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Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov (May 5 (17), 1820 - October 4 (16), 1879) - Russian historian; professor at Moscow University (since 1848), rector of Moscow University (1871-1877), ordinary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the department of Russian language and literature (1872), privy councilor.

His whole life took place in Moscow. Here he studied (at the Commercial School, the 1st Gymnasium and the University), served and worked. The family (father - priest Mikhail Vasilyevich Solovyov (1791-1861)) fostered in Solovyov a deep religious feeling, which was later reflected in the importance that he attached in the historical life of peoples to religion in general and, as applied to Russia, to Orthodoxy in particular.

Already as a child, Solovyov loved historical reading: before the age of 13, he reread Karamzin’s “History” at least 12 times; He was also fond of descriptions of travel, maintaining an interest in them until the end of his life. The university years (1838-1842) at the 1st (historical and philological) department of the Faculty of Philosophy were strongly influenced not by M. P. Pogodin, who read Solovyov’s favorite subject - Russian history - but by T. N. Granovsky. Solovyov’s synthetic mind was not satisfied with the teaching of the first: it did not reveal the internal connection of phenomena. The beauty of Karamzin’s descriptions, to which Pogodin especially drew the attention of listeners, Solovyov had already outgrown; the actual side of the course gave little new information, and Solovyov often gave Pogodin hints at his lectures, supplementing his instructions with his own. Granovsky's course instilled in Solovyov the consciousness of the need to study Russian history in close connection with the fate of other nationalities and in the broad framework of spiritual life in general: interest in issues of religion, law, politics, ethnography and literature guided Solovyov throughout his entire life. scientific activity. At the university, Solovyov at one time became very interested in Hegel and “became a Protestant for several months”; “But,” he says, “abstraction was not for me, I was born a historian.”

Evers' book Ancient law Russov,” which set out a view of the tribal structure of the ancient Russian tribes, constituted, in the words of Solovyov himself, “an era in his mental life, for Karamzin gave only facts, struck only the feeling,” and “Evers struck the thought, made him think about Russian history " Two years of life abroad (1842-1844), as a home teacher in the family of Count Stroganov, gave Solovyov the opportunity to listen to professors in Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, make acquaintance with Hanka, Palacki and Safarik in Prague, and generally take a closer look at the structure of European life.

In 1845, Solovyov brilliantly defended his master’s thesis “On the relationship of Novgorod to the Grand Dukes” and took a chair at Moscow University Russian history, which remained vacant after Pogodin left. The work on Novgorod immediately put forward Solovyov as a major scientific force with an original mind and independent views on the course of Russian historical life. Solovyov’s second work, “The History of Relations between the Russian Princes of Rurik’s House” (Moscow, 1847), earned Solovyov a doctorate in Russian history, finally establishing his reputation as a first-class scientist.

His son, Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov, will become an outstanding Russian philosopher, historian, poet, publicist, literary critic, who played a significant role in the development of Russian philosophy and poetry late XIX- beginning of the 20th century. Another son, Vsevolod Sergeevich Solovyov, is a novelist, author of historical novels and chronicles.

Solovyov held the Department of Russian History at Moscow University (with the exception of a short break) for more than 30 years (1845-1879); was elected to dean and rector.

In the person of Solovyov, Moscow University has always had an ardent champion of scientific interests, freedom of teaching and the autonomy of the university system. Having grown up in an era of intense struggle between Slavophiles and Westerners, Solovyov forever retained sensitivity and responsiveness to the phenomena of contemporary political and public life. Even in purely scientific works, with all objectivity and strict adherence critical techniques Solovyov usually always stood on the basis of living reality; his scientific approach never had an abstract, armchair character. Adhering to well-known principles, Solovyov felt the need not only to follow them himself, but also to propagate them; hence the pages in his books that stand out for their noble pathos, and the edifying tone in his university lectures.

During my student years and abroad,” he said about himself, “I was an ardent Slavophile, and only close study of Russian history saved me from Slavophilism and brought my patriotism to its proper limits.”

Later, having joined the Westerners, Solovyov did not break, however, with the Slavophiles, with whom he was brought together by the same views on religion and faith in the historical vocation of the Russian people. Solovyov’s ideal was firm autocratic power in close alliance with best forces people.

Enormous erudition, depth and versatility of knowledge, breadth of thought, calm mind and integrity of worldview constituted distinctive features Solovyov as a scientist; they also determined the nature of his university teaching.

Solovyov’s lectures did not impress with their eloquence, but they felt extraordinary power; they were impressed not by the brilliance of their presentation, but by their conciseness, firmness of conviction, consistency and clarity of thought (K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin). Carefully thought out, they always provoked thought. Solovyov gave the listener an amazingly integral, harmonious thread through a chain of generalized facts, a look at the course of Russian history, and we know what a pleasure it is for a young mind, a beginner scientific study, feel like you have an insightful perspective on a scientific subject. Summarizing the facts, Solovyov introduced into their presentation in a harmonious mosaic the general historical ideas that explained them. He did not give the listener a single major fact without illuminating him with the light of these ideas. The listener felt every minute that the stream of life depicted before him was rolling along the channel of historical logic; not a single phenomenon confused his thoughts with its unexpectedness or randomness. In his eyes historical life She not only moved, but also thought, and justified her movement herself. Thanks to this, Solovyov’s course, presenting the facts of local history, had a strong methodological influence, awakened and shaped historical thinking. Solovyov persistently spoke and repeated, where necessary, about the connection of phenomena, about the sequence historical development, about his general laws, about what he called with an unusual word - historicity. (V. O. Klyuchevsky)

As a character and moral personality, Solovyov emerged quite clearly from the very first steps of his scientific and career activities. Neat to the point of pedantry, he did not waste, it seems, a single minute; every hour of his day was provided for. Solovyov died at work. Elected rector, he accepted the position “because it was difficult to carry out.” Making sure that Russian society doesn't have a satisfying story scientific requirements time, and feeling the strength to give it, he set to work on it, seeing in it his social duty. From this consciousness he drew strength to accomplish his “patriotic feat.”

For 30 years Solovyov worked tirelessly on the “History of Russia”, the glory of his life and the pride of Russian historical science. Its first volume appeared in 1851, and since then volumes have been published carefully from year to year. The last one, the 29th, was published in 1879, after the death of the author. In this monumental work, Solovyov showed energy and fortitude, all the more amazing because during his “rest” hours he continued to prepare many other books and articles of various contents.

To the 175th anniversary of his birth

Works of an outstanding Russian historian
Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911)
in the fund of rare and valuable documents
Pskov Regional Universal Scientific Library

“A unique creative mind and scientific inquisitiveness
combined in him with a deep sense of historical reality
and with a rare gift for its artistic reproduction.”

A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky

“A deep and subtle researcher of historical phenomena,
he himself has now become a complete historical phenomenon,
large historical fact our mental life."

M. M. Bogoslovsky

Today it is difficult to imagine the study of Russian history without the works of Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. His name ranks among the largest representatives of Russian historical science, second half of the 19th century- early 20th century Contemporaries secured his reputation as a profound researcher, a brilliant lecturer, and an inimitable master of artistic expression.

The scientific and pedagogical activity of Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky lasted about 50 years. The name of the brilliant and witty lecturer was widely popular among the intelligentsia and students.

Noting the scientist’s significant contribution to the development of historical science, Russian Academy Sciences in 1900 elected him an academician beyond the staff in the category of history and Russian antiquities, and in 1908 he became an honorary academician in the category of fine literature.

In recognition of the scientist’s merits in the year of the 150th anniversary of his birth International Center on minor planets assigned his name to planet No. 4560. In Penza, the first monument in Russia to V. O. Klyuchevsky was erected and in the house where his childhood and teenage years, a memorial museum has been opened.

The main creative achievement of V. O. Klyuchevsky was the lecture "Russian history course" in which he outlined his concept of the historical development of Russia. The publication of the “Course of Russian History” was of decisive importance in the fate of the scientist, consolidating his lecturing talent on paper and becoming a monument to Russian historical thought.

His "Course" was the first attempt at a problem-based approach to presenting Russian history. He divided Russian history into periods depending on the movement of the bulk of the population and on geographical conditions that had a strong effect on the course of historical life.

The fundamental novelty of his periodization was that he introduced two more criteria into it: political (the problem of power and society) and economic. The human personality seemed to him to be the primary force in human society: “... the human personality, human society and the nature of the country are the three main historical forces that build human society.”

This work gained worldwide fame. It has been translated into many languages ​​of the world and, as recognized by foreign historians, served as the basis and main source for the study of Russian history throughout the world.

Other publications published after his death also speak about the enduring value of the works of the greatest Russian historian. These are three collections of works of a different nature, published in Moscow in the most difficult political and social situation of pre-revolutionary Russia.

The history of the Russian people is part of the world, so the importance of studying it is clear to everyone. Human, knowledgeable about history of his people, can adequately navigate modern space and respond competently to emerging difficulties. Russian historians help us study the science that tells us about the affairs of past centuries. Let us dwell in more detail on those who played a significant role in scientific research this direction.

The first chronicles

While there was no writing, historical knowledge were passed on by word of mouth. And different peoples had such legends.

When writing appeared, events began to be recorded in chronicles. Experts believe that the first sources date back to the 10th-11th centuries. Older writings have not survived.

The first surviving chronicle was written by the monk Nikon of the Kiev-Pechora Monastery. Most full time job created by Nestor, this is “The Tale of Bygone Years” (1113).

Later, the “Chronograph” appeared, compiled by the monk Philotheus at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. The document provides an overview world history and the role of Moscow in particular and Russia in general is outlined.

Of course, history is not just a statement of events; science is faced with the task of comprehending and explaining historical turns.

The emergence of history as a science: Vasily Tatishchev

The formation of historical science in Russia began in the 18th century. At this time, the Russian people tried to understand themselves and their place in the world.

The first historian of Russia is considered to be an outstanding thinker and politician during his life - 1686-1750. Tatishchev was a very gifted person, and he managed to do successful career under Peter I. After participating in Northern War, Tatishchev was studying state affairs. At the same time, he collected historical chronicles and put them in order. After his death, a 5-volume work was published, on which Tatishchev worked throughout his life - “Russian History”.

In his work, Tatishchev established the cause-and-effect relationships of the events that took place, relying on chronicles. The thinker is rightfully considered the founder of Russian history.

Mikhail Shcherbatov

Russian historian Mikhail Shcherbatov also lived in the 18th century and was a member of the Russian Academy.

Shcherbatov was born into a wealthy noble family. This man had encyclopedic knowledge. He created “Russian History from Ancient Times.”

Scientists of later eras criticize Shcherbatov's research, accusing him of some haste in writing and gaps in knowledge. Indeed, Shcherbatov began studying history even when he began to work on writing it.

Shcherbatov's story was not in demand among his contemporaries. Catherine II considered him completely devoid of talent.

Nikolay Karamzin

Among Russian historians, Karamzin ranks leading place. The writer's interest in science began in 1790. Alexander I appointed him historiographer.

Karamzin worked throughout his life to create the “History of the Russian State.” This book introduced history to a wide range of readers. Since Karamzin was more of a writer than a historian, in his work he worked on the beauty of expressions.

The main idea of ​​Karamzin's History was reliance on autocracy. The historian concluded that only with the strong power of the monarch does the country prosper, and when it weakens does it decline.

Konstantin Aksakov

Among prominent historians Russia and famous Slavophiles, born in 1817 takes his place of honor. His works promoted the idea of ​​contrasting paths of historical development between Russia and the West.

Aksakov was positive about returning to traditional Russian roots. All his activities called for precisely this - a return to the roots. Aksakov himself grew a beard and wore a blouse and a murmolka. He criticized Western fashion.

Aksakov did not leave a single scientific work, but his numerous articles became a significant contribution to Russian history. He is also known as the author of philological works. He preached freedom of speech. He believed that the ruler should hear the opinion of the people, but is not obliged to accept it. On the other hand, the people do not need to interfere in government affairs, but need to focus on their moral ideals and spiritual development.

Nikolay Kostomarov

Another figure among Russian historians who worked in the 19th century. He was a friend of Taras Shevchenko, had an acquaintance with Nikolai Chernyshevsky. He worked as a professor at Kiev University. He published “Russian history in the biographies of its figures” in several volumes.

The significance of Kostomarov's work in national historiography huge. He promoted the idea folk history. Kostomarov studied the spiritual development of Russians, this idea was supported by scientists of later eras.

A circle of public figures formed around Kostomarov who romanticized the idea of ​​nationality. According to the report, all members of the circle were arrested and punished.

Sergey Soloviev

One of the most famous historians Russia XIX century. Professor, and later rector of Moscow University. For 30 years he worked on “The History of Russia”. This outstanding work became the pride of not only the scientist himself, but also the historical science of Russia.

All collected material was studied by Solovyov with sufficient completeness necessary for scientific work. In his work, he drew the reader's attention to internal filling historical vector. The uniqueness of Russian history, according to the scientist, lay in some delay in development - compared to the West.

Soloviev himself admitted his ardent Slavophilism, which cooled down a little when he studied the historical development of the country. The historian advocated the reasonable abolition of serfdom and the reform of the bourgeois system.

IN scientific work Solovyov supported the reforms of Peter I, thereby moving away from the ideas of the Slavophiles. Over the years, Solovyov's views moved from liberal to conservative. At the end of his life, the historian supported an enlightened monarchy.

Vasily Klyuchevsky

Continuing the list of historians of Russia, it should be said about (1841-1911) He worked as a professor at Moscow University. He was considered a talented lecturer. Many students attended his lectures.

Klyuchevsky was interested in the basics of folk life, studied folklore, wrote down proverbs and sayings. The historian is the author of a course of lectures that has received worldwide recognition.

Klyuchevsky studied the essence of the complex relations between peasants and landowners, and devoted this thought to great importance. Klyuchevsky’s ideas were accompanied by criticism, however, the historian did not enter into controversy on these topics. He said that he expressed his subjective opinion on many issues.

On the pages of the “Course” Klyuchevsky gave many brilliant characteristics and key points Russian history.

Sergey Platonov

Speaking about the great historians of Russia, it is worth remembering Sergei Platonov (1860-1933). He was an academician and university lecturer.

Platonov developed the ideas of Sergei Solovyov about the opposition of tribal and state principles in the development of Russia. He saw the cause of modern misfortunes in the rise to power of the noble class.

Sergei Platonov gained fame thanks to his published lectures and history textbook. October Revolution he assessed from a negative point of view.

For concealing important historical documents from Stalin, Platonov was arrested along with friends who had anti-Marxist views.

Nowadays

If we talk about modern historians of Russia, we can name the following figures:

• Artemy Artsikhovsky - professor at the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, author of works on ancient Russian history, founder of the Novgorod archaeological expedition.
• Stepan Veselovsky, a student of Klyuchevsky, returned from exile in 1933, worked as a professor and lecturer at Moscow State University, and studied anthroponymy.
• Viktor Danilov - took part in Patriotic War, studied the history of the Russian peasantry, was awarded the Solovyov Gold Medal for his outstanding contribution to the study of history.
• Nikolai Druzhinin - an outstanding Soviet historian, studied Decembrist movement, post-reform village, history of peasant farms.
• Boris Rybakov - historian and archaeologist of the 20th century, studied the culture and life of the Slavs, and was involved in excavations.
• Ruslan Skrynnikov - professor at St. Petersburg University, specialist in history XVI-XVII centuries, studied the oprichnina and the policies of Ivan the Terrible.
• Mikhail Tikhomirov - academician of Moscow University, studied the history of Russia, researched numerous social and economic topics.
• Lev Cherepnin - soviet stories, academician of Moscow University, studied the Russian Middle Ages, created his own school and made a major contribution to Russian history.
• Seraphim Yushkov is a professor at Moscow State University and Leningrad State University, a historian of state and law, participated in discussions on Kievan Rus, and studied its system.

So, we looked at the most famous historians of Russia who devoted a significant part of their lives to science.