Ege Russian language spelling suffixes theory table. Preparation for the exam in the Russian language - questions of theory. Suffixes before -L- in the past.
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Sadomova Antonina Petrovna, teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU of Abakan "Secondary School No. 25"
WE PREPARE FOR THE EXAM. TASK 11
SPELLING OF SUFFIXES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH
№ n\n
IN NOUNS
-ek zamoch e to
R. p. lock ( e dropped out)
-hic- key ik
key ik a
1. In noun. cf. kind with an accent on the basis: ma "slitse, dress" tice
2. In noun. m. genus: frost, sufferer
3. In noun. cf. kind with accent on the ending: letter about, finger about
in noun. well. kind
lu "zhitsa, book" zhitsa
-enk- from noun. on -nya (-on)
bash nya- bash enk a
Remember: beige enk a, poor enk a,
m onash enk ah, french enk a,
Circassian enk a, gentle enk a
-in-to- pearl in a (on - in a)
pearl in ka
Exception: throat inc a
-enk- after soft consonants:
aunt - aunt
-onk- after solid consonants:
birch - birch
Exception: bunny, bunny,
-ech-to-
1. In nouns with -mya:
seed - seed echk about
2. In all other cases: morning - morning ech to
3.-en- in oblique cases n. on the
-me:seed - sem en and
-ich-to-
In noun. well. kind,
from words to itz-:
sisters itz a - sisters ich ka
-chik- after e - t, h - s, g:
izvo hchik, pereb wellchik
Alternation: c / t
mining h a - prey t chik
-schik- in other cases:
stone box
* after t in some foreign words: brillian t box
* - Lschik: pi eh schik, but sva rsh ik, ba nsch ik
-rel- running around
-ram- chatter
-from- emptiness
-awn- price
-no- poverty
-there is- fluidity
-stv- Cossacks
-features- championship
-ensk- Shushensky
-n- height
-out- steepness
-instrument- majority
-ist- muddy
-eshek-:edge
Possible options:
kam eshek- kam ears
sparrow donut- sparrow ears
-yshk- cf. gender: log yshk about
-yshek- in a few words: peg, spools, pimples, wedge
-ushk- (-yushk-), -ishk-
well. r., m. r. (smoke): winter
skvorushka
cf. r., m. r. (inanimate): shotgun
factory
m. rod - forehead
cf. genus - swamp
railroad - dirt
IN ADJECTIVES
-enk- in other cases:
green day cue
cheap enk uy
-onk- after g, k, x:
high onc uy
lay down onc uy
-chesk-: creative Czech uy
-esk-: human esk uy
-chat-: pattern chat th
eyelashes c a- eyelashes tchat th
freckle - freckle chat th
BUT before sk a - before sch aty
in sk- in sch any
-en- in short adjectives: no en,
at worthy en
Exception: worthy in
-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th
-iv- percussion: linen willows th
Exception: kindly willows oh, fool willows th
-chiv-:infusion chiv th
-living-: talent Liv th
1. there is a short form:
narrow - knot to uy
cheeky - cheeky to uy
2. derived from noun. with basis on k, h, c(c / c and b / c - alternation):
dumb c- dumb c cue
fish to- fish c cue
weaving h- tka c cue
in all other cases:
sailor - sailor sk uy
french - french sk uy
hero - hero sk uy
*In adjectives formed from the names of the months, b is preserved:
April b- April b sky
june b- Jun b sky
september b– September b sky,
+ denb -denb skoy
Exception: january p- january rs cue
But b is not written in words with a stem on -n, -r:Sibip - sibirs cue,
Casany – kazans cue
*-Lsk- cheerseh sky
IN VERBS
-ova- (-eva-)
annoyance ova be
I annoyance wow
-yva- (-iva-)
hang up willow be
I hang up willow Yu
Not to be confused with suffix -va-: zape wa t (sing), write down wa th (drink)
Remember: eclipse e wat, intention e go on, prolong e wat, times e wat, stuck e wat, obur e warn, admonish e vat
WORKOUT
1. Insert the missing letters, mark spellings.
Peas. na, blockage. na, birch. nah, dear. nah, student. worth, dignity. institution,
senior nstvo, running. wow, authentic st, poor that soldier. na, fresh. st, big.nstvo, floating. st,
Lukov. chka, peas. nka, cargo. ik, binding. ik, bridge. k, pencil. k, call k, story. ik,
hang up. wat, stuck wat, borrow wat, sleep wat, poor wat, turn. wow, look. wat.
2. Form adjectives with suffixes -ev-, -iv-, -liv-, -chiv- from these words.
To ponder, tug, trust, rain, pity, envy, key, edge, mercy, fidget, glutton, plush, conscience, soy, build, get along, service, give in.
3.
1. At her feet, on a small chair, sits Lisa. 2. He got drunk from a puddle, washed himself, freshened up. 3. The author chose soft words, “touching the soul”: “bread..c”, “baby..k”, “butter..tse”, “piece..k”. 4. If the son is blacker than the night, the dirt lies on the face, clearly, this is very bad for the child's skin..tsy. 5. And the sun plays in the dirty zhizh..tse. 6. Having eaten a little cold porridge .. tsey, we set off. 7. And I also ask you - write me a letter .. tso. 8. White
a broom .. tsa creeps behind the window.
4. Rewrite with missing letters.
Van..chka, time..chko, shower..chka, Zo..chka, im..chko, book..chka, baby..chka, le..chka, scissors..chka, nanny..chka, Ol..chka, Pet..chka, stove..chka, buttons..chka, seed..chko, Sleep..chka, sit..chko, striving..chko, those..chko.
5. Rewrite with missing letters.
Close .. some distance, heroic .. some health, strong arguments, sluggish soil, harbor .. cue people, der .. cue answer, beast .. some treatment, Caucasian .. languages, Kazan University , kirgi .. kie
steppes, horse harness, matro.. cue suit, no .. level, November .. rains, Reim .. cue cathedral, re .. cue tone, September .. cue day, Siberian .. frosts, how .. cue way, u .. kai strip, French .. cue language, cherke .. kai hat, January .. kai cold.
Spelling of suffixes -EK- and -IK-
Here is the lock. Key to it.
They will help us better.
Learn the letter in the suffix
To write correctly.
Please earnestly
In the genitive case
Follow the vowel
If you agree.
If the vowel is gone
One must remember:
In every word everywhere
We write only the suffix -EK-.
If the vowel remains
The student must remember
What's in the words (so little)
We write only the suffix -IK-:
LOCK - LOCK
KEY IR- KEY IR BUT
6. Rewrite with missing letters.
1. He approached us, said a few kind words to me and again began to command ... wat (P.). 2. Manilova said that he made them very happy ... with his arrival (G.). 3. Ilinka looked at us with a timid smile of surprise ... and when he was offered to try ... he also refused ... fell (L.T.). 4. He had to spend the night in the field ...; buried himself in a shock and slept all night (Garsh.). 5. Noticing somewhere an eagle sitting on top, I ordered ... the shaft to moor the boat to the shore and I myself went to sneak up ... to a cautious bird (Przh.). 6. Riders on thin horses bounced off the colonnade illuminated by bonfires (A.N.). 7. A woodpecker knocked on a Christmas tree, laid ... a thrush on a mountain ash (Prish.). 8. Tikhon catches ... catches them (birch firewood), stores ... on the shore, and the river carries more and more logs (Paust.).
Theoretical part
1. Suffixes of adjectives -IV- and -EB-.
In adjectives, the suffix -IV- is written under stress, and -EB- - without stress:
beautiful, truthful, edge oh, orderly oh, gauze.
Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
2. Suffixes of adjectives -CHIV-, -LIV-.
Suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV- are written only with the vowel AND (there are no suffixes -LEV- and -CHEV- in Russian):
persistent, caring, touchy, prudent.
BUT: enamel, diagonal, gutta-percha (consonants Ch and L belong to the root).
3. Suffix of adjectives -CHAT-.
In the suffix -CHAT- the letter A is written: stepped, webbed.
Before the suffix -CHAT-, the final C of the noun stem alternates with T: granular (grain), ciliated (eyelash), tiled (tile).
4. Suffix of adjectives -IST-.
The adjective suffix -IST- is written only with the vowel AND:
flooded, teary, rolling, clayey, broad-shouldered.
5. Suffixes of adjectives -ONK- (-ENK-).
In adjectives, after the consonants G, K, X, the suffix -ONK- is written, after other consonants - ENK-:
young, heavy, dry.
Possible spellings: light, light.
The suffix -INK- is not written in adjectives.
6. Suffixes of verbs -OVA- (-EVA-), -IVA- (-YVA-)
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -OVA- (-EVA-) is written for verbs, if in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense this suffix alternates with -UYU (-YUU):
conversations oh wa l, conversations oh wa t - I'm talking
potch e va l, potch e va t - regale
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -YVA- (-IVA-) is written for verbs if this suffix is preserved in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense:
sight s va l, sight s va t - sight ywa Yu
unzipped and wa l, unzipped and wa t - unzipped willow Yu.
Note. Verbs with the root -VED-, having the form of the 1st person in -UYU(-YUU)-, are written with the suffix -OVA- in the indefinite form and in the past tense:
to confess - confessed, to preach - preached, to manage - to manage (since I confess, I preach, I manage),
but: reconnoiter - reconnaissance l, tasting - tasting l, visiting - visiting l, visiting - visiting, inferring - inferring l (since the suffix is preserved).
Verbs with the suffix -EVA-, -IVA- should not be confused with verbs in which the stressed suffix -BA- is combined with the preceding root vowel A or I. Such a root vowel, unlike the suffix, is preserved in an indefinite form in verbs without the suffix - VA-:
Wrap around - wrap around, flood - fill, overcome - overcome.
In the verbs to get stuck, to overshadow, to intend, to prolong, to corrupt, the suffix -EVA- is written.
Theory for task 11 from the exam in the Russian language
1. Suffixes of adjectives
Suffixes -EB-/-IV-
-EV- written without stress
For example: lilac, bean
-IV- spelled under stress
For example: beautiful
Exceptions: merciful, gracious
Suffixes -LIV- / -CHIV- Russian has only suffixes -liv- and -chiv-
(no -lev- and -chev-)
For example: caring, trusting
Suffix -EN- Suffix -en-
written in short forms of adjectives –yny
.
For example: casual - casual, calm - calm
Exception: worthy
2. Suffixes of nouns
Suffixes -EK-, -IK-
-IR- the vowel does not disappear when changing the word by case.
For example: key and k - no key and ka
-EK- the vowel disappears when changing the word by case.
For example: zamoch ek- no lock to a
Suffix -TEL-
Suffix -tel- always spelled the same. For example: builder, driver
Suffixes -CHIK-, -SHIK-
-CHIC-: if the stem ends with t, e, s, h, f.
For example: guide, customer.
-SHIK-: if the stem ends with other letters.
For example: bricklayer, tinsmith.
Suffixes -EC-, -IC-
-EC-: written in masculine and neuter nouns (before stress)
For example: brother, letter
-IC-: written in feminine and neuter nouns (after stress)
For example: craftswoman, dress
3. Suffixes of verbs
Suffixes -OVA- / -EVA-, -IVA / -IVA-
-OVA- / -EVA-: -ooh, -ooh
.
For example: try - try
-YVA / -IVA-: form 1 l. unit present or future tense ends in -I am, -I am
.
For example: guess - guess
Note: In verbs before stressed -VA- the same vowel is retained as in the verb from which it is derived.
For example: overcome - overcome, fill-fill
Suffixes before -L- in past tense.
Before suffix -l-
Past tense verbs use the same vowel as before -th
in infinitive.
For example: barked - bark
4. Participle suffixes
Before suffix –vsh-, -sh-
in participles, the same vowel is written as before - in the infinitive.
For example: barking - barking
Spelling: Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech(except -Н-/-НН-): spelling of noun suffixes, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
1. Spelling of noun suffixes
Suffixes -chik/-schik. Suffix -chik written after roots ending in d, t, z, s, zh, suffix -schik- in other cases (scout, tap, sampler, subscriber, defector, porter, changer).
Suffixes -ek/-ik. Suffix -ek it is written if the vowel in the suffix drops out during the declension of the word; suffix -ik it is written if, when the word is declined, the vowel in the suffix is preserved (lock - lock, key - key).
Suffixes -ets/-its. Suffix -ets it is written:
- in masculine nouns (brother, businessman, loaf);
- in nouns of the middle gender, when the stress falls on the ending (letter, finger).
Suffix -its- it is written:
- in feminine nouns (street, soapbox, mill);
- in nouns of the middle gender, when the stress falls on the base (dress, structure).
Suffixes -ichk-/-echk-. Suffix -IC- written in feminine nouns formed from nouns in -its-(onion - onion, mitten - mitten). Suffix -echk- written in words formed from nouns not on the -ic- (nanny, bast basket, Tanechka).
Suffixes -yshk-/-ushk-/-yushk-. Suffix -yshk- it is written in neuter nouns (the ending -o is written after it) (seed, sun, bottom). Suffix -ears- written in masculine and feminine nouns (grandfather, girl, nightingale). Suffix -yushk- it is written in the words of all three genera (polyushko, dolyushka, uncle).
Suffix -ink-(-in- + -k-)/-enk-. Suffix -ink- written in words formed from nouns with the suffix -in-(straw - straw, mountain ash - mountain ash). Suffix -enk- written in diminutive forms of nouns -na, -nya, which in R. p. pl. h. do not write a soft sign at the end ( baubles - baubles - baubles, tower - towers - turret ), as well as in the words refugee, sissy, french, cherry etc.
2. Spelling of suffixes of adjectives
Suffixes -iv-/-ev-, -evat-/-evit-. Suffix -iv- written under stress -ev- in an unstressed position (handsome, arrogant, combatant, dashing). Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
Suffixes -ov- and -ev-. After hissing and c suffix is written under stress -ov-, without stress - suffix -ev-(brocade, pepper, reed, key, end, bucket, clothing).
Suffixes -chiv-/-liv-. Always written with and(friendly, changeable).
Suffixes -k- and -sk-. Suffix -to- it is written:
- in high-quality adjectives that have a short form (sharp - sharp, low - low);
- in adjectives formed from nouns with a stem on k, h, c, the suffix -sk- is simplified into k; sounds k, h alternate with c (Nenets - Nenets, Cossack - Cossack, weaver - weaver). Exceptions: Uzbek - Uzbek, Uglich - Uglich).
Suffix -sk- preserved in relative adjectives with stems in consonants d, t, h, s(sailor, French, fraternal, urban) and with a basis in consonants g, k, x, which often alternate (Onega - Onega).
3. Spelling of verb suffixes
- In past tense verbs before the suffix -l- the same letter is written as in the indefinite form before -th(see - saw, relieve - facilitated, accept - accepted).
- Suffixes are written in the indefinite form of the verb and in the past tense -ova-, -eva- if in the 1st person the verb ends in -ooh, -ooh(draw - draw).
- If in the 1st person the verb ends in -I am, -I am without emphasis on a, then the suffix -yva-, -iva- is preserved (think - think, finish - finish).
4. Spelling of adverb suffixes
Adverbs with a prefix in-, for-, for-, formed from short adjectives, have a suffix -about(to the right, dark, white), and adverbs with prefixes to-, from-, from- suffix -a(before dark, occasionally, on the right, the exception is ahead of schedule).
At the end of adverbs after hissing without stress, a suffix is written -e, stressed - suffix -about(pleasantly, well, an exception - yet).
Summary of the lesson "Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except -Н- / -НН-)".
The spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech, except for -Н- / -НН-, is included in the Unified State Exam in Russian for Grade 11 (task 10).
Spelling of noun suffixes
In nouns, the spelling of the suffixes -EK-/-IK- is most often checked. The suffixes -OK- and -OH- are written in a unique way.
Spelling of suffixes -EK- and -IK-
If you put the noun in the genitive singular, and the vowel in the suffix has disappeared, then the suffix -EK- is written in the word. Otherwise - suffix -IK-.
For example:
- The key is the suffix -IK-, since in the genitive case of the singular "key" the vowel in the suffix does not disappear.
- The lock is the suffix -EK-, since in the genitive case of the singular "lock" the vowel in the suffix disappeared.
The suffixes -NIK-, -CHIK-, -SCHIK-, -IN-, -IC-, -EC- can be checked in the same way.
Spelling of adjective suffixes
In adjectives, the spelling of the suffixes -K-, -SK- and -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EB- / -IV- is most often checked.
Spelling of suffixes -K- and -SK-
If the adjective is qualitative (that is, it has degrees of comparison) or it is formed from a noun with a stem ending in K, Ch or C, then the suffix -K- is written. Otherwise, the suffix -SK- is written.
For example:
- Low - suffix -K-, because the adjective is qualitative.
- German - the suffix -K-, because the adjective was formed from the noun German, ending in C.
- French - the suffix -SK-, since the adjective is not qualitative and it was formed from the noun French, the stem of which does not end in K, Ch or C.
Spelling of suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EB-, -IV-
The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- and -CHAT- are always written in a unique way.
For example:
- Whimsical - suffix -LIV-
- Assiduous - suffix -CHIV-
- Onion - suffix -CHAT-
The suffix -EB- is written only without stress, and the suffix -IV- is written only under stress. Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
For example:
- Flannel - suffix -EB-, because without accent
- Truthful - suffix -IV-, because under stress
The main thing is to distinguish the suffixes -EB- / -IV- and -LIV-, -CHIV- from each other. To do this, you need to correctly perform the morphemic parsing of the word.
Spelling participle suffixes
In participles, the spelling of the suffixes -A-, -I-, -E- and -OM-, -EM-, -IM-, -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH- is most often checked.
Spelling of suffixes A, Z and E
To check the vowel in a suffix, you need to go to the initial form of the verb (infinitive) and see which suffix is used there. If the verb ends in -AT or -YAT, then A or Ya is written in the participle suffix. In all other cases, E is written in the participle suffix. In participles and gerunds, the same suffix is used before the -VSh- suffix as in the infinitive.
For example:
- Tangled - suffix -A-, as it is formed from confuse (ends in -AT)
- Sowed - suffix -I-, as it is formed from sow (ends in -YAT)
- Glued - suffix -E-, as it is formed from glue (does not end in -AT or -YAT)
Spelling of suffixes -OM-, -EM-, -IM- and -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH-
To check which vowel is written in the suffix, you need to determine the verb conjugationfrom which the participle is formed. If the verb is of the first conjugation, then the suffixes -OM-, -EM- and -USCH-, -YUSCH- are used, if the second, then -IM- and -ASCH-, -YASCH-.
For example:
- Dependent - suffix -IM-, as it is formed from the verb depend 2 conjugations
- Cherished - suffix -EM-, as it is formed from the verb cherish 1 conjugation
- Melting snows - suffix -YUSCH-, as it is formed from the verb to melt 1 conjugation
- Gluing - suffix -ЯШ-, as it is formed from the verb to glue 2 conjugations
Spelling of adverb suffixes
In adverbs, the spelling of the suffixes -O- and -A- is usually checked.
Spelling of suffixes -О- and -А-
If the adverb is formed in a suffixal way (only with the help of a suffix), then the suffix -O- is written. If the adverb is formed by the prefix-suffix method (with the help of a prefix and a suffix at the same time), then the suffix -A- is written with the prefixes IZ-, DO- and C-, and the suffix -O- is written with the prefixes B-, HA- and ZA-.
For example:
- Since ancient times - it was formed from the adjective old in the prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix IZ-, the suffix -A- is written.
- To the right - formed from the adjective right in the prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix HA-, the suffix -O- is written.
- Initially, it was formed from the adjective original in a suffixal way (although the word has the prefix IZ-, it was already in the adjective), so the suffix -O- is written.
Spelling of suffixes of verbs and participles
In verbs, the spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA- is usually checked.
Spelling of suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA-
To check the vowel in the suffix of a verb, you need to put it in the first person singular form. If the suffix disappears, then -EVA- or -OVA- is written, if the suffix remains, then -IVA- or -IVA-. In nouns, participles and gerunds formed from verbs with given suffixes, suffixes are written according to the same rule.
For example:
- To grieve - the suffix -EVA-, since in the form of the first person singular it disappears (I grieve)
- Assimilate - the suffix -IVA-, since in the form of the first person singular it is preserved (I assimilate)
It is worth distinguishing the suffixes -EVA- and -IVA- from the suffixes -E- / -I- and -VA-. If -BA- can be removed from the verb, and such a word exists, then it has 2 suffixes -E- / -I- and -BA-, otherwise there is only one suffix.
Spelling of suffixes in past tense verbs
The vowel in the past tense verb suffix can be checked by putting the verb in the infinitive. The past tense verb uses the same suffix as the infinitive before -т.
For example: offended - the suffix -E-, since the suffix -E- is written in the infinitive to offend.