Heroes of the Soviet Union children and their exploits. The life of children during the Great Patriotic War

27.09.2019

Everything you need for the exam in social studies

Comparative characteristics of -C3 and -C4 plants

Already in the first days of the war, while defending the Brest Fortress, a student of the musical platoon, 14-year-old Petya Klypa, distinguished himself. Many pioneers participated in partisan detachments, where they were often used as scouts and saboteurs, as well as in carrying out underground activities; Among the young partisans, Marat Kazei, Volodya Dubinin, Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik are especially famous (all of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who was blown up by a mine; and all of them, except for the older Lenya Golikov, were 13-14 years old at the time of their death) .

There were often cases when teenagers school age fought as part of military units(the so-called “sons and daughters of regiments” - the story of the same name by Valentin Kataev, the prototype of which was 11-year-old Isaac Rakov, is known).

For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals:
The Order of Lenin was awarded to Tolya Shumov, Vitya Korobkov, Volodya Kaznacheev; Order of the Red Banner - Volodya Dubinin, Yuliy Kantemirov, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Petya Klypa, Valery Volkov, Sasha Kovalev; Order of the Red Star - Volodya Samorukha, Shura Efremov, Vanya Andrianov, Vitya Kovalenko, Lenya Ankinovich.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded
medal “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War”,
medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" - over 15,000,
“For the Defense of Moscow” - over 20,000 medals
Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title
Hero of the Soviet Union:
Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.

There was a war going on. Enemy bombers were buzzing hysterically over the village where Sasha lived. The native land was trampled by the enemy's boot. Sasha Borodulin, a pioneer with the warm heart of a young Leninist, could not put up with this. He decided to fight the fascists. Got a rifle. Having killed a fascist motorcyclist, he took his first battle trophy - a real German machine gun. Day after day he conducted reconnaissance. More than once he went on the most dangerous missions. He was responsible for many destroyed vehicles and soldiers. For carrying out dangerous tasks, for demonstrating courage, resourcefulness and courage, Sasha Borodulin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in the winter of 1941.

Punishers tracked down the partisans. The detachment escaped them for three days, twice broke out of encirclement, but the enemy ring closed again. Then the commander called for volunteers to cover the detachment’s retreat. Sasha was the first to step forward. Five took the fight. One by one they died. Sasha was left alone. It was still possible to retreat - the forest was nearby, but the detachment valued every minute that would delay the enemy, and Sasha fought to the end. He, allowing the Nazis to close a ring around him, grabbed a grenade and blew them up and himself. Sasha Borodulin died, but his memory lives on. The memory of the heroes is eternal!

After the death of her mother, Marat and her older sister Ariadne went to the partisan detachment named after. 25th anniversary of October (November 1942).

When the partisan detachment was leaving the encirclement, Ariadne's legs were frozen, and therefore she was taken by plane to Mainland, where she had to have both legs amputated. Marat, as a minor, was also offered to evacuate along with his sister, but he refused and remained in the detachment.

Subsequently, Marat was a scout at the headquarters of the partisan brigade named after. K.K. Rokossovsky. In addition to reconnaissance, he participated in raids and sabotage. For courage and bravery in battles he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, medals “For Courage” (wounded, raised partisans to attack) and “For Military Merit”. Returning from reconnaissance and surrounded by the Germans, Marat Kazei blew himself up with a grenade.

When the war began, and the Nazis were approaching Leningrad, for underground work in the village of Tarnovichi - in the south Leningrad region- high school counselor Anna Petrovna Semenova was left behind. To communicate with the partisans, she selected her most reliable pioneers, and the first among them was Galina Komleva. During her six school years, the cheerful, brave, inquisitive girl was awarded books six times with the caption: “For excellent studies.”
The young messenger brought assignments from the partisans to her counselor, and forwarded her reports to the detachment along with bread, potatoes, and food, which were obtained with great difficulty. One day, when a messenger from a partisan detachment did not arrive on time at the meeting place, Galya, half-frozen, made her way into the detachment, handed over a report and, having warmed up a little, hurried back, carrying a new task to the underground fighters.
Together with Komsomol member Tasya Yakovleva, Galya wrote leaflets and scattered them around the village at night. The Nazis tracked down and captured the young underground fighters. They kept me in the Gestapo for two months. They beat me severely, threw me into a cell, and in the morning they took me out again for interrogation. Galya didn’t say anything to the enemy, didn’t betray anyone. The young patriot was shot.
The Motherland celebrated the feat of Galya Komleva with the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.

Chernihiv region. The front came close to the village of Pogoreltsy. On the outskirts, covering the withdrawal of our units, a company held the defense. A boy brought cartridges to the soldiers. His name was Vasya Korobko.
Night. Vasya creeps up to the school building occupied by the Nazis.
He makes his way into the pioneer room, takes out the pioneer banner and hides it securely.
The outskirts of the village. Under the bridge - Vasya. He pulls out iron brackets, saws down the piles, and at dawn, from a hiding place, watches the bridge collapse under the weight of a fascist armored personnel carrier. The partisans were convinced that Vasya could be trusted, and entrusted him with a serious task: to become a scout in the enemy’s lair. At the fascist headquarters, he lights the stoves, chops wood, and he takes a closer look, remembers, and passes on information to the partisans. The punishers, who planned to exterminate the partisans, forced the boy to lead them into the forest. But Vasya led the Nazis to a police ambush. The Nazis, mistaking them for partisans in the dark, opened furious fire, killed all the policemen and themselves suffered heavy losses.
Together with the partisans, Vasya destroyed nine echelons and hundreds of Nazis. In one of the battles he was hit by an enemy bullet. Your little hero, who lived a short, but such bright life, The Motherland awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War,” 1st degree.

She was executed twice by the Nazis, and by her fighting friends long years Nadya was considered dead. They even erected a monument to her.
It’s hard to believe, but when she became a scout in the partisan detachment of “Uncle Vanya” Dyachkov, she was not yet ten years old. Small, thin, she, pretending to be a beggar, wandered among the Nazis, noticing everything, remembering everything, and brought the most valuable information to the detachment. And then, together with partisan fighters, she blew up the fascist headquarters, derailed a train with military equipment, and mined objects.
The first time she was captured was when, together with Vanya Zvontsov, she hung out a red flag in enemy-occupied Vitebsk on November 7, 1941. They beat her with ramrods, tortured her, and when they brought her to the ditch to shoot her, she no longer had any strength left - she fell into the ditch, momentarily outstripping the bullet. Vanya died, and the partisans found Nadya alive in a ditch...
The second time she was captured at the end of 1943. And again torture: they doused her in the cold ice water, burned a five-pointed star on the back. Considering the scout dead, the Nazis abandoned her when the partisans attacked Karasevo. Local residents came out paralyzed and almost blind. After the war in Odessa, Academician V.P. Filatov restored Nadya’s sight.
15 years later, she heard on the radio how the intelligence chief of the 6th detachment, Slesarenko - her commander - said that the soldiers would never forget their fallen comrades, and named among them Nadya Bogdanova, who saved his life, a wounded man...
Only then did she show up, only then did the people who worked with her learn about what an amazing destiny of a person she, Nadya Bogdanova, was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and medals.

For the operation of reconnaissance and explosion of the railway. bridge over the Drissa River, Leningrad schoolgirl Larisa Mikheenko was nominated for a government award. But the Motherland did not have time to present the award to her brave daughter...
The war cut the girl off from her hometown: in the summer she went on vacation to the Pustoshkinsky district, but was unable to return - the village was occupied by the Nazis. The pioneer dreamed of breaking out of Hitler's slavery and making her way to her own people. And one night she left the village with two older friends.
At the headquarters of the 6th Kalinin Brigade, the commander, Major P.V. Ryndin, initially found himself accepting “such little ones”: what kind of partisans are they? But how much even very young citizens can do for the Motherland! The girls were able to do what they couldn’t strong men. Dressed in rags, Lara walked through the villages, finding out where and how the guns were located, the sentries were posted, what German vehicles were moving along the highway, what kind of trains were coming to Pustoshka station and with what cargo.
She also took part in combat operations...
The young partisan, betrayed by a traitor in the village of Ignatovo, was shot by the Nazis. The Decree on awarding Larisa Mikheenko the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, states bitter word: "Posthumously."

June 11, 1944 on central square In Kyiv, units were lined up to go to the front. And before this battle formation, they read out the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the pioneer Kostya Kravchuk with the Order of the Red Banner for saving and preserving two battle flags of rifle regiments during the occupation of the city of Kyiv...
Retreating from Kyiv, two wounded soldiers entrusted Kostya with the banners. And Kostya promised to keep them.
At first I buried it in the garden under a pear tree: I thought our people would return soon. But the war dragged on, and, having dug up the banners, Kostya kept them in the barn until he remembered an old, abandoned well outside the city, near the Dnieper. Having wrapped his priceless treasure in burlap and rolled it with straw, he got out of the house at dawn and, with a canvas bag over his shoulder, led a cow to a distant forest. And there, looking around, he hid the bundle in the well, covered it with branches, dry grass, turf...
And throughout the long occupation the pioneer carried out his difficult guard at the banner, although he was caught in a raid, and even fled from the train in which the Kievites were driven away to Germany.
When Kyiv was liberated, Kostya, in a white shirt with a red tie, came to the military commandant of the city and unfurled banners in front of the well-worn and yet amazed soldiers.
On June 11, 1944, the newly formed units leaving for the front were given replacements by the rescued Kostya.

Leonid Golikov was born in the village of Lukino, now Parfinsky district, Novgorod region, into a working-class family.
Graduated from 7th grade. He worked at plywood factory No. 2 in the village of Parfino.

Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the fourth Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. He especially distinguished himself during the defeat of German garrisons in the villages of Aprosovo, Sosnitsy, and Sever.

In total, he destroyed: 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food and fodder warehouses and 10 vehicles with ammunition. Accompanied a convoy with food (250 carts) to besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, the medal “For Courage” and the Partisan of the Patriotic War medal, 2nd degree.

On August 13, 1942, returning from reconnaissance from the Luga-Pskov highway, not far from the village of Varnitsa, Strugokrasnensky district, he blew up a passenger car, in which was the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. The report from the detachment commander indicated that in a shootout Golikov shot the general, the officer accompanying him and the driver with a machine gun, but after that, in 1943-1944, General Wirtz commanded the 96th Infantry Division, and in 1945 he was captured by American troops . The intelligence officer delivered a briefcase with documents to the brigade headquarters. These included drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and other important military papers. Nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

On January 24, 1943, in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region, Leonid Golikov died.

Valya Kotik Born on February 11, 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district. In the fall of 1941, together with his comrades, he killed the head of the field gendarmerie near the town of Shepetovka. In the battle for the city of Izyaslav in the Khmelnytsky region, on February 16, 1944, he was mortally wounded. In 1958, Valya was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Wherever the blue-eyed girl Yuta went, her red tie was always with her...
In the summer of 1941, she came from Leningrad on vacation to a village near Pskov. Here terrible news overtook Utah: war! Here she saw the enemy. Utah began to help the partisans. At first she was a messenger, then a scout. Dressed as a beggar boy, she collected information from the villages: where the fascist headquarters were, how they were guarded, how many machine guns there were.
Returning from a mission, I immediately tied a red tie. And it was as if the strength was increasing! Utah supported the tired soldiers with a sonorous pioneer song and a story about their native Leningrad...
And how happy everyone was, how the partisans congratulated Utah when the message came to the detachment: the blockade had been broken! Leningrad survived, Leningrad won! That day, both Yuta’s blue eyes and her red tie shone as it seems never before.
But the earth was still groaning under the enemy’s yoke, and the detachment, together with units of the Red Army, left to help the Estonian partisans. In one of the battles - near the Estonian farm of Rostov - Yuta Bondarovskaya, the little heroine of the great war, a pioneer who did not part with her red tie, died a heroic death. The Motherland awarded its heroic daughter posthumously with the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree, and the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.

An ordinary black bag would not attract the attention of visitors to a local history museum if it were not for a red tie lying next to it. A boy or girl will involuntarily freeze, an adult will stop, and they will read the yellowed certificate issued by the commissioner
partisan detachment. The fact that the young owner of these relics, pioneer Lida Vashkevich, risking her life, helped fight the Nazis. There is another reason to stop near these exhibits: Lida was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree.
...In the city of Grodno, occupied by the Nazis, a communist underground operated. One of the groups was led by Lida’s father. Contacts of underground fighters and partisans came to him, and each time the commander’s daughter was on duty at the house. From the outside looking in, she was playing. And she peered vigilantly, listened, to see if the policemen, the patrol, were approaching,
and, if necessary, gave a sign to her father. Dangerous? Very. But compared to other tasks, this was almost a game. Lida obtained paper for leaflets by buying a couple of sheets from different stores, often with the help of her friends. A pack will be collected, the girl will hide it at the bottom of a black bag and deliver it to the appointed place. And the next day the whole city reads
words of truth about the victories of the Red Army near Moscow and Stalingrad.
The girl warned the people's avengers about the raids while going around safe houses. She traveled from station to station by train to convey an important message to the partisans and underground fighters. She carried the explosives past the fascist posts in the same black bag, filled to the top with coal and trying not to bend so as not to arouse suspicion - coal is lighter explosives...
This is what kind of bag ended up in the Grodno Museum. And the tie that Lida was wearing in her bosom back then: she couldn’t, didn’t want to part with it.

Every summer, Nina and her younger brother and sister were taken from Leningrad to the village of Nechepert, where there is clean air, soft grass, honey and fresh milk... Roar, explosions, flames and smoke hit this quiet land in the fourteenth summer of pioneer Nina Kukoverova. War! From the first days of the arrival of the Nazis, Nina became a partisan intelligence officer. I remembered everything I saw around me and reported it to the detachment.
A punitive detachment is located in the village of the mountain, all approaches are blocked, even the most experienced scouts cannot get through. Nina volunteered to go. She walked for a dozen kilometers through a snow-covered plain and field. The Nazis did not pay attention to the chilled, tired girl with a bag, but nothing escaped her attention - neither the headquarters, nor the fuel depot, nor the location of the sentries. And when the partisan detachment set out on a campaign at night, Nina walked next to the commander as a scout, as a guide. That night, fascist warehouses flew into the air, the headquarters burst into flames, and the punitive forces fell, struck down by fierce fire.
Nina, a pioneer who was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree, went on combat missions more than once.
The young heroine died. But the memory of Russia’s daughter is alive. She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. Nina Kukoverova is forever included in her pioneer squad.

He dreamed of heaven when he was just a boy. Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich Kamanin, a pilot, participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites, for which he received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And my father’s friend, Mikhail Vasilyevich Vodopyanov, is always nearby. There was something to make the boy's heart burn. But they didn’t let him fly, they told him to grow up.
When the war began, he went to work at an aircraft factory, then he used the airfield for any opportunity to take to the skies. Experienced pilots, even if only for a few minutes, sometimes trusted him to fly the plane. One day the cockpit glass was broken by an enemy bullet. The pilot was blinded. Losing consciousness, he managed to hand over control to Arkady, and the boy landed the plane at his airfield.
After this, Arkady was allowed to seriously study flying, and soon he began to fly on his own.
One day, from above, a young pilot saw our plane shot down by the Nazis. Under heavy mortar fire, Arkady landed, carried the pilot into his plane, took off and returned to his own. The Order of the Red Star shone on his chest. For participation in battles with the enemy, Arkady was awarded the second Order of the Red Star. By that time he had already become an experienced pilot, although he was fifteen years old.
Arkady Kamanin fought with the Nazis until the victory. The young hero dreamed of the sky and conquered the sky!

1941... In the spring, Volodya Kaznacheev graduated from fifth grade. In the fall he joined the partisan detachment.
When, together with his sister Anya, he came to the partisans in the Kletnyansky forests in the Bryansk region, the detachment said: “What a reinforcement!..” True, having learned that they were from Solovyanovka, the children of Elena Kondratyevna Kaznacheeva, the one who baked bread for the partisans , they stopped joking (Elena Kondratievna was killed by the Nazis).
The detachment had a “partisan school”. Future miners and demolition workers trained there. Volodya mastered this science perfectly and, together with his senior comrades, derailed eight echelons. He also had to cover the group’s retreat, stopping the pursuers with grenades...
He was a liaison; he often went to Kletnya, delivering valuable information; After waiting until dark, he posted leaflets. From operation to operation he became more experienced and skillful.
The Nazis placed a reward on the head of partisan Kzanacheev, not even suspecting that their brave opponent was just a boy. He fought alongside the adults until the day he motherland was not freed from the fascist evil spirits, and rightfully shared with the adults the glory of the hero - the liberator of his native land. Volodya Kaznacheev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.

The Brest Fortress was the first to take the enemy's blow. Bombs and shells exploded, walls collapsed, people died both in the fortress and in the city of Brest. From the first minutes, Valya’s father went into battle. He left and did not return, died a hero, like many defenders of the Brest Fortress.
And the Nazis forced Valya to make her way into the fortress under fire in order to convey to its defenders the demand to surrender. Valya made her way into the fortress, talked about the atrocities of the Nazis, explained what weapons they had, indicated their location and stayed to help our soldiers. She bandaged the wounded, collected cartridges and brought them to the soldiers.
There was not enough water in the fortress, it was divided by sip. The thirst was painful, but Valya again and again refused her sip: the wounded needed water. When the command of the Brest Fortress decided to take the children and women out from under fire and transport them to the other side of the Mukhavets River - there was no other way to save their lives - the little nurse Valya Zenkina asked to be left with the soldiers. But an order is an order, and then she vowed to continue the fight against the enemy until complete victory.
And Valya kept her vow. Various trials befell her. But she survived. She survived. And she continued her struggle in the partisan detachment. She fought bravely, along with adults. For courage and bravery, the Motherland awarded its young daughter the Order of the Red Star.

Pioneer Vitya Khomenko passed his heroic path of struggle against the fascists in the underground organization “Nikolaev Center”.
...Vitya’s German at school was “excellent”, and the underground workers instructed the pioneer to get a job in the officers’ mess. He washed dishes, sometimes served officers in the hall and listened to their conversations. In drunken arguments, the fascists blurted out information that was of great interest to the Nikolaev Center.
The officers began sending the fast, smart boy on errands, and soon he was made a messenger at headquarters. It could never have occurred to them that the most secret packages were the first to be read by underground workers at the turnout...
Together with Shura Kober, Vitya received the task of crossing the front line to establish contact with Moscow. In Moscow, at the headquarters partisan movement, they reported the situation and talked about what they observed along the way.
Returning to Nikolaev, the guys delivered a radio transmitter, explosives, and weapons to the underground fighters. And again fight without fear or hesitation. On December 5, 1942, ten underground members were captured by the Nazis and executed. Among them are two boys - Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko. They lived as heroes and died as heroes.
The Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - posthumously - was awarded by the Motherland to its fearless son. The school where he studied is named after Vitya Khomenko.

Zina Portnova was born on February 20, 1926 in the city of Leningrad into a working-class family. Belarusian by nationality. Graduated from 7th grade.

At the beginning of June 1941, she came for school holidays to the village of Zui, near the Obol station, Shumilinsky district, Vitebsk region. After the Nazi invasion of the USSR, Zina Portnova found herself in occupied territory. Since 1942, a member of the Obol underground organization “Young Avengers,” whose leader was the future Hero of the Soviet Union E. S. Zenkova, a member of the organization’s committee. While underground she was accepted into the Komsomol.

She participated in the distribution of leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders. While working in the canteen of a retraining course for German officers, at the direction of the underground, she poisoned the food (more than a hundred officers died). During the proceedings, wanting to prove to the Germans that she was not involved, she tried the poisoned soup. Miraculously, she survived.

Since August 1943, scout of the partisan detachment named after. K. E. Voroshilova. In December 1943, returning from a mission to find out the reasons for the failure of the Young Avengers organization, she was captured in the village of Mostishche and identified by a certain Anna Khrapovitskaya. During one of the interrogations at the Gestapo in the village of Goryany (Belarus), she grabbed the investigator’s pistol from the table, shot him and two other Nazis, tried to escape, and was captured. After torture, she was shot in a prison in Polotsk (according to another version, in the village of Goryany, now Polotsk district, Vitebsk region of Belarus).

Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Alexander Matrosov

Submachine gunner of the 2nd separate battalion of the 91st separate Siberian volunteer brigade named after Stalin.

Sasha Matrosov did not know his parents. He was brought up in an orphanage and a labor colony. When the war began, he was not even 20. Matrosov was drafted into the army in September 1942 and sent to the infantry school, and then to the front.

In February 1943, his battalion attacked a Nazi stronghold, but fell into a trap, coming under heavy fire, cutting off the path to the trenches. They fired from three bunkers. Two soon fell silent, but the third continued to shoot the Red Army soldiers lying in the snow.

Seeing that the only chance to get out from under fire was to suppress the enemy’s fire, Sailors and a fellow soldier crawled to the bunker and threw two grenades in his direction. The machine gun fell silent. The Red Army soldiers went on the attack, but deadly weapon it began to chirp again. Alexander’s partner was killed, and Sailors was left alone in front of the bunker. Something had to be done.

He didn't have even a few seconds to make a decision. Not wanting to let his comrades down, Alexander closed the bunker embrasure with his body. The attack was a success. And Matrosov posthumously received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Military pilot, commander of the 2nd squadron of the 207th long-range bomber aviation regiment, captain.

He worked as a mechanic, then in 1932 he was drafted into the Red Army. He ended up in an air regiment, where he became a pilot. Nikolai Gastello participated in three wars. A year before the Great Patriotic War, he received the rank of captain.

On June 26, 1941, the crew under the command of Captain Gastello took off to strike a German mechanized column. It happened on the road between the Belarusian cities of Molodechno and Radoshkovichi. But the column was well guarded by enemy artillery. A fight ensued. Gastello's plane was hit by anti-aircraft guns. The shell damaged the fuel tank and the car caught fire. The pilot could have ejected, but he decided to fulfill his military duty to the end. Nikolai Gastello directed the burning car directly at the enemy column. This was the first fire ram in the Great Patriotic War.

The name of the brave pilot became a household name. Until the end of the war, all aces who decided to ram were called Gastellites. If you follow official statistics, then during the entire war there were almost six hundred ramming attacks on the enemy.

Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade.

Lena was 15 years old when the war began. He was already working at a factory, having completed seven years of school. When the Nazis captured his native Novgorod region, Lenya joined the partisans.

He was brave and decisive, the command valued him. Over the several years spent in the partisan detachment, he participated in 27 operations. He was responsible for several destroyed bridges behind enemy lines, 78 Germans killed, and 10 trains with ammunition.

It was he who, in the summer of 1942, near the village of Varnitsa, blew up a car in which was the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. Golikov managed to get important documents about the German advance. The enemy attack was thwarted, and the young hero was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for this feat.

In the winter of 1943, a significantly superior enemy detachment unexpectedly attacked the partisans near the village of Ostray Luka. Lenya Golikov died like a real hero - in battle.

Pioneer. Scout of the Voroshilov partisan detachment in the territory occupied by the Nazis.

Zina was born and went to school in Leningrad. However, the war found her on the territory of Belarus, where she came on vacation.

In 1942, 16-year-old Zina joined the underground organization “Young Avengers”. She distributed anti-fascist leaflets in the occupied territories. Then, undercover, she got a job in a canteen for German officers, where she committed several acts of sabotage and was only miraculously not captured by the enemy. Many experienced military men were surprised at her courage.

In 1943, Zina Portnova joined the partisans and continued to engage in sabotage behind enemy lines. Due to the efforts of defectors who surrendered Zina to the Nazis, she was captured. She was interrogated and tortured in the dungeons. But Zina remained silent, not betraying her own. During one of these interrogations, she grabbed a pistol from the table and shot three Nazis. After that she was shot in prison.

Underground anti-fascist organization, operating in the area of modern Lugansk region. There were more than a hundred people. The youngest participant was 14 years old.

This underground youth organization was formed immediately after the occupation of the Lugansk region. It included both regular military personnel who found themselves cut off from the main units, and local youth. Among the most famous participants: Oleg Koshevoy, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Vasily Levashov, Sergey Tyulenin and many other young people.

The Young Guard issued leaflets and committed sabotage against the Nazis. Once they managed to disable an entire tank repair workshop and burn down the stock exchange, from where the Nazis were driving people away for forced labor in Germany. Members of the organization planned to stage an uprising, but were discovered due to traitors. The Nazis captured, tortured and shot more than seventy people. Their feat is immortalized in one of the most famous military books by Alexander Fadeev and the film adaptation of the same name.

28 people from the personnel of the 4th company of the 2nd battalion of the 1075th rifle regiment.

In November 1941, a counter-offensive against Moscow began. The enemy stopped at nothing, making a decisive forced march before the onset of a harsh winter.

At this time, fighters under the command of Ivan Panfilov took up a position on the highway seven kilometers from Volokolamsk, a small town near Moscow. There they gave battle to the advancing tank units. The battle lasted four hours. During this time, they destroyed 18 armored vehicles, delaying the enemy's attack and thwarting his plans. All 28 people (or almost all, historians’ opinions differ here) died.

According to legend, the company political instructor Vasily Klochkov, before the decisive stage of the battle, addressed the soldiers with a phrase that became known throughout the country: “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind us!”

The Nazi counteroffensive ultimately failed. The Battle of Moscow, which was assigned the most important role during the war, was lost by the occupiers.

As a child, the future hero suffered from rheumatism, and doctors doubted that Maresyev would be able to fly. However, he stubbornly applied to the flight school until he was finally enrolled. Maresyev was drafted into the army in 1937.

He met the Great Patriotic War in flight school, but soon found himself at the front. During a combat mission, his plane was shot down, and Maresyev himself was able to eject. Eighteen days later, seriously wounded in both legs, he got out of the encirclement. However, he still managed to overcome the front line and ended up in the hospital. But gangrene had already set in, and doctors amputated both of his legs.

For many, this would have meant the end of their service, but the pilot did not give up and returned to aviation. Until the end of the war he flew with prosthetics. Over the years, he made 86 combat missions and shot down 11 enemy aircraft. Moreover, 7 - after amputation. In 1944, Alexey Maresyev went to work as an inspector and lived to be 84 years old.

His fate inspired the writer Boris Polevoy to write “The Tale of a Real Man.”

Deputy squadron commander of the 177th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Regiment.

Viktor Talalikhin began to fight already in the Soviet-Finnish war. He shot down 4 enemy planes in a biplane. Then he served at an aviation school.

In August 1941, he was one of the first Soviet pilots to ram, shooting down a German bomber in a night air battle. Moreover, the wounded pilot was able to get out of the cockpit and parachute down to the rear to his own.

Talalikhin then shot down five more German aircraft. He died during another air battle near Podolsk in October 1941.

73 years later, in 2014, search engines found Talalikhin’s plane, which remained in the swamps near Moscow.

Artilleryman of the 3rd counter-battery artillery corps of the Leningrad Front.

Soldier Andrei Korzun was drafted into the army at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. He served on the Leningrad Front, where there were fierce and bloody battles.

On November 5, 1943, during another battle, his battery came under fierce enemy fire. Korzun was seriously injured. Despite the terrible pain, he saw that the powder charges were set on fire and the ammunition depot could fly into the air. Gathering his last strength, Andrei crawled to the blazing fire. But he could no longer take off his overcoat to cover the fire. Losing consciousness, he made a final effort and covered the fire with his body. The explosion was avoided at the cost of the life of the brave artilleryman.

Commander of the 3rd Leningrad Partisan Brigade.

A native of Petrograd, Alexander German, according to some sources, was a native of Germany. He served in the army since 1933. When the war started, I joined the scouts. He worked behind enemy lines, commanded a partisan detachment that terrified enemy soldiers. His brigade destroyed several thousand fascist soldiers and officers, derailed hundreds of trains and blew up hundreds of cars.

The Nazis staged a real hunt for Herman. In 1943, his partisan detachment was surrounded in the Pskov region. Making his way to his own, the brave commander died from an enemy bullet.

Commander of the 30th Separate Guards Tank Brigade of the Leningrad Front

Vladislav Khrustitsky was drafted into the Red Army back in the 20s. At the end of the 30s he completed armored courses. Since the fall of 1942, he commanded the 61st separate light tank brigade.

He distinguished himself during Operation Iskra, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Germans on the Leningrad Front.

Killed in the battle near Volosovo. In 1944, the enemy retreated from Leningrad, but from time to time they attempted to counterattack. During one of these counterattacks, Khrustitsky's tank brigade fell into a trap.

Despite heavy fire, the commander ordered the offensive to continue. He radioed to his crews with the words: “Fight to the death!” - and went forward first. Unfortunately, the brave tanker died in this battle. And yet the village of Volosovo was liberated from the enemy.

Commander of a partisan detachment and brigade.

Before the war he worked for railway. In October 1941, when the Germans were already near Moscow, he himself volunteered for a complex operation in which his railway experience was needed. Was thrown behind enemy lines. There he came up with the so-called “coal mines” (in fact, these are just mines disguised as coal). With the help of this simple but effective weapon, hundreds of enemy trains were blown up in three months.

Zaslonov actively agitated the local population to go over to the side of the partisans. The Nazis, realizing this, dressed their soldiers in Soviet uniforms. Zaslonov mistook them for defectors and ordered them to join the partisan detachment. The way was open for the insidious enemy. A battle ensued, during which Zaslonov died. A reward was announced for Zaslonov, alive or dead, but the peasants hid his body, and the Germans did not get it.

Commander of a small partisan detachment.

Efim Osipenko fought back in Civil War. Therefore, when the enemy captured his land, without thinking twice, he joined the partisans. Together with five other comrades, he organized a small partisan detachment that committed sabotage against the Nazis.

During one of the operations, it was decided to undermine the enemy personnel. But the detachment had little ammunition. The bomb was made from an ordinary grenade. Osipenko himself had to install the explosives. He crawled towards railway bridge and, seeing the train approaching, threw it in front of the train. There was no explosion. Then the partisan himself hit the grenade with a pole from railway sign. It worked! A long train with food and tanks went downhill. The detachment commander survived, but completely lost his sight.

For this feat, he was the first in the country to be awarded the “Partisan of the Patriotic War” medal.

Peasant Matvey Kuzmin was born three years before the abolition of serfdom. And he died, becoming the oldest holder of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

His story contains many references to the story of another famous peasant - Ivan Susanin. Matvey also had to lead the invaders through the forest and swamps. And, like the legendary hero, he decided to stop the enemy at the cost of his life. He sent his grandson ahead to warn a detachment of partisans who had stopped nearby. The Nazis were ambushed. A fight ensued. Matvey Kuzmin died at the hands of a German officer. But he did his job. He was 84 years old.

A partisan who was part of a sabotage and reconnaissance group at the headquarters of the Western Front.

While studying at school, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya wanted to enter a literary institute. But these plans were not destined to come true - the war interfered. In October 1941, Zoya came to the recruiting station as a volunteer and, after a short training at a school for saboteurs, was transferred to Volokolamsk. There, an 18-year-old partisan fighter, along with adult men, performed dangerous tasks: mined roads and destroyed communication centers.

During one of the sabotage operations, Kosmodemyanskaya was caught by the Germans. She was tortured, forcing her to give up her own people. Zoya heroically endured all the trials without saying a word to her enemies. Seeing that it was impossible to achieve anything from the young partisan, they decided to hang her.

Kosmodemyanskaya bravely accepted the tests. Moments before her death, she shouted to the assembled locals: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers Before it’s too late, surrender!” The girl’s courage shocked the peasants so much that they later retold this story to front-line correspondents. And after publication in the newspaper Pravda, the whole country learned about Kosmodemyanskaya’s feat. She became the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

War has no face. War has no age, gender or nationality. War is terrible. War does not choose. Every year we remember the war that claimed millions of lives. Every year we thank those who fought for our country.

From 1941 to 1945, several tens of thousands of minor children took part in hostilities. “Sons of the regiment”, pioneers - village boys and girls, guys from cities - they were posthumously recognized as heroes, although they were much younger than you and me. Along with adults, they suffered hardships, defended, shot, were captured, sacrificed with our own lives. They ran away from home to the front to defend their homeland. They stayed at home and suffered terrible hardships. In the rear and on the front line, they accomplished a small feat every day. They didn't have time for childhood, they didn't get years to grow up. They grew up minute by minute, because war does not have a childish face.

This collection contains only a few stories of children who died on the front line for their own country; children who committed acts that adults were afraid to think about; children whom the war deprived of their childhood, but not their fortitude.

Marat Kazei, 14 years old, partisan

Member of the partisan detachment named after the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution, scout at the headquarters of the 200th partisan brigade named after Rokossovsky in the occupied territory of the Belarusian SSR.

Marat was born in 1929 in the village of Stankovo, Minsk region of Belarus, and managed to graduate from the 4th grade of a rural school. His parents were arrested on charges of sabotage and Trotskyism, his brothers and sisters were “scattered” among their grandparents. But the Kazey family was not angry with the Soviet regime: in 1941, when Belarus became an occupied territory, Anna Kazey, the wife of the “enemy of the people” and the mother of little Marat and Ariadne, hid wounded partisans in her home, for which she was hanged. Marat joined the partisans. He went on reconnaissance missions, took part in raids and undermined echelons.

And in May 1944, while performing another mission near the village of Khoromitskiye, Minsk Region, a 14-year-old soldier died. Returning from a mission together with the reconnaissance commander, they came across the Germans. The commander was killed immediately, and Marat, firing back, lay down in a hollow. There was nowhere to go; the teenager was seriously wounded in the arm. While there were cartridges, he held the defense, and when the magazine was empty, he took the last weapon - two grenades from his belt. He threw one at the Germans right away, and waited with the second: when the enemies came very close, he blew himself up along with them.

In 1965, Marat Kazei was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.

Boris Yasen, young actor

Boris Yasen is an actor who played Mishka Kvakin in the film “Timur and His Team.” According to some reports, in 1942 he returned from the front to take part in the filming of the film “Timur’s Oath.” Today, the young actor is considered missing. There is no information about Boris in the Memorial ODB.

Valya Kotik, 14 years old, scout

Valya is one of the youngest Heroes of the USSR. Born in 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district, Kamenets-Podolsk region of Ukraine. In a busy by German troops In the village, the boy secretly collected weapons and ammunition and handed them over to the partisans. And he fought his own little war, as he understood it: he drew and pasted caricatures of the Nazis in prominent places. In 1942, he began to carry out intelligence orders from the underground party organization, and in the fall of the same year he completed his first combat mission - he eliminated the head of the field gendarmerie. In October 1943, Valya explored the location of the underground telephone cable Hitler's rate, which was soon undermined. He also participated in the destruction of six railway trains and a warehouse. The guy was mortally wounded in February 1944.

In 1958, Valentin Kotik was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sasha Kolesnikov, 12 years old, son of the regiment

In March 1943, Sasha and a friend ran away from class and went to the front. He wanted to get to the unit where his father served as commander, but on the way he met a wounded tankman who fought in his father’s unit. Then I learned that the priest had received news from his mother about his escape and upon his arrival at the unit, a terrible scolding awaited him. This changed the boy’s plans, and he immediately joined the tankers who were heading to the rear for reorganization. Sasha lied to them that he was left all alone. So at the age of 12 he became a soldier, “the son of a regiment.”

He successfully went on reconnaissance missions several times and helped destroy a train with German ammunition. That time the Germans caught the boy and, brutalizing him, beat him for a long time, and then crucified him - nailed his hands. Sasha was saved by our scouts. During his service, Sasha grew to become a tank driver and knocked out several enemy vehicles. The soldiers called him only San Sanych.

He returned home in the summer of 1945.

Alyosha Yarsky, 17 years old

Alexey was an actor; you may remember him from the film “Gorky’s Childhood”, in which the boy played Lesha Peshkov. The guy volunteered for the front when he was 17 years old. Died on February 15, 1943 near Leningrad.

Lenya Golikov, 16 years old

When the war began, Lenya got a rifle and joined the partisans. Thin and short, he looked younger than his then 14 years. Under the guise of a beggar, Lenya walked around the villages, collecting the necessary information about the location of the fascist troops and the amount of their military equipment, and then passed this information on to the partisans.

In 1942 he joined the partisan detachment. He went on reconnaissance missions and brought important information. Lenya fought one battle alone against a fascist general. A grenade thrown by a boy hit a car. A Nazi man got out of it with a briefcase in his hands and, firing back, began to run. Lenya is behind him. He pursued the enemy for almost a kilometer and killed him. The briefcase contained important documents. Then the partisan headquarters immediately sent the papers by plane to Moscow.

From December 1942 to January 1943, the partisan detachment in which Golikov was located fought out of encirclement with fierce battles. The boy died in battle with punitive squad fascists on January 24, 1943 near the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov region.

Volodya Buryak, under 18 years old

It is unknown exactly how old Volodya was. We only know that in June 1942, when Vova Buryak sailed as a cabin boy on the ship “Impeccable” with his father, he had not yet reached conscription age. The boy's father was the captain of the ship.

On June 25, the ship accepted cargo in the port of Novorossiysk. The crew was faced with the task of breaking through to besieged Sevastopol. Then Vova fell ill, and the ship’s doctor prescribed bed rest for the guy. His mother lived in Novorossiysk, and he was sent home for treatment. Suddenly Vova remembered that he had forgotten to tell his crewmate where he had put one of the spare parts of the machine gun. He jumped out of bed and ran to the ship.

The sailors understood that this voyage would most likely be their last, because getting to Sevastopol was becoming more and more difficult every day. They left mementos and letters on the shore with a request to give them to their relatives. Having learned about what was happening, Volodya decided to stay on board the destroyer. When his father saw him on the deck, the guy replied that he could not leave. If he, the captain's son, leaves the ship, then everyone will definitely believe that the ship will not return from the attack.

"Impeccable" was attacked from the air on June 26 in the morning. Volodya stood at the machine gun and fired at enemy vehicles. When the ship began to go under water, Captain Buryak gave the order to abandon the ship. The board was empty, but captain 3rd rank Buryak and his son Volodya did not leave their combat post.

Zina Portnova, 17 years old

Zina served as a scout for a partisan detachment on the territory of the Belarusian SSR. In 1942, she joined the underground Komsomol youth organization “Young Avengers”. There, Zina actively participated in distributing propaganda leaflets and organized sabotage against the invaders. In 1943, Portnova was captured by the Germans. During the interrogation, she grabbed the investigator's pistol from the table, shot him and two other fascists, and tried to escape. But she failed to do this.

From Vasily Smirnov’s book “Zina Portnova”:

“She was interrogated by the executioners who were the most sophisticated in cruel torture…. They promised to save her life if only the young partisan confessed everything and named the names of all the underground fighters and partisans known to her. And again the Gestapo men were surprised by the unshakable firmness of this stubborn girl, who in their protocols was called a “Soviet bandit.” Zina, exhausted by torture, refused to answer questions, hoping that they would kill her faster... Once in the prison yard, prisoners saw how a completely gray-haired girl, when she was being led to another interrogation-torture, threw herself under the wheels of a passing truck. But the car was stopped, the girl was pulled out from under the wheels and again taken for interrogation...”

On January 10, 1944, 17-year-old Zina Portnova was shot. In 1985, she was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sasha Chekalin, 16 years old

At the age of 16, the village boy Sasha became a member of the “Advanced” partisan detachment in the Tula region. Together with other partisans, he set fire to fascist warehouses, blew up cars and eliminated enemy sentries and patrolmen.

In November 1941, Sasha became seriously ill. For some time he was in one of the villages of the Tula region, near the city of Likhvin, with a “trusted person.” One of the residents betrayed the young partisan to the Nazis. At night they broke into the house and grabbed Chekalin. When the door opened, Sasha threw a pre-prepared grenade at the Germans, but it did not explode.

The Nazis tortured the boy for several days. Then he was hanged. The body remained on the gallows for more than 20 days - they were not allowed to remove it. Sasha Chekalin was buried with full military honors only when the city was liberated from the invaders. In 1942 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

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State budget educational institution secondary vocational education

"Technical College of Management and Commerce"

Report

on the topic “Children of War”

Completed the work:

student of group 9T-12

Pavlova Anastasia

Checked:

Volochaeva T.V.

St. Petersburg 2015

Young fallen heroes

You remained young for us.

We are a living reminder

That the Fatherland has not forgotten you.

Life or death - and there is no middle.

Eternal gratitude to you all,

Little Stalwart Men

Girls worthy of poems...

War is a terrible and frightening word. This is the most difficult test for the entire people. Children are the most defenseless and vulnerable at this time. Their childhood is irretrievably gone, replaced by pain, suffering, loss of family and friends, and deprivation. The war squeezes fragile children's souls with a steel vice, wounding and crippling them.

“Children and war—there is no more terrible convergence of opposite things in the world,” Tvardovsky wrote in one of his essays.

Children and war are two incompatible concepts. War breaks and cripples the destinies of children. But the children lived and worked next to the adults, and with their hard work tried to bring victory closer...

Children of war had to become adults early. There was no one to look after them, no one to fulfill their whims. After all, their parents either fought or worked from morning to evening so that the country could win the war. Or their parents were no longer there... Often at the age of 14-15, children of war themselves began to work like adults: in factories, in the fields, on a farm or in a hospital.

Their fathers went to the front and died, and their mothers often did not know where to get food to survive the next day. In this regard, it was a little easier for the villagers. They had land that, although it produced a meager harvest, could still feed them a little. The children dug up the remains of potatoes and ran into the forest in search of mushrooms, berries and healthy roots. They had to work equally with adults, because there were not enough workers.

In cities, the situation was more complicated for children. Food was given out in rations, the portions were tiny. Factory workers could receive an increased portion of bread. Many industrial enterprises were evacuated deep into the country, and the families of the workers traveled with them. And the children went to work. And sometimes they worked faster and better, exceeding all established standards.

The children dreamed of repeating the exploits of their fathers and brothers. Many deliberately increased their age so that they would be taken to the front or to military school, to the school of young boys.

There have been many recorded cases of children joining the partisans, especially often in the occupied territories. They took revenge for their murdered loved ones, they took revenge cruelly and mercilessly. There were cases when children led fighting in the regular army against the Nazis. Many children tried to flee their homes for the war, but most of them were captured by the military police and returned to their homes. Soldiers often found children in ravaged and burned villages of the Soviet Union. Orphaned children were placed in orphanages specially created during the war, but sometimes boys were included in active combat units, where they received weapons and special uniforms. Some of the guys entered the army at the age of 9 - 11, and remained with their regiment on all fronts, from Russia to Germany, until the end of the war. By their 14th or 16th birthday, most of them returned home with medals of honor.

Children in the rear

In 1941-1942, the number of young people in defense enterprises increased. If in 1940 the share of teenagers in them was 6%, then in 1942 it was 18%, and in the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry it was 24-49.4%. Many of them became the founders of the patriotic movement in the very first days of the war. To work for yourself and a comrade who has gone to the front, to fulfill two norms during the war.

In December 1941, schoolchildren in the city of Gorky committed themselves, without interrupting their studies, to helping light industry enterprises in quickly fulfilling orders from the front. After classes, they worked in clothing factories, shoe workshops, took home orders and made spoons, mittens, socks, scarves, balaclavas, and participated in sewing uniforms.

In 1942, more than 3 thousand inexperienced, young workers joined the workshop of the Hammer and Sickle plant. Among them, about 100 people were former schoolchildren. They quickly mastered the profession of steelmaker, exceeded planned targets, and soon the whole country learned about the youth workshop.

In the first years of the war, several thousand graduates of vocational schools came to the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Their age did not exceed 15-17 years, but from the first days they began to service the largest units, worked at blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces, at 7 rolling mills, they worked on an equal basis with regular workers, participated in social competition, and showed examples of labor heroism. During the three years of the war, they smelted 1 million tons of steel, 570 thousand tons of cast iron, and produced 580 thousand tons of rolled products. Only at the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, where a lot of young people worked, during the war years such a quantity of shell steel was produced that would be enough to make 100 million shells and tank steel for 50 thousand heavy tanks.

In those days, many young men and women who came from Moscow schools could be seen at the plant. Wearing padded jackets and quilted trousers, and large, oversized boots with thick wooden soles, they stood at their work stations, some on special stands.

Nand on the collective farm front

Paying great tribute to the working class in ensuring victory over the Nazi invaders, one cannot help but talk about the enormous contribution to the overall victory of the Soviet peasantry. Despite the enormous difficulties that rural workers had to overcome, throughout the years of the war the front and rear were provided with agricultural products and necessary raw materials. A significant part of the male population of the village went into active service in the army, and basically all the work had to be done by women.

Therefore, the youngest citizens of our country - pioneers and schoolchildren of villages and villages - worked alongside their grandfathers, mothers, older brothers and sisters. They could be seen in the field and on the livestock farm, in the grain train and in the preparation of feed.

More than 20 million children helped adults and during the war years worked over 585 million workdays. Many of them were actively involved in work in the fields and farms in the very first days of the war.

Rural schoolchildren did not participate in any kind of work! They created posts to protect grain, conducted raids to check the readiness of collective farms for field work, collected ears of corn, fertilizers, cut off the tops of potato tubers for planting, looked after the young livestock farms, behind the work horses, they treated the grain, checked it for germination, and made shields for snow retention. For example, in 1942, 8 million were threshed from collected spikelets in 26 regions.

683 thousand pounds of grain. During the war years, the country's working peasantry showed their unity and strove to give the front and rear everything they could to help defend the Motherland and the great gains of the collective farm system.

Contribution of pioneers and schoolchildren

The defense of the Soviet Motherland from the fascist invasion required every citizen of the USSR to find their place in the general system of struggle at the front and in the rear. In the Directive of June 29, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party called on everyone Soviet people“to organize comprehensive assistance to the active army... to ensure that the army is supplied with everything necessary...”.

Exceptional patriotism in the movement to raise funds for the Red Army and Navy demonstrated by pioneers and schoolchildren. With the money they collected, pennies at a time, they purchased tanks, planes, Katyushas and other weapons and handed them over to the active army. The patriotic movement of pioneers and schoolchildren to raise funds for the construction of tanks and tank columns covered all schools in the country. By the spring of 1943, youth and schoolchildren had collected about 542 million rubles for armament for the active army.

Thus, in numerous forms of donations, in selfless work for the active army, high Soviet patriotism, monolithic unity, cohesion and friendship of the peoples of our country were manifested.

Pioneers and schoolchildren - with warriors

Pioneers and schoolchildren were constantly associated with front-line soldiers. In their work, they tried to be like adults, they perfectly understood the tasks at hand, they understood that only through the joint efforts of the rear and the front can they defeat the Nazi invaders, who interrupted peaceful life, deprived not only adults, but also children of joy and happiness, they realized: in order to return the interrupted joy, it is necessary to defeat the enemy, and for this you need to give the active army everything it needs. And they found various ways and means of helping the army that were feasible for them.

When a movement began in the country to prepare gifts for front-line soldiers, pioneers and schoolchildren took an active part in it. For example, in July 1941, about 100 thousand various gifts were sent to front-line soldiers from Leningrad schoolchildren. In 1942, pioneers and schoolchildren of the Yegoryevsky district of the Moscow region made 18 thousand envelopes, 2 thousand handkerchiefs and 2 thousand lovingly embroidered tobacco pouches for front-line soldiers.

When the movement to collect warm clothes began, pioneers and schoolchildren also actively took part. Girls knitted mittens, sweaters, socks, and balaclavas, and boys organized shoe repair workshops in schools.

As a rule, each parcel with gifts from schoolchildren to front-line soldiers was accompanied by a letter that could not help but touch the soul and heart of the soldier or commander. Many of them contained letters entitled “Avenge Dad!” This meant that the boy or girl who, with their little hands, prepared this gift for the warrior, was already orphaned. Their fathers, defending their homeland and expelling the fascists from our land, died heroically and will never return to them.

Many pioneers and schoolchildren donated money earned on collective farms and enterprises for collecting medicinal plants to the “wounded warrior fund.”

Only to the front

From the first days of the war, millions of people throughout the country were rushing to the front. Yesterday's schoolchildren, students, youth besieged the military registration and enlistment offices, they demanded - they did not ask! - they convinced, and when this did not help, then with sincere feeling they resorted to forgery - they overestimated their age by a year, or even two.

War is the business of men, but young citizens felt in their hearts their involvement in what was happening in their native land, and they, true patriots, could not stay away from the tragedy that was unfolding before their eyes.

They went to literally anything to join the ranks of defenders of the Motherland. Some people succeeded. And this happened not only in those areas to which the bloody tongues of war flames had crawled. Boys and girls from distant rear cities and villages fled to the front. Their desire was dictated (sincerely) by only one undisguised desire - to smash hated fascism together with the army. Young citizens wrote: “Guide us to where our hands and our knowledge are needed.”

The news of the atrocities and outrages of the Nazis on our land aroused enormous hatred and a sacred desire for revenge among the Soviet people. Already the first days of the war showed that the Nazi invaders were striving to implement the cannibalistic plans of the fascist command at any cost. By introducing a “new order,” they forcefully imposed a regime of terror and violence.

Many examples indicate high patriotism of the Soviet people, devotion to their socialist Motherland, self-sacrifice in the name of freedom and independence of their Fatherland.

child war front student

Children - heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Vasya Korobko

Night. Vasya creeps up to the school building occupied by the Nazis. He makes his way into the pioneer room, takes out the pioneer banner and hides it securely.

The outskirts of the village. Under the bridge - Vasya. He pulls out iron brackets, saws down the piles, and at dawn, from a hiding place, watches the bridge collapse under the weight of a fascist armored personnel carrier. The partisans were convinced that Vasya could be trusted, and entrusted him with a serious task: to become a scout in the enemy’s lair. At the fascist headquarters, he lights the stoves, chops wood, and he takes a closer look, remembers, and passes on information to the partisans. The punishers, who planned to exterminate the partisans, forced the boy to lead them into the forest. But Vasya led the Nazis to a police ambush. The Nazis, mistaking them for partisans in the dark, opened furious fire, killed all the policemen and themselves suffered heavy losses.

Together with the partisans, Vasya destroyed nine echelons and hundreds of Nazis. In one of the battles he was hit by an enemy bullet. The Motherland awarded its little hero, who lived a short but such a bright life, the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War,” 1st degree.

Nadya Bogdanova

She was executed twice by the Nazis, and for many years her military friends considered Nadya dead. They even erected a monument to her.

It’s hard to believe, but when she became a scout in the partisan detachment of “Uncle Vanya” Dyachkov, she was not yet ten years old. Small, thin, she, pretending to be a beggar, wandered among the Nazis, noticing everything, remembering everything, and brought the most valuable information to the detachment. And then, together with partisan fighters, she blew up the fascist headquarters, derailed a train with military equipment, and mined objects.

The first time she was captured was when, together with Vanya Zvontsov, she hung out a red flag in enemy-occupied Vitebsk on November 7, 1941. They beat her with ramrods, tortured her, and when they brought her to the ditch to shoot her, she no longer had any strength left - she fell into the ditch, momentarily outstripping the bullet. Vanya died, and the partisans found Nadya alive in a ditch...

The second time she was captured at the end of 1943. And again torture: they poured ice water over her in the cold, and burned a five-pointed star on her back. Considering the scout dead, the Nazis abandoned her when the partisans attacked Karasevo. Local residents came out paralyzed and almost blind. After the war in Odessa, Academician V.P. Filatov restored Nadya’s sight.

15 years later, she heard on the radio how the intelligence chief of the 6th detachment, Slesarenko - her commander - said that the soldiers would never forget their fallen comrades, and named among them Nadya Bogdanova, who saved his life, a wounded man...

Only then did she show up, only then did the people who worked with her learn about what an amazing destiny of a person she, Nadya Bogdanova, was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and medals.

Zina Portnova

The war found the Leningrad pioneer Zina Portnova in the village of Zuya, where she came for vacation, not far from the Obol station in the Vitebsk region. An underground Komsomol-youth organization “Young Avengers” was created in Obol, and Zina was elected a member of its committee. She took part in daring operations against the enemy, in sabotage, distributed leaflets, and conducted reconnaissance on instructions from a partisan detachment.

It was December 1943. Zina was returning from a mission. In the village of Mostishche she was betrayed by a traitor. The Nazis captured the young partisan and tortured her. The answer to the enemy was Zina’s silence, her contempt and hatred, her determination to fight to the end. During one of the interrogations, choosing the moment, Zina grabbed a pistol from the table and fired at point-blank range at the Gestapo man.

The officer who ran in to hear the shot was also killed on the spot. Zina tried to escape, but the Nazis overtook her...

The brave young pioneer was brutally tortured, but until the last minute she remained persistent, courageous, and unbending. And the Motherland posthumously celebrated her feat with its highest title - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Conclusion

Sad examples of the plight of children in war time many more could be cited. One cannot help but recall the children's concentration camps set up by the Nazis. In them, little captives were subjected to inhuman torture, “Nazi doctors” performed monstrous experiments on them, and children died a painful death. It is difficult to calculate how many unfortunate little prisoners were tortured in such concentration camps throughout Europe. Children who survived the war will never forget it. At night, they still hear thunderous bomb explosions, frightened screams, and machine-gun fire. They grew up early. They grew up from hunger, explosions, and bloodshed committed before their eyes. Their parents were killed before their eyes. But they didn't forget. They did not lose heart and became stronger; those around them supported them and helped them. They were able to survive misfortunes and, together with the whole country, build new life after the war.

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Children at war. Children who have forgotten how to cry

During the war, children forgot how to cry. If they ended up with the Nazis, they quickly realized that they couldn’t cry, otherwise they would be shot. They are called “children of war” not because of the date of their birth. The war educated them. They had to see real horror. For example, the Nazis often shot at children just for fun. They did this only to watch them run away in horror.

They could have chosen a live target simply to practice their accuracy. Children cannot work hard in the camp, which means they can be killed with impunity. That's what the Nazis thought. However, sometimes there was work for children in concentration camps. For example, they often donated blood to soldiers of the army of the Third Reich... Or they could be forced to remove ashes from the crematorium and sew them into bags in order to fertilize the ground.

Children who were of no use to anyone

It is impossible to believe that they left to work in the camps of their own free will. This “good will” was personified by the barrel of a machine gun in the back. The Nazis “sorted” those suitable and unsuitable for work very cynically. If a child reached the mark on the wall of the barracks, then he was fit to work, to serve “Greater Germany.” If he couldn’t reach it, he was sent to gas chamber. The Third Reich did not need the kids, so they had only one fate. However, not everyone had a happy fate at home. Many children during the Great Patriotic War lost all their loved ones. That is, they were only waiting for them in their homeland Orphanage and half-starved youth during the post-war devastation.

Children raised by labor and real valor

Many children, already at the age of 12, stood up to machines in factories and plants, worked on construction sites along with adults. Due to their hard work, which was far from childish, they grew up early and replaced their dead parents for their brothers and sisters. It was the children in the war of 1941-1945. helped keep the country afloat and then restore the country's economy. They say that there are no children in war. This is actually true. During the war, they worked and fought on an equal basis with adults, both in the active army and in the rear, and in partisan detachments.

It was common for many teenagers to add a year or two to their lives and go to the front. Many of them, at the cost of their lives, collected cartridges, machine guns, grenades, rifles and other weapons remaining after the battles, and then handed them over to the partisans. Many were engaged in partisan reconnaissance and worked as messengers in detachments of people's avengers. They helped our underground fighters organize escapes of prisoners of war, rescued the wounded, and set fire to German warehouses with weapons and food. Interestingly, not only boys fought in the war. The girls did this with no less heroism. There were especially many such girls in Belarus... The courage of these children, the ability to sacrifice for the sake of only one goal, made a huge contribution to the overall Victory. All this is true, but these children died in tens of thousands... Officially, 27 million people died in this war in our country. Only 10 million of them are military personnel. The rest are civilians, mostly children who died in the war... Their number cannot be calculated accurately.

Children who really wanted to help the front

From the first days of the war, children wanted to help adults in every possible way. They built fortifications, collected scrap metal and medicinal plants, took part in collecting things for the army. As already mentioned, children worked for days in factories in place of their fathers and older brothers who had gone to the front. They collected gas masks, made smoke bombs, fuses for mines, fuses for In school workshops, in which girls had labor lessons before the war, they now sewed underwear and tunics for the army. They also knitted warm clothes - socks, mittens, and sewed tobacco pouches. Children also helped the wounded in hospitals. In addition, they wrote letters for their relatives under their dictation and even staged concerts and performances that brought a smile to adult men exhausted by the war. Feats are accomplished not only in battles. All of the above are also the exploits of children in war. And hunger, cold and disease quickly dealt with their lives, which had not yet really begun...

Sons of the Regiment

Very often, teenagers aged 13-15 years fought in the war, along with adults. This was not something very surprising, since the sons of the regiment had served in the Russian army for a long time. Most often it was a young drummer or cabin boy. On Velikaya there were usually children who had lost their parents, killed by the Germans or taken to concentration camps. It was the best option for them, because being left alone in an occupied city was the most terrible thing. A child in such a situation could only face starvation. In addition, the Nazis sometimes had fun and threw a piece of bread to the hungry children... And then they fired a burst from a machine gun. That is why units of the Red Army, if they passed through such territories, were very sensitive to such children and often took them with them. As Marshal Bagramyan mentions, often the courage and ingenuity of the sons of the regiment amazed even experienced soldiers.

The exploits of children in war deserve no less respect than the exploits of adults. According to the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 3,500 children under 16 years of age fought in the army during the Great Patriotic War. However, these data cannot be accurate, since they did not take into account young heroes from partisan detachments. Five were awarded the highest military award. We will talk about three of them in more detail, although these were not all of them; they were child heroes who especially distinguished themselves in the war and deserve mention.

Valya Kotik

14-year-old Valya Kotik was a partisan scout in the Karmelyuk detachment. He is young hero THE USSR. He carried out orders from the Shepetivka military intelligence organization. His first task (and he completed it successfully) was to eliminate the field gendarmerie detachment. This task was far from the last. Valya Kotik died in 1944, 5 days after he turned 14.

Lenya Golikov

16-year-old Lenya Golikov was a scout of the Fourth Leningrad Partisan Brigade. When the war began, he joined the partisans. Thin Lenya looked even younger than his 14 years (that’s how old he was at the start of the war). He went around villages under the guise of a beggar and passed on important information to the partisans. Lenya took part in 27 battles, blew up vehicles with ammunition and more than a dozen bridges. In 1943, his squad was unable to escape from encirclement. Few managed to survive. Leni was not among them.

Zina Portnova

17-year-old Zina Portnova was a scout for the Voroshilov partisan detachment on the territory of Belarus. She was also a member of the underground Komsomol youth organization “Young Avengers”. In 1943, she was tasked with finding out the reasons for the collapse of this organization and establishing contact with the underground. Upon returning to the detachment, she was arrested by the Germans. During one of the interrogations, she grabbed the pistol of a fascist investigator and shot him and two other fascists. She tried to escape, but she was captured.

As mentioned in the book “Zina Portnova” by the writer Vasily Smirnov, the girl was tortured harshly and sophisticatedly so that she would name the names of other underground fighters, but she was unshakable. For this, the Nazis called her a “Soviet bandit” in their protocols. In 1944 she was shot.