Carrying out painting work. Technological process of molar work. Decorative painting methods

Subject: Fundamentals of painting technology.

Lesson objectives: Know basics of painting technology, types of finishing coatings and be able to perform this operation.

Develop ability to perform finishing operations techniques.

Educate careful handling of tools.

Tools: brushes, rollers;

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment (2 min).

Greeting students, checking for absent students in class, checking students' work uniforms.

2. Report the topic and objectives of the lesson (1 min).

The teacher announces the topic and purpose of the lesson, then students open their notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.

3. Presentation educational material(12 min).

TO painting work refers to painting various surfaces. To perform these works, materials are used: pigments (dry construction paints), adhesives, drying oil, etc.

pigments, or dry construction paints, can be natural or artificial and are fine powders various colors: white, yellow, blue, red, etc.

To ensure that pigments adhere firmly to the surface being painted, they add binding materials. Glue is added to aqueous compositions, and to oil compositions - drying oil Natural drying oil is made by boiling linseed or hemp oil at a temperature of 275°C with the addition of some special substances. Drying oil can also be synthetic.

Oil paints They are prepared in factories like this: drying oil is mixed with dry pigments and the mixture is ground on special paint grinders. These paints are used for indoor and outdoor work, painting metal, wood, and plaster. The drying time for oil paints after painting the surface is usually 24 hours.

Enamels - These are paint compositions prepared by grinding a mixture of pigments and varnishes on paint grinders. At long-term storage enamel may thicken. They are diluted with various solvents. The drying time of the enamel applied to the surface to be painted is from 1 to 24 hours.

Lucky They are solutions of resins in various solvents, have different names and purposes, and come in light and colored ones. Dry in 24...48 hours.

Solvents used for dissolving and diluting various thickened paint compositions to working thickness, washing tools, etc.

Before painting surfaces, it is recommended to prime them - coat them with a liquid of a certain composition primer, adhering well to the surface and leaving a thin film on it, on which the painting composition is applied in an even layer. Unprimed surfaces absorb paint differently, so in some places there will be more paint, in others less, and the coloring will become uneven - spots or stripes. Under oil paint the best primer is drying oil.

Various tools are used for painting work: brushes, rollers, spatulas, rulers.

Brushes made from bristles and horsehair. The fly brushes have a tuft length of up to 180 mm and a stick handle up to 2 m long. Whitewashing brushes have a width of up to 200 mm, a thickness of 45...65 mm with a hair length of 100 mm. Maklovitsy- these are flat brushes with a width of 25...100 mm, made of high-quality bristles or badger hair. They are used to smooth out freshly applied paint.

Paneled brushes are designed for drawing narrow horizontal stripes (panels) or for painting hard-to-reach places.

Trimmings serve for special processing freshly painted surface. The trimmer is applied evenly, smoothing out the unevenness of the paint applied with a brush.

To perform painting work, use brushes instead of brushes. rollers, more productive than brushes. Rollers are made from fur or foam rubber.

Painting surfaces begins with choosing an option for interior decoration of the room, similar to the options for wallpapering walls: in one or two colors, with a border, frieze or tapestry, etc.

Before painting, all surfaces must be repaired, dried and primed.

The cleanliness of the surface to be painted largely depends on the force of pressure on the brush. If you press the brush lightly, the paint falls in the form of narrow strokes or stripes. When you press hard on the brush, the paint drips off it. Each subsequent layer of paint should be applied only to the well-dried previous one.

The direction of the strokes when painting plays a significant role. If the wall is painted twice, then the first strokes are parallel to the floor, and when painting with the second layer - vertically from the ceiling to the floor (Fig. 101). When painting the ceiling, the strokes of the last layer are drawn parallel to the light rays falling from the window.

The joint of two paints of different colors is not always smooth, so the joint is painted over with an even strip of paint of a different color - a panel. The panel is drawn (retracted) along a ruler or stencil.

To give surfaces painted with oil paints increased shine and extend the life of the paint, they are coated with varnish.

They are used to apply various designs on walls. stencils. Stencils are made from thick paper. A design is applied to it and cut out with a sharp knife so that the patterns do not fall out, for which bridges (strips of paper) are left between them, connecting them to each other. A stencil is made for each color.

Stencil drawings are done by two people. One worker presses the stencil to the surface, and the other wets the handbrake in paint so that it is semi-dry, and applies gentle butt blows to the stencil, filling the space of the design in the stencil with paint. After filling, it remains on the surface exact copy stencil design.

When finishing with multi-color patterns, each color is filled with a separate brush and only after the previously filled pattern has dried.

At the end of the painting work, brushes and rollers are wrung out and washed in solvent. It is allowed to store a brush or roller in a container of paint for a short time.

Safety regulations

1. Paints and enamels should be stored in a special room away from heating appliances.

2. When painting surfaces, ventilate the room.

3. Do not touch your face or clothing with paint-contaminated hands.

4. Do not throw soaked paint indoors.

5. Do not put your face close to the paint container.

6. After finishing work, wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

Repetition:

1. What is painting work?

2. What safety measures should be observed when performing painting work?

3. What is drying oil? Where is it used?

4. What is the difference between enamel and varnish?

5. For what purpose is the surface primed before painting?

6. What tools are used for painting work?

7. What is flutz?

8. How are stencils made for applying a pattern to a surface?

Practical work(55 min).

Manufacturing a wing nut in accordance with the drawing.

Final briefing. (10 min.)

Cleaning workplaces. At the end of the lesson, the teacher notes characteristic mistakes and offers to demonstrate the correct techniques to those students who have mastered the process of making a metal product better than others. The teacher gives grades to the students.

Technology lesson on the topic

“Basics of painting technology”

Item: technology.

Class: seventh.

Quarter: third.

Number of hours: 1

Date of: 13.03.17

Lesson #45

Chapter: « Repair and finishing works»

Teacher: Bondarenko A.A.

Target: To familiarize students with painting technology.

Must know: sequence of repair and painting work. Safe work rules.

Must be able to: prepare the surface for painting and perform painting and construction work.

Teaching methods: story, conversation, frontal questioning, demonstration of visual aids, work with a book, practical work.

Lesson type: combined.

Formed UUD: personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative.

Basic concepts: Painting works, pigments, binding materials, drying oil, oil paint, enamel, varnish, solvent, primer, brushes: whitewash, paneling, paint brush, handbrake, flute, trim; roller, stencil, painter.

DURING THE CLASSES

Repetition of covered material.

Frontal survey:

What types of wallpaper do you know?

What is the difference between finishing a room in one color and finishing it in two colors?

What is a panel?

What is the difference between a border and a frieze, from a tapestry?

How to prepare walls for wallpapering?

Name the sequence for wallpapering walls.

State the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Lesson topic: “Basics of painting technology.”

The purpose of the lesson is to get acquainted with painting technology.

Presentation of new material.

TO painting work refers to painting various surfaces. To perform these works, materials are used: pigments (dry construction paints), adhesives, drying oil, etc.

pigments, or dry construction paints, can be natural or artificial and are thin powders of various colors: white, yellow, blue, red, etc.

To ensure that pigments adhere firmly to the surface to be painted, they addbinding materials . Glue is added to water-based compositions, and to oil-based ones -drying oil . Natural drying oil is produced by cooking at a temperature of 275 0 From linseed or hemp oil with the addition of some special substances. Drying oil can also be synthetic.

Oil paints prepared in factories: drying oil is mixed with dry pigments and the mixture is ground on special paint grinders. These paints are used for indoor and outdoor work, painting metal, wood, and plaster. The drying time for oil paints after painting the surface is 24 hours.

Enamels – These are paint compositions prepared by grinding a mixture of pigments and varnishes on paint grinders. During long-term storage, enamels may thicken. They are diluted with various solvents. The drying time of the enamel applied to the surface to be painted is from 1 to 24 hours.

Lucky They are solutions of resins in various solvents, have different names and purposes, and come in light and colored ones. They dry in 24-48 hours.

Solvents used for dissolving and diluting various thickened paint compositions to working thickness, washing tools, etc.

Before painting, it is recommended to prime the surface - coat it with a certain composition -primer , which adheres well and leaves a thin film on it, on which the painting composition is applied in an even layer. Unprimed surfaces absorb paint differently, so in some areas there will be more or less paint, and the color will become uneven - spots or stripes. The best primer for oil paint is drying oil.

Various tools are used for oil painting: brushes, rollers, spatulas, rulers.

Brushes made from bristles and horsehair. The fly brushes have a tuft length of up to 180 mm and a stick handle up to 2 m long.Whitewashing brushes (Fig. 102, A ) have a width of up to 200 mm, a thickness of 45...65 mm and a hair length of 100 mm.Maklovitsy(Fig. 102, b ) are flat brushes 25...100 mm wide, made of high-quality bristles or badger hair. They are used to smooth out freshly applied paint.

Paneled brushes (Fig. 102, d ) are intended for drawing narrow horizontal stripes (panels) or for painting hard-to-reach places.

Handbrake And flutz(Fig. 102, c, d ) are universal brushes, most often used when painting surfaces with oil paints and enamels.

Trimmings(Fig. 102, e ) are used for special treatment of freshly painted surfaces. The trimmer is applied evenly, smoothing out the unevenness of the paint applied with a brush.

For painting large surfaces (ceilings, walls) userollers (Fig. 103). Using rollers you can apply a more even layer of paint than with a brush, and also perform painting work with greater productivity. The roller is made from fur or foam rubber.

Painting surfaces begins with choosing an option for interior decoration of the room, similar to the options for wallpapering walls: in one or two colors, with a border, frieze or tapestry, etc. (see Fig. 98).

Before painting, all surfaces must be repaired, dried and primed.

The quality of the surface being painted largely depends on the pressure applied to the brush. If you don't press the brush hard enough, the paint will come out in narrow strokes or stripes. If you press too hard on the brush, the paint drips off it.

Each subsequent layer of paint should be applied only to the well-dried previous one.

The direction of the strokes when painting plays a significant role. If the wall is painted twice, then the first strokes are parallel to the floor, and when painting with the second layer - vertically from the ceiling to the floor (Fig. 104). When painting the ceiling, the strokes of the last layer are drawn parallel to the light rays falling from the window.

The joint of two paints of different colors is not always smooth, so the joint is painted over with an even strip of paint of a different color - a panel. The panel is drawn (retracted) along a ruler or stencil (Fig. 105).

To give surfaces painted with oil paints even greater shine and extend the life of the paint, they are coated with varnish.

Used to apply various designs on walls.stencils . Stencils are made from thick paper. A design is applied to it and cut out with a sharp knife. To prevent the patterns from falling out, connecting bridges (strips of paper) are left between them. For each color they make their own stencil (Fig. 106).

Stencil drawings are done by two people. One worker presses the stencil to the surface, and the other wets the handbrake in paint so that it is semi-dry, and applies gentle butt blows to the stencil, filling the space of the design in the stencil with paint. After printing, an exact copy of the stencil design will remain on the surface.

When finishing with multi-color patterns, each color is filled with a separate brush and only after the previously filled pattern has dried.

At the end of the painting work, brushes and rollers are wrung out and washed in solvent. It is allowed to store a brush or roller for a short time in a container with paint.

Painting repair and construction work in residential and administrative buildings done by painters. They must have a good knowledge of painting technology and be able to use paints and enamels. different composition, own painting tools, choose the right colors when painting premises, follow safe work rules.

Safe work rules

Paints and enamels should be stored in a special room away from heating appliances.

When painting surfaces, ventilate the room.

Do not touch your face or clothing with paint-contaminated hands.

Do not leave paint-stained rags in the room.

Do not tilt your face close to the paint container.

When finished, wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

Frontal survey on new material.

What kind of work is called painting?

What safety precautions should be observed when performing painting work?

What is drying oil? Where is it used?

What is the difference between enamel and varnish?

For what purpose is the surface primed before painting?

What tools are used for painting work?

What is flutz?

How to make stencils for applying a pattern to a surface?

Practical work.

Study of painting technology

Consider the tools available in training workshops for painting work (brushes, rollers, etc.). Write down the purpose of each tool in your workbook.

Come up with and draw in your workbook with paints or felt-tip pens a variant of the interior decoration of the room (workshop, living room, kitchen).

Make a stencil in the form of a border for applying any design to the surface of the wall. Check the correctness of the stencil by applying a drawing with it on a sheet of workbook.

Under the guidance of your teacher, take part in renovation painting work in the school workshops.

Lesson summary.

Giving and commenting marks for the lesson. At the end of the lesson, students are given a mark. Together with the students, you should draw conclusions based on the material studied.

Homework. 1) Answer the questions given at the end of § 31 of the textbook (p. 115).

2) Come up with and draw in your workbook with paints or felt-tip pens an option for the interior decoration of the school workshop.

The properties of paint and varnish coatings depend not only on the quality of the materials used paint and varnish materials, but also on such facts as the method of preparing the surface for painting, the correct choice and adherence to the technological regime of painting and drying. The main stages of the paint application process are given below.

PSURFACE PREPARATION

Surface preparation before painting is great importance for getting high quality coating and ensuring the longevity of its service. Surface preparation involves removing corrosion products, old paint, grease and other contaminants. Surface preparation methods are divided into three main groups: mechanical, thermal and chemical.

TO mechanical methods include: cleaning with tools (brushes, grinders), cleaning with sand, shot, a mixture of sand and water. Using these methods, you can obtain a well-cleaned surface with uniform roughness, which contributes to best adhesion paint film.

TO chemical surface methods, first of all, include degreasing the surface, which is carried out using alkaline detergents or using active solvents (washes), depending on the type of contamination.

Thermal The method is used to clean metal from rust and scale using the flame of an oxygen-acetylene torch.

Thus, when renewing the paintwork, it is necessary to first inspect the surface. If the old paintwork adheres firmly to the surface in the form of a continuous layer, it should be washed with warm water and dried. If the coating does not adhere firmly, it must be completely removed.

PADDING

The first operation after surface preparation is priming. This is one of the most important and responsible operations. Since the first primer layer serves as the basis for the entire coating. The main purpose of the primer is to create a strong bond between the surface to be painted and subsequent paint layers, as well as to ensure the high protective ability of the coating.

Priming should be done immediately after completing surface preparation work. The primer can be applied by brush, spray gun or other method. When painting surfaces exposed to high humidity or exposed to atmospheric conditions, it is recommended to apply priming with a brush. Drying of the soil should be carried out in accordance with the regime provided for by the technology. When a glossy surface of the soil forms, it should be lightly sanded with fine sandpaper.

The thickness of the primer film when painting with traditional paints and varnishes (primers such as GF, KhV, KhS) should not be excessively large, usually 20-30 microns. For anti-corrosion protection with modern paintwork materials based on epoxy and polyurethane, the thickness of the primer, on the contrary, should be greater than the thickness of the top enamel layer. This is due to the fact that in this case the main protective load and anti-corrosion properties are carried by the primer layer.

PUTTY

This operation is intended to level surfaces. Both excessively thick and insufficient layers of putty can crack during operation, as a result the protective properties of the coating will be reduced. Therefore, the putty should be applied in a specified layer. First, local putty is applied to the primed surface, and then continuous putty. Each layer of putty must be thoroughly dried. The number of layers should not be more than three. If necessary, use large number putty between them apply a layer of primer.

GRINDING

The putty surface after drying has unevenness and roughness. Irregularities and specks are also observed on dried surfaces of primers, varnishes and enamels. Grinding is used to remove irregularities, debris and smooth out roughness. During the grinding process, the surface being processed is exposed to many tiny abrasive grains, as a result of which scratches are formed and it becomes dull. This significantly improves adhesion between coating layers. For grinding, abrasive sandpaper is used on paper and tissue based. The grain size (numbers) of the sandpaper for sanding is selected depending on the type of coating being processed.

APPLICATION OF PAINT COATINGS

The putty surface after drying has unevenness and roughness. Irregularities and specks are also observed on dried surfaces of primers, varnishes and enamels. Grinding is used to remove irregularities, debris and smooth out roughness. During the grinding process, the surface being processed is exposed to many tiny abrasive grains, as a result of which scratches are formed and it becomes dull. This significantly improves adhesion between coating layers. For grinding, abrasive sandpaper on a paper or fabric basis is used. The grain size (numbers) of the sandpaper for sanding is selected depending on the type of coating being processed.

As a rule, when painting, not one paint is used, but a whole system of coatings; in this case, the question of compatibility of the applied paint coatings always arises. When choosing a coating scheme, the system that satisfies the simple paint compatibility rule will be optimal in terms of compatibility:

Chemically curing paints and varnishes are never applied to physically drying coatings.

The method of applying paintwork materials must correspond to the rheological, physicochemical and other properties of these materials, as noted in the manufacturer’s recommendations. Everyone knows the methods of applying paints and varnishes. Commonly used airless spray, air spray, brush, roller, etc.

Painting with a brush.

This staining method is relatively slow and inefficient. Typically a brush is used to paint small areas with decorative paints. However, the method is indispensable for coating complex structures where the use of spray will result in significant losses due to dispersion, and also for stripe painting prior to the application of anti-corrosion spray coatings.

Most thick film coatings (over 150 microns) are intended for airless spray painting, so required thickness film will not be achieved when applied with a brush. To achieve a brush thickness comparable to airless spray, double the number of coats must be applied.

Painting with a brush requires caution when applying multi-layer coatings of paints such as CV, CS, NC, which contain active solvents. Solvents in a wet coating will easily re-dissolve the previous dry layer. In this case, the movements of the brush will cause “picking up” of the previous coating, which will lead to a negative result. To avoid this, movements with the brush should be smooth and light, and the number of passes with the brush in one place should be minimal.

Painting with a roller

Painting performance using a roller on large, flat surfaces is higher than using a brush and is used for most applications. decorative paints. However, when using a roller it is difficult to obtain the required film thickness. As with a brush, it is usually not possible to apply a thick coat. It is necessary to carefully select the type of roller and the length of the pile, depending on the type of paint and the degree of surface roughness. The roller should be well-fitted, with a soft pile coating; the paint should not dissolve the roller coating. Before use, the roller should be pre-rinsed to remove any loose fibers.

Pneumatic (air) spraying.

It is widely accepted quick method coating application in which the paint enters a low-pressure air stream and is atomized. Traditional air spray equipment is relatively simple and inexpensive, but to achieve good atomization and a defect-free paint film, the correct combination of volume, air pressure and fluid flow must be used. The process of air spraying is accompanied by fairly high losses associated with the dispersion of paint in the atmosphere: “undershooting” or ricochet of paint from the surface, paint carryover by air flow. This method is also limited by the viscosity of the paintwork material - highly filled, thick-layer coatings cannot be applied by this method, since for satisfactory atomization most paints must be diluted to the appropriate viscosity, which precludes obtaining a layer of sufficient thickness.

Airless spray.

Unlike air spraying methods, airless spraying does not mix air with the paint, hence the name. Atomization is achieved by passing the paint through specially designed nozzles under high pressure. The required paint pressure is created by the air in the pump, giving a high ratio of fluid outlet pressure to initial air pressure. There are pumps with ratios ranging from 20:1 to 60:1, with 45:1 being the most common. The main advantages of airless spraying:

1. Highly filled, thick-layer coatings can be applied without thinning.
2. Very high productivity is possible, giving a significant economic effect.
3. Compared to air spraying, which has an increased paint consumption, the use of airless spraying leads to reduced material loss and less hazardous dust and fumes.

Paint spray nozzles are subject to high abrasive wear, so it is more effective to use nozzles made of hard alloys, such as tungsten carbide. The sprayed “fan” is produced by a crevice nozzle mounted on the front part of the hole. There are different hole sizes along with different slot angles. The choice of nozzle is made based on the required liquid pressure, the viscosity of the supplied coating material (nozzle diameter), and the type of structure to be painted (nozzle angle). At the same time, to minimize losses and increase productivity when painting small-sized or lattice structures, it is recommended to use narrow-angle nozzles, and wide-angle nozzles for continuous large-sized surfaces. The thickness of the paint coating is controlled by the fluid flow rate.

PAINTING CONDITIONS.

When applying protective and decorative coatings, one of the most important factors affecting the quality of the coating are the following:
- surface temperature;
- paint temperature;
- atmospheric conditions during painting.
Paint application should be carried out in good atmospheric conditions with mild weather prevailing. Painting should not be done:
- when the air temperature falls below the drying temperature or the limit allowed by the specification;
- during fog or high humidity, as well as when rain or snow is inevitable;
- when moisture condenses on the surface to be painted or when condensed moisture may appear during the initial drying period.
It must be taken into account that at night the temperature of the surface being painted drops. During the day it rises again, but due to the delay in heating/cooling compared to the ambient temperature, condensation may occur on the non-absorbent surface (metal). Atmospheric air condensation. To avoid condensation, paint should not be applied if the metal temperature is more than 3°C below the dew point.
The paint should not be applied to wet or icy surfaces after rain.

Extreme conditions.

Extreme conditions include temperature environment below +5°C and above +40°C.
Below +5°C, drying and curing of coatings slows down sharply, and for some of them it simply stops. This is especially true for chemically cured coatings (such as EP, PU) and coatings cured with air oxygen (such as PF, GF). Therefore, the use of such paintwork materials at low temperatures is not allowed, except in cases stipulated by the specifications for paintwork materials (modern modified epoxy and polyurethane paintwork materials). Extremely on other protective coatings low temperatures They don’t work that hard; Chlorinated rubbers and vinyls are suitable for use at temperatures below 0°C provided the surface is clean and free of ice or frost. More details about the conditions for the formation of paint coatings of various types are described in the article “ Modern tendencies anti-corrosion protection».

At other extreme temperatures (+40°C and above), paints dry and cure quite quickly, which can result in dry spraying due to too rapid loss of solvent along the path from the spray nozzle to the surface. This can be avoided if:
1. Hold the gun at a minimum distance from the area to be painted and at an angle of 90° to the surface.
2. Add solvents if necessary.
At high temperatures, the formation of defects such as voids, inclusions, bubbles, and shagreen is also possible due to the rapid evaporation of the solvent.

Execution of all stages of technology painting works allows you to obtain a coating with the most complete protective properties and maximum durability.

Painting work is one of the types of finishing of a room. They include painting surfaces with paint.

Pre-painting work

In strictly following the technology of painting work, it is important to carry out preliminary preparation of surfaces. It consists of several types of activities:

• elimination of cracks and any complex defects using plaster, putty, gypsum or other materials;
• carefully leveling and smoothing the resulting seams using special devices or hand tools;
• wooden surfaces Before painting, thoroughly sand and degrease;
• cleaning the surface from a layer of construction dust and priming with a liquid composition, which, when dry, will create a protective film and close all pores.

Old paint is removed from the newly painted surface. It is cleaned off with sandpaper or a special brush, or washed off with water if paint was previously used on water based.

Depending on the wishes of the owners of the room, the surface is covered with wallpaper specially designed for this purpose for painting or plastered with a thin layer of finishing plaster. After this, the walls or ceiling are primed once in order to save paint.

Painting tools and accessories

The main tools for painting are brushes and rollers.

set of tools for painting work

Most professionals and amateurs paint ceilings and walls with a soft roller. Its use creates a number of advantages when performing repairs:

• allows you to save paint;
• the finishing material is applied in a uniform thin layer;
• adjustable retractable handle makes it possible to paint the upper part of the wall and the ceiling while standing on the floor;
• painting is more convenient and faster.

When performing painting work with a roller, use a special plastic trough with a ribbed insert to remove excess paint. So that it can last a long time, it is inserted into a plastic bag, which is removed and thrown away at the end of the work, and the tray remains clean.

However, even when painting surfaces with a roller, it becomes necessary to use a brush. It is impossible to cover corners or complex base topography with the composition without it.

When preparing for repairs, be sure to purchase several items with bristles. different widths and thickness. Traditionally, horsehair is used to make brushes. Before purchasing a tool, carefully check the quality of the pile and the method of its attachment. The most convenient and practical brush is one with cone-shaped thick bristles, which can be easily and quickly restored if deformed.

brush for painting walls

The size of the tool also matters. To carry out a large volume of work, choose large objects with a bristle width of 150 mm. Small brushes of 25 mm, 12 mm may be needed.

Before using the brush, soak it in warm water for several minutes. Poorly secured fibers will come out. Wooden handle It will swell slightly and hold the bristles more firmly. The pile itself will soften and become more elastic.

During the work process, the brush cannot be completely immersed in the paint; it is not recommended to add a lot of composition. Firstly, excess paint will flow onto your hands. Secondly, paint that gets into the attachment of the pile to the handle will ruin the tool, and it will quickly become unusable.

When performing a significant amount of work in large areas, a spray gun is used, which applies paint by spraying. It allows you to create an even, uniform layer of finish. However, it is only suitable for applying water-based paints.

To use the tools in the future, after painting, they are washed with water or solvents (white spirit), dried and placed in a storage place.

Materials for painting work

To perform painting work, various paints and varnishes are used. The main thing is paint. This is a composition made from binders with the addition of pigments.

Currently, surfaces are painted with acrylic, latex and other water-based paints. They adhere well to the surface, have excellent coverage, dry quickly and have almost no odor. They can be used at any time of the year. The painted base does not fade or fade. It is easy to care for and can be quickly restored if necessary.

The mechanism of action of the paint is to create a thin decorative film, which gives a certain color to the surface due to the presence of pigments in it. In addition, it protects walls and ceilings from mold and mildew.

Before applying paint, it is recommended to cover wooden surfaces with drying oil, which will prevent the base material from being absorbed and will strengthen the base. To paint wood, not only water-dispersion or water-based paints are used, but also enamels. However, they should be used only when absolutely necessary, as they have a strong smell and take a long time to dry.

Important nuances of painting

apply paint in several layers

Surface painting is carried out in 1 or several stages. If the composition has low or medium coverage, it is necessary to apply it in 2-3 layers. Before starting the main work, you need to try on a small area how the coloring agent will apply.

Painting work is carried out dry warm weather at minimum humidity. It is not recommended to carry out painting work in rain and fog. Optimal temperature air temperature should not be lower than 5 degrees. IN summer time Windows are specially opened to allow air circulation.

To work with a brush, use containers of a smaller volume than the one in which the coloring composition is sold. The tool is lowered into the jar with ¼ bristles. Remove excess paint by brushing along the edge of the container. Some craftsmen put a rubber band over the edge of the jar to avoid staining the edges.

If the paint is liquid, it will certainly flow onto your hands. Therefore, you need to carry out the work with gloves or attach half of a children's rubber ball to the handle. If you don’t have a toy, you can use a piece from a plastic bottle. Just cut out a circle and insert the brush handle into it.

To ensure that the paint applies evenly and the hand does not get tired, the brush is held under small angle. They pass it from top to bottom and from bottom to top, covering the previous one with a new layer of material. First of all, corners, protruding edges and hard-to-reach places are painted, and then smooth surfaces.

Carrying out painting work

We paint the room by zone

Depending on the tools used, the material and the nature of the surface, the technology for carrying out painting work is not significant, but varies.

Painting with a brush - This is a rather labor-intensive but interesting process and it is worth using it in small rooms and rooms with complex relief of walls and ceilings, for example, with stucco molding and various decorative inserts.

1. Before you start painting, it is advisable to divide the space into zones: after finishing one, start applying the product to the other.
2. To perform work at height, you need to take care of a stable stand in advance and place it at the most convenient distance from the fragment to be painted.
3. When finishing ceilings, masking tape is attached around the perimeter of the wall, which will not allow the wall to be stained. Conversely, the tape is glued to the top surface if the wall is being painted.
4. To carry out painting work with a brush, you can use a tool with a long handle, but it is not convenient for everyone.
5. Having collected paint on the brush, move the tool along the surface with smooth, calm movements. They always start from the corners and joints between the ceiling and the wall. In this case, they are carried out in the same place several times in order to completely cover the base. It is important to ensure that there are no flaws left.
6. Once the joints and protrusions are painted, you can begin applying the finish to the flat surface. When covering vertical surfaces, move the brush from top to bottom, bottom to top. The ceiling is usually painted starting from the window, along the longest wall.

Roller painting – the most convenient and economical way to apply paint to a surface. However, it is applicable only on flat, smooth planes. Difficult terrain is not accessible to this tool.

1. For work, choose a medium-sized roller with a comfortable handle. It is important to know that there are removable holders of different lengths for ease of painting ceilings and walls above.
2. Before work, you should practice and try moving the object along the surface in order to choose a comfortable rhythm and direction of work.
3. Work with a roller begins after the corners, joints and protruding fragments have been painted with a brush.
4. Paint is poured into a pre-prepared tray. It should be of medium consistency. If it is too thick, it must be diluted with water or a special product.
5. The roller is lowered into the container, the coloring composition is collected and the tool is passed several times along the ribbed insert, removing excess product.
6. Apply the roller to the wall and begin to move it from bottom to top, overlapping the layers. In this case, you need to lightly press down on the soft roller so that all the paint from it transfers to the plane.
7. If gaps or unpainted areas are found, you should go over the same area with a roller again.

spray painting walls

Spray painting has several advantages over previous methods of painting. It is good for covering any surfaces. Working with this method is quick and convenient. In this case, the finishing coating becomes absolutely even and smooth.

However, using a spray gun is not always acceptable, since it is necessary to cover objects and those parts of the space that cannot be painted. If the room is finished with water-based paints, then this fact is not important. This paint can be easily washed off.

For paint sprayer use liquid formulations. They are poured into a special container, which is part of the apparatus. With the help of an electric drive, it starts to work.

A person moves a special handle close to the surface. At this time, the product flows through the hose to the spray net and is distributed over the wall or ceiling. Working with this device, you can regulate the output of the coloring composition.

While using the spray gun, monitor the liquid level in the container and add it if it runs out. The flask must not be completely emptied, otherwise air will enter the hose, which may result in an unregulated release of the coloring agent.

Decorative painting methods

Often complex painting works are carried out according to the bold ideas of designers. This can be the application of a multi-layer coating using paints of different colors, artificial aging of the surface, or creating the effect of volume and relief. For this purpose, various available means are used: foam sponges, fabrics, brushes and more. Sometimes ornaments and interesting design images are drawn on a smooth surface using a stencil, which give the room individuality.

Sponge technology

paint the walls using a regular sponge

An unobtrusive spotted pattern is applied with a regular foam sponge. This is usually done with dark paint on a white surface or vice versa light shade spread on a dark base. To create an original shimmering shine, glossy paint applied to a matte surface.

1. When working with a sponge, use undiluted water-based paint. It is poured into a tray and stirred well.
2. A base layer of white paint is applied to the wall or, conversely, dark color. After her completely dry start applying the decorative layer with a sponge.
3. The sponge is moistened with water to make it soft and the liquid is squeezed out.
4. The tool at hand is dipped into the paint and passed along the ribbed insert, removing excess.
5. Then, with a few jerky movements, run the sponge over a sheet of paper to dry it slightly.
6. After this, the object with paint is applied to the wall, pressed and completely torn off, moving it to another place.
7. A kind of wetting of the plane occurs, as a result of which an original pattern is obtained. It can completely cover the wall, or mark some fragment of it.

Application decorative covering with a sponge is not particularly difficult. You can apply paint as desired. Special rules in this creative process does not exist.

Dry brush technology

paint the room with a dry brush

You can decorate a wall using a line drawing, which is done with a dry paint brush or a brush with stiff bristles. This method is suitable for applying a glazed composition, which includes varnish (70%), oil paint (20%) and white spirit (10%).

In this technique, the wall is covered with a basic tone, on top of which the prepared glaze is applied. Without waiting for it to dry, apply strokes with a dry brush with quick movements. When they harden, they form an interesting pattern reminiscent of blind rain. To make it easier to care for the surface coated in this way, a layer of matte polyurethane-based varnish is applied to it.

The quality of painting work depends on the professionalism of the craftsmen. They must know the technology of their implementation, know how to use paints and be able to apply them in different ways.

Technological process of molar work

Introduction

The scale and pace of economic development of our country are largely determined by the pace and quality of capital construction. To solve them successfully it is necessary to continue concentration capital investments, material and labor resources, increase the level of industrialization, improve planning and organization of construction, improve technology construction production.

The most important task, along with a further increase in the volume of housing and civil construction, is to improve the quality of construction, installation and finishing works. Among the finishing works, painting is of great importance.

Painting work - applying paint compositions to the surfaces of structures of buildings and structures in order to increase their service life, improve sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and make them beautiful appearance. Painting also includes wallpaper work, which is also performed by painters. Masters of the construction trades - plasterer, painter, mason, tiler - have always been held in high esteem and have always had sufficient income and work.

Famous masters of these construction professions have immortalized their work in

beautiful creations of architecture.

Many beautiful facades and interiors of forgotten palaces and modern cottages delight the eyes of the inhabitants of Russia. In all this, the work of a builder - a finisher, whose skill has admired more than one generation of Russia.

1. Technology sequence of painting work

.1 Workplace organization

painting defect tool

Each worker at his workplace must be provided with the necessary materials, products, products, semi-finished products, as well as electricity, water and compressed air.

Painting work is carried out using the flow-dissected method. Painting work must be properly organized: acceptance and storage of products and materials, their safety ensured. All materials and products arriving at the site must have a passport. Machines and mechanisms must be kept in exemplary order, be ready for action, undergo inspections and repairs on time, and must also be painted in the color prescribed for them. Painting work should be carried out using highly productive advanced methods, observing progressive work technology.

1.2 Necessary tools and devices

For painting work you need various brushes, rollers, spatulas, and rulers. You can buy these tools or make your own. Brushes are used depending on the type of work various types. The handbrake, flutes, crosscuts, trimmers, rollers, spatulas and rulers are shown in (Fig. 1).

Ruchniki - round brushes are used for painting small surfaces with oil paint.

Flutes - wide flat brushes are used for leveling paint and varnish coatings made with a hand brush or handbrake. The flute can also be used for coloring. While working, wipe the brushes periodically.

Maklovitsa - there are round diameter 120 m and 170 mm. With a bristle length of 94 to 100 mm, rectangular. The handle of the maklovits is either tightly attached in the middle of the block or removable with screws. It is recommended to use moldings on adhesive ones and requires fluting.

Trimmings - there are rectangular shape measuring 154 x 76 mm, they are made of hard ridge bristles. Trims are used to process freshly painted surfaces. The trimmer is applied evenly, smoothing out the unevenness of the paint applied with a brush. The trim must be clean and dry, so it must be wiped down frequently.

Rollers - for painting work. When painted, the rollers form a texture reminiscent of large shagreen. Rollers can be used to perform various types of work: priming and painting. various colors both walls and ceilings. Before starting work, fur rollers should be placed in water for a while so that the hair acquires the same stiffness.

Spatulas and rulers. When performing painting work, metal and wooden spatulas of various shapes are used to level the putty. These spatulas are used for applying and leveling wood putty and plaster. In addition to these tools, you need a knife, a chisel, a steel brush, a bucket, basins, cups, a fine sieve or gauze.

painting defect tool

1.3 Necessary materials

Finishing materials for painting work include paints and varnishes. Their consumption per unit area is relatively small. Paint and varnish materials are divided into basic and auxiliary.

The main materials include: paint (binding materials with the addition of pigments); varnishes (solvents with the addition of film-forming substances); enamels (color pigments in varnish); primers (a suspension of pigment in a binder); putties (thickened mixture of pigment and filler in a binder); binders (polymers, adhesives, emulsions and drying oils).

TO auxiliary materials include: pastes and putties, solvents and mastics, thinners and driers, removers and other components.

Dye. When carrying out painting work, a thin film of decorative coating is formed, which simultaneously performs protective functions. The composition of the paint is complex and varied; violation of this condition leads to damage and unsuitability for use.

Basic composition paints: pigment (dye), film-forming substance (binder), filler, solvent, stabilizer, modifier.

Pigment gives paint its color. The binder provides a continuous film of the composition on the surface. The filler is used to dilute the pigment. The solvent is designed to give the paint fluidity. The stabilizer gives the film resistance to the external environment. The modifier is designed to give the paint specific properties.

Synthetic varnishes. This category includes perchlorovinyl and pentaphthalic varnishes. When mixed with resin varnishes of appropriate tones, they form a reliable floor covering.

Alkyd-styrene varnish, anti-corrosion, for coating metal products.

Perchlorovinyl varnish, a solution of PVC resin in an organic solvent, colorless.

Varnishes PF and GF for coating metal and wooden painted surfaces.

HSL varnishes, for coating oil paints and protecting them from aggressive environments.

GF enamel, resistant to oil and water, but fire hazard.

PF enamel, for interior work.

EP enamels, toxic and fire hazardous, form a homogeneous semi-glossy film.

FL enamel, for painting the floor.

Recently, nitro-based enamels have begun to be used more often.

Nitrolac NC, for painting prepared metal surfaces.

Nitrovarnishes HF, for painting wood or metal in air.

Primer:

GF-21 and PF-0260, red-brown, primers for application to metal and wooden surfaces under enamel coating.

NTs 081, brown, for preparation for application of nitrocellulose and nitroglyphthalic enamels.

Mortar SOPRO CD 749 - for preliminary preparation of walls with high hygroscopicity.

Primer VDAK-0301, acrylic-based, waterproof, deep penetration, for treating wooden, brick and concrete surfaces.

Putties. All major manufacturers of paint and varnish products offer a wide range of putties for various purposes. They are designed to complete surface treatment and give them a finished look. Putties such as Knauf, Vetonit, Presto, Lakkakiti, Prestonit and others; this line includes putties based on organic and polymer binders. They are divided into rough and finishing putties.

They differ in the sizes of solid particles: 0.55 and 0.1 millimeters, respectively.

Binding materials:

Adhesives can be organic or synthetic.

Organic glues include adhesives of plant and animal origin.

Animal glues are the largest group of organic binders. It includes flesh, fish, bone and casein glue and technical gelatin.

Hide glue is obtained from tannery waste.

Bone glue is produced from animal bones.

Fish glue is made from the air bubbles of catfish and sturgeon fish.

Casein glue is made from skim cow's milk.

Technical gelatin is high quality bone glue.

Vegetable glue is obtained from potato, rice or corn starch.

Synthetic adhesives:

These include CMC glue, methylcellulose, PVA dispersion, latex and others.

Binders for oil compositions are drying oils.

Drying oils are natural, artificial and semi-natural.

Natural drying oils - linseed and hemp, for thickly rubbed paints.

Artificial drying oils:

Slate drying oil is used for diluting paints for external use.

Drying oils (petroleum oil, carbol and others) are used for diluting paints internal use.

Semi-natural - drying oil oxol, glyphthalic, pentaphthalic and castor.

Drying oil oxol is used in the preparation of oil paints for exterior work; it is fire hazardous.

Glyphthalic drying oil is used for the preparation of thickly rubbed paints, for external and internal painting of wood, metal and plastered surfaces.

Pentaphthalic drying oil is intended for the preparation of ready-to-use paints with an alkyd base for interior and exterior work.

Castor drying oil is intended for the preparation of thickly rubbed paints for interior work.

1.4 Detailed description of the sequence of the task, indicating the preparation of the work

Before painting, you should prepare the surfaces well, as the quality of the work done depends on this. New plastered, plaster and concrete surfaces. First of all, they are cleaned with pumice, flake or sandpaper, removing tubercles and roughness. Cleaning is carried out on dry surfaces. After this, all cracks are cut to a depth of at least 3 mm, moistened with water, covered with gypsum mortar or a specially prepared chalk and gypsum lining paste, dried well and cleaned.

New wooden surfaces require cutting out branches, tars, dowels, plugs to a depth of at least 3 mm, and cutting cracks. After this, the surface is primed, dried, corrected with priming paste or putty, defective and cut-out areas, dried and cleaned. If you do not remove knots, dowels and do not drown the nails, then when the wood dries, they will protrude from its plane, leaving bumps on the painted surface. The paint over such areas will crack and peel. If the resin is not cut out, the resin will pass through the putty, destroying the paint and leaving permanent stains. Painted (old) wooden surfaces most often require cutting the cracks, sealing them and sealing them.

Preparing painted surfaces for adhesive painting most often involves removing the old, usually thick, layer of paint. If the layer is thin and does not crack, it can be used for priming and painting. The paint is peeled off from a dry or previously well-moistened surface with water. It's better to moisten hot water using a brush. As soon as the paint gets wet, it is removed with a scraper. However, after this, traces of color will still remain in places, which will stand out on the painted surface. Therefore, after cleaning, the surface should be washed with water using a hard brush, but it is better to rub it. Adhesive paint can be easily removed by washing the surface with a 1-2% solution of hydrochloric acid, which causes the paint to swell. After which the surfaces are washed well with water.

Preparation of rusty and sooty areas. Rusty and sooty areas cause especially a lot of trouble. There are many different ways to prepare them, but sometimes they all fail, so you have to remove the old plaster and apply new one. First of all, you should completely remove the old paint from such places and only then begin preparation. Prepare a herbal mixture consisting of water and copper sulfate: for 10 liters of water take 500 g of copper sulfate for a solution of normal strength, 700 g for a solution of medium strength and 1000 g for a strong solution. Cover the rusty areas with herbal grass, preferably hot, once or twice, after straining it. After drying, the surfaces are covered with vitriol soil. Smoky surfaces should be washed thoroughly with a 2% solution of hydrochloric acid, then rinsed with clean hot water and primed after drying. In case of strong soot, after washing with acid and water, the surfaces are ground lime mortar, cooked on fine sand. If the structures are rusty, then the rust will begin to pass through the layer of new plaster, so it is necessary to provide insulation. Wooden surfaces are insulated with roofing felt or other insulating material, after which they are filled with shingles. Stone and brick surfaces are cut down to a depth of 3-5 cm. Thickened plaster will be sufficient reliable protection. Smoky areas and other stains are covered once or twice with strong soap. The remaining paint is completely removed. The stains must be dry before priming.

Surface priming. Having prepared the surfaces, proceed to priming them with the indicated compositions. The primer is applied in one or several layers, depending on the quality of the surface. Only dry surfaces are primed; each new layer of primer is applied to a well-dried previous layer of primer. If new plastered surfaces are primed with soap, this operation should be performed twice. The second primer is applied after the first one has dried, and the second primer is painted over the dried one. The purity of the paint depends on the quality of shading of the primer. The last layer of primer is shaded on the walls with vertical strokes, without rough stripes or streaks. If painting is done at one time, then it is better to shade the primer with horizontal strokes, because when painting walls, the paint is shaded from the floor to the ceiling, i.e. vertically. Crossing strokes will make it possible to obtain a more even color. The primer on ceilings is shaded against the light, and the paint in the opposite direction. Ceilings made from prefabricated slabs are primed across and painted lengthwise. When using rollers, follow the same order. When painting with oil and other water-free compounds, you have to apply drying and priming. When painting without putty, directly after drying, shading on wood is done across the grain, on walls - horizontally, on ceilings - across the light rays. The most serious attention should be paid to the quality of the primer: a primer without careful shading leaves rough streaks that no good painting can correct. It is recommended that putty surfaces not be oiled before painting, but rather primed liquid paint, adding 0.5-1 kg of thickly grated paint per 1 kg of drying oil desired color. After a good primer, instead of two colors, one is enough. When drying, you have to perform two colors.

After preparing the surface, you can begin decorative painting work. Decorative finishing performed using aqueous, semi-aqueous and anhydrous formulations. At the beginning of decorative painting work, it is necessary to pull out the panels.

Panels are dividing lines, usually applied at the junction of two adjacent differently colored sections located on the same plane. They are carried out only if there is a special instruction in the project. The panels are drawn out along a ruler using round bristle brushes or horsehair brushes or using a stencil (Figure 2), or use special devices for example, the designs of K.E. Burman (Fig. 3), using adhesive and oil compositions when painting surfaces with oil, and only adhesive ones when painting surfaces with adhesive and at the border of oil and adhesive painting, and also presents a technique for stretching panels. It is important that the panel along its length has a given width and is strictly horizontal, vertical or made at the required angle.

Device a) consists of:

) paint tank

) removable rubber roller for rolling panels

) felt disk for feeding paint

) handle

) axis on which the disk rotates

Surfaces painted with adhesive compositions are rolled with patterned rollers (Fig. 4) or sprayed (Fig. 5), using adhesive paint compositions with a harmonious color combination background and applied design.

Rice. 4 Fig. 5

For knurling use hand tools, consisting of a patterned and nutrient roller. The design is applied by rolling the roller from bottom to top, without gaps, in parallel stripes.

Spraying on adhesive painting is carried out:

) with a manual paint sprayer, reducing the supply of paint until an intermittent stream forms at the outlet of the nozzle;

) a machine equipped with a shaft with steel plates fixed around its circumference: when the shaft rotates slowly, the plates, caught on the stop, bend and, springing, throw the paint composition in separate splashes onto the surface;

) blows of a handbrake, on a palm or a block;

) using a stiff bristle brush and wooden block.

The creation of relief decoration with manual elements is carried out using plastic putties with minimal shrinkage, for which the composition includes gypsum. Only dry, durable, thoroughly rubbed plasters are suitable for finishing. With increased tensile strength, plastered surfaces are primed with a solution of animal glue equal to 8%. When preparing previously painted surfaces, the surfaces of water-based paints are cleaned to the base and the plaster is ground, and oil coatings I rinse thoroughly with the solution soda ash equal to 5% or a solution of crystalline soda equal to one and a half to two percent.

A textured layer with a thickness of 2-4 mm is applied to the surface, starting from one of the corners, usually on the left side. The freshly laid composition is processed with a variety of techniques and tools, giving the surface a characteristic texture. The following types of textured finishes are most often used (Fig. 6):

“under the basket”, applying the putty with a flute in squares with sides of 15-20 cm;

“fan-shaped”, processing the surface of freshly applied putty with half-turns of the end of a hand brush, brush or comb; the pattern is placed in horizontal rows, shifting each next row by half the diameter;

“vertical strokes”, processing the layer of putty with the ends of the bristles of a brush or broom;

“oblique strokes”, using a comb or hard brush to form a pattern;

“wavy strokes”, using a hard brush for processing;

“curls”, processing the freshly laid layer of putty with spiral movements of a tablespoon;

“under the reed”, using a hard brush to horizontally hatch the background, along which lines curved in one direction are applied with the handle of a knife;

“like Italian limestone”, treating with a sponge individual places of freshly laid light yellow putty, forming a spongy surface. After dulling with a sponge, the surfaces are slightly smoothed with a plastic triangle. The hardened surface of the wall is marked into separate stones, cutting the seams with a knife. For final finishing, the surface is painted with glaze paint - burnt umber, the excess of which is removed from all convexities with a rag, leaving the recesses painted over.

The surface with the finished texture is kept until completely dry, after which it is lightly sanded with abrasive paper and painted with oil glaze compounds. Often, a freshly applied paint layer is wiped over the convex areas with a rag, leaving the recesses more painted over, which increases the decorativeness of the finish and, as it were, raises the relief, creating the impression of deeper shadows.

1.5 Defects arising during painting work

In almost any repair, defects and some errors are inevitable, and painting work is no exception. From the wide variety of types of paints, several basic ones can be distinguished, differing in composition and, therefore, having both different reasons the occurrence of defects, as well as various methods for eliminating them.

The first type is paints with lime and adhesive compositions. When using these types of paints, we most often encounter such phenomena as drips and splashes, the previous layer showing through, peeling of the paint film, greasy or rusty spots, changes in the color of the coating, and chalking. These are the most typical, although by no means all, troubles that beset craftsmen and do not bring joy to the owners. The reason for the occurrence of such defects lies on the surface - this is a simple failure to comply with the technology of painting work when using paints with lime and adhesive compositions. Unfortunately, as a rule, the only way to eliminate such defects is to completely repaint the entire surface.

Drips and splashes are the result of using an overly thick paint solution. The only way out is to prepare a solution of normal viscosity, and sadly, repaint the entire surface again.

Showing through the previous layer. It occurs as a result of careless use of a primer that differs sharply in color from the paint used. You can try to apply another coat of paint; if this does not give the desired result, you will have to re-prime the surface using a primer of the appropriate color, and, of course, re-paint.

Peeling of paint film. This phenomenon is the result of several reasons, one of which is an excessively thick coloring solution, which, moreover, was applied several times to the same place. The other is that there is too much glue included in the paint. And one more reason - weak putty or too thick layer old paint. To eliminate this defect, you will need to remove all previous layers of paint, including the last ones, and repaint the surface. Alternatively, when finishing an apartment, you can shade the paint with a damp brush, washing off part of the coating, which will still require repainting.

Grease or rust stains. An extremely unpleasant and difficult to eliminate defect, which can be explained by the penetration of water through the layer of plaster over a long period of time or if the painting was done on fresh wood. In this case, resinous substances inherent in wood can cause such stains to appear. By eliminating water penetration and repainting, you can get rid of this defect. You can also try washing off the paint, treating the stains with a 3% solution of hydrochloric acid, priming the treated areas with oil paint and finally applying a new layer of paint based on lime and adhesives.

On the surface of the material there may be areas with non-drying oils, which after painting will certainly cause the appearance of greasy stains. The only way out in this situation is a complete replacement of the material for apartment renovation.

Rusty spots on the surface to be painted can be caused by prolonged flow of water or resinous substances through the plaster (if painting is done on fresh wood). This defect can be corrected only by eliminating the cause of the rust and reapplying the paint. Of course, another option is also possible. Wash off the paint, treat the areas where stains appear with a warm 3% solution of hydrochloric acid, paint over with oil paint, and then apply paint based on lime and adhesives. Grease stains are associated exclusively with non-drying oils directly on the material over which painting is carried out. It is possible to get rid of them by replacing the material.

Chalking is caused by an insufficient amount of glue in the paint solution or insufficiently thorough grinding of the chalk (presence of large particles), especially if the prepared solution was not filtered before use. To eliminate such a defect, it is recommended to apply a weak layer of paint to glue solution by spraying, or re-priming and then painting the entire surface.

Changes in paint color. To give the paint a certain color, appropriate pigments (dyes) are used, which are resistant to alkalis and ultraviolet radiation. Careful selection of the components of the coloring solution; if such a defect occurs, the only way out is to completely repaint the surface.

Brush marks are the most common defect caused by using too thick paint. It can be eliminated by removing dried paint using, for example, pumice and re-painting with a solution whose viscosity has been adjusted to the required condition.

Applying fast-drying paint in several passes may cause noticeable joints in the paint. Using a different type of paint or repainting in one go will help eliminate this defect.

“Crocodile skin” - the appearance of “wrinkles” on a painted surface is caused by careless application of paint to a surface that has not yet completely dried after previous treatment. And in this case, correcting the defect will require a complete repainting of the surface.

1.6 Quality indicators and permissible deviations

Quality indicatorsQualityorya) Glue painting with preparationStains, drips, brush marks that stand out against the general background; transillumination of the soil Not allowed Unnoticeable from a distance of 2 m Roughness Not allowed Rare, barely noticeable to the eye Shallowing when pressing one place at a time Not allowed Weak, in some places Horizontality of panels Deviations of no more than ± 1 mm per 1 linear line. m length Deviation no more than ± 2 mm per 1 linear. m length b) Oil painting on plaster Scratches from a spatula or sand, grains of sand on the surface Not allowed Barely noticeable to the eye, no more than two per 1 m2 Barely noticeable to the eye no more than four per 1 m2 Roughness is a sign of insufficient grinding or rough putty Not allowed Not allowed Only in the corners, barely noticeable roughness Curvature in one side or the other when layering away from other surfaces (when painting in several tones) or when pulling out panels. Curvature of up to 1 mm per 1 linear line is not allowed. m, but no more than 5 mm from the horizontal for the entire room. The same, up to 2 mm per 1 linear. m, but not more than 10 mm horizontally for the entire room Contamination of surfaces or clean floors that are not subject to painting with this paint Not allowed Not allowed Barely noticeable in some places Gaps when applying a ruler to a putty plane Not allowed when applying a ruler 50 cm long The same, 50 cm long The same, 30 cm long Stains Not allowed Allowed one spot per room or on a flight of stairs Two spots are allowed per room or on a flight of stairs c) Oil painting on wood in two times Grains of sand, hair, scratches, grains on the surface and other unevenness Not allowed Allowed barely noticeable to the eye at a distance of 2 m Allowed barely noticeable to the eye in some areas places at a distance of 3 m Roughness is a sign of insufficient grinding or rough putty Not allowed. Barely noticeable roughness in some places is allowed. Contamination of surfaces or clean floors that are not subject to painting with this paint. Not allowed. Barely noticeable contamination in 1-2 places.

2. Occupational health and safety

.1 General safety requirements

TO independent production painting work is permitted to persons at least 18 years of age who have the appropriate qualifications, have received introductory instruction and initial instruction at the workplace on labor protection and have been trained safe methods work.

A painter who has not undergone timely re-instruction on labor protection (at least once every 3 months) and an annual test of knowledge on labor safety should not start work.

When entering work, a painter must undergo a preliminary medical examination, and subsequently periodic medical examinations within the time limits established by the Russian Ministry of Health and Medical Industry.

The painter is obliged to comply with the internal labor regulations established by the enterprise.

A painter's working hours should not exceed 40 hours per week.

The duration of daily work (shift) is determined by the internal labor regulations or the shift schedule, approved by the employer in agreement with the trade union committee.

Paints and solvents are flammable, explosive and fire-hazardous substances; in addition, vapors of such substances entering the respiratory tract cause irritation and can lead to poisoning.

The use of faulty equipment, tools and accessories may result in injury.

It is prohibited to use tools, devices, equipment, the use of which the painter is not trained or instructed.

The painter must work in special clothing, special shoes and, if necessary, use other personal protective equipment.

In accordance with standard industry standards for the free issuance of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment, the painter is given cotton overalls, leather boots, combination mittens or cotton gloves, a cotton helmet, a respirator, and goggles.

The painter must follow fire safety rules and be able to use fire extinguishing equipment. Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.

The painter must be attentive while working and not be distracted by extraneous matters or conversations.

The painter must report any observed violations of safety requirements at his workplace, as well as malfunctions of equipment, devices, tools and personal protective equipment to his immediate supervisor and not begin work until the identified deficiencies are eliminated.

The painter must observe the rules of personal hygiene. Before eating and after finishing work, you must wash your hands with soap.

For drinking, use water from devices specially designed for this purpose (saturators, drinking tanks, fountains, etc.).

For failure to comply with the requirements of the instructions developed on the basis of this and specified in clause 1.2, the painter is liable in accordance with current legislation.

2.2 Job description for labor protection for painting work

The instructions apply to all divisions of the enterprise.

The instructions were developed on the basis of DNAOP 0.00-8.03-93 “Procedure for the development and approval by the owner of regulations on labor protection in force at the enterprise”, DNAOP 0.00-4.15-98 “Regulations on the development of instructions on labor protection”, DNAOP 0.00-4.12-99 “ Standard regulations on training on labor protection issues”, SNiP III-4-80, “Safety in construction”, GOST 12.3.035.

According to this instruction, the painter is instructed before starting work at the enterprise (initial instruction) and then every 3 months (repeated instruction). The results of the briefing are entered into the “Logbook of registration of briefings on labor protection issues.” The log after the instruction must contain the signatures of the instructor and the painter.

The owner must insure the painter against accidents and occupational diseases. In case of damage to health due to the fault of the owner, he (the painter) has the right to compensation for the harm caused to him.

For failure to comply with this instruction, the painter bears disciplinary, material, administrative and criminal liability,

Persons who have the appropriate qualifications, have undergone a medical examination, introductory training on labor protection and on-the-job training are allowed to carry out painting work.

Persons at least 18 years of age are allowed to work with toxic dyes.

When working with toxic dyes, the painter must be instructed in the safe use of them.

The painter must:

Comply with internal labor regulations.

Use special clothing and personal protective equipment.

Do not allow unauthorized persons into the workplace.

While on construction site, use a safety helmet.

Perform only the work for which he is instructed and which is assigned to him by the work manager.

Do not follow instructions that contradict the law occupational safety llamas.

Be able to provide first aid to accident victims.

Know how to use primary means By hot extinguishing.

Remember personal responsibility for compliance with labor protection rules and the safety of co-workers.

The main dangerous and harmful production factors affecting the painter are:

effect of toxic dyes on the body;

effect of dyes and solvents on the skin;

falling objects;

falling from height;

fire and explosion hazard;

insufficient lighting working area;

The painter is provided with special clothing:

cotton overalls;

combined mittens;

leather boots;

respirator;

safety glasses;

for robots using harmful paints, additionally: rubber gloves or rubber gloves with a knitted base;

when working on roofing and metal structures, additionally felted galoshes;

on outdoor robots in winter additionally: cotton jacket and trousers with insulated lining, felt boots.

Workplaces must be provided with tested inventory devices and devices (scaffolding, platforms, stepladders, etc.), manufactured according to standard designs and installed in accordance with the work execution plan (WIP).

Scaffolding means used when performing painting work in places under which other work is carried out or where there is a passage must have flooring without gaps.

In areas where nitro paints and other paints and varnishes and substances that form explosive vapors are used, actions involving fire or actions that cause the formation of sparks are prohibited. Electrical power in these areas must be turned off or electrical wiring must be explosion-proof.

During breaks, containers with explosive materials (varnishes, nitro paints, etc.) must be closed with stoppers or lids and opened with a tool that does not cause sparks.

The workplace of the painter-operator must be provided with an alarm (sound or light) with a painting station.

Containers emptied of solvents and paints and varnishes should be immediately removed from the workplace to storage areas.

Before starting work, the painter must:

Wear special clothing, safety shoes, and prepare personal protective equipment.

Inspect the workplace, prepare tools, fixtures, and equipment.

Remove unnecessary materials, clear passages and approaches.

Check the reliability of scaffolding, platforms, mobile tables, and stepladders.

Make sure the connection with the painting station is working properly.

Check the serviceability of the hoses and the reliability of their connections.

Receive a task from the work manager.

Safety requirements while performing work

Painting mixtures should usually be prepared centrally.

To prepare them on a construction site, you should use rooms equipped with ventilation that does not allow the permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area to be exceeded. The premises must be provided with harmless detergents and warm water.

The operation of mobile painting stations for preparing paint mixtures that are not equipped with forced ventilation is not permitted.

It is not allowed to prepare painting mixtures in violation of the paint manufacturer's instructions, or to use solvents that do not have a certificate indicating the effect of harmful substances.

It is prohibited to carry out painting work at unfenced workplaces located at a height of more than 1.3 m above the ground or ceiling; without properly installed scaffolding or platforms; in unlit or darkened places.

If it is not practical to construct scaffolding or platforms, the painter must use a proven safety belt while working. The location for attaching the carabiner must be indicated by the work supervisor.

It is prohibited to carry out external painting work on scaffolding during a thunderstorm, ice, fog, or wind of 15 m/s or more.

It is prohibited to carry out painting work on several tiers along the same vertical line without intermediate protective flooring.

Do not rest stepladders on window frames.

The flooring of scaffolding, platforms, and stepladders must be cleared of construction debris during and after work.

When performing painting work on flights of stairs, you should use special scaffolds in which the supports have different heights, or retractable racks installed on the steps.

To perform minor painting work, it is necessary to use portable or sliding stepladders with embedded steps.

The lower ends of stepladders should have sharp metal tips when installing them on a wooden floor and rubber tips when installing them on a concrete floor.

It is prohibited to use untested, random means for scaffolding.

All interior painting work must be performed only with open windows or forced ventilation.

It is prohibited to apply paints, enamels and primers that contain lead compounds by spraying.

When removing old oil paint using a chemical method, use a long-handled spatula. Removed paint going to metal box and leaves the workplace.

Putty surfaces should be cleaned using a piece of pumice or sandpaper pressed into special devices.

Painting work inside containers should be carried out only with forced ventilation by a team of three people (two of them provide insurance) with a permit.

Painters who have undergone special instructions on its safe operation are allowed to work with pneumatic tools.

When working with pneumatic tools, you must:

Make sure that the working part of the tool is in good condition (fishing rods, nozzles, spray gun, etc.).

Check the serviceability of the pressure gauge and the presence of marks.

Turn on the tool only after installing it in working position.

Make sure that the hoses are not bent or touch cables, electrical cables or hoses of gas cutting devices.

Frozen hoses should be thawed in a warm, dry room. Steam heating is not allowed.

In case of interruption in operation or detection of device malfunctions, you should immediately turn off the air supply and close the air valve.

It is prohibited to bend or tie the hoses into a knot to cut off the air supply.

Before using a spray gun or fishing rod, you must check that the hoses are securely attached to the tool and that the tank is securely attached.

When painting lanterns, you should use a ladder - stepladder and a safety belt.

Containers for varnishes, paints, solvents and other materials should be steamed, rinsed, and ventilated before cleaning. The container must be opened and cleaned with a tool made of non-sparking material.

Safety requirements after completion of work:

Disable all mechanisms; after they stop, clean them.

Remove tools and equipment and put them in order.

Remove work area.

Blow out the hoses and remove them after reducing the air pressure.

Take off your overalls and put them in order.

Wash your hands and face with soap; If possible, take a shower.

Report to the manager about all shortcomings that occurred during work.

Safety requirements in emergency situations:

Immediately stop work, turn off the mechanisms, and do not allow unauthorized persons into the danger zone.

Report what happened to the work manager.

If there are victims, provide them with first aid and, if necessary, call an ambulance.

Providing first aid.

Providing first aid in case of electric shock. In case of electric shock, it is necessary to immediately free the victim from the action of electric current by disconnecting the electrical installation from the power source, and if it is impossible to disconnect, pull him away from the conductive parts by clothing or using a handy tool. insulating material. If the victim has no breathing or pulse, it is necessary to give him artificial respiration and indirect (external) heart massage, paying attention to the pupils. Dilated pupils indicate a sharp deterioration in blood circulation to the brain. In this condition, revival must begin immediately, and then call an ambulance.

First aid for injury.

To provide first aid in case of injury, it is necessary to open the individual package, apply the sterile dressing material that is placed in it to the wound and tie it with a bandage.

If somehow there is no individual package, then for bandaging you need to use a clean handkerchief, a clean linen rag, etc. It is advisable to drip a few drops of iodine tincture onto a rag that is applied directly to the wound to get a spot larger than the wound, then apply the rag to the wound. It is especially important to use iodine tincture in this manner on contaminated wounds.

Conclusion

Along with a further increase in the volume of construction important task is to improve the quality of all construction work, including painting. Painting work comes down to applying paint compositions to the surfaces of structures and parts of buildings and structures to increase their durability, give them a beautiful appearance and create normal sanitary and hygienic operating conditions for the premises. Painting also includes wallpaper work, which is usually performed by painters. All types of these works are carried out in strict compliance with safety regulations and fire safety measures. Every year, the requirements for durability, architectural expressiveness, interior and exterior design of buildings, and quality of finishing are increasing.

These requirements are met by new effective, economical and durable finishing materials - new synthetic drying oils, varnishes and paints, especially water-based and organosilicon. The huge scale of construction and the high demands placed on the quality of work have radically changed the previous methods and means of performing painting and wallpaper work. All main operations of these works are mechanized. Therefore, in this thesis, much attention is paid not only to materials and technological processes, but also to mechanisms, tools and devices that contribute to the high-quality performance of finishing work. The quality of painting work is mainly determined by the level of training of young workers in educational institutions. Every future employee must become an active builder, a thrifty owner ready to create masterpieces in the construction industry.

Bibliography

1. Belogurov V.P., Chmyr V.D. Handbook for a young painter. M.: Higher School, 1992. - 208 p.

Belousov E.D. Painting technology: Textbook. for medium Vocational school. M.: Higher School, 1985. - 240 p.

Belousov E.D., O.S. Vershinina Painting and plastering works. - Moscow: Higher School, 1990. - 270 p.

Iskra E.V., Lukovsky A.M. Coloring: Tips home handyman - 1986

Padua V.3. Teaching special technologies for painting works. - M.: Higher School, 1982.

Sustavov A.I. How to renovate an apartment - 1984

Chmyr V.D. Materials science for painters. - M.: Higher School, 1982.

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