Wintering birds. Names, descriptions and characteristics of wintering birds. III. Working on new material

Project type: information and research
Habitat: 16 kilometer, Moscow highway
Description I present to your attention a project for teachers primary school(grades 1-2) and teachers senior group. The topic: “Wintering birds of our forest” was not chosen by me by chance. After all, it is the birds that surround us all year round, bringing us benefit and joy: they not only preserve green spaces and protect the harvest, but also decorate our forests, delight us with their sonorous wonderful songs, often reminding us that they need our help and support. Therefore, every teacher and educator can expand their understanding of bird species, their habits and way of life, i.e. will serve to broaden your general horizons.
Goal of the work: studying the lifestyle and behavior of birds in winter
Tasks:
- study further reading and identify the birds wintering in our forest;
- study the adaptation of birds to harsh conditions;
- conduct observations of the behavior and nutrition of wintering birds;
- compose a book “Wintering birds of our forest”;
- consider the types of bird feeders;
- analyze and summarize the results.

Wintering birds of our forest (“Park of the 50th Anniversary of Victory”)

I. Theoretical stage.

- Not a leaf on the branches, not a green blade of grass on the ground. Solid gray cloud moved towards the sun. Wet snow is falling from the sky. Quiet in the forest. Gray snow falls heavily on the blackened trees and on the brown earth. A leaf is rotting on the ground.
Latest migratory birds hastily leaving their homes. They fly to distant lands: starlings travel across France, Italy and England, and in distant Egypt, on the great Nile River, our ducks feed. But many birds do not fly away from us and remain for the winter.
- Guys, do you think we know everything about the birds that remain to spend the winter in our area? Or maybe birds are not flying south because it’s getting cold? After all, due to their body temperature, they can withstand severe frosts. So, why do birds fly south with the onset of cold weather? (Students' assumptions.)
- This morning we received a very interesting telegram! It was sent by the birds. They are asking you guys for help! But to help them, we need to know what kind of birds they are and what they feed on.

- Quiet in the forest winter morning. The trunks and branches of bare trees turn black. Plump pillows of snow lie on the green paws of the fir trees. Not a rustle, not a sound. And it seems: there is no one in the whole forest.
Suddenly, like real flowers, they flutter between the trees, flash red, orange, hang on spruce paws. This is a flock of bright-feathered bullfinches.

And after a few minutes, everything will also suddenly flutter up and fly further towards the reddening surviving bunches of rowan berries.
The tits will fly by with a cheerful squeak and whistle and scatter on the branches.
They will start to spin around on them. The spotted woodpecker is with them

will spin between the tree trunks.

Things are hard for our smaller brothers - cold and hunger are united against them. On cold days, birds search for food throughout the day.
- Guys, where do you think birds get their food in winter? (In winter, birds try to live closer to the person who feeds them. Many people make feeders and make sure there is always food in them.)
- You're right. However! Birds of the forests solve this difficult task in different ways: some look for beetles and spiders in the folds of bark, and others look for food on bushes and trees. After all, many of them still have buds and seeds.
- What wintering birds do you know? Name them. (Sparrows, tits, pigeons, nightingales, cuckoos, woodpeckers, crows, magpies.)
- Well done!
- Look at the screen.

What birds do you see? (Bullfinch, sparrow, woodpecker, tit, crow, crossbill)
- Right! When beautiful bullfinches appear on snow-covered trees and bushes, having flown to visit,

winter nature becomes even more elegant. The bullfinch is a trusting and sociable bird. If one of the flock falls into a trap, the rest rush to him. It flies easily and beautifully. Bullfinches usually keep in small flocks (7 - 10 birds in each). The stronger the frost, the calmer the flock sits, occasionally moving to pick a berry, break off a stick, and then sit motionless again for a while. And so on all day. The bullfinch feeds on plant buds, seeds of trees and shrubs, and berries, from which it selects the seeds and throws away the pulp.
- Guess the riddle:

(Sparrow)
- That's right, this is our sparrow, a small, active and very voracious bird. He can withstand the cold.
- Why do you think it was called that? (This bird was so named because it steals food from other birds.)
- Look at the title - it says it all: “Beat the thief!” This is how peasants once shouted a long time ago when they saw how a sparrow was destroying their crops in the fields and gardens.

- Despite the fact that sparrows tolerate the cold well, they have a very difficult time in winter. They need to be fed, but they eat everything: bread, cereals.
- Woodpeckers

- These are birds that excel at climbing vertically located tree trunks. In winter, in the forest you can hear a short, abrupt sound somewhere in the distance - this is a great spotted woodpecker working in his “smithy”. A woodpecker will find a tree with a cleft in the forest and build his “forge” in it. He drags spruce trees there and Pine cones, puts them into the crevice, and then crushes them, and throws away the old, empty cone. Therefore, in the snow under the woodpecker’s “forge” there is a whole bunch of empty cones lying around.
Woodpeckers also feed on insects that live in the bark and under the bark of trees, in wood, and on branches.
The woodpecker is called the forest doctor. A woodpecker knocks, which means that insect pests will be destroyed - and the forest will live.
From morning until late evening, the woodpecker works: resting his elastic tail on the trunk, clinging to his strong paws, he hammers the tree with a beak as strong as a chisel, and then with a long, strong, jagged tongue he takes out insects from the hollowed out hole.
With its strong beak, the woodpecker hammers the tree for several days until it forms a hollow.
Often flocks of titmice and other small birds fly after the woodpecker.
The most common species in our forests is the Great Spotted Woodpecker.
All woodpeckers nest in tree hollows.
- Guys, look at how the bullfinch (in the picture: bullfinch, nuthatch, finch) differs from the other birds in this picture?

(The bullfinch is a bird with a red breast, a bluish-gray back, and a black head.)
- That's right, guys!
- What can you say about the wintering birds that you learned about today? Now you can answer the question: “Why do birds fly south with the onset of cold weather?” (With the onset of cold weather, birds fly south because they lack food).
- Not all birds winter in our forest, but only those adapted to survive in harsh conditions. Birds are afraid of hunger in winter, not cold.
- Everything is correct. So it was not in vain that the birds sent us a telegram. Now we can help them. How do you think we can help them?
- We must feed the birds that stay with us for the winter.
II. Practical stage.
- Now our task will be the following: you and I will have to compile a book “Wintering Birds of Our Forest” so that everyone knows these birds and can help them survive in the cold season.
- The book can be of any type. For example, look at my book. It is made in the shape of a snowman.

- Now take a sheet of paper. This will be your draft. Write the name of the table in the middle of the page (“Wintering birds of our forest”) and draw a table in which there will be two columns: the first column is small, and the second is large. In the first column, write its name: “name of the bird,” and in the second column, “bird food.”
- After this, we write down in the first column under the numbers the names of the birds that remain in the forest for the winter.

- This, of course, is not the entire list of birds that remain with us for the winter. You can find them in winter time meet near your home. Fill out this table yourself. After you fill it out, we will check it with you and fill in the missing data. Then you will begin to design your diary and beautifully draw the sign. If someone wants to do something other than the table, they can write on each sheet the name of the bird and what it eats.
- In order to make it convenient to feed our guests who fly closer to our home, we can make a feeder. Feeders can be different. Look at the slide: it shows different types feeders.

A feeder for small birds can be placed anywhere: on a window, balcony, personal plot. When setting it up, you shouldn’t get too carried away. complex structures. The easiest feeders to make are from cardboard bags of dairy products. You need to cut a window in them, bend the flap cut above the hole, fill in the food and hang it up. Convenient various options automatic feeders, in which food is poured out gradually as it is consumed (the bird is always full, and caring for the feeder is easy). To do this, you can use a reinforced upside down plastic bottle, the grain from which is gradually poured onto the stand.
- Birds can successfully withstand cold weather if there is a lot of suitable food around. Perhaps if the birds are constantly fed, they will not fly away to warmer climes. They will only be grateful to you for the food and say:

Target: Introduction to the bird class.

Tasks:

• introduce children to the structural features of birds and their habitats;
• give an idea of ​​migratory and wintering birds;
• cultivate a caring attitude and love for nature;
• develop your horizons and curiosity.

Equipment: multimedia projector, slide presentation, cards of marine and freshwater fish, poster “structure of fish”, “The world around us” A. Pleshakov 1st grade, workbook.

On the desk: cards marine and freshwater fish.

I. Organizational moment.

The bell rang and stopped, class begins!
Is everyone sitting correctly?
Is everyone paying attention?

II. Checking homework.

The game “Who is bigger” calls out the names of the fish in a chain.

Using a poster, explain the structure of fish.

Work in pairs.

Look carefully at the board, discuss in pairs and name the freshwater fish.

Why are these fish called freshwater?

(They live in lakes, rivers, i.e. in fresh water.)

Look carefully at the board, discuss in pairs and name the sea fish.

Why are they called marine?

(These are sea creatures; they live in salt water.)

III. Working on new material.

1. The topic of our lesson: “Who are the birds”

Today we will get acquainted with various birds, find out where they live, what they eat, and what their characteristics are.

The structure of birds (video slide 3, appendix 2).

Birds have a beak, head, neck, body, wings, tail, legs. Almost all birds are covered with feathers (slide 4).

2. Birds living nearby.

Name what birds you know.

Which of them fly to warmer climes for the winter?

(Children's answers)

What are these birds called?

(Migratory)

Birds that do not fly to warmer climes are called wintering birds. For example: crow, magpie, tit, sparrow, pigeon, woodpecker...

Birds build nests, lay eggs and hatch chicks (slide 5).

3. Getting to know common birds.

Migratory birds

The birdhouse will sing a song,
He will collect all the larvae,
In a black speckled shirt
This bird is showing off.
Comes to us in the spring
The house is settling into its own.

(starling)

What is the name of the house that a man builds for starlings?

(birdhouse).

Swallows fly from Africa in the spring,
Nests are made from clay under roofs.
They fly like airplanes, graceful and light.
Forked tails are small.
The triangular beak grabs on the fly
They carry midges and mosquitoes home to themselves.
Similar to notes, sitting on wires
And they chirp merrily about the sun and rain.

Is the swallow a wintering or migratory bird? (slide 7)

(Migratory)

What other migratory birds do you know?

What do swallows eat?

(midges, mosquitoes)

Why do swallows fly to warmer climes?

(With the onset of cold weather, the insects on which swallows feed disappear; they have to fly away to where it is warm and there is plenty of food.)

What kind of bird:
Ain't afraid of no one
Crochet claws,
The wings are mighty
Carried above the clouds.
Sees far
It's not easy to escape
For small children
The nest builds on the rocks.

(eagle) (slide 8)

Eagles feed on small rodents or small birds. What kind of bird do you think is an eagle?

(Eagle is a bird of prey)

Physical education minute.

(Picture pause: birds - we wave our arms - we fly, fish - we swim)

Wintering birds. (slide 9)

The moon is surprised:
Two windows lit up
And behind them are two wings
They emerged from the hollow.
A bird flew out like a shadow:
She can't sleep in the hollow at night.
If she hears a squeak,
It will be bad for the gray mouse.
If Do you know the bird?,
You will guess the riddle.

An owl is a bird that feeds on insects, mice and even hares. How can we tell which bird it is? (An owl is a bird of prey.) What other birds of prey do you know? Do you think such predators bring harm or benefit to nature?

(These birds are beneficial because they attack mainly sick or old animals.)

Bird in a dress black and white
She was not idle:
“The gray wolf sits in the bushes,” -
That's what she's talking about.
Can you tell me the answer?
Name this bird.
Black and white bird
A bold chirp.

Thanks to the magpie, the inhabitants of the forest learn in advance about the approach of a predator or person and can take care of their safety.

What kind of guy is this?
Sat on a branch by an oak tree?
Small, but businesslike,
It doesn’t sit at all in vain:
He has no hammer, no hands
There is a knock on the trunk: knock-knock.
Will find a crack in the bark
The long nose sticks into it,
Will pull you out by the back
Any larva.
That guy is difficult -
This is our forest doctor.

What benefits does a woodpecker bring?

(A woodpecker cleans the bark of a tree from larvae with its beak harmful insects.)

This is interesting

Crossbill (slide 10). This bird breeds chicks in winter, during the very cold season. The crossbill eats nuts, which is why it has such a special beak.

Cuckoo (slide 11). The cuckoo is the only bird that does not build a nest and does not hatch chicks, but lays eggs in other people's nests. Cuckoo chicks are fed and raised by other birds.

Penguin (slide 12). These birds do not fly and do not build nests. Penguin - dad carries the egg on his paws, warming it with his warmth.

Caring for birds (slide 13)

Birds bring many benefits to people and nature. They destroy harmful insects, carry plant seeds, and destroy weak and sick animals. Birds need to be protected and taken care of. How can you help birds in winter? (hang up feeders, feed the birds.)

4. Consolidation. Tests (slides 14-16)

Look carefully at the screen. Next to each picture there is a blue and red star. If you think that the bird is migratory, click on the red star, if it is a wintering bird, click on the blue one.

IV. Lesson summary.

Where do birds live?

How do they adapt to living conditions?

Name the migratory birds.

Name the wintering birds.

What bird breeds chicks in winter?

What bird does not take care of its chicks and throws eggs to other birds?

V. Homework.

Workbook page 11.

VI. Reflection.

Take mood cards: if it was interesting and you learned a lot of new things, then attach a sun, if you were bored and didn’t like the lesson, then take a cloud.

The working day is over,
It's time for us to go home.
Goodbye together
Let's say: “Goodbye!”

Note: Video material for the work can be obtained from the author.

Overwintering birds are those that remain in native land all year round. Animals are guided not so much by air temperature as by their personal abilities and the specific food supply of the region.

Warmth in cold weather is only provided by well-fed birds. This means that a wintering bird must be able to find food among the snow. Accordingly, insectivorous species migrate in winter. Those who are content with berries, seeds and predators who hunt mice and hares remain. There are about 70 wintering bird species in Russia.

Pigeon

Their body temperature, like that of other birds, is 41 degrees. This is another proof that birds don’t mind frosts if they have food. not easy wintering birds, but “tied” to a specific place. Flying thousands of kilometers away from their “native nest”, the gray ones always return back. People took advantage of this by starting to send letters with pigeons.

Having taken them to the recipient, the birds returned. Scientists debate how birds find their way home. Some refer to magnetic fields. Others believe that pigeons navigate by the stars. Pigeons are loyal not only to their native lands, but also to their partners. Birds choose a pair once and for life, like swans.

Pigeons are very attached to their habitats and do not leave them if there is food.

Sparrow

Group of wintering birds consists of several types. There are two people in Russia: urban and field. The latter is typical for rural areas. The total number on the planet is close to a billion. Accordingly, one bird for 8 people.

Considering that birds feed on grains, this is a threat to the harvest. The People's Republic of China even carried out an action to destroy sparrows. Having found out that they could not fly for more than 15 minutes, people frightened the birds, preventing them from falling to the ground. Approximately 2 million individuals fell dead. However, in the absence of sparrows, it multiplied - another delicacy for birds. She ate the harvest instead of the birds.

Like pigeons, sparrows tend to choose one partner for life. At the same time, birds have hot blood. Instead of 41 degrees, the sparrow's body heats up to 44 degrees. This is typical for small birds. They lose energy faster. It’s interesting that a sparrow’s neck has twice as many vertebrae as a giraffe’s. It's a matter of the length of the fragments. Sparrows have flat ones.

Crossbill

This bird of the finch family has a bent, crooked beak. Its structure is determined by its function. With its beak, the crossbill picks up grains from cones. At the same time, a characteristic click is heard. Hence name of wintering birds.

Despite the adaptability of the beak, it is not possible to remove all the pine nuts. Cones thrown by birds are cleaned up. Males of the species are red-brown, and females are gray-green-yellow. Birds become like this by the age of 3. As adults, crossbills do not exceed 20 centimeters in length and weigh about 50 grams.

The intelligence of ravens, by the way, is comparable to the development of 5-year-old children. Birds solve the same logical problems. One of the indicators of intelligence is the way it protects nests. Crows throw stones at enemies, lifting them in their tenacious paws.

Birds are unpretentious when it comes to food; they eat grains, vegetables, and bread. Birds often destroy the nests of other birds. But the favorite delicacy of ravens is carrion. There is a lot of it in winter, because not all animals can withstand the cold. Here birds And remain to spend the winter.

In years when food is poor, polar owls migrate to the forest-steppe zone. The bird is large, up to 70 centimeters in length. The bird gains 3 kilograms of mass. Harry Potter held about that much in his hand. The hero of JK Rowling's work often used the services of Boucli. That was the name of the white owl who served as a messenger for the wizard.

Kedrovka

Bird feeding pine nuts. For them, the bird has a sublingual pouch. It carries about 100 nuts. The Russian taiga is rich in cedar trees, which means that the bird has no reason to fly away in winter. Some of the cones remain on the trees in winter.

We hide the nutcracker nuts that do not fit into the sublingual sac within a radius of 2-4 kilometers from the tree on which they ripened. In winter, supplies are buried in snowdrifts, and in summer in the ground. In Russia there is a monument to the nutcracker. It is located in Tomsk. The Siberian city is surrounded by cedar trees. Residents of the region know and love their inhabitant, admiring her all year round.

Owl

Listed in Red. The feathered species easily endures Russian winters, but cannot adapt to the decline due to the destruction of the taiga of its patrimony. However, eagle owls are capable of living in captivity. In zoos and private owners, birds lived up to 68 years. In nature, the age of an eagle owl is limited to 20 years. Like White Owl, hunts rodents, hares, and martens.

Birds catch them around the clock. The main activity occurs at night. During the day, eagle owls often sleep. Eagle owls swallow small prey whole. The birds first tear large victims into pieces that can fit down the throat. There have been recorded cases of eagle owls attacking young roe deer and wild boars. This indicates the impressive size of the birds.

Nuthatch

The bird has a bluish back and a white belly. The sides of the bird are red with black stripes. The paws have curved sharp claws. With them, nuthatches dig into tree trunks, quickly and deftly moving along them. The bird is looking for hidden insects and their larvae. The nuthatch's sharp, long beak allows them to get them in winter. The bird uses it to explore every crevice in the bark.

They prefer to settle in oak forests. Where oak trees do not grow, birds choose parks with deciduous plantings. Nuthatches look for trees with hollows, settling in them. If the entrance to the house is wide, it is coated with clay. Nuthatches do this work in the warm season.

Nuthatches prefer to survive the cold by nesting in tree hollows.

Yellow-headed wren

The only thing smaller than it is the hummingbird. The bird has a yellow crest on its head that resembles a crown. This association prompted the name feathered. It doesn't look like a king, because it's the size of a dragonfly. The weight of the bird is about 7 grams.

Kinglets live in coniferous forests. Unlike hummingbirds, Russian dwarf birds tolerate harsh climates. Even in winter, kinglets manage to find insects and their larvae. A bird eats as much food per day as it weighs.

Chizh

Considered migratory. However, some siskins remain for the winter in Russia. The birds are ready to survive the winter here next to non-freezing reservoirs. Birds make nests in the roots of trees nearby.

Small birds camouflage their homes so skillfully that they became heroes of the legend of the invisible stone. Our ancestors believed that such a crystal was placed under the nest, hiding it from prying eyes.

Wintering species also include hazel grouse and partridges. They warm themselves by burying themselves in snowdrifts. Under the snow, the birds look for food - last year's grains and herbs.

Black grouse even uses snow as a warm place to sleep

In severe frosts, birds try to avoid flying. The body area increasing when the wings are open leads to greater heat loss. The bird risks freezing instead of catching prey or reaching places with better weather.

Wintering birds of Russia

Let's take a closer look at the species of birds that remain to spend the winter in Russia.

Since not all types are listed in the picture above wintering birds of Russia, for the sake of completeness, let’s name them: Sparrow, Crows, Pigeon, Woodpecker, Nutcracker, Crossbill, Yellow-headed Wren, Partridge, Muscovite, Tawny Owl, Nuthatch, Hazel Grouse, Waxwing, Tit, Bullfinch, White Owl, Jay, Magpie, Black Grouse, Eagle Owl, Tap Dancer , Lentil, Siskin, Goldfinch, Schur.