The importance of insects in nature and human life. The meaning of insects in nature and human life (positive and negative) Orthoptera insects plant

Thanks to their characteristic structural features, they have mastered all habitats. The importance of insects in human life is also great. The benefits and harms of these representatives of the animal world will be discussed in the article.

Characteristics of insects

The importance of insects in nature and human life is due to such features of the external and internal structure, which allow them to easily adapt to any environmental conditions.

The cuticle covering the insect's body forms the exoskeleton. On the outside, it secretes a fat-like substance that prevents excessive loss of moisture from the body. Insect muscles are capable of contracting at high frequencies. This results in greater flight speed.

Some species, such as ladybugs, are characterized by extraintestinal digestion. Like arachnids, they inject their juices into the body of the victim. Bedbugs are known to infect the seeds of cereal plants in a similar way.

The respiratory system is represented by a set of tracheas, which effectively provides cells with oxygen.

The structure of all organ systems has important adaptive significance.

Features of behavior

Regulation of insect body functions is carried out using the nervous and humoral systems. Therefore, they are characterized by complex behavior. The importance of insects in nature and human life is often due to this very reason.

The central part of the nervous system, the brain, is well developed. Especially its anterior section. This is manifested in the presence of a system of instincts - innate behavior programs. Insects are characterized by hunting, sexual, construction and other types of instincts.

The body occurs through biological active substances- hormones. They are secreted by specialized glands into the blood. An example of their action could be the regulation of molting processes, transition to a state of rest, and communication with individuals of the opposite sex.

Social insects

Social species have particularly complex behavior. The importance of insects in human life is to obtain honey, bee bread and other useful substances. You, of course, guessed that we're talking about about bees. They live in large families, in which everyone plays their irreplaceable role. The fertile queen and males are responsible for reproductive function. But the working individuals build honeycombs, and in their free time from this activity they collect pollen. At the same time, they transfer it to the stigmas of the pistils, providing conditions for fertilization of flowering plants. It is thanks to these insects that fruits and seeds appear in many plants. These hard workers ensure the positive significance of insects in the life of humans and nature.

Working ants

The importance of insects in nature and human life can be considered using the example of other creatures - ants. Making their homes, they collect a lot building material. At the same time, the ants mix the soil, making it more porous and rich organic substances and oxygen.

Great red species eat a large number of forest pests. However, their bites can be dangerous for humans. The formic acid that is released during this can cause itching, irritation and allergic reactions.

Voracious Orthoptera

Representatives of the order Orthoptera are also of particular importance to insects in human life. These are grasshoppers, mole crickets, locusts and other species. But many of them are not as safe as the famous children's song says. Locusts, which are herbivorous insects, are capable of destroying crops in fields. This species is capable of reproducing quickly. Huge families flying in search of food look like real clouds. At the same time, they destroy all plants on their way.

But the enemy of vegetable gardens and orchards is the mole cricket. With the help of powerful digging legs, it makes passages in the soil to search for edible underground parts of plants. This leads to their death. The activity of the mole cricket sometimes acquires significant proportions, causing irreparable damage to the crop.

How dangerous are lice and fleas?

The importance of insects in human life and in nature is often negative. Lice are no exception. These wingless insects attach themselves to the hairs of the host's body with a movable claw, feeding on his blood. At the same time, lice can carry deadly diseases: relapsing and typhus.

To avoid infection by these dangerous insects, you need to follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not use other people’s clothes, hats and combs, take water procedures, change your underwear periodically.

Amazing bugs

The importance of insects in human life and nature, both positive and not, is the representative of the order Coleoptera. Many of them are predators. At the same time, they destroy many agricultural pests. For example, a ladybug eats aphids, and a beetle eats the caterpillars of pest butterflies. But, unfortunately, some themselves cause great damage. agriculture. The weevil destroys sugar beet shoots. And anyone who has had to harvest potatoes knows that this “handsome guy” doesn’t need any special introduction. But the most merciless insect is the ground beetle. She attacks prey, even when fully fed. In captivity, it is even sometimes fed with small pieces of meat.

But dung beetles, despite their unpleasant name, clean the environment of excrement on which they feed. At the same time, they have rightfully earned the title of the strongest beetles, since they are able to lift a load 90 times heavier than their own.

Diptera bites

A person who has experienced the bites of these arthropods has probably long ago decided that the significance of insects in human life and nature is negative. When it comes to mosquitoes, it's hard to argue with that. Of course, their larvae serve as food for fish. But mosquito bites may cause serious allergic reactions. Some species carry malaria and these diseases are often fatal.

The importance of insects in human life and in nature is also determined by the activities of flies. Don't think that they are just intrusive and harmless. On the surface of their body there are many eggs of helminths, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria. However, by participating in the process of processing dead organic matter, flies increase soil fertility.

We can conclude that the importance of insects in nature and human life is both negative and positive. But everyone will have to deal with them throughout their lives, because there are 250 million insects per person!

What is the importance of Orthoptera in nature and in human life, you will learn from this article.

The importance of Orthoptera in human life and nature

Orthoptera insects are an order of neoptera with incomplete metamorphosis, which includes locusts, crickets and grasshoppers. They are insects with incomplete metamorphosis. This means that the larvae emerging from the eggs have exactly the same appearance as the adult representatives. Only much smaller in size. Also, the larvae did not develop wings, but otherwise newly hatched Orthoptera are exact copy your parents. And they eat the same way as adults. There are 20,000 species in the order Orthoptera.

Orthoptera are considered one of the most famous groups of insects. And not at all because each of us knows a grasshopper or a cricket. Among their representatives there are many who harm agriculture. Since ancient records it is known about the destructive activity of locusts, which destroyed large areas crops, leaving behind only bare soil.

And today locusts pose a huge problem for humans. She multiplies very quickly. In search of food, large families of these insects fly from place to place, resembling real clouds in appearance. On their way, they destroy absolutely all plants to the roots.

The most famous enemy for gardeners is the mole cricket. She has powerful digging legs, with which she makes passages in the soil to search for food: underground edible parts of plants. This leads to the upper part of the plant dying. The activity of this insect is sometimes on a huge scale. Mole cricket can cause irreparable damage to the crop.

"The importance of insects in nature and human life"

1. Abundance of insects

Insects are the most numerous class of animals; more than a million species are known. Calculations made by scientists have shown that about 1017 (100000000000000000) insects live on Earth at the same time. Due to their abundance, insects play a very important role in nature and in human life.

In addition to the studied orders of insects, the most common in nature are beetles, or Coleoptera, which have rigid fore wings. Based on the nature of their diet, they are divided into three main groups. Firstly, they are predators that feed on various small animals, mainly insects.

Such are, for example, brightly colored ladybugs. Some ladybugs are bred in laboratories and released into greenhouses and gardens to combat aphids that damage agricultural plants. Secondly, they are consumers of decomposing plant and animal residues. These include, for example, carrion eaters and gravediggers, who use animal corpses as food. Their larvae also feed on the same food. They are among nature's orderlies: without them, animal corpses would decompose and contaminate the surrounding area. Thirdly, these are herbivorous beetles, consuming all kinds of plant parts, including wood. This includes, for example, the cockchafer and other beetles and leaf beetles. The leaf beetle, the Colorado potato beetle, settles en masse on potatoes, often eating all the tops on the bushes. It was brought to Europe and our country from North America. There are more than 300,000 species of beetles known on Earth.

2. The importance of insects in nature

1.The life of many insects is closely related to the life of plants. Bumblebees, bees and flies pollinate flowering plants.

2.An important link in food chains.

3. A huge army of these arthropods feeds on leaves, roots, stems and other organs and parts of plants, fruits and seeds, limiting their growth and development.

4. Soil-forming role of insects.

5. They feed on other insects and limit their numbers.

6.Biological suppression of insect pests.

7. Food for other animals: fattening up on plant foods, they themselves turn out to be prey for other animals.

8.Aesthetic value: beautiful forms evoke feelings of joy and admiration.

9.By destroying corpses and manure, they perform a sanitary role.

Insects make up about 80% of all animals on Earth; according to various estimates, there are from 2 to 10 million species of insects in the modern fauna, of which just over 1 million are known so far. Actively participating in the cycle of substances, insects play a global planetary role in nature.

More than 80% of plants are pollinated by insects, and it is safe to say that a flower is the result of the joint evolution of plants and insects. The adaptations of flowering plants to attract insects are varied: pollen, nectar, essential oils, aroma, shape and color of the flower. Adaptations of insects: sucking proboscis of butterflies, gnawing-licking proboscis of bees; special pollen-collecting apparatus - in bees and bumblebees there is a brush and a basket on the hind legs, in megachila bees - an abdominal brush, numerous hairs on the legs and body.

Insects play a huge role in soil formation. Such participation is associated not only with loosening the soil and enriching it with humus by soil insects and their larvae, but also with the decomposition of plant and animal residues - plant litter, corpses and animal excrement, while simultaneously fulfilling a sanitary role and the circulation of substances in nature.

They perform a sanitary role the following types insects:

· coprophagous - dung beetles, dung flies, cow flies;

· necrophages - carrion beetles, gravediggers, skin beetles, meat-eating flies, carrion flies;

· insects - destroyers of dead plant debris: wood, branches, leaves, pine needles - borer beetles, longhorned beetle larvae, golden beetles, horntails, long-legged mosquitoes, carpenter ants, fungus gnats, etc.;

· insects - orderlies of reservoirs feed on suspended or settled rotting organic matter (detritus) - the larvae of mosquitoes, or bells, mayflies, caddis flies, purify the water and serve as a bioindicator of its sanitary condition.

3. Soil-forming role of insects

In the process of their life, insects enrich the soil with organic and mineral substances. The larvae of beetles, butterflies and flies living in the soil take part in loosening the soil and mixing its layers.

A significant number of insects (beetles, ants, etc.) live in the soil, which have a significant impact on the soil-forming process. By making numerous moves in the soil, they loosen the soil and improve its physical and water properties. Insects, actively participating in the processing of plant residues, enrich the soil with humus and minerals.

4.Plant pollinators

Many flowering plants cannot exist without insect pollination.

Most important In the development of the evolution of entomophilous plants, a variety of representatives of the Hymenoptera, in particular bees, had a role. Bees have retained their leading role in cross-pollination of plants cultivated by humans.

Not all insects that visit flowers for nectar are useful for cross-pollination. Insects such as beetles, bedbugs, aphids and others, although they feast on nectar, do more harm to plants than good.

Butterflies play a very minor role in the pollination of flowers, and among the Hymenoptera, short-proboscis wasps, glitterworts, gallworms, wasps and sawflies. Among wild representatives of the entomofauna, bumblebees, solitary bees, certain species of true wasps and flower flies are of significant importance as pollinators. Moreover, each of these groups is of interest for pollinating plants of certain species. For example, long-proboscis bumblebees are more successful than other insects in pollinating red clover flowers. Some representatives of solitary bees are well adapted to opening flowers and pollinating alfalfa. Flower flies are most successful at pollinating carrot seeds. However, the number of wild insects changes dramatically in different years, not to mention the fact that due to the plowing of boundaries, empty lands and the massive introduction of chemical measures to combat pests and plant diseases, the number of wild pollinators is sharply declining. Currently, especially in areas of intensive agriculture, their role as pollinators is reduced to almost zero.

The main role in the pollination of agricultural entomophilous crops belongs to honey bees, the structure and lifestyle of which in the process of evolution the best way adapted to perform this function. They live in large families, the number of which reaches several tens of thousands during the flowering period of the most important honey plants.

Each bee colony spends about 200 kg of honey and about 20-25 kg of plant pollen on its nutrition and raising brood throughout the year. To collect such an amount of honey, bees from each colony must visit over 500 million flowers, each of which contains 0.5 mg of nectar. Almost the same number of flower visits are required to collect pollen. Thus, a strong bee family visits over a billion flowers per season - this is the real amount of pollinating work of each strong family during the year. No other insect species can compare with the honey bee in terms of the amount of pollinating work it does. But it's not just a matter of quantitative indicators. It is very important that honey bees spend the winter in large families. In the spring, when the number of wild pollinating insects is very small (in a bumblebee family, for example, only the queen remains), and the bee family can send a 10-thousandth army of flying bees to collect nectar and pollen, the number of which increases as the number of flowering plants is increasing every day.

While many species of solitary bees are monotrophic insects (they visit the flowers of plants of only one genus or species) or oligotrophic (they visit the flowers of several species of the same family), the honey bee, as a polytrophic insect, collects nectar and pollen from all entomophilous plants available to it, belonging to different families, genera and species. At the same time, worker bees quickly switch to visiting entire tracts of plants of one or another species during the period of their mass flowering, that is, at the time of greatest need for pollinators. To load the honey crop in one flight, the bee must visit 80-150 flowers, depending on the nectar productivity of the plants. The bee must visit the same number of flowers to collect pollen and form pollen. Two bee pollen weighing about 15-20 mg contain over 3 million pollen grains. During repeated visits to flowers, thousands of pollen grains of different quality stick to the bee's body, which is covered with hair, and are transferred on the stigma of the pistils. Moreover, each flower is visited by bees during its life, usually not just once, but many times. This ensures best conditions for selective pollination and fertilization. That is why, in the conditions of modern intensive agriculture, only proper organization pollination of entomophilous crops by bees is a necessary element of the agrotechnical complex for obtaining high yields, improving product quality and reducing its cost.

5. The importance of insects in human life

In life and economic activity people have both positive and negative meanings.

Of the more than 1 million insect species, only about 1% are actual pests that need to be controlled. The bulk of insects are indifferent to humans or beneficial. Domesticated insects are the honey bee and the silkworm; beekeeping and sericulture are based on their breeding. The honey bee produces honey, wax, propolis (bee glue), apilak (bee venom), royal jelly; silkworm - a silk thread secreted by the spinning glands of a caterpillar during the construction of a cocoon; the silk thread is continuous, up to 1000 m in length. In addition to these insects, valuable products are produced by: caterpillars of the oak cocoon moth, their coarser silk thread is used to make tussock fabric; lac bugs secrete shellac, a wax-like substance with insulating properties used in radio and electrical engineering; carmine bugs (Mexican and Ararat cochineal) produce red carmine dye; Blister beetles secrete a caustic substance called cantharidin, which is used to make blister plaster.

Pollinating insects, representatives of many orders, among which Hymenoptera occupy an important place, increase the yield of seeds, berries, fruits, and many flowers cultivated plants- fruit and berry, vegetable, fodder, flower.

The Drosophila fruit fly, due to its fertility and reproduction rate, is not only a classic object of genetics research, but also one of the ideal experimental animals for biological research in space. Fossil insects are used in stratigraphy to determine the age of sedimentary rocks.

6.Insects that cause damage to humans

Of the huge number of described insect species (about 1,000,000), only a small part, about 1%, directly or indirectly causes harm to humans.

The aesthetic significance of insects lies in the fact that many striking beautiful butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, bumblebees and others evoke feelings of joy and admiration.

Insect pests are insects that can cause death or harm to humans, their pets, food supplies or other plant products. The term also applies to many insects that are more of a nuisance to people than a serious threat. Insect pests that cause serious harm to human health have special meaning in countries with warm climates and in the tropics, mosquitoes are the most dangerous. They carry pathogens various forms malaria, yellow fever and other dangerous diseases. Fleas transmit bubonic plague to humans from rats. Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, botflies, lice, and lice. Each type of plant used by humans has its own insect pests, which eat either the entire plant or parts of it. The roots feed on beetles, wireworms (larvae of click beetles) and other insects. Among insect pests that feed on above-ground parts of plants, highest value have aphids, scale insects and locusts, but many caterpillars also cause significant damage.

Examples of insects that annoy humans include summer-biting mosquitoes, midges and stinging wasps. Domestic pests include cockroaches, silverfish, clothes moth And bed bugs; none of them are dangerously fatal, but almost all of them are considered to threaten human health.

7. Beneficial insects

Seven-spotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunc-tata L.). A small black beetle, 6-8 mm long, with red elytra, on which 7 black caugled spots are clearly visible, which is how the insect got its name. The beetles fly well and with amazing accuracy find colonies of aphids, which they greedily eat. Here, on leaves or branches, females lay piles of yellow shiny eggs. Small, black, six-legged larvae emerge from them and immediately begin to eat aphids, just like the adults. Where the cows have settled, the aphids are completely destroyed. This picture can often be observed in gardens, berry fields and fruit nurseries. Beetles overwinter in crevices of buildings, under fallen leaves, in dead grass and other places. Early in the spring, after overwintering, they emerge from their shelters, crawl out onto trees and begin to eat pests. IN favorable years cows (they are also called ladybugs) multiply quickly and eat not only aphids, but also other small pests. In search of food and water, they accumulate en masse near bodies of water, on the sea coast, on rocks, and crawl along roads, where a large number of them die under the feet of passers-by. At such a time, ladybugs should be saved from death, collected in special boxes made of thick mesh and stored in refrigerators or basements in cold places so that in the spring they can be released onto plants damaged by aphids.

Two-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). The beetle is 3-4 mm long, with red elytra, on which there are 2 black round spots. Lives and eats in the same way as the seven-spotted ladybug.

Syrphus ribesii L.K Diptera insect, black with bright yellow bands on the abdomen. In appearance, it looks more like a wasp than a fly. Body length is 11-12 mm. The female looks for colonies of aphids and lays eggs on leaves damaged by them. The eggs hatch into yellowish or greenish legless larvae that look like tiny leech. The larvae are very voracious: each eats up to 2000 aphids during its life.

Lacewing (Chrvsopa perla L.). A delicate bluish-green slender insect with four transparent wings, golden eyes and long antennae. Body length 12--15, wingspan 25--30 mm. Lays oblong emerald eggs on the leaves and stems of plants damaged by aphids. After a few days, grayish six-legged larvae emerge from the eggs. They run quickly and with their long sharp jaws grab aphids, suck them out, leaving only the skins that pile up on the backs of the larvae. Lacewing larvae make cocoons from aphid skins before pupating. Adult lacewings overwinter indoors. When danger approaches, the lacewing emits a persistent unpleasant odor that scares away enemies.

Ktyr (Selidopogon diadema F.). A predatory dipterous insect similar to a fly. The male is black, with brownish transparent wings; the female is brown, with a yellowish-brown pattern on the chest and abdomen, gray wings with a yellow base. Body length 18--22 mm. It feeds on insects by piercing them with a hard proboscis and sucking out lymph. Often catches pests on the fly. It is found on leaves and on the soil in gardens, fields and vegetable gardens, where it watches for prey. The larvae also feed on insects living in the soil.

Dragonfly (Leptetrum quadrimaculatum L.). A predatory insect with large compound eyes occupying most of the surface of the head, a strong gnawing mouthpart and two pairs of transparent long narrow wings with a dense network of veins. The wings of a dragonfly are always located perpendicular to the body. They fly very quickly, catching many on the fly. small insects, especially mosquitoes, midges, moths and other pests, which bring great benefits to humans. The larvae live in ponds and rivers and feed on small aquatic animals. There are about 200 species of dragonflies in the USSR.

8.Insect pests of fields and gardens

Insect pests of the field and garden - that's enough serious problem. Currently, there are a huge number of different types of insect pests that are ready to destroy our crops. They damage both young plantings and adult plants. In order to protect your crop from pests, you need to know them.

9.Types of insect pests

Insects are a large class containing more than a million different species:

Orthoptera

Homoptera

Butterflies

Hymenoptera

Diptera.

Insects are divided into groups that damage different parts of plants:

Pests damaging root system plants

Pests of seedlings and seedlings

Aboveground pests

Pests of foliage and shoots.

The greatest damage to vegetable gardens and fields is caused by mass reproduction of insect pests - locusts, aphids, butterflies, and beetles. Locusts are especially harmful; they are the most voracious. The offspring of one female can eat 300 kg of plants in its lifetime! Locusts form swarms of up to ten billion individuals, 120 km long. Such a flock can fly 2000 km without stopping!

10.Description of the most common pests

Orthoptera insects plant

The underground parts of plants - tubers, bulbs, roots and rhizomes - are damaged by mole crickets, chafer larvae, grasshoppers, some types of flies, and caterpillars of some types of butterflies.

The rudiments and seeds of plants suffer from the invasion of voracious bugs, beetles, weevils, beetle larvae and butterflies.

Ground parts of plants are damaged by Colorado potato beetles, beet weevils, and grasshopper beetles.

The Colorado potato beetle is especially dangerous for potatoes. Over the summer, two or three generations of beetles grow. Both beetles and larvae feed on potato leaves. An adult beetle and its larvae are capable of destroying 100 thousand potato bushes in a season!

The greatest damage to beets is caused by the beet weevil. From the eggs laid by the females, worm-like larvae develop that feed on beet roots.

Click beetles harm many plants. The larvae of click beetles are called wireworms. They are practically omnivorous, affecting potatoes, carrots, beets, daikon, radishes, and root parsley. They also harm melon plants- watermelons, melons, pumpkins and zucchini.

Huge damage to fields and vegetable gardens is caused by white moths and winter armyworms. White butterfly caterpillars feed on plants of the Brassica family. Caterpillars of the winter cutworm destroy seeds and emerging sprouts.

They cause harm to field and garden plants and some flies. Females onion fly onions and garlic are affected. They lay eggs on the ground near these plants. The emerging larvae crawl into the bulbs, into the leaves, and eat away numerous passages in them. Soon the plants will turn yellow and dry out.

The larvae of cabbage and carrot flies cause enormous harm to radishes, celery, root parsley, carrots, and plants of the Brassica family.

Ripe fruits of wheat, rye and barley suffer from the invasion of the grain beetle. Adult beetles eat grains. One beetle destroys 9-10 ears of corn.

Bibliography

1. Biology: Animals: Textbook. for 7th grade. avg. school / B. E. Bykhovsky, E. V. Kozlova, A. S. Monchadsky and others; Under. ed. M. A. Kozlova. - 23rd ed. - M.: Education, 2003. - 256 p.: ill.

2. . Insects in nature, Vorontsov P.T., Leningrad, “NEVA”, 1988.

3. Life of insects, FabrZh.A., Moscow, “TERRA”, 1993.

4. Key to insects, N.N. Plavilshchikov, 1994.

5. Morals of insects, Fabre J.A., 1993.

6. Secrets of the world of insects, Grebennikov V., 1990

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1) This is a very large group, including over species, of which more than 700 are found in Russia. 2) Orthoptera include insects with an elongated body, gnawing mouthparts and a characteristic structure of the chest, aircraft and hind limbs. 3) They have a head with large, usually oval, compound eyes 4) The antennae can be long, exceeding the length of the body, or short, shorter than half the body. 5) This difference in the structure of the antennae is the basis for the division of Orthoptera into two suborders: long-whiskered and short-whiskered. 2. Character traits

Features of the external and internal structure: The structure of the thorax of Orthoptera is specific: the prothorax is highly developed and mobile. The remaining two sections of the chest are tightly fused with each other. The wings are for the most part normally developed, although there are even completely wingless ones. The wings of the anterior pair are denser and narrower and represent elytra. The hind wings, or simply wings, are wide, membranous with well-developed longitudinal veins. The hind legs are of the jumping type with thickened and elongated femurs and long tibiae. The abdomen is 10-segmented, elongated. 3. Features of the external and internal structure

In terms of diversity, Orthoptera compete with the most advanced insects, but at the same time they retain the structure plan of primitive forms and do not complete transformation. Among them there are small (up to 3 mm) and wingless species, as well as blind cave dwellers. 6. Variety of the common grasshopper

Spiny Devil Grasshopper This representative of the Orthoptera order received such an ominous name for a reason: its entire emerald green body is covered with sharp triangular spines. to his appearance the spiny devil brings fear not only to harmless neighbors tropical forest, but also on seasoned predatory insects and birds. Not distinguished by its large size and growing in length by only 6-7 centimeters, the spiny devil can easily repel such serious opponents as birds and small monkeys. To scare away the aggressor, the grasshopper begins to swing its forelimbs, which are studded with sharp spines to the very edges. 7. This is interesting! Grasshopper Spiny Devil

Information was taken from the sites:

Pupae are distinguished: free (open), the appendages of which are not fused to the body; covered, covered with a cuticular sheath with a relief of appendages not separated from the body; hidden (or punaria), which under the unshed and barrel-shaped cuticle of the last instar larva hide a typical free K. In some insects with incomplete transformation (male scale insects, whiteflies, thrips), the need for radical transformations of the organization of nymphs into the organization of adults leads to the development of resting phases , comparable to the Pupa.

Types of larvae:

1. compodoid larva - well-developed head and running legs, hard chest, gnawing mouthparts.

2. woodlice larva – small legs, beetles from the leaf beetle family

3. caterpillar larva:
a) true caterpillars – abdominal legs 2-5 pairs – butterflies
b) false caterpillars - abdominal legs 6-8 pairs - sawflies

4. worm-like larva:
a) larva with head and thoracic legs - Khrushchi
b) a larva with a head, but without thoracic legs - bark beetles

c) a larva without thoracic legs and without heads

39. Insect pests of livestock farming

insects that can cause death or harm to humans and their pets

Malaria mosquito.
Horsefly - blood-sucking insect. house fly- carrier of dysentery and cholera pathogens.
Flea: human, cat, dog. Carriers of plague pathogens.
Gadflies: cutaneous, gastric, nasopharyngeal.

Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, botflies, lice, and lice.

40. Characteristics of the order Hymenoptera. Biology of the honey bee.

Honey bee, wild bees, bumblebees, ants, riders, sawflies, horntails - these are hymenoptera, which in adulthood have two pairs of membranous wings (hence the name of their order). There are also wingless ones insects ants that are part of this order, for example worker ants. Hymenoptera one of the largest and most evolutionarily developed orders of insects. The group includes more than 155 thousand species from 9,100 genera (probably up to 300,000 species), including social insects(ants, wasps, bees, bumblebees). TO distinctive features This order can be classified as: of the two pairs of membranous wings, the hind ones are smaller than the front ones, the wings have a sparse network of veins, rarely without veins (there are also wingless forms), on cutting edge of the hind wing there is a number of hook-shaped hooks included in the corresponding fold on the posterior edge of the fore wing, gnawing and licking or only gnawing oral organs and complete transformation

The bee stands at the top of the pyramid of all insects living on our planet.
The bee has a large, hairy head, flanked by two compound eyes and three between them. simple eyes. Long curved whiskers extend in front - the organs of touch. Mandibles and with its long lower lip the bee licks and sucks nectar; the bee's mouthparts are called gnawing - licking.
On the underside of the abdomen there are smooth, hairless areas - speculums. Wax is released on their surface. Bees build honeycombs from wax.
On the outer side of the legs of worker bees, one noticeable depression is surrounded by long hairs; these are baskets. There are also brushes - wide segments of the same legs with hard bristles. With their help, bees collect pollen from plant flowers and place them in honeycombs. Pollen soaked in honey (beebread) is a supply of protein food.
At the end of the bees' abdomen there is a serrated retractable sting. When a bee stabs it into a victim, poison flows down its groove into the wound. In this case, the bee itself dies, since it cannot pull the sting out of its skin and tears it off with part of it. internal organs.
Everyone watched how, on a sunny summer day, bees circled over flowers from which they collected sweet droplets of nectar. To produce 100 g of honey, a bee must visit approximately one million (1,000,000) flowers. She collects nectar from a flower with her proboscis, which enters the voluminous crop and mixes with the secretions of the thymus glands. A bee flies to its hive with a load and its speed is 30 km/h, and “empty” 65 km/h. To collect 1 kg of honey, a bee needs to bring 12,000-150,000 loads of nectar.

41. Characteristics of the order Orthoptera. Meaning.

Orthoptera include insects with an elongated body, gnawing mouthparts and a characteristic structure of the chest, aircraft and hind limbs. They have a head with large, usually oval, compound eyes and mostly 3 ocelli; the antennae on it can be long, exceeding the length of the body (grasshopper, cricket), or short - shorter than half the body (quail, locust). This difference in the structure of the antennae is the basis for the division of Orthoptera into two suborders - long-whiskered and short-whiskered. The structure of the thorax of Orthoptera is specific: the prothorax is highly developed and mobile, and the lateral parts of the pronotum hang down, forming wide lobes that cover the prothorax from the sides. The remaining two sections of the chest are tightly fused with each other. The wings are for the most part normally developed, although there are forms with shortened wings and even completely wingless. The wings of the anterior pair are denser and narrower and represent elytra. The hind wings, or simply wings, are wide, membranous with well-developed longitudinal veins. When an insect lands, they fold into a fan-like shape and are covered with elytra. The hind legs are of the jumping type with thickened and elongated femurs and long tibiae. Therefore, Orthoptera are sometimes called jumping insects (Saltatoria). The abdomen is 10-segmented, elongated, with a cerci; from below it appears 8- or 9-segmented, since one or two sternites turn out to be reduced. Orthoptera can produce and perceive sounds, as they have special sound and hearing aids, the structure of which is different in different suborders.

Benefits brought Orthoptera (Orthopthra) to a person, is very insignificant; some species are useful when exterminated harmful insects, locusts are used in some places as food, cockroaches are sometimes used in medicine. On the contrary, the harm they cause is generally enormous. The harm caused by cockroaches from the destruction of supplies, food and damage to certain items is relatively unimportant, but the harm caused by many Orthoptera agriculture, and partly forestry, is colossal; it is enough to point out the numerous types of locusts, as well as the mole cricket