descendants of the Chernyakhovites, anthropological continuity with the Scythians of the forest belt. Belarusians, judging by the similarity of their physical appearance with the Dregovichi, Radimich and Polotsk Krivichi, were formed on the basis of a branch of the Slavic tribes, which is connected with the north. part of the Slavs. The genesis was the Balts and East Slavs. The tribes of Volhynia. The formation of the Russian population took place on a relatively homogeneous
always torn to the NORTH: torn to civilization. The cradle-citadel of the BOR in the White Sea Region, where even today its heavy heel is strangled by the past civilization. Solovki and others ... monasteries and cloisters of Christ; stone menhirs and other monolithic monuments of Ora (Hyperborea) are carefully ruined and manipulated ... The Temple of Christ is firmly seated!
He also brought here those who later became known as POMORs - aggressors of the peoples of the North, who took away from them not only the lands and ancient shrines of Or ... But this is a different topic. "The Crusade" and the occupation of the North were a complete success! ".
The goal is the OR itself (its remnants on the archipelagos of the islands of the Arctic "! - All traces of our culture of the Past are being carefully destroyed under the" cries of the conquest of the North "...
anthropological.based.Ethnic.history of the Russian population is inextricably linked with that
Letto-Lithuanian and Finno-Ugric populations; ethnic ties were formed during the period of the Slavic colonization of the Eastern European Plain and are clearly manifested to this day.

Volkha: "... Russian civilization is the only independent and, moreover, a great power within the limits of a harsh winter." More regrettable: "True, a strange and very specific combination has developed for Russia: a weak economy and a powerful state. Somehow this is definitely connected with Orthodoxy , because the process of Russian settlement of the northern lands and the center of Eurasia began shortly after the Baptism of Russia." In the midst of pseudo-scientific RELATIONS, there is one sensible thought; YES, this is "somehow connected with Orthodoxy" (Christ's Temple).
How many resources have been pumped out of Russia, enough for the whole planet! But the Temple of Christ is real

CONCLUSIONS Volkhi: Everything is the same, everything is the same... WHEN will our science stop looking into the mouth of the European-American opportunistic rogue, huh? Everything has been going on since the time of M. Lomonosov in his native villages ... But has SCIENCE remained in Russia at all? I'm ashamed to write it without quotes!

GENERALIZATION according to the ARTICLE: "Science" is modern. HISTORY is a kind of "dump" in which it would be time to start sorting it out, gentlemen "historians". The Slavs are part of the ROSOV-ars. The unification of peoples is a worthy historical goal and value in the world of the 21st century for everyone in whom it is not water that flows, but the SCARLET BLOOD (ALA) of our great-ancestors of the ARS.

The ethnogenesis of the Slavs according to archeology- the formation of the ancient Slavic ethnos on the basis of the succession of successive archaeological cultures from the 1st millennium BC. e. until the VI century, when the ancient Slavs were recorded in epigraphic monuments as an already formed cultural and linguistic community.

The appearance of archaeological cultures, recognized by most archaeologists as Slavic, refers only to the 5th-6th centuries. The Prague-Korchak, Penkovo ​​and Kolochin cultures are structurally close and separated geographically. Earlier so-called post-Zarubinets monuments (II-IV centuries) are proposed to be singled out as a separate Kievan culture, on the basis of which, according to some archaeologists, the aforementioned cultures developed. The study of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs with the help of archeology encounters the following problem: modern science fails to trace the change and continuity of archaeological cultures to the beginning of our era, the carriers of which could be confidently attributed to the Slavs or their ancestors. Some archaeologists take some archaeological cultures at the turn of our era and earlier as Slavic, a priori recognizing the autochthonous nature of the Slavs in this territory, even if it was inhabited in the corresponding era by other peoples according to synchronous historical evidence.

Pre-Slavic and Proto-Slavic cultures

The subject of discussions between archaeologists continues to be the problem of identifying the cultures of the pre-literate period that existed in the future Slavic territory (between the Oder and the Dnieper). The main one is the problem of distinguishing between pre-Slavic cultures (genetically related to peoples authentically non-Slavic) and proto-Slavic (that is, presumably speakers of languages ​​ancestral to modern Slavic).

These are the Bronze Age Trzynetska culture, the Chernoles culture of the early Iron Age, the Przeworsk culture at the turn of the Common Era. e. and Chernyakhov culture of late antiquity. Without denying the contribution of these cultures to the formation of the Slavs, researchers nevertheless notice the presence of non-Slavic components in them: Thracians, Celts, Germans, Balts and Scythians.

Several approaches have developed in domestic and foreign archeology. If until about the middle of the 20th century, including for political reasons, autochthonism was popular, that is, the classification of these cultures by default as Slavic, then starting from the post-war period, these views are increasingly losing popularity. Academician B. A. Rybakov can be attributed to the most influential late supporters of autochthonism. In modern archeology, the question of the archaeological reflection of the genesis of the Slavs is considered in the context of their interaction with the carriers of neighboring cultures (Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, Finno-Ugric, etc.) and the reflection of this interaction in linguistic factors.

Kyiv archaeological culture II-IV centuries.

There is no consensus among historians and archaeologists on the early history and geography of the Proto-Slavs; views evolve as new archaeological material is accumulated. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, monuments of the Kyiv type of the late 2nd-4th centuries were identified and attributed to a special culture, found in the Middle Dnieper region (from the mouth of the Ros in the south to Mogilev in the north) and the basin of the left tributaries of the Dnieper, Desna and Seim, up to sources of the Seversky Donets. Some archaeologists (P. N. Tretyakov, R. V. Terpilovsky, N. S. Abashina, M. B. Shchukin) see a direct continuity between the Kievan archaeological culture and the following Slavic cultures of the 5th-6th centuries (Sklavins and Antes). O. M. Prikhodnyuk even proposed to abandon the term “Kyiv culture” altogether and consider the early monuments to be Penkovsky as well. Currently, archaeologists are inclined to the following version of the continuity of cultures:

• The Kolochin culture developed directly from the Kyiv culture as its northern variant.
• The Penkovskaya culture developed from the Kievan one with the participation of the ethnos of the polyethnic Chernyakhov culture, defeated by the Huns at the end of the 4th century. Both of the latter cultures existed simultaneously and partially overlapped geographically, but belonged to different levels of civilization. However, V.V. Sedov believed that the Penkov culture developed primarily by the descendants of the Chernyakhov culture with some participation of settlers from the Kyiv area, and V. N. Danilenko suggested that the Penkov antiquities arose on the basis of the Kolochin culture.
• The Prague-Korchak culture is believed to have originated initially in the Pripyat basin, where the earliest Prague-type monuments of the first half of the 4th century have recently been discovered. According to this version, the Prague-Korchak culture developed as a result of the expansion of the Slavs to the west along the outer Carpathians to the sources of the Vistula, then the Elbe and south from the headwaters of the Oder to the Danube along its tributaries (towards Pannonia). However, archaeologists note that this culture is not derived from Kyiv.
• The Ipoteshti-Kyndesht culture on the lower and middle left bank of the Danube arose as a result of the expansion of the carriers of the early Penkov culture to the west and the carriers of the Prague-Korchak culture to the south into the region of modern. Romania. The cultures developed simultaneously, but the formation of the Ipoteshti-Kyndesht culture was influenced by the local Thracian population and the proximity of the Byzantine Empire. It was in its area that Byzantine authors first recorded the Slavic ethnic group.
• The Sukovsko-Dziedzitskaya culture in the interfluve of the Oder and the Elbe adjoins in the south the area of ​​the Prague-Korchak culture. Geographically and chronologically, the Sukovsko-Dziedzica culture looks like an expansion in the 6th century of the carriers of the early Prague-Korczak culture down the Oder towards the Baltic, then down the Elbe and east towards the middle Vistula. Slavic tribes occupied the lands depopulated by the 6th century, and apparently assimilated the local population remaining in some places. The Slavs reached the Baltic coast in the lower reaches of the Elbe somewhere by the beginning of the 7th century. The northern area of ​​the Sukovsko-Dziedzica culture and the craft and everyday traditions of the local population caused noticeable differences in the nature of the monuments from the Prague-Korchak culture, but in general it corresponds to the structure of the latter.

The recognition of Kievan culture as Slavic does not resolve the issue of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs. Among the possible candidates preceding the Kievan culture are Zarubinets, Milogradskaya and Yukhnovskaya, earlier Chernolesskaya and other archaeological cultures, however, their role in the formation of the Slavic ethnos cannot be precisely established.

Reliably Slavic archaeological cultures of the 5th-6th centuries

• Prague-Korchak archaeological culture: the range stretched as a strip from the upper Elbe to the middle Dnieper, touching the Danube in the south and capturing the upper reaches of the Vistula. The area of ​​the early culture of the 5th century is limited by the southern basin of the Pripyat and the upper reaches of the Dniester, the Southern Bug and the Prut (Western Ukraine).

Corresponds to the habitats of the sklavins of Byzantine authors. Characteristic features: 1) dishes - hand-made pots without decorations, sometimes clay pans; 2) dwellings - square semi-dugouts up to 20 m² in size with stoves or hearths in the corner, or log houses with a stove in the center; 3) burials - cremation, burial of the remains of cremation in pits or urns, the transition in the VI century from ground burials to the kurgan burial rite; 4) lack of inventory in the burials, only random things are found; brooches and weapons are missing.

• Penkovskaya archaeological culture: range from the middle Dniester to the Seversky Donets (western tributary of the Don), capturing the right bank and left bank of the middle part of the Dnieper (territory of Ukraine).

Corresponds to the probable habitats of the Antes of Byzantine authors. It is distinguished by the so-called Antian hoards, in which bronze cast figures of people and animals are found, painted with enamels in special recesses. The figurines are Alanian in style, although the technique of champlevé enamel probably came from the Baltic (earliest finds) through the provincial-Roman art of the European West. According to another version, this technique developed on the spot within the framework of the previous Kievan culture. The Penkov culture differs from the Prague-Korchak culture, in addition to the characteristic shape of pots, by the relative wealth of material culture and the noticeable influence of the nomads of the Black Sea region. Archaeologists M. I. Artamonov and I. P. Rusanova recognized the Bulgar farmers as the main carriers of culture, at least at its initial stage.

• Kolochinsky archaeological culture: range in the basin of the Desna and the upper reaches of the Dnieper (Gomel region of Belarus and Bryansk region of Russia). It adjoins in the south to the Prague and Penkovsky cultures. Mixing zone of the Baltic and Slavic tribes. Despite the proximity to the Penkovo ​​culture, V.V. Sedov attributed it to the Baltic based on the saturation of the area with Baltic hydronyms, but other archaeologists do not recognize this feature as ethno-determining for the archaeological culture.

Versions of archaeologists on the continuity of cultures:

V.V. Sedov

The well-known Slavic archaeologist Academician V. V. Sedov (1924-2004) singled out several early archaeological cultures, which he considered Slavic. In his opinion, the Slavs are a culture of flared burials of 400-100 years. BC e. in the interfluve of the Oder and the Vistula (central and southern Poland). As a result of migration, the Celtic tribes came into contact with the Proto-Slavs, and the culture of under-klesh burials was transformed into Przeworsk (II-IV centuries), and the Celts in Poland were assimilated by the Slavs, whom Sedov associated with the Wends.

In the II-III centuries. Slavic tribes of the Przeworsk culture from the Vistula-Oder region migrate to the forest-steppe regions between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers, inhabited by Sarmatian and Late Scythian tribes belonging to the Iranian language group. At the same time, the Germanic tribes of the Gepids and Goths move to the southeast, as a result of which, from the lower Danube to the Dnieper forest-steppe left bank, a polyethnic Chernyakhov culture with a predominance of Slavs is formed. In the process of Slavicization of the local Scythian-Sarmatians in the Dnieper region, a new ethnic group is formed, known in Byzantine sources as the Antes.

At the end of the 4th century, the development of the Przeworsk and Chernyakhov cultures was interrupted by the invasion of the Huns. In the southern part of the area of ​​Przeworsk culture, where the Celtic substratum participated in the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, the Prague-Korchak culture was formed, spread to the south by migrating Slavs. In the interfluve of the Dniester and the Dnieper in the 5th century, the Penkovskaya culture was formed, the carriers of which were the descendants of the Chernyakhiv population - the Ants. Soon they expanded their range at the expense of the left bank of the Dnieper.

Close to this concept is the concept of the archaeologist I.P. Rusanova, who advocates that the Przeworsk culture belongs to the Slavs on the basis that Slavic ceramics of the Prague-Korchak culture has direct prototypes in Przeworsk ceramics. The concept of V. D. Baran combines all of the above cultures into different branches of the Proto-Slavic cultures.

G. S. Lebedev

In a number of articles, famous Leningrad archaeologists G.S. Lebedev and D.A. Machinsky formulated their concept of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs. The linguistic ancestors of the Slavs by the middle of the 1st millennium BC were a collection of related groups scattered by tribal groups in the forest zone of Eastern Europe and speaking similar dialects of the Proto-Balto-Slavic language, the differences in which increased as they moved away from each other. A possible archaeological equivalent of the Balto-Proto-Slavs in the VIII-IV centuries. BC e. is the Milograd-Podgortsevo cultural community (correlative to Herodotus' neurons) in the region of northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, as well as the culture of lined ceramics (KSHK) in Central Belarus. These close cultures of the Early Iron Age are characterized by: settlement on permanent ancestral fortified settlements, dwellings slightly deepened into the ground with a hearth in the corner of the room, pit graves with cremation without inventory, high stucco pots, narrow-bladed axes, slightly curved sickles, bone arrowheads.

By the 3rd century BC e. Milogradskaya culture disappears as a result of the crushing advance of the Sarmatians to the West, but the more northern KSHK continues its development without visible upheavals until the 4th century.

The archaeologically empty area of ​​the Milogradians from the 2nd century BC. e. partially filled with monuments of Zarubintsy culture, which arose as a result of the arrival of a new population from the west (probably Bastarns), who included the remaining inhabitants in their composition. By the beginning of the 2nd century, the Zarubinets culture was dying under the pressure of the next wave of nomads (Sarmatians and Alans) and the expansion of the Goths from the Baltic coast. In the Middle Dnieper, the so-called post-Zarubinets monuments (or monuments of the Kyiv type) are replacing them, corresponding to the new way of life of the local population, which is often forced to change their habitats. Structurally, the Kyiv culture is very close to the Milograd one: a similar economic structure, type of dwelling, a set of tools, jewelry and utensils. At the same time, the Chernyakhov culture appeared in the Middle Dnieper region (usually associated with the migration of the Goths), whose monuments do not mix, but rather coexist with post-Zarubinets antiquities.

In the I-IV centuries. the Proto-Slavic tribes, which were part of a conglomerate of related tribes of the Balto-Slavic community, were known to Roman authors under the name of the Wends. These Wends lived in the forest zone of the Dnieper basin between the Dniester in the west and the upper reaches of the Oka in the east. To the north of the Wends, around Lake Ilmen, there was a sparsely inhabited (according to archaeological monuments) border zone, where clashes with Finno-Ugric tribes took place. In the south and west, the Wends opposed nomads (Sarmatians, Alans) and migrating Germanic tribes (Bastarns, Goths, Vandals). Archaeologically, the area of ​​settlement of the Wends corresponds to the Kyiv culture and the Belarusian version of the KSHK.

To the south of the borders of the Kyiv culture, where the forests pass into the forest-steppe regions, from the 3rd century. BC e. until the 5th century, there was the so-called "zone of archaeological elusiveness" (where no supporting archaeological sites were found). In this border area, the Wends entered into contacts and conflicts with other, more clearly defined ethnic groups, which contributed to the development of the Proto-Slavic identity and the formation of a special ethnic group in the southern part of the settlement of the Balto-Slavic ethnic massif.

In the 1st half of the 4th century, some part of the Wends was included in the Gothic association, their southern part, after the defeat of the state in Germanarich (c. 375), took shape in the Antian union of tribes, which is reflected in the emergence in the 5th century of a reliably Slavic Penkovskaya culture on the basis of Kyiv. The Penkovsky monuments were abandoned by the population, which moved from the forest zone to the south into the forest-steppe and steppe areas of the Chernyakhov culture and began to lead a sedentary lifestyle under the conditions of the Hun-Avar rule. In the 7th century, the Penkovo ​​culture was replaced by monuments of the late version of the Prague culture, which is seen as a consolidating basis for the formation of the Slavic ethnos.

Monuments of authentically Slavic Prague-Korchak culture appear in the 5th century on the borders with the Celtic-Germanic world in the upper reaches of the Prut, Dniester, and Vistula. This culture is associated with the powerful migration movement of the Proto-Slavs in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples to the west and southwest to Central Europe and the Balkans from the depths of the forests of Eastern Europe. Structurally, the Prague monuments are very close to the Kyiv ones. At the same time, the evolutionary expansion of the range of the Proto-Slavs also occurs to the east and north, which is reflected, in particular, in the Kolochin culture.

In contacts with the more developed Celto-Greek-Germanic world, the ethno-self-consciousness of the Slavic ethnos finally took shape and passed into the epic memory of ancient Russian and Polish chronicles about the ancestral home of the Slavs on the Danube. In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs on the Danube and in Central Europe, a new, more progressive economic structure is being formed, based on arable farming with the use of iron arable tools. Since the 8th century, this household complex has become an ethnographic marker of the Slavic ethnos. On its basis, in the future, the consolidation into a single ethnic group of language-related Proto-Slavic-Baltic tribes in the forest zone of Eastern Europe, from where the expansion of the Proto-Slavs to the southwest began.

M. Gimbutas

The American archaeologist Maria Gimbutas (1921-1994) believed that by the beginning of the new era, the Proto-Slavs were already a significant people, who, however, being an autochthonous population of the northern Carpathian region, lived under the yoke of newcomers, first from the east, and then from the west. After the departure of the Goths, who are associated with the relatively more developed Chernyakhov culture, in this region there is a return to the traditions of the early Iron Age, traced during the rule of the Goths and other newcomer tribes only in some isolated territories. Turning to the predecessors of the Slavs, M. Gimbutas saw traces of their ancestors in the local Chernoles culture of the early Iron Age, which flourished in the Carpathian region before the invasion of the Sarmatians, and then the Germans.

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From the course of history, we know that man entered the space of Eastern Europe from the south during the early Stone Age, that is, about 3 million years ago. In the Crimea, on the Dniester, in the Zhytomyr region, in Abkhazia, in Armenia and in the south of Kazakhstan, archaeologists find traces of the most ancient human sites. As for written sources, according to which scientists could accurately determine the ancestral home of the Slavs, they are scarce. Here scientists come to the aid of archeology, comparative historical linguistics, toponymy, geography, anthropology. There are several theories about when and from where the Slavs came to the territory of the East European Plain: the autochthonous origin of the Slavs (a supporter of B.A. Rybakov, for example), the Baltic theory and the Carpathian.

It is important that it is known for sure that in the 5th-7th centuries AD. the territory of the East European Plain was inhabited. The estimated maximum territory of settlement of the ancestors of the Slavs in the north reached the Baltic Sea (Varangian), in the south their border was a strip of forest-steppe (from the left bank of the Danube to the east in the direction of Kharkov), in the west it reached the Elbe (Laba), and in the east to the Seim and Okie. Several hundred Slavic tribes lived there. L. Niederle writes that “autochthonistic theories that place the Proto-Slavs on the territory of all Central Europe east of the Rhone and the Rhine” are scientifically unfounded (L. Niederle, “Slavic Antiquities”, ch. II, p. 22). L. Niederli does not share the Balkan theory either, since, for example, geographical names testify to the spread in the period BC. in the Balkans in the Danube region of other languages. Although the Danubian theory (Balkan) was defended in the nineteenth century. Many scientists: V. Klyuchevsky, M. Pogodin, A. Veselovsky. The main source of this theory was the Kievan Chronicle, the testimony of which, according to Niederli, cannot be considered "neither authentic nor truthful", since it is based on a myth.

Based on the materials of twenty volumes of "Archaeology" edited by B.A. Rybakov, "Archaeology of Western Europe" by A.L. Mongait and works on the archeology of Asia by V. I. Sarianidi, the author of the article “... Or the civilization of cities?”, Published in the journal Rodina No. 5 in 1997, A. Gudz-Markov, identifies the ancestral home of the Slavs with the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans. He writes that in the vastness from the Carpathians to Altai, the beginning of meaningful life can be attributed to the 5th millennium BC. Then, between the Don and the Dnieper, the Dnieper-Donetsk archaeological culture began to develop. According to archeology and anthropology, its creators were Indo-Europeans. They populated Europe many times in the IV-I millennia BC, each time destroying the previous culture and establishing their own. “The invasion of the Indo-Europeans into the north of Europe and into Asia was preceded by a change of archaeological cultures in the basins of the Lower Volga and the Don. In the XXII-XIX centuries BC. e. representatives of the Yamnaya culture were dispersed or absorbed by the creators of the catacomb archaeological culture, who advanced to the lower reaches of the Don from the shores of the Caspian Sea. The territory of the Indo-Europeans was vast, and its borders moved in different eras. Therefore, the "local history" approach to the topic is insufficient. In the V-I millennia BC. e. Slavs appeared in the space of the Indo-Europeans, bounded from the west by the rivers Laba and Saale, and from the east by the middle reaches of the Don and Volga. The Carpathians and swamps of Pripyat served as protection for the Indo-Europeans, whom the author considers Proto-Slavs.

True, as regards the eastern border, it can be moved to the east, including the Oka basin (this is confirmed by the discovery of the Zaraisk site on the banks of the Osetr River, one of the major tributaries of the Oka). That is, the ancestral home of the Slavs at different times had different outlines: either the eastern border advanced, or the southern.

From time to time, the Proto-Slavs were in contact with the northeastern Finno-Ugric tribes and with the Celtic-Italic in the west. Until now, there is no consensus among scientists about what is considered the ancestral home of the Slavs, where they came from, when it happened, what was their economy. Archaeological monuments of the Late Stone Age - Neolithic - are represented in the forest zone of Eurasia by "seasonal sites, long-term settlements, burials, burial grounds, as well as rock carvings" (Motherland magazine, 1997, No. 3-4, p. 13, article "In the wilds Neolithic, by A. Emelyanov). On many Neolithic monuments, the remains of canoes have been found. Approximately 700 thousand years ago, during the ancient stone age, primitive man appeared on the territory of Eurasia. Settlement came from the south. Findings of archaeologists serve as proof of this: sites of ancient people (500-300 thousand years BC) were found in the Zhytomyr region and on the Dniester, and sites of people of the Middle Paleolithic (100-35 thousand years BC) were found on the Middle and Lower Volga .).

A unique monument of the Late Paleolithic era is the Sungir site in the Vladimir region. The State Historical Museum in Moscow has an exhibit: a copy of a double burial (a boy and a girl), which was discovered precisely at the Sungir site. They have beads on their foreheads and wrists. Scientists came to the conclusion that the burial is unique and of world significance, since the children's costume was restored by the location of the decorations, which turned out to be similar to the clothes of the ancient peoples of the North ... So, the border of the ancestral home of the Slavs can be shifted to the north. Starting from the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. the future Slavic space was occupied and conquered by various tribes: Greeks, Scythians (although they were not the direct ancestors of the Slavs), Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Goths, Huns, Avars (according to the ancient Russian chronicle - obry), Khazars. All these peoples were not only the predecessors of the Slavs, but also their active neighbors. Already in the 5th century BC. e. in the ancient Greek historian Herodotus there is information about the Slavs (chips). Other ancient authors have information about the Slavs called Wends, who lived among the Scythians and Sarmatians in the Vistula region. More information about the Slavs is provided by the Gothic historian Jordanes (VI century). Jordan highlights the Slavic tribes of the Sklavens, Antes and Wends. According to him, the Sclaveni lived in the north, in the Ladoga and Lake regions; antes - in the south along the Black Sea coast, in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Danube; Wends - the ancestors of the Western Slavs - in the northwest to the Vistula and in the southeast to the Dniester. From archaeological excavations it is known that near the mouth of the Southern Bug River there was the city of Olbia, founded at the beginning of the 6th century BC. e. Greeks from the Asia Minor city of Miletus. Olbia traded with the Scythians, Greek cities of Asia Minor. Olbia was subjected to severe trials. By the 4th century N. e. her life has come to a standstill. Already in the III century. BC e. a strong Scythian state appears in the Northern Black Sea region. The ancient tribes of the Scythians in the 7th-3rd centuries BC. e. inhabited the vast expanses of the steppes between the mouth of the Danube and the Don. Incomplete, fragmentary information about the Scythians is found in Herodotus, in ancient Greek and Roman authors. On the banks of the Dnieper near the city of Nikopol, the royal burial mounds of the Scythians still rise. Chertomlyk, Solokha and Melitopolsky are the most famous of them. On the left bank of the Dnieper, on the land of modern Zaporizhia region, an ancient settlement was found. By the end of the III century BC. e. from the west, the Scythians were pushed back by the Thracian tribes who came from the Balkans. In the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region, the Sarmatians came from behind the Don. The territory of the Scythians was reduced. Crimea became their center. This Lesser Scythia existed until the end of the 3rd century AD. e. At this time, the Scythian kingdom was conquered by the Germanic tribes who came from the Baltic. In the 5th-6th centuries A.D. e. Slavic tribes appeared on part of the territory of the Scythians. IN. Klyuchevsky writes that "the chronicle does not remember the time of the arrival of the Slavs from Asia to Europe" and that "it finds the Slavs already on the Danube." (V.O. Klyuchevsky, "Russian History", book one, lectures I-II).

History and archeology provide fairly reliable facts, but philology and such sciences as hydronics (studies the names of water bodies), toponomy, and linguistics can even more accurately determine who lived in a particular territory. The tongue remembers what no living person remembers.

In the article "Arctic cradle?" (Rodina magazine, 1997, No. 8, p. 82) Doctor of Historical Sciences N. Guseva writes that “the so-called Arctic theory looks the most plausible. According to it, the great-ancestors of the Indo-European peoples once began to economically develop the extreme northern lands. The author refers to C. Warren's book "Paradise Found, or the Cradle of Mankind at the North Pole". Further, N. Guseva writes that "the ancient Iranian Avesta reflects the same northern realities, as well as the gradual departure of the tribes of the Aryans of the Polar region." Referring to the work of geologists, zoologists and botanists, who proved that in the XIII millennium BC. e. the glacier from the territory of Eastern Europe slid into the Arctic Ocean, and the Subarctic region, covered with dense grasses and forests, had a warm climate in that era, the author proves that “scattered tribal groups that descended here from all the edges of the glacier economically settled these areas and were inevitably forced to enter into mutual contacts; here the first tribes were formed and, naturally, the first circle of similar concepts and words should have been developed. This process took at least 5 millennia.” The cold snap forced people south to the Baltic-Black Sea line, which opened up three routes: to the east (to the Ural Mountains), to the west and southwest, to the south (to the Caspian and Black Seas, where the Aryans, they are Indo-Iranians, reached ). The Aryans should not be identified with the Slavs, since the ancestors of the Slavs were the closest neighbors or even tribes mixed with them, the author concludes.

The Swedish anthropologist A. Retzius created a system by which it is possible to unite the ancient Germans, Celts, Romans, Greeks, Indians, Persians, Arabs, Jews, into a group of long-headed (dolichocephalic), and ancient Albanians, Basques, Ugric peoples, European Turks, ancient Etruscans, Latvians and Slavs into the group of short-headed (brachycephalic). These groups were descended from different races. The ancient burials of the Slavs contained skulls, approximately 88.5% of which were dolichocephalic and mesocephalic (medium size).

Let's summarize. In the Carpathians, the ancestral home of the Slavs should not be sought (the theory is based on a myth). The autochthonous origin of the Slavs seems to be refuted by linguistics, therefore it is doubtful ... So, the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought on the lands from the Baltic to the northern Carpathians between the Vistula and the Dnieper. The Slavic and Lithuanian languages ​​are closest. The connection between the Slavs and Arivarta (the ancient name of India) remains mysterious. The Sanskrit “dehi me agni” sounds completely Russian: give me fire (article “Aryan Russia?”, Rodina magazine, 1997, No. 8, p. 77). The problem of the Slavic ancestral home is still a controversial issue. Wandering - this is the most accurate definition of the location of the ancestral home of the Slavs.

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Modern researchers of the Slavic peoples argue that the origins of these peoples go back to deeper antiquity and are associated with a common geographical territory for all tribes, which today is commonly called the ancestral home of the Slavs. However, historians themselves note that it is unlikely that we will ever be able to accurately find out the location of the original place of formation of the Slavic ethnos, because we are talking about events that are thousands of years away from us.

The main theories of the ancestral home of the Slavic tribes

Let's try to consider the most popular and fact-supported theories, where, after all, the Slavic ancestral home could be located. Today there are at least three such versions:

• Danube;
• Middle Dnieper;
• and the Vistula-Oder hypothesis.

It's important to know! There are three main versions of the ancestral home of the Slavic tribes: Danubian, Dnieper and Vistula-Oder.

Table: theories of the ancestral Slavs

Vistula-Oder theory of the ancestral home of the Slavs

This hypothesis opposes the most common Middle Dnieper hypothesis, sometimes, nevertheless, confirming its events. The origins of the Vistula-Oder version date back to the end of the eighteenth century, but it gained its popularity only in the twenties and thirties of the last century. The most famous representatives of this trend were T. Ler-Splavinsky, K. Yazhzhevsky, Ya. Chekanovsky, as well as L. Kozlovsky, V. Martynov and V. Sedov.

At the same time, the supporters of the above version, when making their conclusions, used data collected by various sciences: from linguistics and archeology to paleobotany and anthropology. The clearest formulation of the theory of the ancestral home of the Slavs was formed in 1946 by T. Ler-Splavinsky in his publication, the so-called "On the origin and ancestral home of the Slavs." Using archaeological data, the author imagined the stages of the formation of an ethnos as follows:

• before the second millennium BC, North-Eastern Europe (the territory from Silesia to Pomerania) by the Finno-Ugric peoples, whom archaeologists consider representatives of comb ceramics;
• starting from the second millennium BC, groups of the Corded Ware culture representing Indo-European tribes move eastward from the central regions of the European continent;
• both of these groups, interacting, formed the Balto-Slavs, who later created the Lusatian culture, often mistaken for Slavic;
• then came the disintegration of society into the Proto-Balts and Proto-Slavs, and the latter became a separate ethnic group around the middle of the first millennium BC in the territory between the Odra and the Vistula.

Confirmation of this theory of the Slavic ancestral home was found in the languages ​​of the peoples by linguists and some modern Slavonic researchers.

Middle Dnieper version of the ancestral home of the Slavs

This version, although similar in some places to the previous one, is its opposite. The works of M. Fasmer (especially his publications on the Pripyat-Volyn ancestral home), as well as Polish scientists, the most famous of which was J. Rozvadovsky, were close to the Middle Dnieper version of the Slavic ancestral home. It was this researcher who discovered, while analyzing hydronyms, their greater percentage in the territories between the Dvina and the Dnieper. And the scientist K. Moshinsky, as a result of his research, came to the conclusion that the Proto-Slavs lived at the turn of the eras on lands stretching from the Western Bug to the eastern banks of the Dnieper. At the same time, in the north, the ethnic group occupied the southern part of Belarus, as well as the northern part of present-day Ukraine.

In addition to numerous evidence of this version of the ancestral home of the Slavs, which were collected on the basis of linguistic research, some Slavophile researchers put forward as an argument the fact of denying the antiquity of the steppe, pointing to the name of such steppe birds as bustard and partridge, the names of which are based on ancient Proto-Slavic roots.

Danubian version of the ancestral home of the Slavic tribes

The next hypothesis of the ancestral home of the Slavs is the oldest among all of the above. It was formed in one of the most ancient literary sources of Russia "The Tale of Bygone Years", the authorship of which is usually attributed to the chronicler Nestor. At the same time, modern historians increasingly refer it not to the usual twelfth century, but to the eleventh and earlier.

In the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, this hypothesis regained strength, because the well-known researcher Trubachev began to deal with its proof, the main evidence base of which was the story itself and the customs of the Proto-Slavs.

For example, his most weighty archaeological argument in favor of the fact that it was the south that was the ancestral home of the Slavs was the cremation practiced by them, which, of course, was a southern tradition, the main purpose of which was to counteract the development of various epidemics.

It should be noted that all three theories of the Slavic ancestral home still exist today, being the subject of no less heated discussions at conferences. Moreover, each of them every year "overgrown" with new evidence and facts.

Tables and diagrams: settlement and origin of the East Slavic tribes

Where did the Slavic ethnic group come into the world, and what territory can be called “originally Slavic”?

Historians' accounts vary. The Dominican monk-historian Mavro Orbini, who wrote at the end of the 16th-beginning of the 17th century a work called “The Slavic Kingdom”, referring to a number of authors, claims that the Slavs came from Scandinavia: “Almost all authors whose blessed pen conveyed to the descendants the history of the Slavic tribe , argue and conclude that the Slavs came out of Scandinavia ...

The descendants of Japheth the son of Noah (to whom the author refers to the Slavs) moved to Europe to the north, penetrating into the country now called Scandinavia. There they multiplied innumerably, as St. Augustine points out in his "City of God", where he writes that the sons and descendants of Japheth had two hundred homelands and occupied the lands located north of Mount Taurus in Cilicia, along the Northern Ocean, half of Asia, and throughout Europe. all the way to the British Ocean.

The chronicler Nestor called the most ancient territory of the Slavs - the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. The reason for the settlement of the Slavs from the Danube was the attack on them by the Volkhovs. “For many years, the essence of Slovenia sat along the Dunaev, where there is now Ugorsk land and Bolgarsk.” Hence the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs.

The European homeland of the Slavs also had its supporters. Thus, the prominent Czech historian Pavel Safarik believed that the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought on the territory of Europe, next to their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believed that in ancient times the Slavs occupied the vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe, from where they were forced to leave the Carpathians under the pressure of the Celtic expansion.

There was even a version about the two ancestral homelands of the Slavs, according to which the first ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language developed (between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavic people themselves were formed (according to the authors of the hypothesis, this happened from the 2nd century BC). BC) - the basin of the Vistula River. Western and Eastern Slavs have already left from there. The first settled the area of ​​the Elbe River, then the Balkans and the Danube, and the second - the banks of the Dnieper and Dniester.

The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis about the ancestral home of the Slavs, although it remains a hypothesis, is still the most popular among historians. It is conditionally confirmed by local toponyms, as well as vocabulary. If you believe the "words", that is, the lexical material, the ancestral home of the Slavs was away from the sea, in a forested flat zone with swamps and lakes, as well as within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of the culture of underclothe burials already known to us fully correspond to these geographical features.

NOVGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER YAROSLAV THE WISE Faculty of Philology

HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE ancestral home of the Slavs.

ANCIENT NEIGHBORS OF THE SLAVES.

Completed by a 3rd year student, group 1221 Kadkina S.A.

Introduction

Language data

Hypotheses of the location of the Slavic ancestral home:

Danubian

Carpathian

hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homelands (A.A. Shakhmatov)

Vistula-Dnieper

Vistula-Oder

neo-Danubian

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

The question of the origin of the Slavs is considered one of the main questions in the history of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The problem is not only to determine the ancestral home of the Slavs, but even to answer the question of their origin. There are many versions of this problem, however, none of them can be considered completely reliable. The efforts of various socialist historians, archaeologists, linguists, anthropologists, ethnographers, whose joint research should, in the end, lead to certain positive results, are directed towards its solution. The greatest disputes arise when determining the territory of the formation of the Slavs, the chronological framework for the addition of the Slavic community. One of the reasons for this is the absence of any complete written sources about the Slavs until the middle of the 6th century AD.

The purpose of this work is to try to analyze and present the points of view, theories of historians who studied the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs.

1. LANGUAGE DATA

Speaking about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, we must rely on several sources. These should include:

1) Legends and traditions of the people themselves, early medieval chronicles and chronicles (epics, fairy tales, The Tale of Bygone Years, etc.).

2) Evidence of neighboring peoples who had a written language.

3) Data of archeology, archaeological cultures.

Based on these data, at different times, scientists built hypotheses, according to which in the early period of existence, the Slavs occupied certain territories. Hypotheses are combined into two groups: a generalizing plan, the supporters of which profess the idea of ​​the unity of the anthropological composition of the Slavs, and a differentiating one, denying this approach. The first consider the history of the Slavic peoples as the addition of a physical type community in a certain territory, which included common ancestors, and its settlement with the participation of foreign elements of different origin on the outskirts of their range. The second believe that the Slavs were formed from different racial components, not related by origin.

Hypotheses of the origin of the Slavs: 1. Danubian, 2. Carpathian, 3. hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homes (A.A. Shakhmatov), ​​4. Vistula-Dnieper, 5. Vistula-Oder, 6. Neo-Danubian.

2. HYPOTHESES FOR THE LOCATION OF THE SLAVIC HOMELAND

Using the sources listed above, scientists build hypotheses about the origins of the Slavs. However, different scientists do not agree not only in determining the place of the Slavic ancestral home, but also in the time of separation of the Slavs from the Indo-European group. There are a number of hypotheses according to which one can speak with confidence about the Slavs and their ancestral home starting from the end of the 3rd millennium BC. (O.N. Trubachev), from the end of the II millennium BC. (Polish scientists T. Ler-Splavinsky, K. Yazhzhevsky, Yu. Kostshevsky and others), from the middle of the II millennium BC. (Polish scientist F. Slavsky), from the 4th century. BC. (M. Vasmer, L. Niederle, S.B. Bernshtein, P.J. Shafarik).

Danubian hypothesis

The first who tried to answer the questions: where, how and when the Slavs appeared on the historical territory, was the ancient chronicler Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. He determined the territory of the Slavs, including the lands along the lower Danube and Pannonia. It was from the Danube that the process of the settlement of the Slavs began, that is, the Slavs were not the original inhabitants of their land, we are talking about their migration. Consequently, the Kievan chronicler was the founder of the so-called migration theory of the origin of the Slavs, known as the "Danubian" or "Balkan". It was popular in the writings of medieval authors: Polish and Czech chroniclers of the 13th-14th centuries. This opinion was shared for a long time by historians of the XVIII - early. XX centuries The Danubian "ancestral home" of the Slavs was recognized, in particular, by such historians as S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others.

According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, the Slavs moved from the Danube to the Carpathians. Proceeding from this, the idea can be traced in his work that “the history of Russia began in the 6th century. on the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians. It was here, according to the historian, that an extensive military alliance of tribes was formed, led by the Duleb-Volhynian tribe. From here, the Eastern Slavs settled to the east and northeast to Ilmen Lake in the 7th-7th centuries. So, V.O. Klyuchevsky sees the Eastern Slavs as relatively late newcomers to his land. Supporters of the Danubian origin of the Slavs were many Russian and Western European researchers. Moreover, at the end of the XX century. Russian scientist O.N. Trubachev specified and developed it. However, during the XIX - XX centuries. This theory also had many opponents.

Carpathian hypothesis

One of the major Slavic historians, the Czech scientist P.I. Shafarik believed that the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought in Europe, next to their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believes that the Slavs already in ancient times occupied the vast expanses of Central and Eastern Europe, and in the 4th century. BC. under the onslaught of the Celts moved beyond the Carpathians. However, even at this time they occupy very vast territories - in the west - from the mouth of the Vistula to the Neman, in the north - from Novgorod to the sources of the Volga and Dnieper, in the east - to the Don. Further, she, in his opinion, went through the lower Dnieper and Dniester along the Carpathians to the Vistula and along the watershed of the Oder and Vistula to the Baltic Sea.

Hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homelands

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. acad. A.A. Shakhmatov developed the idea of ​​two Slavic ancestral homelands: the area within which the Proto-Slavic language developed (the first ancestral home), and the area that the Proto-Slavic tribes occupied on the eve of settlement in Central and Eastern Europe (the second ancestral home). He proceeds from the fact that initially the Balto-Slavic community stood out from the Indo-European group, which was autochthonous on the territory of the Baltic states. After the collapse of this community, the Slavs occupied the territory between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina (the first ancestral home). It was here that, in his opinion, the Proto-Slavic language developed, which later formed the basis of all Slavic languages. In connection with the great migration of peoples, the Germans at the end of the 2nd century AD. move south and release the river basin. Vistula, where the Slavs come (the second ancestral home). Here the Slavs are divided into two branches: western and eastern. The western branch moves into the area of ​​the river. Elbe and becomes the basis for modern West Slavic peoples; after the collapse of the Hun empire (the second half of the 5th century AD), the southern branch was divided into two groups: one of them settled the Balkans and the Danube (the basis of the modern South Slavic peoples), the other - the Dnieper and the Dniester (the basis of the modern East Slavic peoples).

Vistula - Dnieper hypothesis

The most popular hypothesis among linguists about the ancestral home of the Slavs is the Vistula-Dnieper. According to such scientists as M. Vasmer (Germany), F. P. Filin, S. B. Bernstein (Russia), V. Georgiev (Bulgaria), L. Niederle (Czech Republic), K. Moshinsky (Poland) and others ., the ancestral home of the Slavs was located between the middle reaches of the Dnieper in the east and the upper reaches of the Western Bug and Vistula in the west, as well as from the upper reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug in the south to Pripyat in the north. Thus, the ancestral home of the Slavs is defined by them as modern northwestern Ukraine, southern Belarus and southeastern Poland. However, in the studies of individual scientists there are certain variations. L. Niederle believes that the place of the Slavic ancestral home can only be determined presumably. He suggests that such tribes as Nevri, Budins, Scythians-plowmen belong to the Slavs. Based on the reports of Roman historians and linguistic data, in particular toponymy, L. Niederle very carefully outlines the area of ​​\u200b\u200bSlavic settlement at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. She, in his opinion, was located to the north and northeast of the Carpathians, in the east it reached the Dnieper, and in the west - the upper reaches of the Varta River. At the same time, he notes that the western borders of the Slavic area may have to be moved to the Elbe River if the Slavic belonging of the cemeteries - the burial fields of the Lusatian-Silesian type - is proved.

F.P. Filin determines the area of ​​​​settlement of the Slavs at the beginning of our era. between the Western Bug and the Middle Dnieper. Based on linguistic and extralinguistic data, he proposes a periodization of the development of the language of the Proto-Slavs. First stage(until the end of the 1st millennium BC) - the initial stage of the formation of the basis of the Slavic language system. On the second stage (from the end of the 1st millennium AD to the 3rd-4th centuries AD) - in the Proto-Slavic language, serious changes in phonetics take place, its grammatical structure evolves, and dialectal differentiation develops. Third stage(V-VII centuries AD) coincides with the beginning of the widespread settlement of the Slavs, which ultimately led to the division of a single language into separate Slavic languages. This periodization largely corresponds to the main stages of the historical development of the early Slavs, reconstructed on the basis of archeological data.

Further resettlement of the Slavs from the Vistula-Dnieper region occurred, according to S.B. Bernstein, west to the Oder, north to Lake Ilmen, east to the Oka, south to the Danube and the Balkans. S. B. Bernshtein supports the hypothesis of A. A. Shakhmatov about the initial division of the Slavs into two groups: Western and Eastern; from the latter, the eastern and southern groups at one time stood out. This explains the great proximity of the East Slavic and South Slavic languages ​​and a certain isolation, in particular phonetic, West Slavic.

The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs was repeatedly addressed by B.A. Rybakov. His concept is also associated with the Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis and is based on the unity of the territories inhabited by the Slavic ethnic group for two millennia: from the Oder in the west to the left bank of the Dnieper in the east. The history of the Slavs B.A. Rybakov starts from the Bronze Age - from the 15th century. BC. - and identifies five of its stages.

The first he connects the stage with the Trzynec culture (XV-XIII centuries BC). The area of ​​its distribution, in his opinion, was "the primary place of unification and formation of the first splintered Proto-Slavs ... this area can be designated by the somewhat vague word ancestral home" [Rybakov B.A. The paganism of the ancient Slavs. - M., 1981. S. 221]. The Tshinec culture extended from the Oder to the left bank of the Dnieper. Second stage - Lusatian-Scythian - covers the XII-III centuries. BC. The Slavs at this time are represented by several cultures: Lusatian, Belogrudovskaya, Chernolesskaya and Scythian forest-steppe. The tribes of the forest-steppe Scythian cultures, engaged in agriculture, were Slavs, united in an alliance under the name of Skolots. The fall of the Lusatian and Scythian cultures led to the restoration of Slavic unity - the third stage in the history of the Proto-Slavs, which lasted from the II century. BC. according to the II century. AD, and represented by two closely related cultures: Przeworsk and Zarubinets. Their territories stretched from the Oder to the left bank of the Dnieper. Fourth he dates the stage to the II-IV centuries. AD and calls it Przeworsk-Chernyakhovsky. This stage is characterized by the strengthening of the influence of the Roman Empire on the Slavic tribes. Fifth the stage - Prague-Korchak, dates back to the 6th-7th centuries, when, after the fall of the Roman Empire, Slavic unity was restored. According to B.A. Rybakov, proof of the Slavic affiliation of all these cultures.

In recent decades, a number of works by V.V. Sedov. He considers the culture of under-klesh burials (400-100 BC) to be the most ancient Slavic culture, since it is from this culture that elements of continuity can be traced in the evolutionary development of antiquities up to the reliably Slavic era of the early Middle Ages.

The culture of underklesh burials corresponds to the first stage in the history of the Proto-Slavic language according to the periodization of F.P. Owl. At the end of the II century. BC. under the strong Celtic influence, the culture of under-klesh burials is transformed into a new one, called Przeworsk. As part of the Przeworsk culture, two regions are distinguished: the western one - the Oder region, inhabited mainly by the East German population, and the eastern one - the Vistula region, where the Slavs were the predominant ethnic group. Chronologically, the Przeworsk culture corresponds, according to the periodization of F.P. Filin, the middle stage of the development of the Proto-Slavic language. Zarubintsy culture, which was formed with the participation of alien Podkleshevo-Pomeranian tribes and local Milograd and late Scythian, he considers a special group in linguistic terms, which occupied an intermediate position between the Proto-Slavic and Western Baltic languages. The Slavic Prague-Korchak culture is connected with the Przeworsk culture. According to V.V. Sedov, the Slavs were one of the components of the polyethnic Chernyakhov culture.

Vistula-Oder hypothesis

The Vistula-Oder hypothesis, as its name shows, refers the Slavic ancestral home to the territory between the Vistula and the Oder; the northern border of this territory was the Baltic Sea, which roughly corresponds to the territory of modern Poland. In the 1st century AD, the settlement of Slavic tribes began to the south, through the Carpathians and the Hungarian lowland to the Danube and the Carpathians, and to the east, to the Dnieper and beyond. The widespread settlement of the Slavs caused the collapse of their ancient dialects, which had developed back in their ancestral home. They break up into independent ethno-linguistic units, which laid the foundation for the historically known Slavic peoples and languages. The Vistula-Oder hypothesis was formulated by the Polish scientist T. Ler-Splavinsky in his work "On the origin and ancestral home of the Slavs" (1946).

However, as noted by S. B. Bernstein ("Essay on the Comparative Grammar of the Slavic Languages"), we have no reason to believe that in the 1st century AD the Slavs lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea. If the great path for amber ran through the Slavic territories, the influence of ancient languages ​​​​and ancient culture among the Slavs would be much deeper and more ancient.

Neo-Danubian hypothesis

O.N. Trubachev in his works rejects both the Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis and its Vistula-Oder version. As an alternative, he puts forward the so-called "non-Danubian" hypothesis of the ancestral home of the Slavs. He considers the place of their primary settlement to be the Middle Danube - the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro), the south of Czechoslovakia and the lands of the former Pannonia (on the territory of modern Hungary). For some time around the 1st century AD. the Slavs were driven out by the Celts and Ugrians to the north, to the Povislenye, and to the east, to the Dnieper region. It was connected with the great migration of peoples. However, already in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavs, "keeping the memory of their former habitats", "again occupy the Danube, the lands beyond the Danube, the Balkans." Thus, "the movement of the Slavs to the south was returnable" [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Slavs // Questions of linguistics. - 1985. - No. 4. - P.9]. ONTrubachev argues his hypothesis with linguistic and extralinguistic facts. He believes that, firstly, the advancement of the Slavs, first to the north and then to the south, fits into the general process of the migration of peoples within Europe. Secondly, it is confirmed by the records of the chronicler Nestor. Thirdly, it was among the southern Slavs who lived along the river. Danube, the self-name *slověne appeared before everyone else - Slovenia, which is gradually being established in the works of Byzantine historians of the 6th century, the Gothic historian of the 6th century. Jordan (sklavins). At the same time, they call the Western and Eastern Slavs Wends and Ants, that is, names alien to the Slavs. The ethnonym Slavs O.N. Trubetskoy correlates the word with the lexeme and interprets it as “clearly speaking”, that is, speaking in an understandable, not alien language. Fourthly, in the folklore works of the Eastern Slavs, the river is very often mentioned. Danube, which O.N. Trubachev considers to be a living memory of the Danube. Fifthly, he believes that the Ugrians, having come to the territory of the Danube region and founded in the 1st century AD. their state, the Slavic population and Slavic toponyms were found there: *bъrzъ, *sopot, *rěčina, *bystica, *foplica, *kaliga, *belgrad, *konotopa, etc. [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis. Ancient Slavs according to etymology and onomastics // Questions of linguistics. - 1982. - No. 5. - P.9] Thus, O.N. Trubachev believes that "the southern Vistula-Oder area ... approximately coincides with the northern periphery of the Middle Danubian area" [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Slavs // Questions of linguistics. - 1985. - No. 5. - P.12], and the area of ​​primary settlement of the Slavs coincides with the area of ​​​​primary settlement of speakers of the common Indo-European language.

CONCLUSION

The Slavs, having separated from the Indo-European family, constituted a certain array of kindred tribes, distinguished primarily in linguistic terms. But it cannot be assumed that this array was isolated from other ethnic groups, developed on its own until the Slavs formed. In fact, the process of ethnogenesis is much more difficult and contradictory. The most ancient Proto-Slavs occupied a fairly large area and were in contact with the populations of different cultures, mixed with different tribes.

Some researchers are already inclined to see the future in this, that the Slavs from the very beginning were by no means homogeneous, from ancient times they went along almost different paths. But in reality this long preparatory process culminated in the formation of tribal groups or alliances of tribes. Indeed, in the VI-VII centuries. the Slavs had several large groups and many small tribes, but the main thing is that they had a single identity. In addition, at that time there was an active movement of the Slavs over a vast territory. On the one hand, this led to the mixing of the Slavs of different regions and the strengthening of the consciousness of unity throughout the Slavic world. But on the other hand, it was at this time that the Slavs began to move into new territories and mix with various foreign-speaking groups. This led to a further (VIII-IX centuries) division of the Slavic community into three branches: western, eastern and southern.

But, despite the inconsistency of the stated points of view on the beginning of the formation of the Slavic community and the ethnicity of individual cultures, almost all researchers unanimously agree that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. the territory between the middle Dnieper and the Bug was occupied by Slavic tribes. Ethnic processes are ongoing, and all archaeological cultures left by the Slavic or non-Slavic population had more or less to do with the formation of Slavic early medieval communities, while making their own contribution to the creation of the physical type of the Slavs, to the development of their material, spiritual and industrial activities.

The question of the ancestral home of the Slavs continues to remain open. Scientists put forward more and more evidence in favor of a particular hypothesis. In particular, G.A.Khaburgaev believes that the Proto-Slavic tribes arose as a result of crossing the West Baltic tribes with Italics, Thracians (in the region of modern northern Poland) and Iranian tribes (on the Desna River).

LITERATURE

Alekseeva T. I. Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs according to anthropological data. - M., 1973. Bernstein S.B. Essay on comparative grammar of Slavic languages, M., 1961.

Janitor F. Slavs in European history and civilization. - M., 2001.

Kalashnikov V.L. Slavic civilization. - M., 2000.

Kobychev V.P. In search of the ancestral home of the Slavs. - M., 1973.

Lyapushkin I.I. Slavs of Eastern Europe on the eve of the formation of the ancient Russian state (VIII - first half of the IX century). Historical and archaeological essays - L., 1968.

Niederle L. Slavic antiquities, trans. from Czech. - M., 2000.

Pogodin A.L. From the history of Slavic movements. - St. Petersburg, 1901.

Sedov V.V. Slavs in antiquity. - M., 1994.

Semenova M. We are Slavs. - St. Petersburg, 1997.

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