What characterizes the period of turmoil? What are the Time of Troubles: briefly about the causes and consequences of the Troubles

09.10.2019

Read also

Pedagogical facilitation

Comparative characteristics of -C3 and -C4 plants

Symbolism of women's headdresses Snake: positive symbolism

Icon of the Archangel Gabriel - meaning, what the Icon of the Archangel Gabriel helps with, meaning patronage

Little-known aspects of the myth

Troubles- a civil war in which various social strata came out in support of their contenders for the throne.

Causes of the Troubles:

1.dynastic: the suppression of the Rurik dynasty reduced the authority of the tsarist government and intensified the political struggle (there were many who wanted to become king, and the memory of the previous dynasty gave rise to many impostors);

2. political: the oprichnina disrupted the system of relationships in the ranks of the political elite (the promotion of B.F. Godunov, who was not very noble and did not have sufficient authority among the boyars);

3. socio-economic: the consequences of the economic ruin of the last third of the 16th century were not overcome, the famine of 1601-1603 was perceived by the people as punishment for the sins of the king. Social relations have worsened: the crisis of the local system (there are more and more nobles, but they have less and less land with the peasants) and the enslavement of the peasants (they fled to the Cossacks, the main participants in the Troubles);

4. foreign policy: the intervention of Poland and Sweden (intervention) contributed to the development and prolongation of the internal crisis.

Stages

1. 1598-1605. The key figure is Boris Godunov. He, by decision of the Zemsky Sobor, was elected to royal throne in 1598 He was known as a cruel politician, was a guardsman, and had an extraordinary mind. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. He dramatically changed the nature of the internal and foreign policy states (development of the southern outskirts, development of Siberia, return of western lands, truce with Poland). Consequently, there is a rise in the economy and an intensification of the political struggle. In 1601-1603, the harvest failed, famine and food riots began. During this period, the first False Dmitry appeared on the territory of Poland, received the support of the Polish gentry and entered Russian land in 1604. In April 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly. In June, False Dmitry I entered Moscow. 11 months later, in 1606, he was killed as a result of a conspiracy.

2. 1606-1610. This stage is associated with Vasily Shuisky, the first “boyar tsar”. He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry 1 by decision of Red Square, giving a cross-kissing record about his good attitude towards the boyars. On the throne he faced many problems (Bolotnikov's uprising, LD2, Polish troops, the collapse of the SU, famine). Shuisky managed to solve only part of the problems. In 1610, Polish troops defeated Shuisky's troops and he was overthrown from the throne and the regime of the seven-boyars was established; the boyars wanted to invite the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne, guaranteeing the inviolability of the faith and the boyars, and also for him to change his faith. The church protested this, and there was no answer from Poland.

3. 1611-1613. Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it besieged Moscow and failed due to internal divisions. The second was created in the fall, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. The money raised was not sufficient to support the militia, but not small. The militia called themselves free people, headed by the zemstvo council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.

Results

1. The total number of deaths is equal to one third of the population.

2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications have been destroyed, vast territories have been taken out of agricultural circulation.

3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).

4. Weakening of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening of foreign merchants.

5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. The first representatives of the dynasty (M.F. Romanov - 1613-1645, A.M. Romanov - 1645-1676, F.A. Romanov - 1676-1682). They had to solve 3 main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and economy.

1598-1613 - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles.

At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. Russia was experiencing a political and socio-economic crisis. and, as well as Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent in society. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

First period of Troubles

The first stage of the Troubles is characterized by a struggle for the throne. After his death, his son Fedor came to power, but he turned out to be unable to rule. In fact, the country was ruled by the brother of the tsar's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies caused discontent among the popular masses.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry 1st (in reality - Grigory Otrepiev), the supposedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He won over a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry I was supported by the governors, and then by Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. However, he acted too independently, which caused discontent among the boyars, and he also supported serfdom, which caused protest from the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry 1st was killed, V.I. ascended the throne. Shuisky with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the reign of False Dmitry 1st (1605-1606).

Second period of Troubles

In 1606, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the militia included people from different strata of society: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. They were defeated in the battle of Moscow. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon False Dmitry 2nd appears. In January 1608, his army headed towards Moscow. By June, False Dmitry 2nd entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. Two capitals were formed in Russia: boyars, merchants, and officials worked on two fronts, sometimes even receiving salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggressive military operations. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured a monk and sent to the Chudov Monastery. An interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars (a council of seven boyars). made a deal with the Polish interventionists, and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry 2nd was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.

So, the second stage of the Troubles was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606-1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), the appearance of False Dmitry 2nd, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).

Third period of Troubles

The third stage of the Troubles is characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry 2nd, the Russians united against the Poles. The war has acquired national character. In August 1612

While the rulers of the old dynasty, direct descendants of Rurik, were on the Moscow throne, the population for the most part obeyed their rulers. But when the dynasties ceased and the state turned out to be a nobody's, there was fermentation in the population, both in the lower classes and in the upper ones.

The upper stratum of the Moscow population, the boyars, economically weakened and morally humiliated by the policies of Ivan the Terrible, began a struggle for power.

There are three periods in the Time of Troubles.

The first is dynastic,

the second is social

the third is national.

The first includes the time of the struggle for the Moscow throne between various contenders up to and including Tsar Vasily Shuisky.

First period

The first period of the Time of Troubles (1598-1605) began with a dynastic crisis caused by the murder of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan, the rise to power of his brother Fyodor Ivanovich and the death of their younger half-brother Dmitry (according to many, he was stabbed to death by the minions of the de facto ruler of the country, Boris Godunov). After the death of Ivan the Terrible and his sons, the struggle for power intensified even more. As a result, Boris Godunov, the brother of Tsar Feodor’s wife, became the de facto ruler of the state. In 1598, the childless Tsar Fedor also died, and with his death the dynasty of the Rurik princes, which ruled Russia for 700 years, ended.

A new king had to be elected to rule the country, with whose arrival a new reigning house would be erected on the throne. This is the Romanov dynasty. However, before the Romanov dynasty gained power, it had to go through difficult trials, these were the years of the Time of Troubles. After the death of Tsar Feodor Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as tsar. In Rus', for the first time, a king appeared who received the throne not by inheritance.

Boris Godunov was a talented politician; he strove to unite the entire ruling class and did a lot to stabilize the situation in the country, but he was unable to stop the intrigues of the disgruntled boyars. Boris Godunov did not resort to mass terror, but dealt only with his real enemies. Under Godunov, the new cities of Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Ufa, and Voronezh arose.

The famine of 1601-1603, caused by prolonged crop failures, caused enormous damage to the country's economy. This undermined the Russian economy, people died of hunger, and cannibalism began in Moscow. Boris Godunov is trying to suppress a social explosion. He began distributing bread for free from state reserves and established fixed prices for bread. But these measures were not successful, because bread distributors began to speculate on it; moreover, the reserves could not be enough for all the hungry, and the restriction on the price of bread led to the fact that they simply stopped selling it. In Moscow, about 127 thousand people died during the famine; not everyone had time to bury them, and the bodies of the dead remained on the streets for a long time.

The people decide that hunger is the curse of God, and Boris is Satan. Gradually, rumors spread that Boris Godunov ordered the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, then they remembered that the Tsar was a Tatar.

The famine also led to an outflow of the population from the central regions to the outskirts, where self-governing communities of the so-called free Cossacks began to emerge. Famine led to uprisings. In 1603, a major uprising of slaves began (the Cotton uprising), which covered a large territory and became the prologue to the peasant war.

External reasons were added to the internal ones: Poland and Lithuania, united in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, rushed to take advantage of Russia’s weakness. The aggravation of the internal political situation led, in turn, to a sharp decline in Godunov’s prestige not only among the masses, but also among the feudal lords.

In these difficult conditions, a young Galich nobleman, Grigory Otrepyev, appeared in Rus', declaring himself for Tsarevich Dmitry, who had long been considered dead in Uglich. He showed up in Poland, and this became a gift to King Sigismund III, who supported the impostor. The impostor's agents vigorously disseminated in Rus' the version of his miraculous salvation from the hands of assassins sent by Godunov, and proved the legality of his right to his father's throne. This news led to confusion and confusion in all layers of society, in each of which there were many dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Boris. The Polish magnates who stood under the banner of False Dmitry provided some assistance in organizing the adventure. As a result, by the autumn of 1604, a sufficiently powerful army had been formed to march on Moscow. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I entered Russia with his army. Many cities in southern Russia, Cossacks, and dissatisfied peasants went over to his side.

False Dmitry's forces grew rapidly, cities opened their gates to him, peasants and townspeople joined his troops. False Dmitry moved on the wave of the outbreak of the peasant war. After the death of Boris Godunov, the governors began to go over to the side of False Dmitry, and Moscow also went over, where he solemnly entered on June 20, 1605 and was crowned king on June 30, 1605.

It turned out to be easier to achieve access to the throne than to stay on it. The support of the people, it seemed, was supposed to strengthen his position on the throne. However, the situation in the country turned out to be so difficult that, with all his abilities and good intentions, the new king was unable to resolve the tangle of contradictions.

Refusing to fulfill promises made to the Polish king and catholic church, he lost support external forces. The clergy and boyars were alarmed by his simplicity and elements of “Westernism” in his views and behavior. As a result, the impostor never found support in the political elite of Russian society.

In addition, in the spring of 1606, he announced a call for service and began to prepare for a campaign against the Crimea, which caused discontent among many service people. The position of the lower classes of society did not improve: serfdom and heavy taxes remained. Soon everyone was dissatisfied with the rule of False Dmitry: peasants, feudal lords and the Orthodox clergy.

The boyar conspiracy and the uprising of Muscovites on May 17, 1606, dissatisfied with the direction of his policy, swept him from the throne. False Dmitry and some of his associates were killed. Two days later, the tsar “shouted out” the boyar Vasily Shuisky, who gave the cross-kissing record to rule with the Boyar Duma, not to impose disgrace and not to execute without trial. Shuisky's accession to the throne served as a signal of general unrest.

Second period

The second period (1606-1610) is characterized internecine struggle social classes and the intervention of foreign governments in this struggle. In 1606-1607 There is an uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov.

Meanwhile, in Starodub (in the Bryansk region) in the summer of 1607, a new impostor appeared, declaring himself the escaped “Tsar Dmitry.” His personality is even more mysterious than his predecessor. Some consider False Dmitry II to be Russian by origin, coming from a church environment, others - a baptized Jew, a teacher from Shklov.

According to many historians, False Dmitry II was a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, although not everyone supports this version. The bulk of the armed forces of False Dmitry II were Polish nobles and Cossacks - the remnants of P. Bolotnikov's army.

In January 1608 he moved to Moscow. Having defeated Shuisky's troops in several battles, by the beginning of June False Dmitry II reached the village of Tushina near Moscow, where he settled in camp. In essence, dual power arose in the country: Vasily Shuisky sent out his decrees from Moscow, and False Dmitry sent his decrees from Tushin. As for the boyars and nobles, many of them served both sovereigns: they either went to Tushino for ranks and lands, or returned to Moscow, expecting awards from Shuisky.

The growing popularity of “The Tushino Thief” was facilitated by the recognition of his husband by the wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, who, obviously, not without the influence of the Poles, took part in the adventure and arrived in Tushino.

In the camp of False Dmitry, as already noted, Poles-mercenaries initially played a very large role. The impostor asked the Polish king for open help, but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth there were then internal turmoil, and the king was afraid to start an open big war with Russia. Sigismund III continued his hidden interference in Russian affairs. In general, in the summer and autumn of 1608, the successes of the Tushino residents rapidly increased. Almost half of the country - from Vologda to Astrakhan, from Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl to Pskov - supported “Tsar Dmitry”. But the excesses of the Poles and the collection of “taxes” (it was necessary to support the army and in general the entire Tushino “yard”), which were more like robberies, led to the population’s insight and the beginning of a spontaneous struggle against the Tushino thief. At the end of 1608 - beginning of 1609. Actions against the impostor began, initially in the northern lands, and then in almost all cities in the middle Volga. Shuisky, however, was afraid to rely on this patriotic movement. He sought help abroad. The second period of the Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs, territories recognizing the power of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky were formed in Muscovy.

In February 1609, the Shuisky government entered into an agreement with Sweden, counting on assistance in the war with the “Tushino thief” and his Polish troops. Under this agreement, Russia gave Sweden the Karelian volost in the North, which was a serious political mistake. Swedish-Russian troops under the command of the Tsar’s nephew, Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, inflicted a number of defeats on the Tushino people.

This gave Sigismund III a reason to switch to open intervention. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began military operations against Russia. Taking advantage of the fact that there was virtually no central government in Russia and no army, in September 1609 Polish troops besieged Smolensk. By order of the king, the Poles who fought under the banner of “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich” were to arrive at the Smolensk camp, which accelerated the collapse of the Tushino camp. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where in December 1610 he was killed by his bodyguard.

Sigismund III, continuing the siege of Smolensk, moved part of his troops under the leadership of Hetman Zholkiewski to Moscow. Near Mozhaisk near the village. Klushino in June 1610, the Poles inflicted a crushing defeat on the tsarist troops, which completely undermined the prestige of Shuisky and led to his overthrow.

Meanwhile, the peasant war continued in the country, which was now waged by numerous Cossack detachments. The Moscow boyars decided to turn to the Polish king Sigismund for help. An agreement was concluded on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. At the same time, the conditions of V. Shuisky’s “cross-kissing record” were confirmed and the preservation of Russian orders was guaranteed. Only the question of Vladislav’s adoption of Orthodoxy remained unresolved. In September 1610, Polish troops led by the “vicar of Tsar Vladislav” Gonsevsky entered Moscow.

Sweden also launched aggressive actions. Swedish troops occupied a large part of northern Russia and were preparing to capture Novgorod. In mid-July 1611, Swedish troops captured Novgorod, then besieged Pskov, where the power of their emissaries was established.

During the second period, the struggle for power continued, and external forces were included in it (Poland, Sweden). In fact, the Russian state was divided into two camps, ruled by Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II. This period was marked by fairly large-scale military actions, as well as the loss of a large amount of land. All this took place against the backdrop of internal peasant wars, which further weakened the country and intensified the crisis.

Third period

The third period of the Time of Troubles (1610-1613) is primarily the time of the struggle of the Moscow people with foreign domination before the creation national government with M.F. Romanov at the head. On July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown from the throne, and on July 19, he was forcibly tonsured a monk. Before the election of the new Tsar, a government of “Prince F.I. Mstislavsky and his comrades” of 7 boyars (the so-called “Seven Boyars”) was established in Moscow. The boyars, led by Fyodor Mstislavsky, began to rule Russia, but they did not have people's trust and could not decide which of them would rule. As a result, the Polish prince Vladislav, son of Sigismund III, was called to the throne. Vladislav needed to convert to Orthodoxy, but he was a Catholic and had no intention of changing his faith. The boyars begged him to come “to have a look,” but he was accompanied by a Polish army that captured Moscow. It was possible to preserve the independence of the Russian state only by relying on the people. In the fall of 1611, the first people's militia was formed in Ryazan, led by Prokopiy Lyapunov. But he failed to come to an agreement with the Cossacks and was killed in the Cossack circle. Tushino Cossacks again besieged Moscow. Anarchy scared all the boyars. On August 17, 1610, the Russian boyars entered into an agreement to call Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. A great embassy was sent to King Sigismund III near Smolensk, headed by Metropolitan Philaret and Prince Vasily Golitsyn. During the period of the so-called interregnum (1610-1613), the position of the Moscow state seemed completely hopeless.

Since October 1610, Moscow was under martial law. The Russian embassy near Smolensk was taken into custody. On November 30, 1610, Patriarch Hermogenes called for a fight against the invaders. The idea of convening a national militia to liberate Moscow and Russia is maturing in the country.

Russia faced a direct threat of losing its independence. The catastrophic situation that developed at the end of 1610 stirred up patriotic sentiments and religious feelings, forced many Russian people to rise above social contradictions, political differences and personal ambitions. The weariness of all strata of society from civil war, a thirst for order, which they perceived as the restoration of traditional foundations. As a result, this predetermined the revival of tsarist power in its autocratic and Orthodox form, the rejection of all innovations aimed at its transformation, and the victory of conservative traditionalist forces. But only on this basis was it possible to unite society, overcome the crisis and achieve the expulsion of the occupiers.

In these tragic days, the church played a huge role, calling for the defense of Orthodoxy and the restoration of a sovereign state. The national liberation idea consolidated healthy forces society - the population of cities, service people and led to the formation of a national militia.

At the beginning of 1611, the northern cities began to rise again to fight, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Trans-Volga cities joined them. The movement was led by the Ryazan nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov. He moved his troops to Moscow, and Cossacks from the Kaluga camp that disintegrated after the death of False Dmitry II were brought there by Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy. An anti-Polish uprising broke out in the capital itself.

The interventionists, on the advice of the traitorous boyars, set fire to the city. The main militia forces entered the city after the fire, and fighting began on the approaches to the Kremlin. However, the Russian army failed to achieve success. Internal contradictions began in the militia camp. The leaders of the Cossack detachments, Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, opposed Lyapunov’s attempts to establish a military organization for the militia. The so-called Zemsky verdict, which formulated the political program of the militia, provided for the strengthening of noble land ownership, the return of fugitive peasants to the nobles, among whom there were many who joined the ranks of the Cossacks.

The indignation of the Cossacks was skillfully fueled by the Poles. Lyapunov was killed. Many nobles and other people left the militia. Only detachments of Cossacks remained near Moscow, whose leaders took a wait-and-see attitude.

With the collapse of the first militia and the fall of Smolensk, the country came to the edge of the abyss. The Swedes, taking advantage of the country's weakness, captured Novgorod, besieged Pskov and began to vigorously impose the candidacy of the Swedish prince Karl Philip on the Russian throne. Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian Tsar, and Russia would join the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. There was virtually no central government. Different cities independently decided who they would recognize as ruler. A new impostor has appeared in the northwestern lands - False Dmitry III. The people of Pskov recognized him as a true prince and allowed him into the city (only in 1612 was he exposed and arrested). Detachments of Polish nobles wandered around the country and besieged cities and monasteries, mainly engaged in robbery. The Troubles reached the climax of its development. A real danger of enslavement loomed over the country.

Nizhny Novgorod became the center of consolidation of patriotic forces. The initiators of the formation of the new militia were the townspeople, led by the townsman, trader Kuzma Minin. The city council decided to raise funds “for the construction of military people.” Fundraising began with voluntary donations.

Sources say that Minin himself donated a significant part of his property to the treasury. An emergency military tax was introduced on all townsmen, depending on the condition of each. All this made it possible to arm the townspeople and stock up on necessary food.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who was being treated for wounds received in a battle as part of Lyapunov’s militia, in the Suzdal estate, was invited as the chief governor. In addition to the Nizhny Novgorod townspeople, the new militia included nobles and townspeople from other cities of the Middle Volga region, Smolensk nobles who fled to the Nizhny Novgorod lands after the capture of Smolensk by the Poles.

Kolomna and Ryazan landowners, archers and Cossacks from outlying fortresses began to come to Pozharsky’s army. The put forward program: the liberation of the capital and the refusal to recognize a sovereign of foreign origin on the Russian throne, managed to rally representatives of all classes who abandoned narrow group claims for the sake of saving the Fatherland.

On February 23, 1612, the second militia set out from Nizhny Novgorod to Balakhna, and then moved along the route Yuryevets - Kostroma - Yaroslavl. All cities and counties along the way joined the militia. Several months of stay in Yaroslavl finally formed the second militia. The “Council of the Whole Land” was created (something like the Zemsky Sobor), which included representatives of all classes, although representatives of the townspeople and the nobility still played the leading role.

The Council was headed by the leaders of the militia, Pozharsky, who was in charge of military issues, and Minin, who was in charge of finances and supplies. In Yaroslavl, the main orders were restored: experienced clerks, who knew how to put the matter of administration on a sound basis, flocked here from near Moscow, from the provinces. The military activities of the militias also expanded. The entire Volga region north of the country was cleared of invaders.

Finally, the long-awaited campaign against Moscow began. On July 24, 1612, Pozharsky’s advanced detachments entered the capital, and in August the main forces arrived, joining with the remnants of the troops of the first militia led by D. Trubetskoy. Under the walls of the Novodevichy Convent, a battle took place with the troops of Hetman Khotkevich, who was coming to the aid of the Poles besieged in Kitai-Gorod. The hetman's army suffered heavy losses and retreated, and on October 22, Kitay-Gorod was captured.

The Poles signed a surrender agreement. By the end of 1612, Moscow and its surroundings were completely cleared of occupiers. Sigismund's attempts to change the situation led nowhere. His troops were defeated near Volokolamsk.

For some time, the “Council of the Whole Earth” continued to rule, and then at the beginning of 1613 a Zemsky Council was held, at which the question of choosing a new Russian Tsar was raised. The Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl Philip, the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan, as well as representatives of some of the largest boyar families. On February 21, the cathedral chose Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the 16-year-old great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife, Anastasia Romanova. Why did you choose him? Researchers argue that, apparently, three circumstances played a decisive role in Mikhail’s choice. He was not involved in any of the adventures of the Time of Troubles, his reputation was clean. Therefore, his candidacy suited everyone. Moreover, Mikhail was young, inexperienced, quiet and modest. Many of the boyars and nobles close to the court hoped that the tsar would be obedient to their will. Finally, we took into account family ties The Romanovs with the Rurikovichs: Mikhail was the cousin of the last tsar from the Rurikovich dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich. In the eyes of contemporaries, these family ties meant a lot. They emphasized the “godliness of the sovereign” and the legality of his accession to the throne. This, although indirectly, preserved the principle of the transfer of the Russian throne by inheritance. Thus, the election of the Romanovs to the kingdom promised universal consent and peace; this happened on February 21, 1613.

The Polish detachments remaining on Russian soil, having learned about the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, tried to seize him in his ancestral Kostroma possessions in order to free up the Russian throne for their king.

Making their way to Kostroma, the Poles asked the peasant of the village of Domnino, Ivan Susanin, to show the way. According to the official version, he refused and was tortured by them, and according to popular legend, Susanin agreed, but sent a warning to the king about the impending danger. And he himself led the Poles into a swamp, from which they were unable to get out.

Susanin's feat seemed to crown the general patriotic impulse of the people. The act of electing a tsar and then crowning him king, first in Kostroma and then in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, meant the end of the Time of Troubles. This is how the Romanov dynasty established itself in Russia, ruling the country for more than 300 years. When electing Michael to the throne, the council did not accompany its act with any agreement. Power acquired an autocratic-legitimate character. The Troubles are over. The hard, slow re-creation has begun Russian state, shocked by a deep dynastic crisis, severe social strife, complete economic collapse, famine, political collapse of the country, external aggression.

Thus, the third period of the Time of Troubles was marked as the final, turning point of the crisis. It was during this period of time that the accumulated fatigue of the people from the anarchic order in the country, as well as the threat from foreign conquerors, reached its apogee, which forced all classes to unite in the fight for their homeland. The Russian state was on the verge of destruction; in connection with the plans of the Polish king Sigismund III, it was supposed to become part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the Swedes also had plans for the Russian throne. All this led to the creation of people's militias, and thus began the war of liberation from foreign occupiers, which ultimately ended with the expulsion of foreigners from Russian lands. Russia could no longer remain without a head of state, as a result it was necessary to make a decision on the choice of a tsar; ultimately, M. F. Romanov, who is a distant relative of the last Russian tsar from the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich, ascended the throne. Thereby preserving the principle of inheritance of the Russian throne. The Troubles were over, but all the years that it lasted brought the country to a very difficult state of affairs in all spheres of the state. In this chapter, we examined the main periods identified by scientists during the Time of Troubles, from its beginning to the accession of the Romanov dynasty to the Russian throne. In the next paragraph, we will analyze the consequences of the turmoil for the further development of the Russian state.

The Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century was one of the most difficult and tragic periods in Russian history, which had a fateful impact on the fate of our state. The name itself is “Troubles”, “ Time of Troubles"very accurately reflects the atmosphere of that time. The name, by the way, has a folk etymology. Causes:

1. A severe systemic crisis of the Moscow state, largely associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Conflicting domestic and foreign policies led to the destruction of many economic structures. Weakened key institutions and led to loss of life.

2. Important western lands were lost (Yama, Ivan-Gorod, Karela)

3. Social conflicts within the Moscow state sharply intensified, which covered all societies (tsarist power and boyar aristocracy, boyars and nobles, feudal lords and peasantry, church and secular feudal lords, patrimonial aristocracy and service aristocracy, etc.)

4. Intervention of foreign states (Poland, Sweden, England, etc. regarding land issues, territory, etc.)

5. Dynastic crisis:

1584. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the throne was taken by his son Fedor.

1591. When mysterious circumstances died in Uglich younger son formidable, Dmitry.

1598. Fyodor dies, the dynasty of the house of Kalita is ended.

Stages:

1. 1598-1605. The key figure is Boris Godunov. By decision of the Zemsky Sobor, he was elected to the royal throne in 1598. He was known as a cruel politician, was a guardsman, and had an extraordinary mind. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. He dramatically changed the nature of the state’s domestic and foreign policy (development of the southern outskirts, development of Siberia, return of western lands, truce with Poland). Consequently, there is a rise in the economy and an intensification of the political struggle. In 1601-1603, the harvest failed, famine and food riots began. During this period, the first False Dmitry appeared on the territory of Poland, received the support of the Polish gentry and entered Russian land in 1604. In April 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly. In June, False Dmitry I entered Moscow. 11 months later, in 1606, he was killed as a result of a conspiracy.

Results:

1. The total number of deaths is equal to one third of the population.

2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications have been destroyed, vast territories have been taken out of agricultural circulation.

3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).

4. Weakening of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening of foreign merchants.

5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. The first representatives of the dynasty (M. F. Romanov - 1613-1645, A. M. Romanov - 1645-1676, F. A. Romanov - 1676-1682). They had to solve 3 main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and economy.

The first period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

The struggle for the Moscow throne (from the accession of Boris Godunov to the assassination of False Dmitry I)

1598 – Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elects Boris Godunov (1598-1605) to the kingdom.

1600 – The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov's imprisonment of Dmitry's former teacher, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Lev Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.

1601 – Famine years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers, rivals with Godunov. Law banning the export of peasants from small to large owners.

1603 – Fighting near Moscow with Cotton Crookshank’s gang. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family puts forward the impostor False Dmitry I.

1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The impostor's conversion to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Moscow State(autumn). They occupied Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege of Basmanov by the Pretender in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, which was moved to help Basmanov.

1605 – Defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynichi (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by the governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transition of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). The campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Orel and Tula. Reading of the Pretender's letter by Pleshcheev and Pushkin in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). Murder of Tsar Feodor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow (June 20). His royal crowning (July 21)

1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy of Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).

The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

Destruction public order(rule of Vasily Shuisky)

1606 – Accession of Vasily Shuisky. The new tsar’s kiss of the cross states that he will carry out all the most important matters only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Having taken the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. Quarrel between nobles and peasant armies near Moscow, the Lyapunovs move to Shuisky’s side (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.

The battle between Bolotnikov's army and the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner

1607 – Bolotnikov’s breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to march on Moscow again (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. Appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.

1608 – False Dmitry II’s campaign against Moscow and his occupation of Tushino (early July). The beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).

1609 – The first attempt to overthrow Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The alliance of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardi from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege of False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (from September 16).

Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) 17th century

1610 – Sapieha’s retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. Agreement between the former Tushins and Sigismund on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar under conditions limiting his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). Victory of the Polish Hetman Zholkiewski over Russian troops at Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).

The third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)

1610 – Approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zholkiewski (July 24). The Seven Boyars in Moscow, its oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, supposedly for the defense of the capital from False Dmitry II). Sigismund's intention is to personally take the Moscow throne, and not give it to his son. Murder of False Dmitry II (December 11).

1611 – The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach of Lyapunov’s militia to Moscow (late March) and its connection with the Cossacks. Arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). Capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim Prince Philip the Russian Tsar. The “sentence of June 30, 1611” worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. Murder of Lyapunov (July 25), zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter across Russia