What does commercial development experience mean? Commercial concession. Translation of "commercial experience" in English

When using methanol as a fuel, it should be noted that the volumetric and mass energy intensity of methanol is 40-50% less than that of gasoline, however, the thermal performance of alcohol-air and gasoline air-fuel mixtures during their combustion in an engine differs slightly due to the high value of the heat of evaporation methanol helps to improve the filling of the engine cylinders and reduce its thermal stress, which leads to an increase in the completeness of combustion of the alcohol-air mixture. As a result of this, engine power increases by 10-15%. Engines racing cars running on methanol with a higher octane number than gasoline have a compression ratio exceeding 15:1, while in a conventional internal combustion engine with spark ignition The compression ratio for unleaded gasoline generally does not exceed 11.5:1. Methanol can be used as in classic engines internal combustion, and in special fuel cells to generate electricity.

Flaws:

• methanol poisons aluminum. The use of aluminum carburetors and injection systems for supplying fuel to internal combustion engines is problematic.
• hydrophilicity. Methanol draws in water, which causes clogging of fuel supply systems in the form of jelly-like toxic deposits.
• methanol, like ethanol, increases throughput plastic fumes for some plastics. This feature of methanol increases the risk of increased emissions of volatile organic matter, which can lead to a decrease in ozone concentration and increased solar radiation.
• Reduced volatility in cold weather: Engines running on methanol may have trouble starting and experience increased fuel consumption before reaching operating temperature.

Low levels of methanol impurities can be used to fuel existing vehicles using proper corrosion inhibitors. T.n. The European Fuel Quality Directive allows the use of up to 3% methanol with an equal amount of additives in gasoline sold in Europe. Today, China uses more than 1,000 million gallons of methanol per year as a transportation fuel in blends low level used in existing vehicles, as well as high-level mixtures in vehicles, intended for the use of methanol as fuel. In addition to the use of methanol as an alternative to gasoline, there is a technology for using methanol to create a coal suspension based on it, which in the USA has the commercial name “metacol”. This fuel is offered as an alternative to fuel oil, which is widely used for heating buildings. Such a suspension, unlike water-carbon fuel, does not require special boilers and has a higher energy intensity. From an environmental point of view, such fuel has a smaller carbon footprint than traditional options synthetic fuels produced from coal using processes where a portion of the coal is burned during the production of liquid fuels.

The high anti-knock properties of methanol, combined with the possibility of its production from non-petroleum raw materials, allow us to consider this product as a promising high-octane component of motor gasoline. The optimal methanol addition is from 5 to 20%; at such concentrations, the gasoline-alcohol mixture is characterized by satisfactory performance properties and provides a noticeable economic effect. The addition of methanol reduces the heat of combustion of the fuel and the stoichiometric coefficient with minor changes in the heat of combustion of the mixture.

Due to changes in stoichiometric characteristics, the use of a 15% methanol additive (M15 mixture) in a standard power system leads to a depletion of the air-fuel mixture by approximately 7%. At the same time, with the introduction of methanol, the octane number of the fuel increases (on average by 3-8 units for a 15% additive), which makes it possible to compensate for the deterioration energy indicators by increasing the compression ratio. At the same time, methanol improves the process of fuel combustion due to the formation of radicals that activate oxidation chain reactions. Research on the combustion of gasoline-methanol mixtures in single cylinder engines with standard and layer-by-layer mixture formation systems showed that the addition of methanol reduces the ignition delay period and the duration of fuel combustion. In this case, heat removal from the reaction zone decreases, and the depletion limit of the mixture expands and becomes maximum for pure methanol.

The specific performance properties of methanol also appear when it is used in a mixture with gasoline. For example, the effective efficiency of the engine and its power increase, but fuel efficiency deteriorates. According to data obtained on a single-cylinder installation, with e = 8.6 and n = 2000 min-1 for a mixture of M20 (20% methanol) in the region k = 1.0-1.3, the effective efficiency increases by approximately 3%, power - by 3-4%, and fuel consumption increases by 8-10%.

For cold engine starts with high methanol content in fuel mixture or low temperatures They use electric heating of the air or air-fuel mixture, partial recirculation of hot exhaust gases, additives of volatile components to the fuel and other measures.

Additions of methanol to gasoline generally help improve the toxic characteristics of a car. For example, in studies performed on a group of 14 cars with mileage from 5 to 120 thousand km, the addition of 10% methanol changed hydrocarbon emissions both upward by 41% and decrease by 26%, which on average amounted to a 1% increase ¬nia. At the same time, CO and NOx emissions decreased on average by 38 and 8%, respectively, for the entire group of vehicles.

One of the most serious problems What complicates the use of methanol additives is the low stability of gasoline-methanol mixtures and especially their sensitivity to water. The difference in density of gasoline and methanol and the high solubility of the latter in water lead to the fact that the entry of even small amounts of water into the mixture leads to its immediate separation and precipitation of the water-methanol phase. The tendency for separation increases with decreasing temperature, increasing water concentration and decreasing the content of aromatic compounds in gasoline. For example, with a content of 0.2 to 1.0% (vol.) water in the fuel mixture, the separation temperature increases from -20 to +10 ° C, i.e., such a mixture is practically unsuitable for operation. Below are the maximum concentrations of water Skr in various gasoline-methanol mixtures:

To stabilize gasoline-methanol mixtures, additives are used - propanol, isopropanol, isobutanol and other alcohols. At a water content of 600 ppm, the turbidity of the usual M15 mixture begins already at -9°C, at -17°C the mixture stratifies, and at -20°C almost complete destabilization occurs. The addition of 1% isopropanol reduces the separation temperature by almost 10°C, and the addition of 25% maintains the stability of M15 mixtures even with a low content of aromatic compounds in gasoline to almost -40°C over a wide range of water content.

Due to high cost and the limited production of stabilizers for gasoline-methanol mixtures, it was proposed to use a mixture of alcohols, mainly isobutanol, propanol and ethanol. Such a stabilizing additive can be obtained in a single technological cycle co-production of methanol and higher alcohols. The addition of even small amounts of methanol changes the fractional composition of the fuel. As a result, the tendency to form vapor locks in the fuel supply lines increases, although with pure methanol this is practically eliminated due to its high heat of vaporization. According to calculations, for a 10% mixture of methanol and gasoline, the formation of vapor locks is possible at ambient temperatures 8-11°C lower than for base fuel. Adjustment factional composition base fuel is possible by reducing the content of light components, taking into account the subsequent addition of methanol.

The corrosive activity of gasoline-methanol mixtures is significantly lower than that of pure methanol, but in some cases it is significant and strongly depends on the presence of water. For example, in mixtures containing 10-15% methanol, steel, brass and copper do not corrode, but aluminum corrodes slowly with a change in color.

Abroad in carburetor engines practical use They obtained mixtures of 10-20% ethanol with petroleum gasolines, called “gasohol”. According to the ASTM standard developed by the US National Alcohol Fuels Commission, gasohol with 10% ethanol is characterized the following indicators: density 730–760 kg/m3, temperature limits boiling point 25–210°С, heat of combustion 41.9 MJ/kg, heat of evaporation 465 kJ/kg, saturated vapor pressure (38°С) 55–110 kPa, viscosity (–40°С) 0.6 mm2/s, the stoichiometric coefficient is 14. Thus, according to most indicators, gasohol corresponds to motor gasoline.

When using watered ethanol at low temperatures environment to prevent stratification, it is necessary to introduce stabilizers into the mixture, which are propanol, sec-propanol, isobutanol, etc. Thus, the addition of 2.5-3.0% isobutanol ensures the stability of a mixture of ethanol containing 5% water with gasoline at temperatures up to -20°C.

The greatest distribution of gasohol is in Brazil, where since 1975 a government program has been implementing the use of renewable sources of plant raw materials for the production of ethanol and its use as automobile fuel. The number of cars running on ethanol and gasohol in this country was in 1980. 2411 and 775 thousand units. respectively. By 2000 from the projected park passenger cars Brazil at 19-24 million units. From 11 to 14 million should be used on alcohol fuels. In the USA, at 1000 pumps in 20 states, cars are refueled with gasohol containing 10-20% ethanol.

In European countries with disabilities Due to the production of ethanol and its high cost, greater interest is shown in the use of methanol additives. The greatest use of methanol as a motor fuel and its components is in Germany. Within the three-year federal program research alternative sources energy in the period 1979-1982. In Germany, over 1000 vehicles were used alternative fuels, mainly methanol and gasoline-methanol mixtures. 850 cars were converted to work on the M15 mixture, 100-120 cars on the M100-120 mixture, and 100 cars on diesel fuel with the addition of methanol. The M100 mixture consists of 95% methanol, the remaining 5% includes light gasoline fractions (usually isopentane), which are necessary to facilitate engine starting. For winter operation the content of gasoline fractions increases to 8-9%, while the water content in the mixture is allowed no more than 1%.

The M15 mixture of 85% gasoline fractions contains at least 45% aromatic hydrocarbons; the content of tetraethyl lead in the mixture does not exceed 0.15 g/kg, and water - within 0.10% (almost 0.05-0.06%). The M15 mixture also contains anti-corrosion additives.

In a number of countries, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is used as an additive that expands the resources of high-octane gasoline. Its anti-knock efficiency compared to alkylbenzene is 3-4 times higher, due to which it is possible to obtain a wide range of unleaded high-octane gasoline. Methyl tert-butyl ether is characterized by the following indicators: density 740 - 750 kg/m3, boiling point 48 - 55°C, saturated vapor pressure (25°C) 32.2 kPa, calorific value 35.2 MJ/kg, octane number 95-110 (motor method) and 115-135 (research method). Ether exhibits the greatest anti-knock efficiency in the composition of straight-run gasoline and conventional catalytic reforming.

Domestic gasolines A-76 and AI-92 with additives of 8 and 11% methyl tert-butyl ether, respectively, meet the requirements of GOST 2084-77 in all respects and in terms of a set of qualification assessment methods showed the best operational properties. Gasolines with ether additives are characterized by good starting qualities and, at lower engine speeds, have higher actual octane numbers compared to commercial gasoline.

Fuel efficiency and engine power performance when running on gasoline with ether are at the level of commercial gasoline. At the same time, the toxicity of exhaust gases is slightly reduced, mainly due to a decrease in carbon monoxide emissions. No changes or disturbances in the condition and operation of engine systems are observed when using gasoline with ether.

We would like to talk about our first experience in developing games in Unity 3D. It was necessary to create games on national themes for the social site El.kz. We have long wanted to create games and were happy about this news and wanted to try something new. We were anticipating victory because the games were not that difficult, and we had at least some experience in creating games. 4 mini-games had to be completed in three months; according to our calculations, we could have completed it in two. But just as it often happens that a ship called “Expectation” collides with the iceberg “Reality” and goes down, so it happened with us. The customer said that he wanted flash games, but no matter how we explained to him, few people use this technology now, and they are gradually abandoning it. But he didn’t care, and even if he did, he couldn’t do anything, since the order was state and flash games were written in the order drawn up a year ago. We had no choice, either we create games, or they are looking for other developers, but the desire to create games and make money overpowered us and we got to work.

While negotiations were going on about the themes of the games, we developers thought about what we should do. We had two choices: the first was to study the Action Script language and create games in it, the second was to make the same games in Unity 3D, because it was cross-platform and we liked creating games in it. But the problem is that flash technology is not supported by Unity as we thought, and the creators of the engine abandoned it. At that time, all our games were made in free version There was no Unity 3D or flash platform. And we started searching on forums about the engine and flash. Everywhere it was written that games on flash are not relevant, but we came across one post where it was written that in the paid version of the engine it is possible to convert to flash. We decided to check if this was true and downloaded the crack version of Unity, and luckily we found what we were looking for. Writing games in Unity and converting them to flash, our happiness knew no bounds and we got to work.

Everything was going well because in a month we had made two games and were starting on the third. There was no game design and we started asking what would happen to him, when the drawings would be ready, but it turns out that the designer besides us worked for others and did not have time. Didn't throw it off full design for the first game, but customers didn't like it. In the meantime, we were finishing the third game and started thinking about the fourth, because it was a little problematic. You may ask what about the fourth, the fact is that this game is a continuation existing game on the website () and it is very old, we did not receive the source code for this game because it is ancient and there are no contacts of the people who developed it. I had to decompile flash game. A couple of hours and we pulled out all the resources that were required for the second version of the third game, and then we came up with bicycles with crutch traction so that the second version () would be no different from the first. All the games were ready, except for one; as always, the design was missing, because it was not ready yet. And then a miracle, the mountain gave birth to a mouse, the long-awaited game design was ready, and we immediately began work after the rest. So the summer passed, which was not remembered for anything special as for hard work, the creation of bicycles and crutches.

Classes at the university began, so we had to find time to work; we spent whole days after classes in the library finishing games, because the customers were not satisfied with what they wanted last month. One programmer had to take on the work of an artist and draw the missing elements of the games and at the same time complete the games, while another had to instruct on the implementation of these games and their documentation. As for the source code, it is written in C# and there is no Action Script there, in this form we presented them to the customer. So it took four months to create games and launch them instead of the planned three.

During this time, we paid attention to such things as technical specifications, time management and copyright laws that we violated. We warned them about Unity 3D so that they would purchase a paid version of the game engine. At the end of September we received money for our work and this hell stopped. After we hear the word state order, we remember this hellish summer, which taught us to dodge and come up with cunning plans. Link to one of the games, the design of which we have been waiting for a long time (

Mission diagram: launch, docking, testing, deboarding, operation in conjunction with the ISS, undocking and return to Earth

On October 4, five nanosatellites prepared by NanoRacks were launched directly from the ISS

The platform is created by NanoRacks, which works closely with NASA and supplies whole line equipment for the ISS - first of all, racks and modules for equipment and instruments. It should be launched in 2014 and installed on the Japanese Kibo module, although the rocket for it has not yet been selected - it could be an American, European, Japanese, or Russian carrier.

The development of the external platform is carried out jointly with the North American branch of the European concern Astrium. The designers completed the preliminary design this September, just three months after the start of the project.

According to NanoRacks Vice President Richard Pournelle, the company already has many formal agreements on the use of the future research platform. Not only academic institutions, but also military, government and industrial organizations showed interest in it.

The platform will accommodate a set of 10 standard NanoRacks, used not only on the ISS, but also in some laboratories. Each of them has dimensions of 40x10x10 cm and provides power to the equipment and collection of received data. They allow the most sophisticated experiments to be carried out in orbit and new technologies and solutions to be tested. At the request of the customer they can be equipped additional equipment- for example, an antenna for receiving commands from the Earth and transmitting the collected information.

Delivered to the station, the platform will be assembled and tested in the Japanese Kibo module, after which, using robotic arm she will be taken overboard the station. The manipulator will, if necessary, provide other work with the research platform and return it back - the astronauts do not need to go into outer space for this.

So far, a standard contract (with 90 days of work in space) will cost $1.5 million, plus another $40,000 for the return of materials from orbit aboard the Russian Soyuz capsule or the new American private spacecraft SpaceX Dragon.