E-commerce - what is it? Market development and problems. Problems and prospects for the development of e-commerce

20.09.2019

Hinton rogue reviews. Susan Hinton "outcasts" About the book "Outlaws" by Susan Hinton

Reviews of the book The True, Mad, Guilty Moriarty l The True, Mad, Guilty

Life at Full Power - Jim Lauer, Tony Schwartz

Computer networks have globally changed society, actively intervened in the economy and business activity, influencing the formation of a new type of economic activity - entrepreneurship using the Internet and telecommunications systems. E-commerce, electronic commerce already constitutes a significant part of business in Russia, where parties when making transactions on the commodity market interact using computer data exchange via Internet technologies.

What is e-commerce

Thanks to the Internet, doing business remotely through communication has become accessible to entrepreneurs of all sizes: online trading through a virtual distribution channel requires almost no material investment. E-commerce includes both Internet-oriented systems and stores using the communication environment BBS, VAN, etc. The means of payment for such sales are bank cards, electronic money.

Definition

E-commerce is a complex term, defined as an economic area involving the conduct of monetary and trade transactions through computer networks, which also includes business processes necessary to complete operations: electronic marketing, document management, delivery of goods/services. Information storage is organized on WEB servers of organizations that provide Internet services. Access to data is available upon client requests from browser programs.

The term implies the following operations:

on information exchange (Electronic Data Interchange);
on capital movements (Electronic Funds Transfer);
trading (e-trade);
in data collection systems;
on translations Money;
messaging;
use of electronic finance (e-cash);
marketing (e-marketing);
electronic banking (e-banking);
with electronic catalogues;
for insurance services (e-insurance);
with electronic forms;
in “partner” systems;
in news and information services.

Basic Concepts

Commerce on the Internet is implemented in the field of the network economy - an area where any company or person can interact with other entrepreneurs on joint transactions at minimal cost. The communication technologies used include: electronic information exchange (EDI), electronic payment system (EFT), additional services (value-added network).

Online stores, as a trading platform based on a web server for selling goods/services on the Internet, are the basis for the operation of an e-commerce system. The commercial transaction of selling goods through a virtual store includes a number of transactions. A transaction is a separate operation performed within the entire business cycle of an organization. To verify the authenticity of the participants in a transaction, authentication is required - a procedure for controlling the parties, the positive result of which will be the authorization of the user with the opening of access to the resource.

Advantages and disadvantages

The development of entrepreneurship through the Internet is attractive due to the low cost of acquiring a huge sales market with the expansion of business boundaries and access to the international market. This business model has no time restrictions, allowing sales around the clock, seven days a week, which significantly increases sales and income. For the consumer, e-commerce provides the benefits of buying cheap products while saving time in searching. The expansion of remote services opens up access to other areas, for example, electronic insurance services.

There are certain disadvantages that limit the application and development ecommerce:

Internet use does not reach a total level due to computer illiteracy, financial problems or mistrust of a number of potential users;
the system is not suitable for selling perishable products;
Many people are confused by the delivery time, possible problems when returning goods.

History of development

First commercial experience doing business with communication technologies received in the USA in the 60s. XX century: American Airlines, together with IBM, began to create an automated system for booking seats on flights - Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment. Thanks to SABRE, independent remote purchasing of tickets, flights have become more affordable for passengers, and reservation automation has reduced the cost of fares.

Initially, maintenance was organized using proprietary electronic information exchange protocols. For development and acceleration, Electronic Data Interchange, standards for the transmission of electronic messages between users, were created. By the 70s, there were already 4 industrial models of information exchange in transport management. At the same time, Tradacoms specifications were developed in the UK, defined by the UN European Commission as a standard for international trade when exchanging data.

In the world

In the 1980s, the merging of US and European specifications began. The EDIFACT template, formed on the basis of GTDI, began to be used to obtain the X400 mail transfer protocol, this brought e-business to a new level. If in 1996 sales via the Internet were in their infancy, then by 2000 distance commerce had already become a significant part of the economy with a steadily growing electronic movement of capital. Companies have also appeared that teach how to make money remotely via the Internet, a prime example of this is INFINii.

In Russia

Half of the Russian population uses the Internet; this type of trade is of interest to the merchant and the client. A well-known example of demand for services in Russia: e-Commerce Partners Network (ePN). According to Data Insight, Russia ranks 5th in the global market in terms of sales volumes. However, the development of our own electronic platforms is hampered by the lack of legal regulation in national legislation. Organizations do not have legal protection, which gives rise to competitive unfairness.

Types of e-commerce

Forms of e-commerce are distinguished by interaction patterns:

For organizations:

Business-to-Business B2B. Business to business (partner).
Business-to-Consumer B2C. Business-consumer.
Business-to-Employee B2E. With an employee.
Business-to-Government B2G. With the government.
Business-to-Operator B2O. With a telecom operator.

2. For consumers:

Consumer-to-Administration C2A. With administrators.
Consumer-to-business C2B. Consumer-business.
Consumer-to-Consumer C2C. Consumer-consumer.

3. For the administration:

Administration-to-Administration A2A. Between administrations.
Administration-to-Business A2B. With commercial organizations.
Administration-to-Consumer A2C. With consumers.

4. Other models: for the state, for society;

Decentralized-to-Consumer D2C. Decentralized consumer relations based on Blockchain technology.
Government-to-Business G2B. Government and commercial organization.
Peer-to-Peer P2P. Between faces.

What is the difference between e-business and e-commerce?

The full cycle of any business consists of marketing research, production, sales and payments, and the extent to which information services and communication technologies are involved in this process determines the level of classification of a business as an electronic type. Commerce is a part of e-business, being a form of supply and delivery of products, where selection, ordering, and payment for goods occur through computer networks. Buyers can be individuals and organizations.

E-commerce market

This type of commerce is diverse. Main flow areas:

marketing;
sale and purchase, including electronic stores and bulletin boards;
development and production of a product simultaneously by several companies, including through the search for cooperation through the “partner” system;
administration (taxes, customs);
transport services;
accounting;
payment systems;
resolution of conflicts and disputes.

Prospects for the development of e-commerce

E-commerce, bringing increased competition and cost savings to businesses as business interests expand globally, has great potential for consumer benefit and business development, including joint commercial management of trading partners. According to forecasts, by the end of 2019, at least 60% of sales will be carried out online.

Video

Modern trends in the development of e-commerce, based on innovative methods of enterprise activity, are very promising today. This thesis is confirmed by research into the Russian Internet audience, its development trends and opportunities for fairly rapid growth in the context of an actively changing economic situation in the country. However, identifying the main problems in the development of e-commerce in Russia seems to be a necessary and urgent task to ensure the survival and development of virtual trade in the Runet zone. This article makes an attempt to assess the main reasons that are important obstacles to the development of the electronic market, as well as to determine the main strategies of companies operating in conditions of fierce competition aimed at introducing innovative methods ecommerce.

transaction costs

principal-agent

e-commerce

Internet commerce

Internet business

business users

Internet audience

: business model

1. Artamonov G. T. On the contradictions of the transition to an information society // Bulletin of VOIVT. - 2002. - No. 3.

2. Bolshakov A. Strategy for breaking boundaries // Expert. - 2003. - No. 11.

3. Kashlev Yu. B. Formation of the global information society and the place of Russia // Information. Diplomacy. Psychology: Collection of materials " round table"and lectures teaching department mass communication and public relations YES MFA of Russia. - M., 2002.

4. Smolyan G. L. Chereshkin D. S. Network information revolution // Informational resources Russia. - 1997. - No. 4.

5. Surkov V. A. Social and psychological aspects of Internet marketing // Internet marketing. - 2001. - No. 1.

6. Pokrovskaya L. L., Kopachev A. A. Electronic commerce in the field of information services: Monograph. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2010. - 167 p.

Electronic commerce in Russia as a sector of electronic information business today contains many more problems and questions than answers and ready-made schemes and solutions that work in practice. Therefore, the task of identifying the features of the development of e-commerce on Russian soil in all its current inconsistencies with the classical business models of the West, as well as assessing the prospects for Russian Internet business, which are associated with solving and eliminating pressing problems, is a necessary condition survival and development of virtual trade in the Runet zone.

At the present stage, in such an area as Internet commerce in Russia, it is possible to identify the main reasons that, in our opinion, are important obstacles to the development of electronic commerce:

One of the main reasons is a very narrow circle of Internet users in Russia, and most of them are not inclined to engage in online shopping.
Statistical factor, i.e. various average indicators of users: the Internet and the average resident of Russia, primarily in terms of material well-being, technical training and level of education. This factor, on the one hand, makes the use of Internet commerce the perfect tool to promote computer hardware, software and complex electronics. On the other hand, this same factor makes it less effective use Internet for promoting consumer goods.
The chaos and information overload of most sites make it difficult to attract and retain potential customers, that is, the issue of professional creation of the site and the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of its functioning.
Safety financial transactions and transmitted confidential information.
The obvious lack of professional Internet marketing and advertising specialists leads to low quality the services they provide.

It is obvious that the future of the electronic sales sector in Russia, as well as throughout the world, largely depends not only on how quickly the audience will grow, but also on how quickly it will be possible to solve the problem of making payments in real time or even though to accustom users to regularly make purchases via the Internet.

Most analysts agree that there are now barely four hundred thousand people in Russia who have purchased goods or services without looking up from a computer monitor. According to Monitoring.ru, only 14% of the Russian Internet audience have experience making such purchases.

As part of this study, an online survey of entrepreneurs was conducted to identify and study the problems of forming e-commerce systems in small businesses. 250 Russian small organizations took part in the survey. The results of the survey once again confirm the figures found in scientific sources and analytical articles.

According to the majority of small business representatives (78.5%), they are currently working in conditions of increased competition. 54 respondents experience strong competition in their market, 39% experience moderate competition. Only 9% of entrepreneurs spoke about the absence of any competition.

The main problems faced by small business organizations include problems of lack of financial resources (indicated by 60% of respondents), staffing (50%), and sales problems (44%).

Let's remember the main problems of small businesses: lack of financial resources; problems of finding customers and markets; a lack of the necessary workers and specialists; unfavorable lending conditions; lack of operational business information; supply problem; problems of enterprise management; lack of information on new technologies.

Some differences in the relevance of problems by industry can be traced depending on the assessment of the current economic situation of the company. The impact of the problem associated with a lack of financial resources expands from 18% of enterprises in the group where things are going well to 70% in the group of enterprises with a “poor” business condition. Product sales problems have approximately the same distribution trend from 27% in the first group to 46% in the second.

In general, the information needs of small businesses are largely related to the underlying economic problems they are experiencing. The respondents indicated the following as the most necessary types of information for doing business: information about domestic sales markets (34.5%), information about economic legislation (28%), information about suppliers (22.5%).

If the need for information about economic legislation is approximately equally important for all enterprises, regardless of the current state of their affairs, then the importance of information about sales markets, lending conditions, and suppliers increases as the assessment of the state of the business worsens.

The main sources of obtaining the necessary information that small business representatives regularly resort to are: electronic media (54%), specialized literature (52.5%), mass media (49.5%), exhibitions, fairs (41%) , city governments (35%).

According to the survey, small business organizations are increasingly turning to the Internet to obtain the necessary information about sales markets, suppliers and partners. At the same time, a large percentage of organizations primarily use traditional sources - specialized literature, textbooks, reference books, advertising in the media, visiting exhibitions and fairs. The most advanced in the use of the Internet are trade and service organizations with a stable financial position, developing several types of activities, having a significant number of employees for a small business (50-100 people) and practical experience work (from 5 years or more). Among small organizations, those who became Internet users a long time ago predominate, more than 5 years ago (52%).

There is no doubt that the success of e-commerce largely depends on the implementation of innovative methods and projects based on the use of e-commerce tools, which today are considered not only as an independent direction in marketing, but also as a powerful catalyst capable of making revolution in the information economy.

Having made preliminary conclusions about the conditions necessary for the development and sustainable functioning of e-commerce mechanisms, we will attempt to present a theoretical model that describes these conditions, and then apply it to those markets where e-commerce is not developing as successfully as in developed countries. In our case, these will be the markets of key innovative industries in Russia. Let us immediately note that in this case it is more logical to consider inter-company e-commerce (B2B), since using its example it is possible to more fully trace all the characteristic patterns of the functioning of e-commerce in certain economic conditions.

So, let’s highlight the main groups of factors that help determine the readiness of a particular industry to conduct e-commerce (Diagram 1).

Structural and economic factors. World experience shows that e-commerce tends to develop and gives the maximum effect in industries and markets with certain characteristics (large number of participants, fragmentation, high level of competition with the willingness of market participants to cooperate, high degree of standardization of goods).
Information and infrastructure factors. This set of criteria includes parameters characterizing the level of technical readiness of the economy for intercompany e-commerce.
Management factors. This group of criteria characterizes the adequacy of existing enterprise management models - “the effectiveness of management from the point of view of the disposition to develop new management techniques and commitment to the long-term development of enterprises.” In relation to e-commerce, it is expressed, among other things, in relation to the automation of business processes in an enterprise.

Scheme 1. Key factors in the development and forms of organization of intercompany e-commerce

Each group of these factors plays its role in the development of e-commerce.

Structural and economic factors: in The possibility (or impossibility) of the emergence of exchanges depends on the state of the following structural and economic factors:

market fragmentation and level of competition;
willingness of competing market participants to cooperate;
level of product standardization.

Managerial and infrastructural factors: in E-commerce is impossible without certain technological capabilities. This is not only a communication infrastructure, but also integrated electronic enterprise management systems that optimize decision-making on the coordination of financial flows, logistics, production, because one of the most obvious areas of impact of e-commerce on transaction costs is related to the improvement of processes, which, in turn, depends from automation and optimization of these processes. It is important to understand that the key infrastructural and management factors for the development of e-commerce in intercompany interaction are largely interdependent. For example, the level of automation of business processes not only determines the possibilities for companies to use e-commerce, but also indicates the level of management at enterprises.

Let us dwell in more detail on integrated enterprise management systems. The proposed hypothesis is that they are one of the mechanisms for reducing transaction costs to a level where e-commerce can begin to play a role.

Due to the features electronic systems management, which are created taking into account advanced developments in the field of management, their implementation at the enterprise leads to the fact that whole line management processes (according to expert assessments- up to 80%) begins to be conducted in accordance with certain standards.

Such systems, in essence, are a formalized representation of the business processes of a typical company. This ideology is laid down by most system manufacturers: SAP, Oracle, Microsoft and others. Already in the 1960s. in developed countries have been identified general features planning and functioning of production enterprises. At the same time, new planning systems appeared, focused on the capabilities of computer technology. Currently, the American Production and Inventory Management Society (APICS) identifies the following classes of solutions: automated control enterprise:

MRP (Material Requirements Planning) - production management.
MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) - production management with elements of financial planning, as well as feedback and modeling.
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) - integrated computer system, covering all areas of the enterprise: planning (forecasting), sales management, production planning, product structure management (in discrete production), inventory management, materials requirements planning (MRP), production capacity planning (CRP), production management, purchasing management , financial/accounting management, financial analysis.

Over the past 10-15 years, electronic trading platforms have emerged in the depths of large enterprises as a system for distributing resources between departments. The standardization of management practices, which results from the widespread adoption of integrated management systems, has a significant impact on transaction costs, since companies can be confident that their counterparties' businesses are managed in accordance with a certain standard, this significantly reduces the risk of inadvertent non-compliance with contract terms, delivery delays, underestimation of important information. In accordance with the classification of transaction costs proposed by P. Milgrom and J. Roberts, we can also say that the presence of an electronic management system in a company reduces motivational transaction costs in terms of the costs required to obtain information about the counterparty.

Secondly, it is known that the introduction of electronic enterprise management systems makes it possible to make a company much more transparent for its owners and top managers, thus allowing, to a certain extent, to solve the problem of information asymmetry in the principal-agent relationship, which is extremely acute for large organizations.

Unlike the countries of Europe and the USA, where the bulk of investments in automation of company management occurred in the mid-1990s, the overwhelming majority Russian manufacturers Only recently have they begun to take the first steps in this direction. As of 2007, only 23% of the companies surveyed had sustainable integrated management systems. The same number of respondents do not see this as necessary. At the same time, the majority of domestic managers are gradually realizing their need: 54% of respondents said that their company plans to introduce a comprehensive system in the near future (Diagram 1).

Diagram 1. Use of integrated automation systems for business process management at Russian industrial enterprises

It is characteristic that a positive decision to create integrated management systems practically does not depend on the specific direction of the campaign’s activities; the share of companies leading (or already completed) work in this direction in each industry studied exceeds 60%.

Statements by the heads of Russian companies about the impossibility of installing integrated business process management systems at their enterprises often indicate the absence of the task of optimizing management. On this Russian enterprises often there are no incentives - high prices for the products of enterprises under their control and the lack of full-fledged competition already provide them with a high income.

Availability information system has a very significant impact on the investment attractiveness of the company, which is becoming increasingly important point for a growing number of Russian companies.

But it is still a very weak link in the management system Russian corporations is management in the field of information technology. In most cases, heads of information departments are extremely far from understanding the real needs of the business, dealing only with narrow issues of technical support, while in large foreign corporations the director of information technology, as a rule, has the status of the vice president of the company, and his functions consist of developing and translating the company's strategic business development goals into real IT solutions. Often, the level of training of domestic ICT specialists does not allow them to solve strategic problems. However, this problem is also typical for developed countries. The conclusion of a study conducted by McKinsey indicates that only 16% of information technology implementation projects can be classified as successful. Others fail due to poor or complete process management—such as quality requirements definition, project scope control, and coordination with business users. And even successful projects averaged 80% over budget and took twice as long to complete.

Important factors in the development of e-commerce include the level of development of telecommunications infrastructure in the country and the availability of Internet access and Internet sites for enterprises. According to these indicators, Russian companies are slightly behind companies in developed countries. Already in 2006, 89% of industrial companies had access to the Internet, 62% had Internet pages, and over 30% had the intention of participating in the work of electronic trading platforms in the future.

Reviewers:

Ivanov S. A., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Management and Integrated Marketing communications» St. Petersburg University State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia, St. Petersburg.
Grishkevich N.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Vice-Rector of the Baltic humanitarian institute, Saint Petersburg.

The model presented in the work is partly based on a model developed for the purposes of the study “Readiness of Russian industry to conduct electronic business”, conducted by the ExpertRA rating agency in 2005-2006.

Bibliographic link

Pokrovskaya L.L. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT // Contemporary issues science and education. – 2012. – No. 3.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=6240 (access date: 04/06/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT

As the new economy emerges, the role of information technology (IT) and the Internet as key drivers of innovation, economic growth and social transformation is becoming increasingly significant. Their development and widespread use in last decades XX century made it possible to radically change the centuries-old technologies for conducting commercial transactions through the widespread use of electronic data exchange during these operations instead of traditional paper document flow, which marked the beginning of the rapid development of such a phenomenon as electronic commerce. There is still no economic literature consensus about the content of the “electronic commerce” category.

There is no universal definition of this term, because e-commerce as economic category is still at the stage of collecting facts and understanding them.

According to the terminology used by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), e-commerce in the "narrow" sense is the sale or purchase of goods and services carried out using the Internet, together with goods and services ordered over the Internet, as well as payment and final delivery goods either on-line or off-line (outside the network).

E-commerce in a “broad” sense includes transactions (operations) carried out through computer networks such as the Internet, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems. From the point of view of the Russian scientist-economist O.A. Kobelev, e-commerce should be understood as entrepreneurial activity involving the implementation of commercial transactions using electronic means of data exchange. E-commerce is based on new information technologies for commercial transactions and management. production processes using electronic means of data exchange. According to the author of the article, the most complete definition is given to the term by A.V. Yurasov: “Electronic commerce is a sector of the economy that includes all financial and trade transactions carried out using computer networks, and business processes associated with such transactions.”

E-commerce includes electronic information exchange, electronic capital flow, electronic commerce, electronic money, electronic marketing, electronic banking and electronic insurance services. Let's pay attention to historical aspects development of the concept of e-commerce.

The first attempts to comprehensively implement the concept of e-commerce began to be made almost immediately after the advent of computers in the 1950-1960s.

In 1960, programmers of the largest American airline, American Airlines, and a manufacturer and supplier of hardware and software The transnational corporation IBM created a system for automating the procedure for reserving seats on flights SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment), which made air travel more accessible to ordinary citizens.

By automating the process of calculating tariffs when reserving seats, the cost of services was reduced.

By 1965, the SABER system deployed at the Briarcliff Manor data center was fully interactive, with a backup error rate of less than 1%. It united more than 30 thousand transport agencies, 3 million registered clients, more than 400 airlines, 50 car rental companies, 35 thousand hotels, numerous travel agencies, several dozen railway companies, ferry owners and cruise organizers. In the mid-70s. for the first time began to use tools for electronic data interchange (EDI - Electronic Data Interchange) and electronic fund transfer (EFT - Electronic Funds Transfer). The disadvantage of the first systems was their high cost and non-standard software and hardware components. Only a few banks and large enterprises could afford the significant initial costs of purchasing equipment and operating private networks.

In addition, in the 1970s. Similar processes began in European countries - the search for standard solutions for data exchange, which resulted in the emergence of a new system of international standards GTDI (General-purpose Trade Data Interchange Standards), focused on trade processes. Thus, a situation has arisen of the coexistence of two systems of standards - European and American, the movement to unify which has continued for several decades. In the 1990s, which was marked by the rapid growth of the Internet as a result of the advent of Web technologies, new type business - retail through the Internet.

In 1997, another standard appeared - OBI (Open Buying on the Internet), which covers a much larger range of issues of standardization of all forms of interaction between organizations involved in the full purchase-sale-delivery cycle, main idea which is focused on open systems.

Finally, in 2003, the AS-2 format was developed, combining EDI and the Internet. It allows you to exchange digital data via the http protocol, which is usually used for browsing web pages.

It is worth noting that while the bulk of economists, academics and analysts predict rapid growth in the coming decades of e-commerce worldwide, some analysts question the very importance of online transactions in general. Thus, Enrico Santarelli, a professor at the University of Bologna, believes that “despite the rapid growth of e-commerce in the second half of the 1990s, which created the impression that e-commerce was the biggest change since the industrial revolution that occurred two centuries earlier , this type of sales still makes up a very small share of all transactions, in fact electronic transactions as in retail sales(B2C) and wholesale trade (B2B) are in their infant phase.

The electronic market is still quite weak in comparison with traditional markets; the potential of e-commerce has not been fully realized for a number of reasons:

1) the absence or insufficient development of the regulatory and legislative framework, which gives rise to the problem of protecting intellectual property rights for goods sold through e-commerce, as well as contractual and financial problems. The consequence of all this is distrust on the part of investors, potential buyers, and a slowdown in the pace of development;
2) the presence of problems associated with the global concept of e-commerce, including uncertainty about the real existence of a partner company in another part of the world and the product or service it offers, differences in traditions and rules of doing business among these companies;
3) the presence of security threats in electronic commerce, which can be minimized if effective and reliable mechanisms are in place to guarantee confidentiality, identification and authorization;
4) the need for universal standards for interaction and network compatibility so that, for example, all e-commerce participants have the opportunity to access company websites regardless of their geographic location or the characteristics of the networks with which they are connected;
5) the difficulty of involving new participants, associated with the lack of experienced sales managers, logisticians, marketers, qualified service specialists, as a result of which attention is paid directly to the Internet (project design), and not real trading as such, the business loses potential customers.

Nevertheless, we can talk about the seriousness and significance of the e-commerce market in our country by comparing Russian data with data from European countries.

The penetration of e-commerce in Russia is already approximately at the same level as many EU members (from its southern and eastern parts) - Spain, Italy, Greece, Poland, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic countries. True, the gap from France, Germany, Great Britain, and Scandinavia is quite significant, 3-4 times, which shows great potential for growth of the Russian market (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. - Ratio of the share of online buyers in different countries (groups of countries) in 2009:

In addition, the Russian payment card market maintains positive development dynamics, both in the field of issuing and acquiring payment cards (Fig. 2).

However, the growth in the number of issued cards slowed down in 2009, which is explained by the initial saturation of the market, especially in metropolitan cities. Also, in terms of the number of payment cards per person (less than one card per person), Russia still lags behind the leaders - the USA and Great Britain, where there are 5.3 and 2.4 cards per resident, respectively. According to Data Insight (a research agency specializing in the e-commerce market), the volume of retail e-commerce in Russia in 2011 will be about 310 billion rubles (an increase over the year of approximately 30%).

Rice. 2. - Number of payment cards issued in the Russian Federation:

In Moscow alone, the number of online buyers is growing by 20-25% per year, and in the regions - by 40% per year. Among the macro-regions, the South is growing the fastest - the growth of the audience of online stores is 80%, the number of “e-commerce requests” is growing by 75%; the Far East is in second place, and the Urals is in third. Among individual regions leaders in terms of growth rates are Krasnodar, Stavropol and Khabarovsk territories (growth of 90-120% per year).

The main trends of 2011 in Russia related to e-commerce:

- an increase in the number of retailers seriously investing in online;
- influx of large investments in e-commerce;
- expanding the geography of delivery to the regions;
- growth in the number of online purchases abroad.

However, 2011 showed that Russian market e-commerce is still far from being saturated. In 2012, it is planned to increase the number of online buyers by 25%, and increase the volume of online sales by 22% to 380 billion rubles. Thus, the share of e-commerce in the Russian economy will increase over time, and, therefore, its positive impact on the state economy and the standard of living of society will increase, and new profitable opportunities will appear:

- global presence and global choice;
- personalization of sales;
- quick response to demand;
- cost reduction; commerce entrepreneurial trade
- new business opportunities;
- further development of the competitive environment.

According to Russian scientists, three main factors of economic growth in the Internet economy and e-commerce can be identified:

1) the positive side effect of networks, which is a motivating factor on the Internet, when buyers and businesses find more and more benefits from using the Internet and involve each other in e-commerce processes;
2) complementary relationships between the components of Internet technologies, expressed in the fact that the value of using some IT components necessarily increases the value of others (for example, the growth of broadband Internet and the spread of broadband technologies forces application manufacturers to develop powerful multimedia applications for them);
3) low transaction costs (implementation of internal and external relations of the company and the exchange and management of knowledge within it affect the growth of economic efficiency).

Sources

1. Kobelev O.A. E-commerce: Tutorial/ ed. prof. S.V. Pirogov. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2006. - P. 14.
2. L. Goff (Lesley Goff) “Sabre is taking off” // Computerworld Russia No. 43 1999 M. Publishing house. "Open systems".
3. The essence of EDI is to create standardized documents and present them in a form convenient for further automated processing.
4. Electronic commerce: textbook. allowance / under general ed. L.A. Bragina. - M.: Economist, 2005. - P. 29.
5. E. Santarelli. The nature of e-commerce: Do transaction costs matter? Russian Journal of Management No. 3, 2004. - P. 36.
6. Yurasov A.V. “Basics of e-commerce”, Hotline-Telecom, Moscow, 2007.
7. C.L. Mann, Sue E. Eckert, S.C. Knight. Global Electronic Commerce. A Policy Primer. - Institute for international economics. 2000.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT

Prepared by:

Tutaeva Yulia Rafailovna

As the new economy emerges, the role of information technology (IT) and the Internet as key drivers of innovation, economic growth and social change is becoming increasingly important. Their development and widespread use in the last decades of the 20th century. made it possible to radically change the centuries-old technologies for conducting commercial transactions through the widespread use of electronic data exchange during these operations instead of traditional paper document flow, which marked the beginning of the rapid development of such a phenomenon as electronic commerce. Until now, in the economic literature there is no consensus on the content of the category “electronic commerce”.

There is no universal definition of this term, because e-commerce as an economic category is still at the stage of collecting facts and understanding them.

Electronic commerce in the “broad” sense includes transactions carried out through computer networks such as the Internet, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems. From the point of view of the Russian scientist-economist O.A. Kobelev, e-commerce should be understood as entrepreneurial activity involving the implementation of commercial transactions using electronic means of data exchange. E-commerce is based on new information technologies for carrying out commercial transactions and managing production processes using electronic means of data exchange. According to the author of the article, the most complete definition is given to the term by A.V. Yurasov: “Electronic commerce is a sector of the economy that includes all financial and trade transactions carried out using computer networks, and business processes associated with such transactions.”

E-commerce includes electronic information exchange, electronic capital flow, electronic commerce, electronic money, electronic marketing, electronic banking and electronic insurance services. Let us pay attention to the historical aspects of the development of the concept of e-commerce.

The first attempts to comprehensively implement the concept of e-commerce began to be made almost immediately after the advent of computers in the 1950-1960s.

In 1960, programmers of the largest American airline American Airlines and the manufacturer and supplier of hardware and software, the transnational corporation IBM, created a system for automating the procedure for reserving seats on flights SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment), which made air travel more accessible to ordinary citizens.

By automating the process of calculating tariffs when reserving seats, the cost of services was reduced.

By 1965, the SABER system deployed at the Briarcliff Manor data center was fully interactive, with a backup error rate of less than 1%. It united more than 30 thousand transport agencies, 3 million registered customers, more than 400 airlines, 50 car rental companies, 35 thousand hotels, numerous travel agencies, several dozen railway companies, ferry owners and cruise organizers. In the mid-70s. for the first time began to use tools for electronic data interchange (EDI - Electronic Data Interchange) and electronic fund transfer (EFT - Electronic Funds Transfer). The disadvantage of the first systems was their high cost and non-standard software and hardware components. Only a few banks and large enterprises could afford the significant initial costs of purchasing equipment and operating private networks.

In addition, in the 1970s. Similar processes began in European countries - the search for standard solutions for data exchange, which resulted in the emergence of a new system of international standards GTDI (General-purpose Trade Data Interchange Standards), focused on trade processes. Thus, a situation has arisen of the coexistence of two systems of standards - European and American, the movement to unify which has continued for several decades. In the 1990s, marked by the rapid growth of the Internet as a result of the advent of Web technologies, a new type of business emerged - Internet retailing.

In 1997, another standard appeared - OBI (Open Buying on the Internet), which covers a much larger range of issues of standardization of all forms of interaction between organizations involved in the full cycle of purchase-sale-delivery, the main idea of which is an orientation towards open systems.

Finally, in 2003, the AS-2 format was developed, combining EDI and the Internet. It allows you to exchange digital data via the http protocol, which is usually used for browsing web pages.

It is worth noting that while the bulk of economists, academics and analysts predict rapid growth in the coming decades of e-commerce worldwide, some analysts question the very importance of online transactions in general. Thus, Enrico Santarelli, a professor at the University of Bologna, believes that “despite the rapid growth of e-commerce in the second half of the 1990s, which created the impression that e-commerce was the biggest change since the industrial revolution that occurred two centuries earlier , this type of sales still represents a very small share of all transactions, in fact, electronic transactions in both retail (B2C) and wholesale (B2B) are in their infant phase.

The electronic market is still quite weak in comparison with traditional markets; the potential of e-commerce has not been fully realized for a number of reasons:

1) the absence or insufficient development of the regulatory and legislative framework, which gives rise to the problem of protecting intellectual property rights for goods sold through e-commerce, as well as contractual and financial problems. The consequence of all this is distrust on the part of investors, potential buyers, and a slowdown in the pace of development;

2) the presence of problems associated with the global concept of e-commerce, including uncertainty about the real existence of a partner company in another part of the world and the product or service it offers, differences in traditions and rules of doing business among these companies;

3) the presence of security threats in electronic commerce, which can be minimized if effective and reliable mechanisms are in place to guarantee confidentiality, identification and authorization;

4) the need for universal standards for interaction and network compatibility so that, for example, all e-commerce participants have the opportunity to access company websites regardless of their geographic location or the characteristics of the networks with which they are connected;

5) the difficulty of involving new participants, associated with the lack of experienced sales managers, logisticians, marketers, and qualified service specialists, as a result of which attention is paid directly to the Internet (project design), and not to real trade as such, and the business loses potential buyers.

Nevertheless, we can talk about the seriousness and significance of the e-commerce market in our country by comparing Russian data with data from European countries.

Rice. 1. - Ratio of the share of online buyers in different countries (groups of countries) in 2009:

In addition, the Russian payment card market maintains positive development dynamics, both in the field of issuing and acquiring payment cards (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. - Number of payment cards issued in the Russian Federation:

In Moscow alone, the number of online buyers is growing by 20-25% per year, and in the regions - by 40% per year. Among the macro-regions, the South is growing the fastest - the growth of the audience of online stores is 80%, the number of “e-commerce requests” is growing by 75%; the Far East is in second place, and the Urals is in third. Among individual regions, the leaders in terms of growth rates are the Krasnodar, Stavropol and Khabarovsk territories (growth of 90-120% per year).

The main trends of 2011 in Russia related to e-commerce:

An increase in the number of retailers seriously investing in online;

Influx of large investments in e-commerce;

Expanding the geography of delivery to the regions;

Increase in the number of online purchases abroad.

However, 2011 showed that the Russian e-commerce market is still far from the saturation stage. In 2012, it is planned to increase the number of online buyers by 25%, and increase the volume of online sales by 22% to 380 billion rubles. Thus, the share of e-commerce in the Russian economy will increase over time, and, therefore, its positive impact on the state economy and the standard of living of society will increase, and new profitable opportunities will appear:

Global presence and global choice;

Sales personalization;

Quick response to demand;

Cost reduction; commerce entrepreneurial trade

New business opportunities;

Further development of the competitive environment.

According to Russian scientists, three main factors of economic growth in the Internet economy and e-commerce can be identified:

1) the positive side effect of networks, which is a motivating factor on the Internet, when buyers and businesses find more and more benefits from using the Internet and involve each other in e-commerce processes;

2) complementary relationships between the components of Internet technologies, expressed in the fact that the value of using some IT components necessarily increases the value of others (for example, the growth of broadband Internet and the spread of broadband technologies forces application manufacturers to develop powerful multimedia applications for them);

3) low transaction costs (implementation of internal and external relations of the company and the exchange and management of knowledge within it affect the growth of economic efficiency).

Sources

1. Kobelev O.A. E-commerce: Textbook / ed. prof. S.V. Pirogov. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2006. - P. 14.

2. L. Goff (Lesley Goff) “Sabre is taking off” // Computerworld Russia No. 43 1999 M. Publishing house. "Open systems".

3. The essence of EDI is to create standardized documents and present them in a form convenient for further automated processing.

4. Electronic commerce: textbook. allowance / under general ed. L.A. Bragina. - M.: Economist, 2005. - P. 29.

5. E. Santarelli. The nature of e-commerce: Do transaction costs matter? Russian Journal of Management No. 3, 2004. - P. 36.

6. Yurasov A.V. “Basics of e-commerce”, Hotline-Telecom, Moscow, 2007.

7. C.L. Mann, Sue E. Eckert, S.C. Knight. Global Electronic Commerce. A Policy Primer. - Institute for international economics. 2000.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...