Sewer pipe diameter: selection of sizes and installation features of various pipes. Types of sewer pipes What diameter are sewer pipes
The diameter of the sewer pipe primarily depends on the location where it will be installed. The largest diameter, not counting the one that leads to the septic tank or the general sewer network, is the pipe coming from the toilet, and when installing sewerage inside the house, a variety of pipe sizes are used. Selection of materials during construction sewer system It has great importance, since its functioning for many years depends on it. Miscalculations in this area can result in serious problems, and the right choice, combined with high-quality installation work, will allow you to get a sewer system that works without problems at any time of the year.
Materials from which sewer pipes are made
Like all pipes, sewer pipes have their own ratio of internal diameter to external diameter. It also depends on what material the product is made from. The following materials are used in the manufacture of pipelines:
- Polyvinyl chloride. Resistant to all aggressive influences; when choosing, it should be taken into account that heat leads to disruption of the integrity of the pipe.
- Polypropylene. Also has high degree resistance to various factors, however, it is not recommended for installation of the external part of the sewer system due to its vulnerability at low temperatures.
- Cast iron. Has more high cost than plastic pipes. Installation cast iron pipes associated with certain difficulties, but they are suitable for the widest use and their service life can be about a century. When considering cast iron pipes as an option, it should be remembered that if the marking of plastic pipes indicates outer size, then the numbers on cast iron products they talk about the internal diameter of a sewer pipe made of this material.
When choosing a material for sewerage, it is worth assessing the conditions of use, installation location, type of soil (if we are talking about country house), as well as their own financial capabilities.
Sewage pipe diameter value
During construction utility network The diameter of the sewerage pipes is the main parameter that is relied upon during selection. Why is it given so much importance? The answer to this question simplifies the procedure for choosing the diameter of the pipes, since it becomes clear what its principle is.
The diameter of the sewer pipe determines throughput systems in this area. If it is insufficient for the volumes that come from a particular plumbing fixture, a slowdown in flow, and possibly even the appearance of leaks, becomes inevitable. However, it is not only the volume of water that matters, but also how long it takes to arrive.
As stated above, sewer pipes large diameter are installed to drain wastewater from the toilet. This is due to the fact that in this place there is a short-term intensive discharge of a large volume of water containing solid inclusions. In order to ensure its fast and unhindered passage, a large pipe is required.
If we consider such a representative of plumbing as a bathtub or shower stall, where the volume of water is also noticeable, then a large-diameter pipe will be unclaimed, since the diameter of the drain itself is small, and the amount of drainage depends on it.
Building codes regulating the diameter of sewer pipes
To ensure that every builder or plumber does not experience difficulties when installing sewerage systems associated with the need to carry out calculations, there are building codes, which regulate the value of each indicator.
In a special collection they can be found in section SNiP 2.04.01085. It presents not only the recommended pipe diameters for installation in a specific location, but also calculation methods that take into account parameters such as the angle of inclination of the pipe in the horizontal section and at the junction with the riser. Without going into details, we can say the following:
- For installing a network as a main branch, a 110 mm sewer pipe is quite suitable, of course, if the number of plumbing fixtures falls within the average statistical framework.
- For all plumbing fixtures, except the toilet, a sewer pipe of 50 mm in diameter is quite suitable; it can cope with the load coming from them.
- When installing sewerage in apartment buildings For risers, a 100 mm pipe is used, and in areas where drains from several apartments are combined - 150 mm.
It should also be taken into account that the diameter of each main pipe varies from separate apartment should not be larger than the diameter of the common riser.
Where are pipes of different diameters used?
Having familiarized themselves with the theory, many believe that sewerage does not present any difficulties, but when they find themselves in a store and see PVC sewer pipes - their diameters are very diverse - they experience some confusion in the selection. In order to avoid confusion, you need to know where a pipe of a particular diameter is used, then it becomes easier not only to choose, but also to replace one diameter with another, which may be required in the process. The diameters of plastic sewer pipes can vary over a wide range, from 25 to 300 mm.
Large diameter pipes
These include products that are usually used as general or main pipes. Thus, the size of 300, 400, 500 mm is the diameter of external sewer pipes used in urban networks; they carry large volumes of wastewater; they are also used for the installation of sewer wells.
Pipes of 200 and 315 mm in diameter can be used in storm sewer or in gravity systems sewer apartment buildings, as they have high throughput and light weight, which is convenient when installing a network.
Medium diameter pipes
These include sewer riser pipes and main pipelines for each apartment or house. Their size rarely exceeds 125 mm; among plumbing fixtures, they are used for toilets, due to the peculiarities of the functioning of these devices, as well as bathrooms, where a pipe with a diameter of 60, 80, 90 mm can be installed. Pipe sizes in the range of 50-75 mm are also used to drain waste from urinals or bidets.
Small diameter pipes
Used for internal wiring and supply to individual plumbing fixtures. Thus, the main part of the apartment’s sewer network consists of pipes with a diameter of 40 mm; 32 mm pipes are suitable for draining drains from sinks, and a 25 mm pipe is most often used to connect a washing machine or dishwasher to the sewer system.
Thus, it is not difficult to select the necessary PVC pipes for sewerage: the diameters are chosen simply based on the type of plumbing fixture and the purpose of the pipe.
Some piping system rules
When determining which sewer pipe diameters are suitable for a particular system and consumers, it is worth remembering a few rules:
- Maintaining a constant slope. Moreover, if you make it small, the water will flow out slowly, but if you overdo it with this indicator, there will be noise of water in the pipes, and problems may arise at the junction with the riser, since the incoming water will not always have time to go into the general sewer.
- When installing the system, it should be remembered that as you move away from the main pipe, the diameter of the pipes may decrease, but not increase in any way, otherwise disruptions in the operation of the sewerage system are inevitable.
Finally, I would like to note that when connecting pipes of different diameters, you should use only high-quality fittings and fittings, and avoid handicraft work and negligence, since the very first accident in the sewer system will, with its financial consequences, nullify all savings.
When building a private house or major renovation of an apartment, a question always arises related to the arrangement of the sewer system. Of course, this also raises additional problems, for example, the choice suitable material and creating a quality project.
Very important parameter in this case, is the diameter of the sewer pipe for a private house, on which the functionality of the system will directly depend. In addition, it will be necessary to accurately calculate the slope of the pipelines, the number of pipes, bends and turns, and also figure out how the pipes will be connected to each other. How to choose the diameter of a sewer pipe for a private home will be discussed in this article.
Classification of sewer pipes by diameter
There are some standard pipe diameters that are used when installing sewer systems. Thus, for the general drainage of sewerage, pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm are used, and internal networks are created from 50 mm pipes.Since the common outlet channel of the system is usually installed through the toilet, this difference in diameters can be explained by two factors:
- it is in the toilet that a large amount of water is flushed at a time;
- the toilet is the only one plumbing device, which has to pass large fractions of waste that can clog pipes of smaller diameter.
There is another controversial situation: Let's assume that there is a bidet near the toilet. It turns out that the diameter of the sewer pipe in a private house is in this case should reach 200 mm. Such a decision could be justified, but it also has its own nuances. Firstly, the throughput of a pipe, depending on its diameter, changes not in arithmetic, but in geometric progression. So, if we compare 100 mm and 200 mm pipes, the cross-country ability of the second will be four times higher than that of the first.
The second nuance is that greater sewage capacity is necessary if all plumbing fixtures are drained at the same time, and the volume of liquid should be maximum. Of course, this situation rarely arises, so the diameter of the sewer pipe for a private home can be quite small.
In addition, you also need to understand how the sewer system works at the time of flushing. When it is carried out, not only water, but also a certain amount of air enters the system. If the diameter of the sewer in a private house is large, then there will be no problems, but in a pipe that is too narrow, excessive pressure may arise, since there will be very little space for air. As a result internal pressure will force this air out, breaking through the water seals of the plumbing. If you're lucky, only the characteristic sewer smell will enter the room, which will be difficult to get rid of. It will be much worse if wastewater begins to return to living quarters - the reduction of comfort in the house will be guaranteed to be reduced to zero.
All methods for calculating pipe diameters are reflected in the regulatory document SNiP 2.04.01-85. Calculating the diameter of a sewer pipe is quite difficult, since it is necessary to take into account the slope indicator, which reflects the location of the pipeline sections, and the angle of connection of the outlet pipes with the riser, and many other factors. SNiP also makes it possible to calculate what capacity a pipe of a certain diameter will have.
To do this, it is necessary to rely on the following recommendations, which were derived practically:
- When installing a sewer system with a standard load, it is sufficient to use pipes with a maximum diameter not exceeding 100 mm. Of course, this option is only suitable if the number of plumbing fixtures in the house is not too large. Typically, sewerage installations are made from plastic pipes.
- Plumbing, from which only water and small particles of dirt need to be removed, can be connected to the sewer system using 50 mm pipes.
- You must always remember that during operation, pipes can become silted and clogged. This is especially true for metal products, internal walls who are highly susceptible to such influence.
- For multi-storey buildings with up to 5 floors, risers with a diameter of 100 mm can be used, but houses with more floors must be equipped with 150 mm pipes.
- The connection of several vertical risers with their subsequent output into one horizontal network must be equipped with pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm, since the load on the structure in this case will be quite high.
- Plastic pipes are practically not subject to internal blockages, so they are much the best solution when choosing material for sewerage installation. Choosing between metal and plastic products, preference should be given to the second option. This factor allows you to replace cast iron pipes of the same diameter with plastic ones, the diameter of which will be one step smaller.
Choosing the diameter of pipes for sewerage in a private house
When choosing pipes for sewerage, you need to constantly check the system diagram so that the selected option can provide maximum functionality, and know what the diameters of sewer pipes are.
- Horizontal pipe the sewer connected to the riser must be thinner than it. This is due to the fact that any narrowing of the passage in the sewer system will become a place of constant blockages.
- When arranging horizontal connections, only oblique tees and fittings can be used. You can create right angles in a pipeline only when connecting internal sewerage to the riser, otherwise this place will again become clogged regularly.
- Each turn of the sewer pipeline must be equipped with an inspection - a special technical hole with a cover that allows you to clean the system. True, sometimes exceptions can be made: for example, if there is a tee nearby to which the sink is connected, then it can be used in the future as an inspection.
- The risers of multi-storey buildings must be equipped with inspections on every third floor. If there are blind horizontal sections of the pipeline, the length of which exceeds 12 m, they must also be equipped with an inspection.
- The top of the riser must be open to allow air into the system. From a physics point of view, this looks quite reasonable: the vacuum formed in the system after draining may well pull water seals with it. upper floors, and the people living in those apartments will be very uncomfortable.
- A horizontal pipe must be installed at an angle. The optimal value is 10-20 mm per meter of pipe. It is impossible to make a slope that is too large, since the noise will be much higher and the siltation will be stronger. If the slope is too small, the water will drain more slowly, which will soon cause a blockage.
- Laying the sewerage system under the screed should be accompanied by thermal insulation wrapping: this will prevent excessive noise.
- It is much easier to work with plastic pipes: they can be installed without problems and can be easily cut into pieces using a regular hacksaw.
- When installing plastic pipes, it is necessary to make a small margin of distance in order to exclude possible damage systems during pipeline expansion. To do this, when installing the system, it is enough to not completely insert the end of one pipe into the socket of the other.
- When installing a sewer system, it is necessary to direct the pipes towards the direction of water movement, otherwise blockages will not be long in coming.
Conclusion
Compliance with the described tips and recommendations will allow you to avoid problems with the sewer system both at the stage of its arrangement and during operation, because when creating a sewer system in a private house, the diameter of the pipes is of great importance.
To select the right pipelines, you must take them into account geometric parameters. One of the most important indicators is the diameter of the sewer PVC pipes, PPE, and cast iron.
There are certain standards according to which the size of a sewer pipe depends on the area of its use. Thus, a pipeline with a diameter of 40–50 mm is installed in kitchen and sink drains, and 75–100 mm in diameter in the sewer leading from the toilet.
Standard parameters depend on the volume of water that must leave the container within certain time. For example, in an apartment multi-storey building There are standard toilets, from which a large volume of water along with waste must come out in a short period of time. Therefore, in most cases, for toilets, the diameter of plastic or cast iron pipes is chosen to be at least 110 mm.
Table on how to choose the internal diameter for a sewer pipe depending on the use of the outlet:
If you have non-standard parameters plumbing systems, then before installing the sewer system you need to determine the relationship between the amount Wastewater and the speed of their withdrawal. For this, certain geometric parameters are calculated.
In addition to the fact that the correct diameter allows you to calculate the water drainage rate, pipe cleaning is also carried out taking this parameter into account. For example, the technology of sewer cleaning with Kärcher systems is now very popular, but they are used only on pipes with a diameter of 100 mm or more.
Pipe calculation
For individual selection pipes for installation in houses, cottages or in the country, it is necessary to calculate the permeability. To calculate the useful pipe diameter (internal d), you need to know the following parameters:
- D – outer (external) diameter, mm;
- B – wall thickness, mm;
- m – mass linear meter pipes, g (necessary to take into account the number and type of fastenings, if necessary complete replacement pipeline);
- S – cross-sectional area, mm 2.
Formulas for calculation:
S = π/4 (D 2 – d 2);
Many manufacturers polyethylene pipes mark most of the required parameters on the communication. But, as a standard, the tap is initially known only outside diameter(D) and wall thickness. The most important parameter is the internal diameter; it is used to connect the pipe to the main and to lay out the sewer system, select additional elements, fittings, etc.
Moreover, unlike polypropylene plastic pipes, cast iron sewer lines are initially specified by the manufacturer with a useful internal diameter. Like steel, it is designated DN. May have different meanings, in whole numbers, for example, DN 110 or DN 200. This means that this pipe has a nominal water drainage diameter of 110 or 200 millimeters, respectively.
How to determine pipe sizes
Foreign-made polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and other plastic communications are most often designated by inches. It may also be that you need to install fasteners on the pipeline, but its dimensions are also given in inches, while the pipe is indicated in mm.
To do this, you need to translate the known inch dimensions in millimeters. According to the data, 1 inch is 25.4 mm. It turns out that a pipe with a diameter of 2 inches = 50.8 mm, etc. Fractional values are very often used, this is how clamps, fittings, couplings and communications are marked.
Let's look at their meaning in the table:
| In inches | In millimeters | In inches | In millimeters |
| 1/8 | 3,2 | 1 1/8 | 28,6 |
| 1/4 | 6,4 | 1 1/4 | 31,8 |
| 3/8 | 9,5 | 1 3/8 | 34,9 |
| 1/2 | 12,7 | 1 1/2 | 38,1 |
| 5/8 | 15,9 | 1 5/8 | 41,3 |
| 3/4 | 19 | 1 3/4 | 44,4 |
| 7/8 | 22,2 | 1 7/8 | 47,6 |
| 2 1/8 | 54 | 3 1/8 | 79,4 |
| 2 1/4 | 57,2 | 3 1/4 | 82,6 |
| 2 3/8 | 60,3 | 3 3/8 | 85,7 |
| 2 1/2 | 63,5 | 3 1/2 | 88,9 |
| 2 5/8 | 66,7 | 3 5/8 | 92,1 |
| 2 3/4 | 69,8 | 3 3/4 | 95,2 |
| 2 7/8 | 73 | 3 7/8 | 98,4 |
But, when measuring a socket manually, for example, with a ruler, the nearest one is always taken minimum size. For example, the diameter in millimeters of a sewer pipe for a sink is 34. It turns out that the outer diameter is 1 ¼ inches. Be careful when selecting sizes, otherwise you will have to buy additional spacers or adapters. But the coupling is selected based on the nearest larger indicator, i.e., 34 mm will be considered 1 3/8 inches.
Video: Pipe joining different diameters in the sewer.
Steel two-way communications can have different indicators on different sides, you need to double-check the data. This can be done by experimental measurements with a caliper or plug gauge.
Table: Diameters ceramic pipes SNiP
Before you buy large-diameter sewer pipes, you need to familiarize yourself with the requirements of SNiP. There are systems designed for use in big cities, accordingly, they have larger diameters and communications, which are used in urban-type settlements or villages. Based on the standards specified in sanitary standards and rules:
- For installation of sewerage systems in urban networks with a flow of more than 300 cubic meters for 24, pipes with a diameter of 150 mm are used;
- To carry out the installation of drainage for production premises– up to 130 mm, but it is necessary to use a sealing collar;
- Laying pipes for non-pressure sewers is permitted with communications up to 100 mm.
Various domestic and foreign companies are engaged in the production and installation of sewerage pipes. The price of communications directly depends on the diameter and material of the drain. Before installing already selected pipelines, it is advisable to consult with a specialist to warn possible leaks And emergency situations due to a discrepancy between the requirements and the purchased pipes.
Today one of necessary conditions For comfortable stay in a private house is the presence of a sewer system that works efficiently. Nowadays, this is no longer a luxury, but a norm of life.
Before installing a sewer network, you need to make a design and correctly calculate all the parameters, one of the most important of which is the diameter of the sewer pipes.
Main characteristics of the sewer network
In order to decide which sewer system is best installed in a private house, you need to know the structural system of the sewer network. It is divided into the following types:
- Internal;
- External.
Internal sewerage is laid inside the house to receive waste from plumbing units, such as a toilet, bathroom, kitchen, and bringing them out external system. To do this you need to install:
- Boner;
- Fan pipe;
- Pipe layouts.
Sewerage can be laid in several options:
- Hidden;
- Open.
IN hidden version pipes are laid inside the wall or floor, and in open version they are secured with clamps directly to the wall or floor.
External sewerage is located outside the private house. Previously, wastewater was collected everywhere in cesspool, which is a special container underground. From time to time, as it fills, it is cleaned by special service workers. On this moment more apply modern methods in the form of a deep cleaning station or storage septic tank.
What parameters need to be taken into account for sewerage?
Currently in production huge assortment products for sewerage. All of them are necessarily manufactured in accordance with regulatory documents. In order to choose the right materials for the sewer network of a private house, it is necessary to study the parameters of the sewer network, namely:
- Diameter of sewer pipes;
- Pipe angle;
- Wall thickness;
- Length of products.
According to SNiP regulatory documents, the diameter of pipes comes in different sizes and depends on where they will be used:
- When discharging wastewater from the toilet, a diameter of 100 mm is used;
- When draining wastewater from a bathtub and washbasin, the required diameter is 40-50 mm;
- For drainage from washing machine— 25 mm;
- A pipe is used to drain all the drainage into an external sewer system largest diameter- up to 200 mm.
In a private house, when draining wastewater underground, products are used that can withstand heavy loads. They must be strong and rigid, since a large layer of soil will lie on them. The most common use is orange pipes with a diameter of 110 mm.
Essentially important point when laying the system is the angle of inclination of the pipes. After all, the uninterrupted gravity flow of wastewater depends on how correctly it is laid. The diameter of the pipes and the angle of inclination are interdependent parameters. Depending on the diameter of the product, the angle of inclination is calculated.
If the angle of inclination of pipes in a private house is calculated incorrectly, stagnation of drains will be inevitable.
Correct installation work inside the house
To install a sewer system in a private house, you should correctly draw up a pipe routing diagram. When laying pipes, the following materials are most often used:
- Cast iron;
- Polypropylene;
- Polyvinyl chloride.
Additionally, when carrying out installation work The following connecting elements will be needed:
- Audits;
- Tees;
- Knee;
- Adapters.
For correct implementation internal sewerage in a private house, the following points must be taken into account:
- When laying pipes, it is necessary to correctly determine the angle of inclination;
- The diameter of the pipes should increase when connecting additional plumbing fixtures;
- It is necessary to install water seals to protect against the penetration of unpleasant odors;
- The wiring should be done correctly from the riser to the toilet with a diameter of at least 100 mm;
- It is necessary to install special cleanings and inspections;
- If the sewerage system will be laid in the wall, it must be wrapped with thermal insulation;
- Required mandatory installation fan pipe, which serves as ventilation.
The internal sewage system runs from the toilet to the riser, and from it to the outside. Fan pipe connected directly to the riser using a revision. It serves for the following purposes:
- Ventilation of the sewer network;
- Increasing the service life of the system;
- Regulating the pressure inside the system.
If a private house has one floor, then a riser may not be needed. It is very important to correctly determine the installation location outer pipe, where all the drains will go. To facilitate installation work " wet rooms» It is best to do adjacent or close to each other. After completing the installation work, it is necessary to carry out trial run systems for checking the tightness of all plumbing units (toilet, bathtub, washbasin).
Laying external sewerage
Before you begin laying pipes, you need to dig a trench with the minimum possible number of turns. Ideal option there will be a completely straight pipe with no bends. When laying a sewer network, it is necessary to correctly take into account the depth of soil freezing. The quality of wastewater disposal depends on how correctly the external sewage system is laid. To do this, the following points must be taken into account:
- Ground water level;
- Laying of sewerage must be carried out on a well-compacted pad 50 mm thick;
- Set the tilt angle correctly;
- The depth of the outer part should be no more than 50-80 cm;
- Correctly calculate the distance from the cleaning system to the pipe entrance to the house.
Very important issue is what cleaning system better to choose when laying external sewerage. Today there are the following types of septic tanks:
- Cesspool;
- Septic tank with mechanical cleaning;
- Autonomous treatment systems.
The cesspool is the most affordable option, since it does not require labor-intensive construction costs, but during operation it requires periodic cleaning with sewerage machines. A mechanical septic tank consists of a tank through which wastewater flows. Inside such a container, wastewater is purified using special anaerobic bacteria. Autonomous sewerage represents complex system, the main component of which is sewage treatment plants.
Currently, a huge selection of different septic tanks is produced. They differ from each other in the following characteristics:
- Material;
- Productivity;
- The magnitude of the short-term load;
- The amount of simultaneous wastewater discharge.
In order for living in a private house to be comfortable, and the sewer network to serve uninterruptedly long years, you need to choose the right type of sewer network device. The type of device depends on the following factors:
- The amount of water consumed;
- Plot size;
- Soil features.
Taking into account all the above factors, you can do right choice to provide all the amenities of country life.
If you have started building your home, or have planned to carry out major renovation in your apartment, then you will have to face the need and, of course, the selection of materials. In addition, you need to draw up a project in order to calculate correct amount pipes The main parameter that needs to be correctly determined is the diameter of the sewer pipe, the slope, the number of angles and the method of joining the pipes to each other.
Can we start with what should be the diameter of the sewer pipe? By generally accepted standards, a pipe with a diameter of 100 millimeters is used in the toilet, and in the bathroom from 40 to 50 mm.
Sewage pipe diameters
The difference in pipe diameters is due to the characteristics of plumbing fixtures. So, for example, in a toilet bowl, a large amount of water with particles of different fractions is formed in one flush. In this case, you need to use a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm. As for the bathroom, this plumbing fixture, a significant amount of water also accumulates, but the diameter of the sewer pipe is required to be smaller. What is the reason? In this case, you need to remember the rule: the permeability of a sewer pipe is always equal to the narrowest point in its design. So we should pay attention to the size drain hole and everything will become clear.
In the specialized literature there are examples and methods for calculating the diameter of a sewer pipe. The calculation can be too complicated, because you need to take into account the angle of connection with the riser and a large number of other factors. In addition, using SNiPs, you can clear the maximum permeability at a certain diameter. To put it simply, the diameter of the sewer pipe should be:
To install a sewer system in a house or apartment, it is enough to use a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm for the toilet.
Example:
With standard wiring in an apartment, a riser with a diameter of 100 mm passes through the toilet, a tee with a socket of 100 mm for the toilet comes out of it, and an outlet with a diameter of 50 mm for the remaining plumbing points. For example, washing machine, sink, bath or shower, kitchen sink, and dishwasher.
For a washbasin, bidet or urinal, as well as a kitchen sink, it is enough to use a 50 mm pipe;
Due to the gradual contamination of the main line, a 100 mm pipe is used for houses of no more than five floors. In the case of multi-storey buildings, the pipe must have a diameter of at least 150 mm;
We select some sections located in a horizontal position, connecting several risers and leading to the well, with a diameter of 200 mm;
Unlike cast iron, deposits do not form on the surface of plastic pipes, so you can use pipes with a diameter one step smaller.
The variety of sewer pipes is not limited to the above values. There are pipes on the market with diameters of 75, 90, 110, 160 and 300 mm. It is worth noting that it will be very difficult to select cuffs and fittings for such pipes, and it is best to avoid using them. Of course, there are exceptions where these pipes will be the only way out when organizing a sewer system.
Subtleties of sewer installation
When starting the installation of a sewer pipe, you need to be able to not only choose the correct diameter, but also take into account some nuances that allow you to create a high-quality and working system. So, in order for the sewer system to fulfill its duties, the following must be taken into account:
A sewer pipe located horizontally should not have a diameter larger than the riser into which water flows from it;
Horizontal connections are made using oblique tees. A right angle can only be used when connecting to a riser;
In places where the sewer route turns, inspection windows must be installed;
The sewer riser must be left open at the top so that air can flow freely into the system;
The slope of a horizontal pipe should be from 1 to 2 cm per meter;
If the slope is too large, then the water will create noise when draining, and the pipes will quickly become dirty, but if the slope is less than normal, then the water will not drain well;
The formation of counter-slopes must not be allowed. The sewerage system is installed so that the pipes are directed towards the water flow.
If you use the above tips, you will be able to correctly choose the diameter of the pipe for sewer installation and in the future you will be able to use the system without problems.