Historical sketch of the settlement and development of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Official portal of the Krasnoyarsk Territory History until the 16th century

Krasnoyarsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. It was founded in 1628 by a detachment of Cossacks led by Andrei Dubensky as a military prison. Initially, the settlement was called Krasny Yar, which means "Beautiful Shore". Krasnoyarsk received city status in 1690, when Siberia was finally annexed to Russia. In 1822, the Yenisei province was created by royal decree, and Krasnoyarsk became its center. In the 18th century, Krasnoyarsk grew from a military fortress into an average Siberian city.

Krasnoyarsk city history.

The turning point in the history of the city was the construction in 1895 of the Great Siberian Railway, which connected Krasnoyarsk with the center of Russia. Then the railway station and the famous bridge across the Yenisei were built, and Krasnoyarsk became the largest transport hub in Siberia. In the 19th century, the city became a place of exile for the Decembrists. Educational and cultural institutions are opened, its own newspaper is being published, thanks to which the city receives the status of one of the cultural capitals of Siberia.

Krasnoyarsk in modern times.

Today, almost four centuries after its founding, Krasnoyarsk is a major industrial, transport, scientific, cultural and sports center of Eastern Siberia, the capital of the second largest region of our country. There are 150 large and medium-sized enterprises operating in the city. Moreover, for a number of years Krasnoyarsk has been recognized as one of the most comfortable cities in Russia.

Krasnoyarsk attractions.

Despite the status of an industrial and economic center, Krasnoyarsk is also known for its sights. You have definitely seen at least two of them: the 10-ruble bill depicts the Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel and the Communal Bridge across the Yenisei. To look at them, you just need to open your wallet. But what else is interesting in Krasnoyarsk, we will tell you now.

Krasnoyarsk Pillars

The city is distinguished by unique landscapes, mountain landscapes, a mighty Siberian forest and the famous Stolby nature reserve. It represents exotic rocky elevations among the taiga in the spurs of the Eastern Sayan Mountains. The reserve is located 3 kilometers from the outskirts of Krasnoyarsk, but the impressions are worth it to make the way here. The pillars are famous all over the world and are one of the symbols of the city.

Krasnoyarsk Flora and Fauna Park "Roev Ruchey"

This is one of the largest zoos in Russia. Bears, wolves, lynxes, sables, wolverines, foxes, squirrels, birds of prey, swans, geese, ducks and many other representatives of the Siberian fauna live here. The zoo has an aquarium. Turtles, crocodiles, piranhas and other inhabitants of the water world are “based” here. In the center is a pool with reef sharks. Their feeding looks especially impressive. Address: st. Sverdlovskaya, 93

Krasnoyarsk Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel

The Orthodox Chapel of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa was built on the top of Karaulnaya Hill. As we have already said, it is depicted on the front side of the Russian banknote of 10 rubles. The octagonal hipped roof chapel was built in the 19th century. Before that, there was a wooden chapel, which, according to legend, was built by a merchant who almost drowned and decided to perpetuate his salvation. From the chapel you can see a magnificent panorama of Krasnoyarsk. There is also a cannon nearby, which makes a solemn salvo every noon. Address: st. Stepan Razin, 51a

Krasnoyarsk Central Park

Central Park is located in the historical center of the city. It is a favorite walking place for city residents and visitors. The park has rides, a Ferris wheel, and the Krasnoyarsk Children's Railway. Address: Revolution Square

Krasnoyarsk Theater Square

Here is the main fountain of the city. Water jets, combined with music and light, create a picture that is often captured in photographs of tourists. At night, the fountain is illuminated by about 600 multi-colored lamps. On the lower terrace of the Theater Square there is a cascade fountain "Rivers of Siberia". His composition is a dance of the small rivers of the Krasnoyarsk Territory around one large Yenisei. Being on the square, you will not pass by the Krasnoyarsk Opera and Ballet Theatre. In addition, the main city holidays are held here, so if you got here on a holiday, you are very lucky. And if you like tranquility, you can just sit on a bench and admire another city symbol, the local Big Ben (the clock tower, which is part of the City Hall).

Train Station.

Railway station of Krasnoyarsk

This is the main railway station of Krasnoyarsk. In 2004, the station building and the adjacent square were renovated, and since then they have simply not been recognized. Now the station is considered one of the most beautiful not only in the Trans-Urals, but throughout Russia. There are fountains on the station square, and in the center of the square there is a 16-meter stele, which is proudly crowned with a lion, the heraldic symbol of Krasnoyarsk. Address: st. July 30, 1

Regional Museum.

Museums in Krasnoyarsk

If you walk along the Yenisei embankment, then behind the Communal Bridge you will see the beautiful building of the Museum of Local Lore (Dubrovinsky Street, 84). In the Krasnoyarsk Museum Center (Pl. Mira, 1) you will surely find some interesting exhibition, which are held here in large numbers. And here you can touch the lightning, wrap yourself in a huge blanket and do a lot of other things that seem impossible. We also highlight the Surikov Art Museum. There are so many paintings in his funds that three branches were opened for them: st. Paris Commune, 20, Mira Ave., 12, etc. im. Newspapers "Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy", 68. And the Literary Museum (Lenin St., 66), in the building of which Gothic and wooden Art Nouveau are mixed, will allow you to see unique documents of writers and poets of the golden age of Russian literature.

Museum-Steamboat "Saint Nicholas"

This paddle steamer was considered the fastest in the 19th century. Today it is not used for its intended purpose, but stands on the Yenisei embankment. In 1891, the future Russian Emperor Nicholas II arrived in Krasnoyarsk on this steamer. In 1897, a more interesting story happened to the steamer, it was on it that Vladimir Lenin was sent into exile. Now there are expositions of various topics on the ship: the life of Lenin, the Great Patriotic War, the War of 1812 and others. It will also be interesting for children: you can get behind the wheel of the helm, walk around the deck and call the rynda. Address: Mira Square, 1a

Memorial complex of Viktor Astafiev

The village of Ovsyanka is located 26 kilometers from Krasnoyarsk. You can come here by bus that goes from the bus station to Divnogorsk. And it’s worth getting here in order to visit the homeland of Viktor Astafiev, the Russian literary classic of the 20th century. Here you can see the church where the future writer was baptized and visit the memorial complex. It consists of Astafiev's house, built by himself, as well as the estate of his grandmother, who raised him from the age of 7. Address: s. Ovsyanka, st. Shchetinkina, 26

The time of foundation of Krasnoyarsk - a modern city with a million inhabitants, which is the industrial, cultural and scientific center of Eastern and Central Siberia, is considered to be 1628. But, according to scientists, it appeared much earlier. Its history is rich in interesting events closely related to the founding of Siberia and subsequent important milestones in the history of the country.

Location

In the format of this article, let's talk briefly about the founding of Krasnoyarsk, as well as the richness of the natural relief and the stunning beauty of these places. The city was founded on the banks of the great Siberian river Yenisei, at present it is located on both banks. Its geographical position can be defined as the borders of the Sayan Mountains, the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. It lies in the northern spurs of the Sayan Mountains, which form a hollow here.

Since the division of the territory of Siberia into Western and Eastern is usually carried out along the Yenisei, one part of the city is located in Eastern Siberia, and the other in Western Siberia. To avoid confusion, Krasnoyarsk is conditionally referred to as Eastern Siberia, as a result of which it is the center of the East Siberian region. The borders of the city included the extreme ridge of the Sayan Mountains.

The relief of the city

Modern Krasnoyarsk, founded in such a place, has a complex hilly terrain. Districts of the city are located on its different formations. The area of ​​Academgorodok lies on the Sayan Ridge, the area of ​​the railway station - in the lowland, Oktyabrsky, as well as Sovietsky districts - on the hills, Sverdlovsky - in the foothills.

Origin of the city's name

In the earliest documents, the future city of Krasnoyarsk was called the New Kachinsky prison, this name was given by the river Kacha - the left tributary of the Yenisei, where it was located. This gave reason to assume that the Kachinsky prison existed before him. Most likely, it was founded as a point for collecting yasak, or it was just a winter hut, the estimated date of the founding of Krasnoyarsk, given these circumstances, is 1608.

The local Kachin people called this place Khyzyl Char, which in translation into Russian meant Krasny Yar (shore, cliff). In Russian, the word "red" meant beautiful. Indeed, the place that was chosen for prison had a bewitching Siberian beauty. After the settlement was given the status of a city, it became known as Krasnoyarsk.

History until the 16th century

The history of the founding of Krasnoyarsk is amazing and full of important events for Russia. He played a key role in the development of Siberia. This is the largest of the ancient ones. The history of the development of these places, as well as the city itself, began long before the appearance of Krasnoyarsk. A convenient location for living contributed to the fact that in ancient times many peoples passed through it. Excavations carried out in the vicinity of the city speak of ancient settlements, as a result of which ancient settlements were found with rich finds that speak of a developed civilization.

Neolithic excavations have been found on the territory of the city. Scientists managed to establish that the settlements were built 35 thousand years ago. Two thousand years ago, tribes of Ket-speaking peoples lived here. The territory is surprising in that it was inhabited by many peoples, constituting tribes, unions, primitive states. Many of them are unknown in history.

Land development

The territory changed radically after its annexation to Russia. The year of foundation of the city of Krasnoyarsk is questioned by many historians. There is reason to believe that the first Russians appeared in these lands at the turn of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but they did not stay here due to their small number and great distance from the prisons, where administrative power and small detachments of archers and Cossacks were concentrated. The founding of Krasnoyarsk became possible only after the construction of the Mangazeya prison, located on the Siberian river Taz, which opened the way for further advance to the east.

These lands, in fact, were ownerless, practically uninhabited. Different tribes roamed along them, there was no statehood. The formation of settlements on the territory of Siberia dates back to earlier periods of time, at the time of the appearance of Russian pioneers in these parts, these lands were part of the principality of Ezersky nomadic tribes of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. These places, rich in animals, in particular fur, fish, forest, berries, pine nuts, mushrooms, attracted Russian fishermen and hunters here. They appeared in these parts presumably at the end of the 16th century.

The rumor about the wealth of this region reached the Russian tsars. Expeditions of Cossacks were equipped beyond the Urals, in the formed prisons the interests of the state were represented by the governors sent here with detachments of archers. Their goal was to approve the laws of Russia here, to collect taxes and taxes, the so-called yasak.

The role of the Orthodox Church in the development of Siberia

The Russian Orthodox Church also played an important role. Priests and monks marched along with detachments of Cossacks. When the prisons were founded, churches were immediately built in which services were held. The church had two goals. The first is the spread of Orthodoxy to the East, the second is the connection with the Motherland, with native roots, spiritual support.

It was true faith that helped the pioneers endure all hardships and hardships, strengthened them spiritually, making it clear that their hardships were not in vain. The founding of the city of Krasnoyarsk was no exception. A church was built in each newly formed prison. During the development of Siberia, wild, practically uninhabited lands were squeezed into monasteries. Monastic settlements were built, which gradually overgrown with people who, voluntarily or by the will of fate, found themselves in these severe collapses.

During the development of Siberia, an indispensable law was in force, under which a settlement with several houses must have a chapel, a village - a church, a city - a monastery. It was the Orthodox ministers who marched with the first detachments of the Cossacks who helped organize a motley flow of people striving through the Urals. These were the sovereign's servants, explorers, settlers, fugitive convicts, criminals, peasants fleeing serfdom and hopelessness. Having crossed the Urals, they felt freedom in understanding permissiveness. Only one thing united them and made them one people - faith in God.

Story. 17th century

In 1623, the Yenisei voivode Y. Khripunov sent his guarantor, the nobleman A. Dubensky, to the place where Krasnoyarsk is now located, and at that time there were settlements of Cossacks who had come here from the Ket prison, who were disturbed by the raids of local tribes. They turned to the Yenisei governor for help. Dubensky was instructed to choose a place for the construction of a prison that would guard the lands of the Cossacks. He chose a place, drew up a plan according to which Krasnoyarsk was founded, and left for Moscow to approve it.

Upon returning from Moscow with an approved plan, Dubensky led an expedition of three hundred Cossacks and went to the chosen place, where a prison was laid on the left bank of the Kacha River, called Krasny Yar. This place was located below modern Krasnoyarsk, opposite Tatyshev Island, which is now part of the city. Since then, 1628 is considered to be the year of the founding of Krasnoyarsk.

Ostrog Krasny Yar in 1631 becomes the county center. After 28 years, a large prison was built, the purpose of which was to collect yasak. Local peoples, consisting of nomadic tribes of the Kyshtyms and the Yenisei Kyrgyz, already paid tribute to the Mongol state of the Altan Khans. Therefore, they refused to pay the Russians. But these lands were already in the territory of Russia, and by law they were required to pay tax to the treasury.

Dissatisfied with this situation and incited by the Mongols, the detachments of the Kyrgyz Khan Irenek besieged the prison twice in 1667 and 1679. Already in 1690, the prison received the status of a city and its current name. The foundation of the city of Krasnoyarsk is fraught with great difficulties and trials, however, it becomes the center for the advancement of Russian explorers further to the east.

From the history of the XVIII century

At the beginning of the century, 850 people lived in the city. Mostly they were families of Cossacks. The foundation of Krasnoyarsk and its importance in the development of Siberia is great. Its development was predetermined by the laying of a link connecting the city with Cannes, Achinsk and further with other cities of the country. Despite the fact that its population increased to two thousand people, it remained a city of county significance.

The city developed, enterprises appeared, in particular the Vasilevsky iron-smelting plant, schools and a public library were opened. Great changes have taken place since the founding of Krasnoyarsk. The year 1784 was marked by a strong fire. He burned almost the entire city, only 30 houses remained. Sergeant surveyor P. Moiseev sent a new linear layout of the city, Petersburg was taken as a basis. Modern Krasnoyarsk begins with it.

19th century gold rush

Gold found on the Dry Berikul River (Kemerovo region) stirred up the whole of Siberia. After the mines of the merchants A. Ya. and F. I. Popovs on the rivers Sukhoi Berikul, Wet Berikul and small tributaries of the Kiya began to produce 16 pounds a year, miners were drawn into the taiga. By the way, gold mining is not a cheap pleasure at all. The merchants Popovs spent more than 2 million rubles on exploration of deposits alone, money unprecedented at that time.

Gold-bearing regions were practically throughout the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia. Gold was looked for everywhere. Krasnoyarsk was no exception. He was washed on the Bugach River, Afontova Gora, not far from the railway station, on Pillars. Krasnoyarsk shone with luxury for show, incredible revelry, fights, theft and cards. Nevertheless, gold mining gave a good income to hundreds of people. The taxes levied made it possible to develop the social sphere and infrastructure of the city. But most of the capital left Krasnoyarsk.

A huge role in the development of the city, in addition to gold mining, was played by the railway. Rails for her were purchased in England. From Scotland through the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea, they were delivered to Krasnoyarsk. In 1913, the first power station was built in Krasnoyarsk, and water supply was installed. The city was reputed to be the most beautiful and comfortable in Siberia.

During the years of the Soviet Union, Krasnoyarsk was one of the largest cities in Siberia and the whole country. In 1931 it became the center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Schools, institutes, technical schools, hospitals, kindergartens, stadiums are being built and opened. Much attention is paid to housing construction. During the Great Patriotic War, many enterprises from central Russia were evacuated here. They will serve as the basis for the development of the region's industry.

For the most part, these are mechanical engineering and metalworking, the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, mining, woodworking, the food industry, the production of building materials, and light industry. In Krasnoyarsk there are 29 higher educational institutions, dozens of various schools, technical schools and colleges. Nine research institutes 11 research institutes of other departments.

present tense

The post-Soviet period is characterized by a reduction in industrial production and the development of trade and the service sector. Hundreds of shops, supermarkets are being built and operated in the city, and you can buy almost everything here, including orthopedic bases. Krasnoyarsk has noticeably changed and become more beautiful. In recent years, new buildings, cultural and entertainment facilities have been built. Hundreds of cafes and restaurants are open.

But it is still a working city. And Krasnoyarsk is also a city of students, there are more than 150 thousand of them here, 124 thousand schoolchildren should be added to them. There are all types of transport in the city: rail, road (roads R 255 "Siberia", M 54 "Yenisei", R 409 "Yenisei tract"), water, air (airports "Emelyanovo", "Cheremshanka"), metro.

A Brief History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory “The history of the Prienisei Territory goes back to ancient times. The first people settled here about 200 thousand years ago. Over the past centuries, waves of several great migrations of mankind have swept through the territory. Before the arrival of the Russians, a few Turkic, Samoyedic, Tungus and Yenisei tribes lived here, possessing a distinctive ancient culture and a special way of life ”(Yenisei Encyclopedic Dictionary. Krasnoyarsk: Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. P. 9). The first Russians appeared in the Yenisei region from the north in a place that they called the Turukhansk region. In 1619, the Yenisei prison was founded, which played a large role in the Russian development of Siberia. Until 1629, the territory of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory was part of a vast region with the center in the city of Tobolsk. Later, the prisons of Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk and Kansk with adjacent lands were assigned to the Tomsk category. In 1676, the Yenisei prison received the status of a city, under which all the settlements along the Yenisei and the right-bank territories stretching to Transbaikalia were transferred. Peter I in 1708 carried out territorial and administrative transformations to streamline the administration of the state. The main administrative unit of the Russian Empire was the province, which included provinces, divided into counties. According to the Decree of December 18, 1708, the entire territory of the Russian Empire was divided into eight provinces. Siberia and part of the Urals became part of the Siberian province with the center in the city of Tobolsk. Due to the long distances, the lack of means of communication, the administration of the territories of the Siberian province was extremely difficult. There was a need for territorial transformations. In 1719, three provinces were established as part of the Siberian province: Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk, and five years later two more - Irkutsk and Yenisei with a center in the city of Yeniseisk. The Yenisei province included the counties: Mangazeisky, Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Narymsky and Ketsky. In 1764, by decree of Catherine II, the territory of Siberia was subjected to another administrative-territorial reform: a second province was established - Irkutsk, which included the Yenisei province. Two decades later, the Yenisei province was liquidated, its counties were included in three provinces: Tobolsk (Yeniseisk and Achinsk), Irkutsk and Kolyvan (Krasnoyarsk). In 1797, all territories of the Yenisei River basin were assigned to the Tobolsk province (until 1804; then, until 1822, they were part of the Tomsk province). In order to centralize management in 1803, the Siberian Governor General was created with the center in the city of Irkutsk, which absorbed the territories of Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk provinces. In 1822, this system of territorial subordination was abolished, and instead the West Siberian (the center of Tobolsk) and the East Siberian (the center of Irkutsk) general governments were created. At the same time, at the suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation of the Yenisei province as part of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province. On February 26, 1831, the Senate issued a decree "On the organization of the post office in the Yenisei province." A provincial post office was established in Krasnoyarsk, postal expeditions were established in Yeniseisk and Achinsk, and post offices were opened in Kansk, Minusinsk and Turukhansk. For 50 years after the creation of the Yenisei province, minor changes took place in the administrative structure of the Russian Empire: in 1879, the districts were renamed counties. The territory of the Yenisei province did not undergo any changes and basically coincided with the borders of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory. Since 1913, the Yenisei Governorate has been part of the Irkutsk Governor General. In April 1914, the Russian government establishes a protectorate over Tuva, which, under the name of the Uryankhai region, became part of the Yenisei province. A similar administrative-territorial division persisted until the early 1920s. Since 1923, work began on the zoning of Siberia, which marked the beginning of the administrative reorganization of the territory of the region. Volosts were abolished, enlarged districts were created. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925, all provinces and regions in Siberia are abolished, their territories are merged into a single Siberian Territory, with the center in Novosibirsk. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 7, 1934, as a result of the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed. The Achinsk, Birilyussky, Bogotolsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Minusinsky, Ermakovsky, Nazarovsky, Usinsky and Uzhursky regions, as well as the Khakass Autonomous Region, consisting of six regions, moved away from the West Siberian to the new region. From the East Siberian - the entire Yenisei and Kansk districts as part of 21 districts, as well as the Evenk and Taimyr national districts. In total, there were 52 districts in the region. The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed practically within the former borders of the former Yenisei Governorate. The administrative-territorial division in 1935-1936 underwent significant changes. New districts were formed: Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky and Tyukhtetsky, in 1936 - Yemelyanovsky district. In 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Region seceded from the territory and was transformed into a republic. On January 1, 2007, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) Autonomous Okrug and the Evenk Autonomous Okrug merged into a new subject of the Russian Federation - the Krasnoyarsk Territory within the borders of three previously existing subjects, the Autonomous Okrugs became part of the Territory as Taimyr Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenki areas.

Krasnoyarsk Territory from ancient times to the 17th century.

The north of the region was inhabited already from the end of the 1st millennium BC. e., there lived nomadic Samoyedic tribes - the ancestors of modern peoples (Dolgans, Nenets). Many tribes, tribal unions, primitive states appeared and disappeared on this earth. The new history of the Yenisei country begins with its entry into the Russian state.
The first detachments of fishermen, service people began to penetrate here since the end of the 16th century. In 1598, the detachment of Fyodor Dyakov reached the banks of the Yenisei for the first time. But the Russians did not stay here for long. Only with the foundation of the Mangazeya prison on the Taz River was a solid basis created for the establishment of Russian influence in the Yenisei land. In 1607, the first permanent Russian settlement in our region was founded - the Turukhansk winter hut (later the city of Turukhansk). The penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia went along the Ket River - the right tributary of the Ob. In 1619, a detachment of servicemen passed along this road under the leadership of the son of the boyar Albychev and the archery centurion Cherkas Rukin, who founded the city of Yeniseisk. The Russian conquest proceeded from north to south. In the first half of the seventeenth century, wooden forts-forts Krasnoyarsk (1628), Achinsk (1641), Kansk (1636) appeared in the Yenisei basin. The first Russian inhabitants of the region were serving Cossacks. The indigenous population did not particularly object to the Russian presence. The exception was the Yenisei Kirghiz, stubborn battles with which continued until the beginning of the 18th century, when the united detachments of the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Tomsk and Kuznetsk utterly defeated the warlike steppe inhabitants in several battles. In 1623, a huge Yenisei district was formed, which included not only the lands around the great river, but the entire Angara region. Yeniseisk became its center. The first Yenisei governor was Prince Yakov Ivanovich Khripunov. In 1629, the entire Yenisei region became part of the Tomsk region. Over the course of a century and a half, the administrative-territorial division has repeatedly changed.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

In the 17th century part of the modern territory of the region was part of the Tomsk district, part - in the Krasnoyarsk. The territory of the latter either increased or contracted. In 1724, the Yenisei province was singled out as part of the Siberian province. In 1782 the province was liquidated; its counties are included in the Tomsk region, and fourteen years later, with the abolition of the Tomsk region, the territory of the region is divided between the Tobolsk and Irkutsk provinces and the Kolyvan region. In 1797, the entire Yenisei basin became part of the Tobolsk province, and in 1804 it was transferred to the Irkutsk province.
The Yenisei lands were little developed economically. They were of interest to the government solely as a source of furs. Agriculture and animal husbandry were of a natural nature, crafts were in their infancy. Throughout the seventeenth century, the main actors in Siberian history were serving Cossacks, merchants, and hunters. A peasant farmer was not often met, since managing among non-peaceful tribes is not only difficult, but also mortally dangerous. With the defeat of the militant Yenisei Kirghiz, the agricultural development of the region accelerated significantly, but still, only insignificant territories of the central and southern parts of the Yenisei region were subject to development.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the XIX century.

The next stage in the history of the Yenisei region is associated with the reforms of Mikhail Speransky. In 1819, this well-known Russian politician was sent with the broadest powers to conduct an audit of Siberia. The reason for the revision was the completely unsatisfactory state of affairs in the management and economic development of the region. The imperial office was inundated with piles of complaints about the excesses of local administrators. The economic return from the Trans-Urals was falling, Siberia was turning into a burden for the state. At court and in the periodical press, voices were heard about the uselessness of the Siberian possessions for the country. Speransky was charged with the duty to find out the causes of the disastrous state of affairs and find ways to eliminate the shortcomings.
As a result of Speransky's reforms, all of Siberia was divided into two governor-generals - Irkutsk and Tomsk. Each of them included several provinces. In 1822, the Yenisei Governorate was formed as part of the Irkutsk General Government. The city of Krasnoyarsk was identified as its center. The Moscow highway passed through it, connecting the city with the center of the country; Yeniseisk, which turned out to be away from the tract, lost its former significance. Alexander Petrovich Stepanov became the first governor. He favorably differed from all previous chiefs in honesty, incorruptibility, and zeal for the province entrusted to him. His successors were not always so scrupulous.
The administration of the province was determined by the laws of the Russian Empire. It was headed by a civil governor, who concentrated administrative, military, and judicial power in his hands. Under the governor, there was a council that was supposed to limit his power, but in reality the role of this council was small, since it included officials personally dependent on the governor.
The territory of the province basically coincided with the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory (with the exception of Khakassia). It was divided into five districts - Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Minusinsk and Achinsk. The Turukhansk Territory was part of the Yenisei Okrug.
In the second half of the XIX century. The Usinsk border district became part of the province. The district chiefs were at the head of the districts, and the district police officers were in charge of the police and the court. In cities, administrative power was exercised by the mayor, economic affairs were handled by the city duma, elected from among the most prosperous citizens. In terms of territory, the Yenisei province surpassed any of the European states, but the population density was one of the lowest not only in Russia, but also in Siberia.
The influx of population was mainly due to immigrants from European Russia, as well as exiles and convicts. At will, only state peasants could move to Siberia; serfs fell only as exiles. In the Yenisei province, as well as in Siberia as a whole, there was no serfdom. A sharp increase in the number of immigrants occurred in the 30-40s of the XIX century. About 30 thousand peasants from the Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yaroslavl, Oryol, and Penza provinces settled in the Yenisei lands. Most of the settlers settled in the southern regions of the Yenisei province, where there were better conditions for agriculture. Both in the 18th and in the 19th centuries, the main method of allocating land to the peasants was the right of seizure. The peasant took as much free land as he could cultivate; then the chosen plots were assigned to him legally in the form of allotments. State taxes were also collected from these allotments. This method was possible due to the low population density and the large amount of free fertile land. Virgin lands in the early years gave very decent harvests. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the standard of living of Siberian peasants was generally higher than that of Europeans.
In the second third of the XIX century. the number of political exiles increased sharply. After the suppression of the Decembrist movement, participants in the uprising turned out to be in the province - a total of 31 people.
In the 30s of the XIX century. significant changes took place in the economy of the province. Gold mining began, which flourished in the 1940s and 1950s. By 1847, there were 119 mines in the Yenisei region, mostly nesting in the basins of the Kazyr, Kizir, Amyl, Sisim, Biryusa, Uderey, Pit, Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers. The province was engulfed in a gold rush. People of various classes and ranks rushed to mine gold. In terms of the value of the products produced, the gold industry has left behind all other industries combined. In different years, 20-30 thousand workers were employed at the gold mines. The cities of Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk experienced a period of rapid growth. Money poured in. The profit of gold miners was sometimes 800-850%. However, gold did not contribute to the radical restructuring of the economy of the province. It rather played the role of an economic drug. Large miners invested money not in the development of industry, but in luxury goods, led a cheerful and wild life. Only a few were able to preserve and increase their capital, but even they invested their funds for the most part in trade.
By the middle of the XIX century. The gold miners Vostrotin, Kuznetsovs, Danilovs, Cheremnykhs, Kytmanovs, Astashevs, Khilkovs and others were the ones who turned over the largest capitals. Small prospectors usually drank all the prey in the shortest possible time. Since the early 1960s, gold mining has been steadily declining.
The level of other branches of industry in the province was absolutely negligible. Products were produced almost entirely for the domestic market. Small handicraft enterprises with 5-7 workers prevailed in the province. By the end of the XIX century. in the province there was only one large enterprise - the Abakan ironworks, which employed 800 people. In 1833, the Znamensky glass factory was founded near Krasnoyarsk (now the village of Pamyati 13 Bortsov).
At the end of the XIX century. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through the territory of the Yenisei province. The first test train arrived in Krasnoyarsk on December 6, 1895. This event led to significant changes in both the economic and social life of the region.

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the first half of the 20th century.

Already at the beginning of the twentieth century, a calm and serene life for the local authorities ended. Workers' strikes follow one after another. The railroad workers are at the forefront of the strike movement. Committees of revolutionary parties appear in the cities.
The Yenisei province took an active part in the First Russian Revolution. The most active revolutionary actions took place in Krasnoyarsk, Ilanskaya, and Bogotol. Throughout 1905, strikes at the enterprises of Krasnoyarsk almost did not subside, and in December an armed uprising took place in the provincial center, during which the United Council from soldiers and workers seized power in the city for a short time.
In 1906 - 1907. the strike movement is on the decline, the strikes are of an economic nature. But the peasant movement broke all records. It was especially powerful in the southern regions of the province. According to the Minusinsk police officer, 1906 was the year of "complete lack of authority" in the Minusinsk district.
By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. somewhat revived local industry. The technical re-equipment of gold mining enterprises is underway. Foreign capital and large Russian banks begin to actively infiltrate the economy of the province. However, there were very few large industrial enterprises in the province - these are the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops (2000 workers), the Znamensky glass factory (900 workers), the Ilan railway depot (700 workers), the Abakan ironworks (500 workers), the Yulia copper mine (650 workers). ). The rest of the enterprises were very small both in terms of the number of employees and the volume of output.
The victory of the October Revolution in Krasnoyarsk became known on October 27. And on the night of October 29, a detachment of revolutionary soldiers under the command of Sergei Lazo captured the key points of the city - the bank, the treasury, the telegraph office, and the provincial printing house. The Krasnoyarsk Provincial Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies announced the transfer of full power to it and the dismissal of the provincial commissar Krutovsky. Not everyone liked the action of the Bolsheviks - the Krasnoyarsk Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets opposed the arbitrariness of the Soviet and condemned the coup in Petrograd. The Achinsk City Duma announced the severance of all relations with the Bolshevik Soviet. Refused to recognize Soviet power and the Yenisei Cossacks.
However, the Bolsheviks did not pay much attention to the protests. They formed the Yenisei Provincial People's Commissariat to lead the province, nationalized the banks, introduced workers' management at private enterprises, and disbanded all the former governing bodies. In all cities of the province, power also passed into the hands of the Soviets. Revolutionary committees were set up in Kansk and Minusinsk to fight the counter-revolution. The Bolsheviks tried to improve the economy of the region. For this purpose, on January 10, 1918, they formed the provincial economic department, later renamed the Council of the National Economy. However, the new government did not achieve much success in the restoration and development of the national economy.
The Kolchak authorities returned the old order and tried to restore order in the province. However, they were not very successful in creation. Forced mobilization into the army, requisitions of food, cruel terror caused discontent among the population. The Czech "allies" of Kolchak behaved disgustingly, actively engaged in mass robberies, violence, and murders of innocent people. For many years, Siberians shudderedly recalled the "exploits" of the Czech marauders, and the song with the words "evil Czechs attacked us" became a folk song. As a result, resistance to the Kolchak regime is constantly growing. In Kansk, Ilansk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, uprisings broke out against the whites.
In the 1920s, the government of the USSR was actively involved in the reorganization of the administrative-territorial division of the country. In 1925, the Yenisei province was liquidated. Its territory was divided into five districts - Achinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Khakass. They became part of the Siberian Territory with the administrative center in Novosibirsk.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 7, 1934, as a result of the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed.
The Achinsk, Birilyussky, Bogotolsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Minusinsky, Ermakovsky, Nazarovsky, Usinsky and Uzhursky regions, as well as the Khakass Autonomous Region, consisting of six regions, moved away from the West Siberian to the new region. From the East Siberian - the entire Yenisei and Kansk districts as part of 21 districts, as well as the Evenk and Taimyr national districts. In total, there were 52 districts in the region.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed almost within the former borders of the former Yenisei Governorate. The administrative-territorial division in 1935-1936 underwent significant changes. New districts were formed: Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky and Tyukhtetsky, in 1936 - Yemelyanovsky district.

Krasnoyarsk Territory during the Great Patriotic War

The Great Patriotic War radically changed the way of life in the region. It was necessary to reorganize work on a war footing, master new production facilities, accept and accommodate evacuated enterprises. From the first days of the war, the mobilization of the population into the active army began. Many Krasnoyarsk citizens went to the front voluntarily. In the first ten months of the war alone, the Komsomol organizations of the region considered 30,000 applications for sending to the front.
The mass conscription sharply exacerbated the personnel problem. It was solved by attracting women and teenagers to the production. The enterprises operating in the region were transferred to the production of military products. Already in the first months of the war, factories and factories evacuated from the front line began to arrive on the territory of the region. In 1941 alone, 30 enterprises were imported. One of the first was the plant "Red Profintern" from the city of Bezhitsa, Bryansk region. The equipment of this enterprise is located in almost 6,000 wagons. In Krasnoyarsk, this plant produced mortars. In August 1941, the equipment of the Zaporizhia Kommunar plant arrived. During the war years, he made shells, and after the war, a combine plant was founded on the basis of the equipment of this enterprise. A photographic paper factory arrived from the city of Shostka, Sumy region. In total, only nine large industrial enterprises were evacuated to Krasnoyarsk. Also, three medical institutes and two dental institutes were relocated from Leningrad and Voronezh to the regional center. On their basis, the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute was subsequently created, in which the outstanding surgeon V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky (Bishop Luke).
Krasnoyarsk residents actively participated in various forms of the patriotic movement. They donated money to the defense fund, collected things for the soldiers of the Red Army, sent gifts to the front, donated blood for hospitals. In 1941-45. the inhabitants of the region contributed about 260 million rubles to the defense fund and collected more than 150 million rubles for the purchase of military equipment. Tens of thousands of Krasnoyarsk citizens fought on the fronts. The 119th, 378th, 382nd, 374th rifle divisions, the 78th volunteer brigade, the 22nd bomber aviation regiment and other combat formations were formed on the territory of the region. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was given to 192 natives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the pilot Stepan Kretov was awarded this title twice.
Although the Krasnoyarsk Territory was located very far from the front, the fighting was also carried out on its territory. On August 27, 1942, the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer attacked the port of Dikson. However, in an unequal battle, Soviet sailors and coastal defense fighters managed to repulse the enemy ship. The operation of the German command "Wunderland" to block the Northern Sea Route was thwarted at the cost of the lives of seven defenders of Dixon.
Through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the war years, American combat aircraft from Alaska, received under Lend-Lease, were distilled. Krasnoyarsk was one of the key points of the AlSib air route (Alaska-Siberia).

Krasnoyarsk Territory in the post-war years

In the first post-war years, the main task of the regional authorities was to transfer the economy to a peaceful track. This process turned out to be very difficult and painful - there were not enough personnel, financial and material and technical means. Not surprisingly, in the first post-war year, industrial output fell by 20%. But then production volumes begin to grow steadily. This was facilitated by a powerful industrial base, laid down in the region during the war.
In the postwar years, the government's views on the role of Siberia in the Soviet economy changed. If earlier it was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage of the European territory of the country, now the task has arisen of creating a powerful industrial complex in the east. In 1941-42, the Nazi occupation of the western regions, where the main industrial potential was concentrated, put the country in an extremely difficult situation. Siberia was supposed to become an industrial backup for Central Russia and Ukraine. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its geographical location, is the least exposed to the danger of occupation by a probable aggressor, and therefore is especially attractive as a manufacturer of defense products.
In the years of the fourth five-year plan, industrial construction began in the region. Work began on the construction of a mining and chemical plant near Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, now Zheleznogorsk), the Krasnoyarsk television plant, the Sorsk molybdenum plant, the Irsha-Borodino coal mine, the Krasnoyarsk synthetic rubber plant, and the Sibelektrostal plant were put into operation. Krasnoyarsk self-propelled harvesters had a high reputation among consumers. By the end of the fourth five-year plan, industrial production in the region had surpassed the pre-war level.

Archaeologists believe that the settlement of the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory began over 40 thousand years ago. Many tribes, tribal unions, primitive states appeared and disappeared on this earth. The new history of the Yenisei country begins with its entry into the Russian state.

The first detachments of fishermen, service people began to penetrate here since the end of the 16th century. In 1598, the detachment of Fyodor Dyakov reached the banks of the Yenisei for the first time. But the Russians did not stay here for long. Only with the foundation of the Mangazeya prison on the Taz River was a solid basis created for the establishment of Russian influence in the Yenisei land. In 1607, the first permanent Russian settlement in our region was founded - the Turukhansk winter hut (later the city of Turukhansk). The penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia went along the Ket River - the right tributary of the Ob. In 1619, a detachment of servicemen passed along this road under the leadership of the son of the boyar Albychev and the archery centurion Cherkas Rukin, who founded the city of Yeniseisk. The Russian conquest proceeded from north to south. In the first half of the seventeenth century, wooden forts-forts Krasnoyarsk (1628), Achinsk (1641), Kansk (1636) appeared in the Yenisei basin. The first Russian inhabitants of the region were serving Cossacks. The indigenous population did not particularly object to the Russian presence. The exception was the Yenisei Kirghiz, stubborn battles with which continued until the beginning of the 18th century, when the united detachments of the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Tomsk and Kuznetsk utterly defeated the warlike steppe inhabitants in several battles.

In 1623, a huge Yenisei district was formed, which included not only the lands around the great river, but the entire Angara region. Yeniseisk became its center. The first Yenisei governor was Prince Yakov Ivanovich Khripunov. In 1629, the entire Yenisei region became part of the Tomsk region. Over the course of a century and a half, the administrative-territorial division has repeatedly changed. In the 17th century part of the modern territory of the region was part of the Tomsk district, part - in the Krasnoyarsk. The territory of the latter either increased or contracted. In 1724, the Yenisei province was singled out as part of the Siberian province. In 1782 the province was liquidated; its counties are included in the Tomsk region, and fourteen years later, with the abolition of the Tomsk region, the territory of the region is divided between the Tobolsk and Irkutsk provinces and the Kolyvan region. In 1797, the entire Yenisei basin became part of the Tobolsk province, and in 1804 it was transferred to the Irkutsk province.

The Yenisei lands were little developed economically. They were of interest to the government solely as a source of furs. Agriculture and animal husbandry were of a natural nature, crafts were in their infancy. Throughout the seventeenth century, the main actors in Siberian history were serving Cossacks, merchants, and hunters. A peasant farmer was not often met, since managing among non-peaceful tribes is not only difficult, but also mortally dangerous. With the defeat of the militant Yenisei Kirghiz, the agricultural development of the region accelerated significantly, but still, only insignificant territories of the central and southern parts of the Yenisei region were subject to development.

The next stage in the history of the Yenisei region is associated with the reforms of Mikhail Speransky. In 1819, this well-known Russian politician was sent with the broadest powers to conduct an audit of Siberia. The reason for the revision was the completely unsatisfactory state of affairs in the management and economic development of the region. The imperial office was inundated with piles of complaints about the excesses of local administrators. The economic return from the Trans-Urals was falling, Siberia was turning into a burden for the state. At court and in the periodical press, voices were heard about the uselessness of the Siberian possessions for the country. Speransky was charged with the duty to find out the causes of the disastrous state of affairs and find ways to eliminate the shortcomings.

Mikhail Mikhailovich was not a rosy idealist, he knew about the rampant corruption and abuses in the state apparatus of the country. But the outrages perpetrated by the Siberian officials horrified even him. Embezzlement and bribery flourished beyond measure. The tyranny of the local chiefs knew no bounds. For example, the Yenisei mayor Kukonevsky rode around the city in a carriage harnessed by officials who dared to complain about him. The Kansk police officer Loskutov terrified everyone who had the misfortune to be under his command. He established his own dictatorship in the territory under his jurisdiction, acting in accordance with his own regulations, and not the laws of the empire. Over 700 Siberian chiefs were involved in the investigation, some of them were put on trial. In a letter to his daughter, Speransky wrote: "For the abuses of the Tobolsk officials, everyone should have been fined, the Tomsk officials should have been put on trial, and the Krasnoyarsk officials should have been hanged." However, Speransky not only punished. He considered the main reason for the general abuses to be the incorrect administrative structure of Siberia and proposed his own project for reorganizing the administration of the region. As a result, the whole of Siberia was divided into two general governorships - Irkutsk and Tomsk. Each of them included several provinces. In 1822, the Yenisei Governorate was formed as part of the Irkutsk General Government. The city of Krasnoyarsk was identified as its center. The Moscow highway passed through it, connecting the city with the center of the country; Yeniseisk, which turned out to be away from the tract, lost its former significance.

Alexander Petrovich Stepanov became the first governor. He favorably differed from all previous chiefs in honesty, incorruptibility, and zeal for the province entrusted to him. His successors were not always so scrupulous.

The administration of the province was determined by the laws of the Russian Empire. It was headed by a civil governor, who concentrated administrative, military, and judicial power in his hands. Under the governor, there was a council that was supposed to limit his power, but in reality the role of this council was small, since it included officials personally dependent on the governor.

The territory of the province basically coincided with the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory (with the exception of Khakassia). It was divided into five districts - Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Minusinsk and Achinsk. The Turukhansk Territory was part of the Yenisei Okrug. In the second half of the XIX century. The Usinsk border district became part of the province. The district chiefs were at the head of the districts, and the district police officers were in charge of the police and the court. In cities, administrative power was exercised by the mayor, economic affairs were handled by the city duma, elected from among the most prosperous citizens. In terms of territory, the Yenisei province surpassed any of the European states, but the population density was one of the lowest not only in Russia, but also in Siberia. In 1823 a little over 150 thousand people lived here.

The influx of population was mainly due to immigrants from European Russia, as well as exiles and convicts. At will, only state peasants could move to Siberia; serfs fell only as exiles. In the Yenisei province, as well as in Siberia as a whole, there was no serfdom. A sharp increase in the number of immigrants occurred in the 30-40s of the XIX century. About 30 thousand peasants from the Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yaroslavl, Oryol, and Penza provinces settled in the Yenisei lands. Most of the settlers settled in the southern regions of the Yenisei province, where there were better conditions for agriculture. Both in the 18th and in the 19th centuries, the main method of allocating land to the peasants was the right of seizure. The peasant took as much free land as he could cultivate; then the chosen plots were assigned to him legally in the form of allotments. State taxes were also collected from these allotments. This method was possible due to the low population density and the large amount of free fertile land. Virgin lands in the early years gave very decent harvests. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the standard of living of Siberian peasants was generally higher than that of Europeans.

Since the beginning of the XIX century. the number of exiles increases sharply. In the first half of the century alone, about 40 thousand people arrived in the province. Mostly they are criminals. The government tried to use the exiles for the economic development of the region. They were placed in villages, given land. A lot of money was allocated for the arrangement of the exiles. However, only a few of them managed to adapt to productive work; the main part of the convicts in Siberia continued to engage in their usual craft - theft, robbery, fraud.

In the second third of the XIX century. the number of political exiles increased sharply. After the suppression of the Decembrist movement, participants in the uprising turned out to be in the province - a total of 31 people. S.G. lived in the Minusinsk District. Krasnokutsky, S.I. Krivtsov, brothers A.P. and P.P. Belyaev, N.O. Mozgalevsky, A.I. Tyutchev, A.F. Frolov, P.I. Falenberg; in the Krasnoyarsk district - F.P. Shakhovskoy, brothers N.S. and P.S. Bobrischev-Pushkin, A.N. Lutsky, M.A. Fonvizin, M.F. Mitkov, M.M. Spiridov, V.L. Davydov, M.I. Pushchin, I.V. Petin. A.P. Arbuzov, in Kanskoye - V.N. Soloviev, D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky, K.G. Igelstrom. In the most severe Yenisei district were A.V. Vedenyapin, A.I. Yakubovich, I.B. Abramov, N.F. Lisovsky. The role of the exiled Decembrists in the cultural and economic development of the region is quite large. They were engaged in enlightenment, taught local children, helped residents with legal advice, introduced new varieties of agricultural crops, and were engaged in literature and science. Tyutchev and Kireev married local village girls. Their descendants live in the region to this day.

After the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-31. several thousand Polish insurgents were sent to the province to settle. Some of them remained in Siberia forever.

In the 30s of the XIX century. significant changes took place in the economy of the province. Gold mining began, which flourished in the 1940s and 1950s. By 1847, there were 119 mines in the Yenisei region, mostly nesting in the basins of the Kazyr, Kizir, Amyl, Sisim, Biryusa, Uderey, Pit, Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers. The province was engulfed in a gold rush. People of various classes and ranks rushed to mine gold. In terms of the value of the products produced, the gold industry has left behind all other industries combined. In different years, 20-30 thousand workers were employed at the gold mines. The cities of Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk experienced a period of rapid growth. Money poured in. The profit of gold miners was sometimes 800-850%. However, gold did not contribute to the radical restructuring of the economy of the province. It rather played the role of an economic drug. Large miners invested money not in the development of industry, but in luxury goods, led a cheerful and wild life. Only a few were able to preserve and increase their capital, but even they invested their funds for the most part in trade. By the middle of the XIX century. The gold miners Vostrotin, Kuznetsovs, Danilovs, Cheremnykhs, Kytmanovs, Astashevs, Khilkovs and others were the ones who turned over the largest capitals. Small prospectors usually drank all the prey in the shortest possible time. Since the early 1960s, gold mining has been steadily declining.

The level of other branches of industry in the province was absolutely negligible. Products were produced almost entirely for the domestic market. Small handicraft enterprises with 5-7 workers prevailed in the province. By the end of the XIX century. in the province there was only one large enterprise - the Abakan ironworks, which employed 800 people. In 1833, the Znamensky glass factory was founded near Krasnoyarsk (now the village of Pamyati 13 Bortsov).

In 1863, the first steamship appeared on the Yenisei. It was called - "Yenisei". On his first flight, he left the city of Yeniseisk on May 20. Shipping on the Yenisei developed slowly - by the end of the 19th century, only eight steam ships sailed along the river.

The industry of the province experienced a shortage of labor. Therefore, entrepreneurs willingly used the labor of exiles and impoverished migrants. They paid pennies for the work, the working conditions were incredibly difficult. As a result, riots often broke out in the gold mines. In a number of cases, the authorities had to use troops to suppress them. But on the whole, in the 19th century, the class struggle did not reach a particular intensity in Siberia. The Yenisei province seemed to be a model of serenity. Only exiled revolutionaries caused some concern to the authorities - from the 60s, the Narodniks, and then the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries and other opponents of the regime. But for the time being, revolutionary agitation did not find a response among the population of the province.

In the field of education, science, culture, the Yenisei province clearly lagged behind European Russia. By the middle of the XIX century. the number of literates was slightly more than one percent of the total population of the province. There were only 25 parish and district schools with 870 students. There was not a single bookstore in the whole province, not even in Krasnoyarsk.

Health care was practically non-existent - in the mid-60s there were only 22 doctors in the entire province, of which a third worked at private mines, the rest practiced in cities. The first rural doctor appeared only in 1881 in the Krasnoyarsk district. The consequence of this was a high mortality from serious diseases - 25-30% of the sick died. Mortality is especially high among the indigenous population.
Some contribution to the development of culture was made by educated liberal-minded officials, intellectuals, and exiled Decembrists. In the second half of the 1920s, a circle of local historians and lovers of literature formed around Governor Stepanov in Krasnoyarsk. In 1823, under his patronage, the society "Conversations about the Yenisei Territory" was created. In 1829, the Yenisei Almanac, one of the first literary journals in Siberia, was published in Moscow. In addition to Stepanov, I.M. Petrov, I.I. Varlakov, A.K. Kuzmin, S. Rasskazov - local teachers and officials. In 1835, a two-volume historical and statistical work by A.P. Stepanov "Yenisei province". In the first half of the 40s, a scientific expedition of the famous naturalist Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf worked in the northern regions of the province. The result of this expedition was the two-volume work "Journey to the North and East of Siberia".

In the second half of the XIX century. the cultural development of the region takes a noticeable step forward. This is due to the expansion of public education, the strengthening of the intelligentsia in society, and the spread of periodicals. The liberal reforms of the 1960s and 1970s had a beneficial effect on the Yenisei province.

The number of educational institutions is growing. In 1868, a classical men's gymnasium was opened in Krasnoyarsk, in 1878 - a women's one; in 1873 - teacher's seminary. Women's gymnasiums appeared in Yeniseisk, Achinsk, and Minusinsk. In the villages, at peasant gatherings, decisions were often made to open new schools. In 1884, the "Society for the Care of Public Education" was founded in Krasnoyarsk, which monitored the state of schools, libraries, and organized the book trade. In Yeniseisk, the "Society for Helping Primary School Students" was conceived, thanks to which two new schools, the first bookstore, a library and an amateur theater were opened in this city. In 1873, the first bookstore in the province was opened in Yeniseisk. Its owner was the merchant Evgenia Skornyakova. The efforts of the public and shifts in the activities of local authorities have yielded results. The literacy rate in the province has increased significantly - up to 15-20%. But still, according to this indicator, the Yenisei province lagged far behind the all-Russian level.

By the second half of the XIX century. the development of the museum business. In 1877, the pharmacist Nikolai Mikhailovich Martyanov founded the first local history museum in the province in Minusinsk. In 1883, a museum was opened in Yeniseisk, and in 1889 - in Krasnoyarsk (at the same time, the first public library appeared in the provincial center).

Among the local intelligentsia, interest in the study of their native land is growing significantly. Local history goes beyond the amateurish, amateur occupation and becomes on a scientific basis. A huge role in the development of Krasnoyarsk science was played by the teacher, historian and archaeologist Ivan Timofeevich Savenkov, historian Nikolai Nikitich Bakai, statistician Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoriev, pharmacist and biologist Nikolai Mikhailovich Martyanov, publicist, archaeologist, ethnographer Dmitry Alexandrovich Klements, historian and ethnographer Nikolai Vasilyevich Latkin, geologist and geographer Innokenty Aleksandrovich Lopatin, botanist Yakov Pavlovich Prein, physician, ethnographer and folklorist Mikhail Fomich Krivoshapkin.

In the middle of the XIX century. periodical press appeared in the province. The first issue of the first newspaper "Yenisei Gubernskiye Vedomosti" was published on July 2, 1857. For a long time this official newspaper was the only one in the region; only in 1889 did the publication of a private press begin. And in 1888, entrepreneur Emelyan Kudryavtsev founded the first private printing house in the province in Krasnoyarsk. In the same year, the first private printing house appeared in Minusinsk. It was opened by Vasily Fedorov.

In 1873, the first building of the city theater was built in Krasnoyarsk. There was no own troupe, performances were given by visiting artists. In 1898 the wooden theater burned down; then, with the money collected by subscription, a stone building of the People's House was built. It solemnly opened on February 17, 1902 (now it is the Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin).

The most famous native of the region is the artist Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. He was born in Krasnoyarsk on January 24, 1848. Thanks to the local philanthropist P. Kuznetsov, Surikov was able to get an education in St. Petersburg at the Academy of Arts.

In May 1890, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov crossed the territory of the province on his way to Sakhalin along the Moscow highway. Impressions of Siberia and its cities (the most controversial) he reflected in a series of his famous essays.

The development of education and culture to a certain extent was also the merit of local patrons. Funds for the construction of schools and shelters, for the support of scientific research were allocated by the families of entrepreneurs Gadalov, Kuznetsov, Shchegolev, Kytmanov, Danilov, Skornyakov, Vostrotin, Balandin. In 1874, a vocational school was opened in Krasnoyarsk with the money of Tatyana Shchegoleva. In the winter of the same year, in Krasnoyarsk, by decision of merchants and townspeople, the Sinelnikovsky Charitable Society was opened. The Krasnoyarsk merchant Mikhail Sidorov provided considerable support for scientific research. But to exaggerate the scope of the Yenisei patronage is still not worth it. Most of the merchants and industrialists were concerned exclusively with personal well-being, many of them spent money not on culture and science, but on revelry, parties, cards. A certain businessman from Achinsk lost two thousand rubles in cards at a time. The Krasnoyarsk merchant Myasnikov walked from his house to the Resurrection Cathedral along a red cloth path a mile and a half long.

In general, the Yenisei province in the 19th century lived a quiet, calm, measured sleepy life. Its six cities look like large villages - the houses are mostly wooden, the improvement is minimal.

In 1861, the Yenisei diocese was established with the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God in Krasnoyarsk. The first Bishop of the Yenisei-Krasnoyarsk was Nikodim, who took office on January 7, 1862. Thus, Krasnoyarsk became not only the administrative, but also the religious center of the province.

In July 1891, the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich, the future Emperor Nicholas II, passed through the territory of the province. A solemn meeting was arranged for him. The Tsesarevich got acquainted with the sights of Krasnoyarsk, talked with the elite of the local society.

At the end of the XIX century. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through the territory of the Yenisei province. The first test train arrived in Krasnoyarsk on December 6, 1895. This event led to significant changes in both the economic and social life of the region. The railway contributed to the development of the central regions of the province. The growth of the cities through which the highway passed - Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk - accelerated. A large and technically advanced industrial enterprise for those times appeared in Krasnoyarsk - railway workshops and depots. New industries related to railroad maintenance emerged. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Izykh and Montenegrin coal mines were opened. The mining and processing of copper ore has been revived. The railroad revived trade. But the economic disproportion between the more developed central regions and the backward northern regions has increased substantially. Yeniseisk began to lose its former importance, and Turukhansk clearly degraded. Also, the local industry began to experience strong competition from the enterprises of European Russia, as a rule, more advanced in technical terms.

In 1883-1893, the Ob-Yenisei Canal was built to activate trade communications in the northern regions of the province. He walked along the old Makovsky portage, along the rivers Keti, Ozernaya, Lomovataya, Small and Big Kas. But this channel had no practical significance - because of its narrowness, only small vessels could go through it. In 1921 this channel was closed.

In January 1897, the first All-Russian population census took place. According to her, in the Yenisei province lived by the beginning of the twentieth century. 570,161 people. The most populated districts were Minusinsky and Achinsk - the most fertile lands were located there. The least populated was the huge Yenisei district. In 1899, the okrugs were renamed into uyezds. Of the six cities in the province, Krasnoyarsk was the largest - 26,699 people. Next came Yeniseisk (11,506), Minusinsk (10,231), Kansk (7,537), Achinsk (6,699), Turukhansk (212). The influx of population was still achieved through immigrants from the western regions and exiles. The vast majority of the inhabitants were engaged in agriculture and lived in villages.

The Yenisei province became one of the main places of political exile in Russia. The flow of exiles in the early twentieth century. increased markedly. In 1897 - 1900. in exile in the village of Shushenskoye was the future "leader of the world proletariat" V.I. Lenin.

Due to the lack of qualified personnel, the exiled workers were willingly accepted to the industrial enterprises of the province. Their stratum was especially large in the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops and depots. But with them they carried not only professional skills, but also revolutionary ideas.

Already at the beginning of the twentieth century, a calm and serene life for the local authorities ended. Workers' strikes follow one after another. The railroad workers are at the forefront of the strike movement. Committees of revolutionary parties appear in the cities.

The village is also restless. The construction of the highway increased the value of the land. If earlier state and communal lands were not actually demarcated, and peasants could seize state land as much as they wanted, now the government is striving to demarcate possessions. Free use of state and office land is prohibited. Now the peasants have to pay for logging, hunting, grazing, picking mushrooms and berries. All this caused dissatisfaction among the peasants, who were accustomed to enjoying all the benefits of nature free of charge.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 exacerbated the economic situation in Siberia, which was the nearest rear of the army. Conscription to the army left many families without breadwinners, and government purchases of bread, meat, and fodder raised prices in the markets. The workers had the worst of it - although wages increased, they did not keep up with the prices. The anti-government agitation of the revolutionary parties was met with sympathy in the working environment; now she found the most lively response.

The Yenisei province took an active part in the First Russian Revolution. The most active revolutionary actions took place in Krasnoyarsk, Ilanskaya, and Bogotol. Throughout 1905, strikes at the enterprises of Krasnoyarsk almost did not subside, and in December an armed uprising took place in the provincial center, during which the United Council from soldiers and workers seized power in the city for a short time. If in Krasnoyarsk the suppression of the armed uprising did not lead to significant casualties, then a tragedy occurred at the Ilanskaya station. On January 12, 1906, the punitive expedition of Meller-Zakomelsky shot down a workers' assembly, as a result of which several dozen people died and many were injured.

In 1906 - 1907. the strike movement is on the decline, the strikes are of an economic nature. But the peasant movement broke all records. It was especially powerful in the southern regions of the province. According to the Minusinsk police officer, 1906 was the year of "complete lack of authority" in the Minusinsk district. However, the bulk of the peasant movement was directed not against the autocracy, but against the restriction of the right to own land and use land, high taxes and the arbitrariness of the local authorities.

The social and political life of Siberia noticeably intensified during the elections to the State Duma. From the Yenisei province, two deputies were elected to the first two Dumas, and one to the third. In the First Duma, both deputies were from the Minusinsk district - the peasant Simon Ermolaev and the doctor Nikolai Nikolaevsky. They adhered to leftist views and entered the Trudoviks faction. The Minusinsk priest Alexander Brilliantov and the Krasnoyarsk clerk Menshevik Ivan Yudin were elected to the Second State Duma. Krasnoyarsk cadet Vasily Karaulov sat in the Third State Duma. There were no Krasnoyarsk residents in the Fourth Duma.

The Stolypin agrarian reform had a huge impact on the life of the Yenisei province. Its central and southern regions received a huge number of immigrants. For ten years - from 1906 to 1916. 274,517 people arrived here. By 1916, more than a third of the population of the province were immigrants. 670 resettlement settlements were formed.

The results of the migration movement cannot be unambiguously assessed. On the one hand, the population in the province increased sharply, new lands were developed, and the development of agriculture noticeably accelerated. On the other hand, mass resettlement actually depleted the fund of free fertile lands. Relations between old-timers and new settlers were often very tense. In order to be able to allocate land to all the settlers, the authorities limited the allotments of the old-timers. The latter did not like it very much. Not all settlers were able to take root in Siberia and start their own households. Many of them fell into bondage to wealthy Siberians, others returned back. In general, the government's resettlement policy has increased social tension in the Siberian countryside.

By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. somewhat revived local industry. The technical re-equipment of gold mining enterprises is underway. Foreign capital and large Russian banks begin to actively infiltrate the economy of the province. However, there were very few large industrial enterprises in the province - these are the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops (2000 workers), the Znamensky glass factory (900 workers), the Ilan railway depot (700 workers), the Abakan ironworks (500 workers), the Yulia copper mine (650 workers). ). The rest of the enterprises were very small both in terms of the number of employees and the volume of output. In total, by 1916, there were about 900 enterprises in the Yenisei province, which employed 8,000 workers. In 1913, the construction of the Achinsk-Minusinsk railway began with private funds, but because of the outbreak of war, the construction could not be completed.

During the First World War, the economic life of the province was initially activated under the influence of military orders. However, by 1916, the features of a crisis were already manifest, and by the beginning of 1917, the situation became catastrophic.

As elsewhere in Russia, at the beginning of the twentieth century. political parties proliferate in the province. Branches of the parties of the Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, Constitutional Democrats, Octobrists, and the Black Hundred Union of the Russian People were active here. The rest of the parties did not have any noticeable influence. Party life was most clearly seething in the provincial center; in other cities it was barely noticed, with the possible exception of Minusinsk, where the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries was strong. In the countryside, political work was carried out almost exclusively by exiled revolutionaries, and only for the period of their stay in exile.

The rise of public life was accompanied by the further development of culture. In February 1901, the Krasnoyarsk sub-department of the East Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society was opened. His role in the development of education and science in the Yenisei province can hardly be overestimated. Its founders were well-known public figures, scientists and specialists - Viktor Grigoriev, the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Krutovsky, Nikolai Martyanov, Pyotr Rachkovsky, Alexander Kytmanov, Alexander Adrianov, Arseniy Yarilov and others (18 people in total). The sub-department of the ESORGO was engaged in organizing scientific expeditions, coordinating scientific research in Siberia, publishing the results of research, and popularizing scientific knowledge among the population. In 1903, the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore came under the jurisdiction of the subdepartment. The first chairman of the administrative board of the subdivision was the Krasnoyarsk economist and statistician, public figure Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoriev. And on March 19, 1908, the Society for the Study of Siberia and its way of life was opened in Krasnoyarsk.

The library of the wine merchant Gennady Yudin is known far beyond Krasnoyarsk. This unique collection of book rarities, however, did little to benefit the city: Gennady Vasilyevich was reluctant to let outside readers into his library. Shortly before his death, he sold it to the Americans.

The developing economy required qualified specialists. As a result, the number of specialized educational institutions is growing in the province. In 1913, a land surveying school and a trading school were opened in Krasnoyarsk. Also at the end of the XIX century. in the provincial center, a railway school and a medical assistant's school appeared. In 1913 a teacher's seminary was opened in Minusinsk. In honor of the great countryman in 1910, an art school named after V.I. Surikov. Famous Krasnoyarsk artists - A. Lekarenko, A. Voshchakin and others - came out of its walls. The soul and inspirer of the school was the famous Krasnoyarsk painter Dmitry Karatanov. The question of founding a university in Krasnoyarsk was raised, but the project was not implemented. In 1916, the journal "Siberian School" began to appear, the editor and publisher of which was Yegor (George). Itygin. The magazine introduced readers to the latest methods of education and upbringing, told about the life of a Siberian teacher.

The periodical press is flourishing. The number of publications is already in the tens, though the age of most of them is short.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Krasnoyarsk theater was also formed. In the autumn of 1902, the drama troupe of K.P. Krasnova. Its actors staged plays from Russian and foreign classics. Artists from the leading theaters in Moscow and St. Petersburg also repeatedly came to Krasnoyarsk on tour. The oldest theater group was the Minusinsk Drama Theatre, which has been operating since 1882.

In August 1908, the Krasnoyarsk City Council decided to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the birth of the writer Leo Tolstoy. It was quite a bold move, given that the writer was excommunicated.

Back in 1897, the first film installations appeared in Krasnoyarsk. And by 1917, there were already three cinemas in the city - "Ars", "Kinemo" and "Aquarium".

Architecture has also made some progress. The cities of the province are decorated with buildings in the style of classicism and modernity. The best architects of the province - Vladimir Sokolovsky, Leonid Chernyshev - significantly improved the appearance of the provincial capital with their creations.

Yet cultural achievements are most noticeable in Krasnoyarsk. In other cities of the province, the achievements of civilization are much more modest.

The news of the overthrow of the monarchy came to Krasnoyarsk on February 28, 1917. As elsewhere in the country, a system of dual power was formed in the Yenisei province - the simultaneous existence of two bodies that exercised power functions. The first of these was the Krasnoyarsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by the Menshevik Yakov Dubrovinsky. An organ of the Provisional Government was the Committee of Public Security, headed by Vladimir Krutovsky, a well-known public figure in the city. Formally, he performed the functions of the governor, although the Council significantly limited his power. The tsarist governor, Yakov Gololobov, surrendered his powers without any resistance and left Krasnoyarsk in early March.

Following the provincial center in the first half of March 1917, the Soviets were formed in Achinsk. Yeniseisk, Kansk, Minusinsk, Turukhansk. Political prisoners were released everywhere, left-wing political parties were legalized, and people's militia was formed. The February revolution took place in the province exclusively peacefully - not a single armed clash occurred anywhere. No one wanted to stand up for Tsar Nicholas II.

Relations between the Council and the Public Safety Committee did not work out from the very beginning. The Krasnoyarsk Soviet was initially dominated by the Bolsheviks, who headed for a confrontation with Krutovsky. The power of the Commissioner of the Provisional Government had already become purely nominal by the middle of summer, however, it was on him that the Bolsheviks blamed the flaring up economic crisis and the deterioration in the welfare of the population.

The victory of the October Revolution in Krasnoyarsk became known on October 27. And on the night of October 29, a detachment of revolutionary soldiers under the command of Sergei Lazo captured the key points of the city - the bank, the treasury, the telegraph office, and the provincial printing house. The Krasnoyarsk Provincial Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies announced the transfer of full power to it and the dismissal of the provincial commissar Krutovsky. Not everyone liked the action of the Bolsheviks - the Krasnoyarsk Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets opposed the arbitrariness of the Soviet and condemned the coup in Petrograd. The Achinsk City Duma announced the severance of all relations with the Bolshevik Soviet. Refused to recognize Soviet power and the Yenisei Cossacks.

However, the Bolsheviks did not pay much attention to the protests. They formed the Yenisei Provincial People's Commissariat to lead the province, nationalized the banks, introduced workers' management at private enterprises, and disbanded all the former governing bodies. In all cities of the province, power also passed into the hands of the Soviets. Revolutionary committees were set up in Kansk and Minusinsk to fight the counter-revolution. The Bolsheviks tried to improve the economy of the region. For this purpose, on January 10, 1918, they formed the provincial economic department, later renamed the Council of the National Economy. However, the new government did not achieve much success in the restoration and development of the national economy.

In the countryside, the Bolsheviks launched a struggle against the kulaks, began the redistribution of land, and set about creating communes and state farms. To fulfill the food dictatorship, they organized the seizure of "surplus" grain from the peasants. All these measures did not meet with support in the countryside. As a result, the Bolsheviks lost the support of the peasantry, which ultimately contributed to the overthrow of Soviet power in the Yenisei province.

In May 1918, the Czech uprising broke out. At the end of May, the Czechs captured Kansk. They were joined by all those dissatisfied with Bolshevik rule. To counter the counter-revolution, the Klyukvensky and Mariinsky fronts were created, but the Reds could not hold out for a long time. Soviet power in Krasnoyarsk and Achinsk fell on June 18, 1918, and on May 24 the Whites captured Minusinsk. The leaders of the Yenisei Provincial Executive Committee and the Soviets tried to escape along the Yenisei to the north, but were intercepted near Turukhansk, taken to Krasnoyarsk and shot.

The Kolchak authorities returned the old order and tried to restore order in the province. However, they were not very successful in creation. Forced mobilization into the army, requisitions of food, cruel terror caused discontent among the population. The Czech "allies" of Kolchak behaved disgustingly, actively engaged in mass robberies, violence, and murders of innocent people. For many years, Siberians shudderedly recalled the "exploits" of the Czech marauders, and the song with the words "evil Czechs attacked us" became a folk song. As a result, resistance to the Kolchak regime is constantly growing. In Kansk, Ilansk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, uprisings broke out against the whites. A broad partisan movement developed in the taiga regions. Within the province, entire partisan "republics" were formed - Taseevskaya, Stepnobadzheyskaya, Severo-Achinskaya. In January 1920, the troops of the Red Army entered the province. On the night of January 3-4, 1920, an uprising organized by the Bolsheviks began in Krasnoyarsk. The rebels captured the city, the attempts of the whites to return it were unsuccessful. And on January 6, in a battle near the Minino station, detachments of the Red Army utterly defeated Kolchak's army, which after that actually ceased to exist - scattered detachments remained from it. On the evening of January 6, the advanced units of the Red Army entered Krasnoyarsk. Soviet power in the province was restored.

In the early post-war years, the management of all Siberia was carried out by Sibrevkom, which was based in Novosibirsk. The province was led by the Yenisei Provincial Revolutionary Committee, headed by A.P. Spunde and the provincial executive committee, whose chairman was I. Zavadsky (in 1921 he was replaced by Lev Goldich).

When the frenzy of victory passed, the new government discovered a huge number of complex problems. The economy was in a deplorable state - almost all industrial enterprises did not work, the food supply of cities did not stand up to scrutiny, unfinished Kolchak detachments roamed the forests, speculation flourished. After the defeat of Kolchakism in Siberia, a surplus appraisal was introduced. It aroused considerable discontent among the peasants. Bread was beaten out with difficulty. For example, the former Minusinsk partisans generally refused to hand over grain for free, saying that the surplus appraisal was invented by Kolchak and communists similar to them. In the Siberian villages they sang a ditty:

"Communists are idlers
The entire Race has been sold.
We got to Siberia
They set to work."

The matter was not limited to ditties. In the villages of Serezh, Achinsk district and Golopupovka, Kansk district, peasant uprisings broke out against the Bolshevik authorities. They were drowned in blood, but the problem remained unresolved. In the southern regions of the province, large gangs of Solovyov and Kulakov walked. It was not possible to eliminate them for a long time, because the local population sympathized with the forest militants.

In 1920, only 48% of the planned grain was collected. The repeated surplus appropriation made it possible to slightly increase the fees, but the plan was still not fulfilled.

The transition to the New Economic Policy made it possible, although not immediately, to improve the situation. Industry is gradually being restored, and the situation in agriculture is improving.

In the 1920s, the government of the USSR was actively involved in the reorganization of the administrative-territorial division of the country. In 1925, the Yenisei province was liquidated. Its territory was divided into five districts - Achinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Khakass. They became part of the Siberian Territory with the administrative center in Novosibirsk.

The Siberian Territory was assigned the role of a producer and processor of agricultural raw materials. In the former Yenisei province, priority was given to the development of the food, gold mining and timber industries. Thus, in the 1920s, the Yenisei region, like Siberia as a whole, was considered exclusively as a raw materials appendage. During the years of the first five-year plans, 22 timber industry enterprises were created in the Yenisei taiga. In 1929, the city of Igarka was founded beyond the Arctic Circle, which became a center for processing wood for export.

By the end of the 1920s, agricultural output had surpassed pre-war levels. The standard of living of the Yenisei peasantry has clearly increased.

From the beginning of the 1930s, the redrawing of administrative formations began again. In 1930, the Siberian Territory was divided into two - West Siberian and East Siberian. The Achinsk, Minusinsk and Khakass districts went to the West Siberian Territory (center - Novosibirsk), and the Krasnoyarsk and Kansk districts - to the East Siberian (center - Irkutsk). In July 1930, the districts (except national ones) were abolished, and districts were introduced instead. At the end of 1930, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk national districts were formed on the territory of the East Siberian Territory, and the Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on the territory of the West Siberian Territory.

The tasks of accelerating the economic development of Siberia required the disaggregation of huge and difficult to manage administrative units. And on December 7, 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions and on the formation of new regions and regions of Siberia. The second paragraph of this resolution referred to the creation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the center in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The new region also included three national formations - the Taimyr and Evenk national districts, the Khakass Autonomous Region. In fact, the Krasnoyarsk Territory turned out to be almost completely within the territorial boundaries of the former Yenisei Governorate. During 1935-36. As part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, new districts were formed - Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky, Tyukhtetsky, Emelyanovsky. Until December 1936, the congress of Soviets was the supreme governing body of the region, and in the period between congresses - the regional executive committee. The first Regional Congress of Soviets began on January 6, 1935. It was held in Krasnoyarsk in the building of the railway workers' cultural center, and 377 delegates were present. The congress elected a regional executive committee of 98 people, the first chairman of which was Iosif Ivanovich Reshchikov. To implement its resolutions and guide subordinate bodies, the executive committee elected a presidium consisting of 15 people and five candidates for members of the presidium. In December 1936, a new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. The management of the region has changed. From now on, the regional Council of Working People's Deputies was the supreme governing body. Between its sessions, management was carried out by the executive committee of the regional council. However, the real power in the region throughout the Soviet period was carried out by the regional committee of the party.

The administrative reorganization was basically completed by 1939. By this time, the Krasnoyarsk Territory included: one autonomous region, two national districts, nine cities, 17 urban-type settlements, 57 districts, 997 rural councils.

During the years of the first five-year plans, the industrial development of the region noticeably accelerated. But the main attention was paid exclusively to raw materials industries. The Montenegrin coal mines were developed, mines were built in Korkino and the Irshe-Borodino region. Mining and processing of mica and graphite began. Mineral deposits were discovered in the Norilsk Valley, followed by the construction of the city of Norilsk (founded in 1935) and the Norilsk mining and smelting plant. New industrial enterprises are being built in the region: a rosin and brick factory, a shipyard, a graphite factory, a woodworking plant, a machine-building plant in Krasnoyarsk, a condensed milk plant and a mill plant in Kansk. In the 1930s, the Northern Sea Route was mastered. Ports in Dikson, Dudinka, Igarka, Khatanga were opened for its service. The first overhead lines are being laid. In 1934, aircraft repair shops were opened in Krasnoyarsk on Molokov Island.

Undoubted successes in the development of industry obscured the very modest standard of living of the population of the region. Interruptions in the supply of food and manufactured goods were commonplace. It was not until the mid-1930s that cards were abolished. Public transport worked unsatisfactorily, the situation with housing was very difficult.

As well as throughout the country, the rink of the collectivization of agriculture swept through the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 1930s. Siberian peasants experienced all the "charms" of this process - dispossession, forcible driving of peasants to collective farms, massive violations of the law, and so on. In 1931, a peasant uprising broke out on the territory of the Dzerzhinsky district, led by the former red partisan Isak Knyazyuk. After his name, the movement was called "Knyazyukovshchina". The performance of the peasants was suppressed by the troops. But there was no general organized resistance of the peasants to collectivization in the region.

Collectivization was completed successfully - by 1940, individual farms in the Krasnoyarsk Territory had almost disappeared. In the early 40s, 2341 collective farms, 76 state farms and 105 machine and tractor stations operated on the territory of the region.

In the 1930s, the Krasnoyarsk Territory became one of the main "islands" of the Gulag. There were dozens of camps for keeping numerous "enemies of the people". Almost all major construction projects in the Krasnoyarsk Territory used the labor of prisoners. The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, the Sorsk Molybdenum Combine, the Krasmash plant, the pulp and paper mill in Krasnoyarsk and many other facilities were built mainly by their labor. Thousands of exiled settlers were also sent to the region - peasants classified as kulaks, representatives of the repressed peoples, "Trotskyist opportunists."

The wave of repressions did not pass the region itself. Its peak falls on the second half of the 30s. More than 7 thousand people became victims of terror, among them - the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU (b) Pavel Akulinushkin, the chairman of the Krasnoyarsk city council Emelyan Kochukov, the chairman of the regional executive committee Iosif Reshchikov, the secretary of the Krasnoyarsk city party committee Stepanov, the doctor and public figure Vladimir Krutovsky, the first Krasnoyarsk professor of geology Vyacheslav Kosovanov, chemist Nikolai Klyachin, mathematician Alexei Rakhletsky, writers Pyotr Petrov, Vladimir Zazubrin, Vivian Itin (author of the first science fiction novel in the USSR "The Land of Gonguri"). There was not a single organization in the region in which "enemies of the people" would not be identified. Ideological intolerance and spy mania were introduced into the mass consciousness. The intrigues of the agents of imperialism were seen in any shortcomings and miscalculations, they explained the low standard of living of the people.

But not everything in the region was bad. Undoubted successes have been achieved in the field of public education. By the mid-1930s, almost all children were covered by universal education. About 40% of adults went through the educational program network. By the end of the 1930s, over 97% of the region's population could read and write. Universal four-year education was introduced. Two higher educational institutions appeared in the regional center - the Siberian Forestry (later - the Technological) Institute (1930) and the Pedagogical Institute (1932). Teacher training schools were opened in Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Yeniseisk and Kansk. Medical colleges appeared in Krasnoyarsk and Abakan. Agricultural colleges trained specialists in Abakan and Achinsk. Kansk, Rybinsk, Shushensk. In 1932 a river technical school was opened in Krasnoyarsk. In 1935, a regional book publishing house was created, at the same time a regional committee for radio and radio broadcasting appeared. In 1935, the Krasnoyarsk Regional Scientific Library was put into operation. Thanks to the development of a network of special educational institutions, the region has received many qualified specialists. By the end of the second five-year plan, about 3 thousand engineers and technicians, about 2 thousand agronomists, more than 10 thousand teachers, 720 doctors worked here. In June 1935, at the first congress of doctors, a regional medical society was created. The level of provision of the population with medical care has increased by an order of magnitude compared to the pre-revolutionary period.

The network of preschool institutions - nurseries, kindergartens - is developing at an accelerated pace, and their material and staffing is improving.

The first scientific institutions also appeared in the region - a sanitary and epidemiological station, a Krasnoyarsk fruit and berry station, the Siberian Research Institute of Forestry, a department of the All-Union Research Institute of Lake and River Economy. The Stolby reserve is becoming not only a favorite vacation spot for Krasnoyarsk residents, but also a research site.

The periodical press was represented by regional newspapers Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy and Krasnoyarsky Komsomolets; districts had their own newspapers, large-scale enterprises issued large-circulation newspapers. The entire press was party officialdom, private publications disappeared in the early 1920s.

Krasnoyarsk literature finally took shape in the 1930s. In Krasnoyarsk, a literary association was formed, which in those years was headed by M.Yu. Glosus. During these years, the creative activity of such later famous writers as the writer Sergei Sartakov and the poet Kazimir Lisovsky began.

The theater enjoyed the support of the authorities. In addition to the classics, revolutionary plays were staged. By 1941, there were five stationary theaters and eight mobile theaters in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Theaters worked in Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Kansk, Igarka.

But, on the other hand, the party leadership seeks to use culture as an integral part of the ideological and propaganda apparatus. Educational and cultural workers are regularly purged and checked for political loyalty. The works of artists, writers, poets, theatrical performances were strictly checked for ideological purity. The method of socialist realism was implanted in art, understood as the glorification of communist ideals and the denigration of the entire pre-Soviet history and culture. However, the new Soviet intelligentsia, which emerged from the workers and peasants, took the party leadership of culture for granted and obediently heeded the instructions of the communist leaders.

The Great Patriotic War radically changed the way of life in the region. It was necessary to reorganize work on a war footing, master new production facilities, accept and accommodate evacuated enterprises. From the first days of the war, the mobilization of the population into the active army began. Many Krasnoyarsk citizens went to the front voluntarily. In the first ten months of the war alone, the Komsomol organizations of the region considered 30,000 applications for sending to the front.

The mass conscription sharply exacerbated the personnel problem. It was solved by attracting women and teenagers to the production. The enterprises operating in the region were transferred to the production of military products. Already in the first months of the war, factories and factories evacuated from the front line began to arrive on the territory of the region. In 1941 alone, 30 enterprises were imported. One of the first was the plant "Red Profintern" from the city of Bezhitsa, Bryansk region. The equipment of this enterprise is located in almost 6,000 wagons. In Krasnoyarsk, this plant produced mortars. In August 1941, the equipment of the Zaporizhia Kommunar plant arrived. During the war years, he made shells, and after the war, a combine plant was founded on the basis of the equipment of this enterprise. A photographic paper factory arrived from the city of Shostka, Sumy region. In total, only nine large industrial enterprises were evacuated to Krasnoyarsk. Also, three medical institutes and two dental institutes were relocated from Leningrad and Voronezh to the regional center. On their basis, the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute was subsequently created, in which the outstanding surgeon V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky (Bishop Luke)

Krasnoyarsk residents actively participated in various forms of the patriotic movement. They donated money to the defense fund, collected things for the soldiers of the Red Army, sent gifts to the front, donated blood for hospitals. In 1941-45. the inhabitants of the region contributed about 260 million rubles to the defense fund and collected more than 150 million rubles for the purchase of military equipment. Tens of thousands of Krasnoyarsk citizens fought on the fronts. The 119th, 378th, 382nd, 374th rifle divisions, the 78th volunteer brigade, the 22nd bomber aviation regiment and other combat formations were formed on the territory of the region. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was given to 192 natives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the pilot Stepan Kretov was awarded this title twice.

Although the Krasnoyarsk Territory was located very far from the front, the fighting was also carried out on its territory. On August 27, 1942, the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer attacked the port of Dikson. However, in an unequal battle, Soviet sailors and coastal defense fighters managed to repulse the enemy ship. The operation of the German command "Wunderland" to block the Northern Sea Route was thwarted at the cost of the lives of seven defenders of Dixon.

Through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the war years, American combat aircraft from Alaska, received under Lend-Lease, were distilled. Krasnoyarsk was one of the key points of the AlSib air route (Alaska-Siberia).

In the first post-war years, the main task of the regional authorities was to transfer the economy to a peaceful track. This process turned out to be very difficult and painful - there were not enough personnel, financial and material and technical means. Not surprisingly, in the first post-war year, industrial output fell by 20%. But then production volumes begin to grow steadily. This was facilitated by a powerful industrial base, laid down in the region during the war.

In the postwar years, the government's views on the role of Siberia in the Soviet economy changed. If earlier it was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage of the European territory of the country, now the task has arisen of creating a powerful industrial complex in the east. In 1941-42, the Nazi occupation of the western regions, where the main industrial potential was concentrated, put the country in an extremely difficult situation. Siberia was supposed to become an industrial backup for Central Russia and Ukraine. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its geographical location, is the least exposed to the danger of occupation by a probable aggressor, and therefore is especially attractive as a manufacturer of defense products.

In the years of the fourth five-year plan, industrial construction began in the region. Work began on the construction of a mining and chemical plant near Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, now Zheleznogorsk), the Krasnoyarsk television plant, the Sorsk molybdenum plant, the Irsha-Borodino coal mine, the Krasnoyarsk synthetic rubber plant, and the Sibelektrostal plant were put into operation. Krasnoyarsk self-propelled harvesters had a high reputation among consumers. By the end of the fourth five-year plan, industrial production in the region had surpassed the pre-war level.

On the other hand, there were also numerous problems. The main attention was paid to objects of heavy industry, the production of consumer goods lagged far behind. Light industry enterprises often did not fulfill the plan, their products were of poor quality. This led to disproportions in the economy. The share of manual labor was very high.

Organizational recruitment was carried out in the countryside to provide enterprises and construction sites with labor, as a result of which agriculture turned out to be very drained of blood. Capital investments in the countryside were almost 10 times less than in industry. Due to low procurement prices, the profitability of the vast majority of farms was negligible, and many collective farms did not even cover their expenses. Not surprisingly, the growth rate in the agricultural sector lagged far behind the industry. But even this growth was achieved through the development of personal subsidiary farms, and not social production. Most of the collective farmers either received nothing for their work, or the payment for workdays did not cover even the minimum needs. For many villagers, private farming was the only way to survive. The standard of living of rural workers lagged far behind the well-being of workers, although in the cities people at that time did not bathe in luxury. Even the necessary goods were not available in the village shops. In 1948 -1950. in the country, a massive price reduction was carried out, but it had almost no effect on the well-being of the villagers, since the agricultural tax for the same period increased one and a half times. By the beginning of the 1950s, agriculture in the Krasnoyarsk Territory eked out a miserable existence. However, official reports and newspaper reports were overflowing with bureaucratic optimism, trumpeting in unison about non-existent successes.

Considerable attention was paid to culture. Back in 1944, a department for architecture and an architectural commission was opened at the regional executive committee. Krasnoyarsk in 1952 received a new river station. In June 1946, the Krasnoyarsk branch of the Writers' Union of the USSR was formed. It was headed first by M. Glozus, then by S. Sartakov. Much attention is traditionally paid to public education. By the beginning of the 1950s, there were seven universities, 51 secondary specialized educational institutions, and 3291 secondary schools in the region. Particular attention is paid to libraries - there were 1260 of them. But the party's dictate over science, education, culture in the second half of the 40s increased dramatically. Writers, artists, directors, musicians, amateur art groups had to work according to plans approved by the administrative authorities. Pogrom discussions of ideologically harmful works were systematically carried out. Cultural and domestic spheres were financed on a residual basis. Workers in culture, education, health care, especially those who worked in the countryside, received very low wages, which, moreover, were constantly delayed.

The cities and towns of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were not particularly beautiful. The construction of houses was often carried out haphazardly and chaotically, the features of the relief and climate were not taken into account, the needs and requirements of the population were not taken into account. Urban landscapes were striking in their dullness and dullness. The regional department for architecture in 1951 sharply criticized the activities of design and construction organizations. In particular, the development of the working settlement of Nazarovo was recognized as completely unsatisfactory. Chaotic development, placement of new buildings without taking into account the red lines of streets, excessive dispersion in development, a complete lack of improvement of new quarters, and other shortcomings were noted. As a result, the executive committee of the regional council adopted a decision "On the unsatisfactory quality of building the workers' settlement of Nazarovo."

The death of Stalin caused deep grief among the majority of the inhabitants of the region. Funeral rallies were held everywhere. Many did not imagine how it is possible to live without a father and a teacher. But, as it turned out, it is possible, and even better than with him.

In the second half of the 1950s, the national economy of the region achieved impressive success. The scope of industrial construction has surpassed all previous indicators. In 1960 alone, nine all-Union shock construction projects were located on the territory of the region. The creation of powerful bases for the construction industry began in Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, and Achinsk. The most famous construction projects of the late 1950s and 1960s included the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station (at that time the most powerful in the world), the Nazarovskaya state district power station, the Achinsk alumina plant, and the Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant. The electrification of the Trans-Siberian Railway has been completed throughout the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The development of the Talnakh copper-nickel deposit began. Significantly more attention began to be paid to light industry - the region was replenished with new enterprises for the production of consumer goods. This made it possible to ease the trade deficit. Housing construction expanded widely. In the entire previous history of the region, housing has never been built at such a high rate. The cities of the region were covered with the famous "Khrushchev". Although these houses are clearly not among the masterpieces of architecture, they are distinguished by an uncomfortable layout of apartments, but for people who moved there from dugouts, temporary huts and barracks, at one time they seemed to be palaces. By the mid-1960s, although the housing problem had not disappeared, it was no longer so acute.

Noticeable shifts have also taken place in traditionally lagging agriculture. The Krasnoyarsk Territory took an active part in the virgin epic. The area of ​​arable land here has increased by more than a million hectares. The largest amount of virgin lands was developed in the Shirinsky, Uzhursky, Krasnoturansky, Kansky, Irbeysky, Balakhtinsky districts. The yields of grain crops and the productivity of animal husbandry have increased. The economy of collective farms and state farms has strengthened significantly. For success in the field of agricultural production, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was awarded the Order of Lenin on October 23, 1956. In the early 1960s, a struggle broke out against private subsidiary plots, which were declared to be a relic of capitalism. The consequences of this campaign had the most negative impact on the food supply of the cities of the region.

In the late 1950s, the social structure of the population changed. For the first time in history, the share of the urban population in the region has surpassed the rural population.

The second half of the 1950s was marked by a significant rise in the well-being of the people. Wages in the cities have grown one and a half times, and the cash income of collective farmers - two and a half times. The highest growth in wages was noted in non-ferrous metallurgy. Pensions and benefits have more than doubled. Since the production of agricultural products and commodities outpaced the growth of cash income, the trade deficit decreased. Compulsory subscription to loans, which in the Stalin years took up to a third of meager earnings, was banned. Although the life of the workers of the region cannot be called particularly prosperous (the average salary by the beginning of the 60s was just over 96 rubles), but the former poverty is a thing of the past. The notable successes of the late 1950s created the illusion that all difficulties were behind us, and only victories and achievements lay ahead. The program adopted in 1961 by the 22nd Party Congress for building a communist society within 20 years did not yet seem fantastic.

In 1970, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was awarded the second Order of Lenin for the successful implementation of the plans of the eighth five-year plan.

In the 1970s, the industrial power of the Krasnoyarsk Territory continued to grow. Local authorities have staked on the transformation of Krasnoyarsk into a grandiose industrial and energy complex. These plans were in complete agreement with the plans of the government. In 1970, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved a long-term comprehensive program for the development of the productive forces of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and adopted a corresponding joint resolution. Under this program, it was supposed to speed up the creation of large territorial-production complexes and industrial centers on the basis of the use of the mineral, energy, and labor resources of the region. The cities of Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Norilsk, Kansk, Achinsk, Nazarovo, Minusinsk and Yeniseisk were to become such industrial hubs. To implement this plan, which was called the "Krasnoyarsk Decade", it was supposed to build several dozen large plants, as well as significantly expand the fuel and energy base. As part of the implementation of this program, the following were built: the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, the Minusinsk Electrotechnical Complex, the Abakan Carriage Works, the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex (KATEK) was formed, the construction of the Boguchanskaya and Kureyskaya HPPs, the Sayan Aluminum Combine, the Krasnoyarsk Heavy Excavator Plant, the capacity of the Nazarovsky and Irsha-Borodinsky coal mines has been increased.

Industrial giants have caused tremendous damage to the Siberian nature. The authorities came to their senses in the mid-70s. In November 1976, the regional committee of the CPSU and the executive committee of the regional council adopted a resolution "On measures to improve the protection of air, water basins and soils in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1976-1980." The accelerated introduction of treatment facilities began. Emissions into the atmosphere have somewhat decreased, but the environmental situation has remained unfavorable, especially in cities.

The absolute success of the regional authorities is the improvement of transport. The final formation of passenger aviation falls on the 70s. The new Krasnoyarsk airport in Yemelyanovo was put into operation. On the airways, the latest aircraft for that time were used. The operational length of the Krasnoyarsk railway has increased, the Reshoty-Karabula line has been put into operation. Over half of the railways were electrified. Cargo turnover has increased significantly. The transport fleet began to work more efficiently. The work of public transport in cities has somewhat improved, but it can hardly be considered completely satisfactory. Passengers still had to stand idle at stops waiting for overcrowded buses and trolleybuses, especially during peak hours. The transport problem was most acute in the regional center. Krasnoyarsk then grew rapidly; the outdated road network and transport fleet could hardly cope with the increase in the number of passengers.