All types of cables. Marking of wires and cables. Galvanized steel braid

Each of these categories contains many types of cable and wire products, identified by special markings. Structurally, cables and wires differ in the overall parameters of the current-carrying cores and the material from which they are made, the type of sheath and external protective cover, the design of the armor (if provided) and other criteria that determine the scope of application of the products and the conditions of their operation.

Types of electrical cables and the definition of their brands are individual for each individual product category.

Power cables

This type cable products used to solve problems of transporting electricity over short and long distances. The most important physical parameters power cables are voltage and current load ( permissible value transmitted current).

Here are some brands of power cables and their areas of application:

Signaling cables and wires

To this category electrical cables and wires includes cable and wire products intended for the construction of fire and/or security alarm systems. Their main task is to transmit electrical signals from analog and digital sensors for smoke, motion, temperature, etc.

Cables are also used to supply power to light and sound alarms, movement direction indicators (for quick evacuation of people during a fire), automatic fire extinguishing devices and other devices. An important difference is their increased resistance to high temperatures, which, in particular, is one of the main requirements when designing anti-theft systems. fire safety.

Common types of electrical cables and their markings: KPSVVng(A), KSVEVng(A), etc.

Signaling and interlocking cables

This type of cable is used to control electrical mechanisms located outdoors. They are most often used for laying along city and federal railway routes to regulate the operation of switches, signaling devices, and traffic lights. They are also used, for example, to control barriers in car parks.

The company "Kable.RF ®" is one of the leaders in the sale of cable products and has warehouses located in almost all regions Russian Federation. By consulting with the company’s specialists, you can purchase the brand you need at competitive prices.

Generally accepted letter types of marking of wires and cables characterize products by type of purpose, regardless of their manufacturer. Marking letters and numbers indicate various properties wires and cables: conductor and insulation material, cross-section and number of cores, heat resistance, wear resistance, flexibility, etc.

Electric wires made of copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al), they may include one or more wires. The most commonly used wires are copper wires, which can withstand heavy loads and have higher flexibility. Aluminum, more fragile and less conductive, but due to their lower price they are common when carrying out electrical installation work. For better insulation protection of electrical wires, plastic (PVC) and rubber are used. The wires can also be bare, i.e. non-insulated. For external work and laying electrical inputs into houses, power wires are required, and copper mounting wire is required to connect electrical circuits and radio elements. Bare wires are most often used when installing overhead wiring, and bare copper wires are also used for the manufacture of certain types of antennas and for installation work in closed buildings. electrical installations. Also, wires can be specialized, only for specific narrow areas, for example: fire alarm, telephone, usb, antenna, compensation and welding wires and others.

Correct reading of markings.

Wire markings consist of several groups.
Let us conditionally denote it as follows: APVXX

• The first group of letters is the core material - “A” is aluminum. For copper wires this designation is missing;
• "P" is a wire;
• The next group is insulation material; “P” is rubber, “B” is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), “P” is polyethylene;
• The next group is construction. “O” - braid, “T” - for laying in a pipe, “P” - flat, “G” - flexible;
• The next one is the number of cores;
• And only then – the section.

For example: APPV 2x4. Aluminum Wire Flat Polyvinyl Chloride 2-core 4 mm2.
Or PPV 3x2.5. Since there is no letter “A”, then the wire is copper. And further: Wire Flat Polyvinyl chloride 3-core 2.5 mm2
In some cases, there are numbers that can indicate the flexibility class of wires, such as when marking a wire PV1 And PV3. Here PV3 is a more flexible wire.
Next in the wire PV3 10– “10” – indicates a wire cross-section equal to 10mm2, and accordingly PV3 16– where “16” denotes a section of 16 mm2.

Aluminum electrical wires and cables.

Let's look at some types of aluminum wires and cables.

• APUNP(Al Wire Universal Flat), which has two or three wires laid in parallel, PVC protection. Intended for electrical installation of low current devices, up to 250V and frequency 50 Hz. But it is better not to use such wires for wiring in houses.
• Automatic reclosing(Al PVC Wire) – single-core wire, with a round cross-section of 2.5–120 mm². APPV–flat stranded wire. Operating voltage 450–750V. Used when repairing flexible areas electrical circuit, equipment, machines and various mechanisms. Maximum temperature t 70°C, service life 15 years.
• APR(Al Wire with Rubber protection) has a round cross-section from 2.5 – 120 mm², APPR- flat stranded, with a round cross-section of 2.5 - 6 mm². It is used when laying in pipes and wooden rooms.
• APRN(Al Wire with Rubber insulation in a non-flammable sheath) – single-core wire, cross-section from 2.5 – 120 mm². It is used when laying in dry rooms and outdoor open areas.
• AVVG(Al power cable in PVC sheath) – stranded wire with a round cross-section from 2.5 to 50 mm², maximum temperature t 80°C, service life 30 years. Designed for dry and damp areas, open spaces, on the highways various types, in fire and explosive places.
• AVRG(Al cable Flexible in PVC sheath with Rubber insulation) – can have up to 4 cores, cross-section from 4 – 300 mm². Rated voltage 0.66 kW, constant 1.0 kW, frequency 50 Hz, temperature 200°C, service life 30 years. Used in areas where there are increased requirements for resistance from short circuits, dry and damp rooms, on bridges, canals, mines, overpasses.

Copper electrical wires and cables.

• Characteristics of brand wires PV1, PV2,PV3, PV4(Cu Wire in PVC insulation) the number indicates the flexibility class. Cross section from 0.5 to 120mm², voltage for networks from 450 – 750V, frequency 400Hz. They can be single-wire or multi-wire, have many modifications and a huge range of applications: installations, machines, houses, trays, plastic pipes etc.
• PPV(Cu Wire Flat with PVC insulation) – two and three cores, has a dividing base with a cross-section of 0.75 – 4 mm², temperature up to 70°C, voltage for networks from 450 – 750V, frequency 400Hz. Used when installing power lighting networks on walls, as well as when laying in channels and pipes.
• PVS(Cu Wire with twisted conductors in PVC braid) with a cross-section from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², PRS - cross-section from 0.5 to 4 mm² - flexible wires with copper conductors (2–3). Mainly used for household appliances, extension cords, vacuum cleaners, etc.
• PUNP, PBPP(Cu Wire with PVC insulation) – two or three-core copper wire with a cross-section of up to 4 mm². Widely used in lower current devices.
• MGS(copper electrical Flexible Installation Wire with Silk insulation) with a cross section of 0.5 – 0.12 mm². MGShV single-core flexible cable with a cross-section of 0.12–1.5 mm². Used in electronic devices and interconnections.
• VVG(Cu power cable in PVC sheath and with PVC insulation), which can have from one to four cores, cross-section 1.5 - 502 mm². It is used for laying networks outdoors in shady places. Double insulation of the cable allows you to install wiring in ceilings and partitions of rooms without a channel cable, and make power distribution.
• VRG(Cu Flexible cable with Rubber insulation in PVC sheath) – cross-section 1–240 mm², can have 1–4 cores. Used for overhead installation in various types of premises, bridges and electrical overpasses.
• NWG(Cu Flexible power cable with Rubber insulation protection in Rubber Non-flammable braid) has a circular cross-section of 1–240mm², frequency 50Hz, rated voltage 0.66kW, continuous 1.0kW, service life 30 years. It is used in mines and canals, in rooms with a high probability of flooding.

It is better to use copper wires for wiring in the house. They are more flexible, less likely to break during installation, oxidize less, and are soldered in the usual way, have better electrical conductivity.

Purpose of the winding wire.

Winding wires are used to make windings electric machines and instruments, as well as in the production of radio engineering products, television elements, etc. Such wires are made from high-purity copper with good conductivity.
Here are some of their brands:

• PETV— (Winding wire, Enameled, Heat-resistant, with Enamel insulation), is a copper core wire, with a diameter of 0.063 - 2.500 mm². Enameled wires are highly resistant to heat (up to 120°C) and do not require stripping of insulation.
• The wire PETV2 where “2” is the number of layers of varnish on the wire. The diameter of PETV2 is from 0.08 to 5 mm². Used for windings of power motors, motors for household appliances and tools, transformers, measuring instruments, coils and relays.

Cables and wires of narrow specialization.

• TRP(Cu Telephone Ratification in PVC insulation) – two-core with a dividing base, cross-section 0.4 – 0.5 mm². For laying a telephone network. The so-called telephone noodles.
• KPSng(A) - FRLS, KPSng (A) - FRHF, KPSng (A) - FRLSLTx - these are special low-current cables for installing fire alarms and fire protection systems. Interpretation: ng - flame retardant, (A) - category, LS - low smoke generation, HF - low oxidizing activity, LTx - low toxicity, KPS - fire alarm cable. In accordance with regulatory documents GOST 31565-2012 (GOST R 53315-2009), only such cables can be used in fire protection protective system. The alarm wire must be particularly durable, otherwise security system will not respond in time. These wires are made according to latest technology in the field of cable production fire department and alarms.
  Before entry into force, in 2009 Federal Law No. 123 " Technical regulations on Fire Safety” fire cables KPSVV and KPSVEV, in red braid, were successfully used. They can now only be used for security alarm systems.
• USB cable. All multimedia devices and gadgets are equipped with a USB connector. USB 2.0 is high speed and consists of one 28 AWG twisted pair cable for data transmission and two 20 AWG to 28AWG power conductors. All usb cables shielded and have a ferrite ring that acts as a filter. It can be up to five meters long.
• Antenna coaxial cable for TV. It has an electrically conductive braid (screen) and insulation of a certain thickness. That is why it turns out thick (about 6 mm²). The braid protects it from electromagnetic and electrostatic interference, minimizing losses. Has a characteristic impedance of 75 Ohms. For best quality For reception, the central core of a television antenna cable is made of copper, and the screen can be made of either copper braid or aluminum foil. Main types of stamps RK 75, RG 6, RG 59, SAT 50, SAT 703, DG 113 used for both analog and cable TV and satellite dishes. An F-plug is used to connect to the TV.

Wire for welding machine.

KS– the marking is simply deciphered – welding cable. The letter “P” means that the wire has polymer protection, a combination of the letters “HF” (high frequency) and “PP” (alternating and direct current). The cable for the welding machine is copper and resistant to t °50C. , and has special hose rubber insulation for short circuit protection, non-flammable. Section 10–70 mm², operating voltage 600V, frequency 400Hz.
Types of cable markings for connecting a welding machine:

• KG–T, used to work with elevated temperature. t up to 85°C.
• KG–HL, contains special cold-resistant rubber (t up to –60°C).
• KOG1 has increased flexibility.

Electrical wires are decorative.

the wire– different types of wires used both in houses for wiring and on the street, made in original form. The cross-section is from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², the shell is most often silk. Externally, the decorative retro electrical wire looks in the spirit of the old times and consists of two wires twisted together. Retro wire is used by designers in houses from wooden beam and looks pompous and majestic.
Decorative wires are widely used and come in a variety of modifications. In the interiors of clubs and entertainment venues, you can find glowing neon, multi-colored wires. Decorative braids will allow you to complete work of any complexity not only efficiently, but also beautifully.

Electrical wires must carry out transmission electrical energy from source to consumer. These products must perform their tasks for a long time, be reliable, and prevent malfunctions. These products include cables and wires. They are used in almost every industry and human life. Electrical wires are necessary to form a closed circuit of electric current, preventing its loss in this circuit. People who do not understand electrical engineering issues do not distinguish different kinds electrical wires, assign all species to one category.

But this is absolutely not true. Power cables are used in various operating conditions, including different highways, have many differences in application, their structure is arranged differently, and they have design features. Lines electrical networks may consist along their length of both overhead wires and underground cables.

Cable branching on an overhead line is carried out for special purposes required by local conditions.

Electric wires

The wire has the simplest design, which can be divided into two parts:

1. A metal core is designed to conduct electric current.
2. An insulating layer that protects the core from contact with foreign conductors, in order to avoid unauthorized current leakage.

Air around a metal core instead of a shell made of dielectric materials can also act as insulation. In this case, the wire is made bare, and the places where the wire is attached along its path on supporting structures (pillars) are made in the form of insulators (glass, ceramic).

The conductors that conduct electric current are made of copper alloys and copper, as well as aluminum. The most innovative conductor material currently is composite copper-aluminum. It is designed to better utilize the properties of copper and aluminum.

To perform special tasks, conductors made of steel alloys, as well as nichrome and silver, are used. In some cases for special equipment gold is used in the veins.

Features of the structure of the current-carrying core

The vein can be in the form:

• Solid wire (single core) having a certain length.
• Twisted from the finest wires (stranded), acting in parallel.

Single-strand wires are much easier to make. They have a rigid shape, are used to supply electric current when rigidly attached to supports, have low resistance when transmitting low-frequency currents, direct current.

The cores, consisting of many wires, have a very flexible shape and conduct high-frequency current well.

Types of wires

A product in which one core is made of wire is often called a wire. But electrical wires can have multiple strands, twisted or doubled, with three or more strands.

Electrical cable

The cable has a more complex design; it is designed for reliable operation under aggressive negative factors. external environment.

The number of conductors conducting current is selected according to operating conditions. They are isolated from each other.

The cable may have auxiliary elements:

• Protective braiding made of steel, wire armor or plastic.
• Filler.
• Core.
• External screen.

Each element performs its own purpose functions for certain conditions.

Electricians must know the main groups, which include cables and electrical wires:

• Power operating in installations for any voltage.
• Controls transmit data on the parameters of different systems.
• Controls are used to give signals and commands automatically or manually.
• Communications, for exchanging signals at different frequencies.

The separate group includes special purpose cables:

• Radiating, used to supply high frequency radio signals.
• Heating converts electricity into heat.

Conductors

Cable cores are made according to the same rules as wire cores, from various materials, with one conductor or multi-wire, protected by a layer of insulation. According to the flexibility of the structure, the cables are divided into 7 groups. Group No. 1 includes cables that are difficult to bend and have a single core. The most flexible group is No. 7. Cables of this group are the most expensive.

Electrical wires with multi-wire flexible cores are equipped with special tips in the form of tubes (terminals) before installation. In the case of a monocore wire, tubes are not installed, since this makes no sense.

Shell

It performs the function of protecting the core and insulating it from damage environment, creates a seal against moisture and other factors, contains several layers of shielding and reinforcing elements.

The shell may consist of:

• Plastic.
• Fabrics.
• Metal.
• Reinforced rubber.

Plastic-based materials are used for:

• Insulation of cores and wires with increased dielectric characteristics.
• Formation of a hose with high tightness, which protects against damage and short circuits, with the structure of elements placed in it.

Cable paper impregnated with a special compound is used in cables high voltage up to 35 kilovolts. Cross-linked polyethylene is used to form the insulating properties of cables that operate in electrical devices up to 500 kilovolts with increased reliability and long service life.

For high voltage circuits up to 500 kilovolts, oil-filled cables were previously produced. They consisted of shielded conductors installed inside a sealed cavity filled with oil. Once cross-linked polyethylene began to be used, the design of oil-filled cables became obsolete.

Safety conditions

Cable products are subjected to a special assessment, including:

• Behavior of the cable when shorted in the channel.
• Can the cable withstand long-term overloads?
• Behavior of the cable in open fire, the possibility of fire spreading in the event of a fire.
• Presence of toxic substances during combustion.

Occurrence of short circuits

During short circuits of the conductors, a high temperature is generated, which is transmitted to other cables located nearby, heats them up, and can provoke a fire. As a result, gases are formed that create high blood pressure, the seal of the cable channel is broken. Next, air enriched with oxygen penetrates into the channel, and a fire develops.

Long-term overloads

A large electric current heats the metal conductors and the dielectric insulation layer along with the shell. Chemical reactions begin that destroy the insulating layer, gases are formed that mix with air, and a fire flame is formed.

Spread of fire

The shell made of plastic and some types of polyethylene can provoke combustion. This creates the possibility of a fire. The greatest danger arises when the cables are located vertically.

According to the spread of combustion, electrical wires are divided into:

• Regular.
• Not conducive to the continuation of combustion in a single gasket: horizontally and vertically.
• Flame-resistant, made from several gaskets: horizontally and vertically.
• Fire resistant.

Release of harmful substances

Records are kept of the cable's response to an external fire. Insulation can release harmful substances simply when heated, without burning. Such cables cannot be used in public places.

Cable requirements

To increase reliability and safe operation, cables are assessed by:

• Fire resistance.
• Resistance to heat insulation.
• End cutting method.
• Protect from moisture.

Electrical cord

The design of the cord is a product halfway between a cable and an insulated wire. The cord is made according to special technology to create flexibility and long-lasting performance.

The cord is used to create a connection between the power supply and a mobile electrical device. Household devices equipped with cords include: kettles, irons, lamps, etc.

Marking

To differentiate, electrical wires are marked under the following circumstances:

• At the factory during manufacture.
• During installation.

The marking includes:

• Color marking of insulation.
• Inscriptions on the shell.
• Labels and tags.

Marking allows you to:

• Find out the purpose and design of the cable.
• Perform a property analysis.
• Make an application assessment.

Marking during operation adds information to the available information and is made with inscriptions and tags, which indicate the diagrams and routes for laying cables and conductors between elements. Marking can be supplemented with electronic markers. This makes it possible to identify a cable in a large cluster of cables.

European marking

Wire identification by color

The wire insulation is painted along its entire length with one color, or colored marks are applied. The standard defines the procedure for applying markings based on certain colors.

For green and yellow flowers Only their combination is allowed on the marking of one shell. Separate marking with these colors is prohibited. This color marking serves to identify protected conductors.

To isolate middle conductors, use light blue color. Electrical wires of the phases are marked in black, gray and brown.

Identifying wire insulation using letters and numbers

Such marking methods identify the constituent parts of wire and cable structures. But they don't full list wire information. Such information should be sought in specialized literature.

Power cables

Among the most popular types of cable products recently are the VVG cable and its modifications.

VVG denotes a power cable with TPG insulation made of PVC, sheath (cambric) made of PVC, copper core material, which does not have external protection (Fig. 4.23).

PBPP (PUNP) refers to installation, or installation. The wire is flat, with single-wire copper cores covered with PVC insulation, the outer sheath is also made of PVC (Fig. 4.30).

Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. It is used when laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for installing sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from -15 to +50 "C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters.

PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in conductors - they are multi-wire (Fig. 4.31). That is why the letter “g” is added to the name of the wire - flexible.

All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. Distinctive property- flexibility, so PUGNP are laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or for connection to the network household appliances. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.

A type of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors APUNP (Fig. 4.32). He has exactly the same characteristics as PUNP, adjusted for core material. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.

NOTE

In general, wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have proven themselves to be excellent household wires. In half the cases the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).

ATTENTION!

The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared cross-section of the wire cores and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire marked PUGNP 3x1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross-section of the core is smaller. The same applies to isolation. When purchasing wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross-section of the conductors and the thickness of the insulation.

400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius during installation is at least 10 diameters of the wire cross-section. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. APPV has the same characteristics as PPPV, with the exception of the core material - it is aluminum (see Fig. 4.34). APV - aluminum single-core wire with PVC insulation (Fig. 4.34). The wire is round, single-wire with a cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm 2 and multi-wire - from 25 to 95 mm 2. The wire is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in voids, pipes, steel and plastic trays. Widely used in the installation of distribution boards. Chemically resistant temperature regime operation - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius is at least 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. The appearance and characteristics of PV 1 are identical in everything to APV, except for the core material: instead of aluminum - copper (Fig. 4.35). The core cross-section starts from 0.75 mm 2. In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm 2. More flexible than automatic reclosure. The characteristics of wire PV 3 coincide with the properties of automatic reclosure and PV 1. Area of ​​application - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is required: in distribution boards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. The bending radius is at least 6 wire diameters (Fig. 4.36).

Multi-wire conductor, their total ranges from 2 to 5, cross-section - from 0.75 to 16 mm 2. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Core insulation has color coding, the shell is white.

The wire is used when connecting various electrical devices, starting with household appliances and ending gardening tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even installation of sockets. PVA is a household wire used for making extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repairing electrical networks. It is non-flammable (does not propagate combustion when laid alone), heat-resistant: temperature range - from -40 to +40 ° C (PVS U version) and from -25 to +40 "C. Due to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. PVA can withstand at least 3000 kinks.

SHVVP - copper or tinned copper flat wire (Fig. 4.38). Core insulation and sheath made of PVC.

The core is multi-wire, with increased flexibility. Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 0.5 to 0.75 mm 2. Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Used as a cord for connecting lighting fixtures and low-power household appliances, such as soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and electronic devices.

NOTE

ShVVP is a wire exclusively for household needs; it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.

Cables for information transmission

In addition to electricity, transmission cablesgive information signals. In byLately there have been a lot ofnew types of information conductors.If 10-15 years ago there wereonly telephone and antenna cables, Thatnow with the development of computer technologynicknames of types of information wiresthere are a lot more nicknames. MostMost of them are too specializedand is of interest only to narrowspecialized specialists. For homeit is enough for a master to know and be able touse only a few typesmi. We will consider them.

Antenna cables. For today day most often used RG-6,RG-59, RG-58 or Russian equivalents RK 75 series.

RG-6 - coaxial cable for petransmission of high frequency signals forelectronic equipment, televisionor radio (Fig. 4.39).

Consists of a central copperconductors with a cross section of 1 mm 2 surroundingits insulation is made of polyethylene foamlena, aluminum foil screengi, external conductor made of tinnedcopper braid and PVC sheath.Widely used for transmissioncable and satellite signalstelevision. Has a lot of technologyical characteristics relating to chatransmitting signal strength, resistancelenation, shielding, etc. For example,designation in the name of the cable RK 75means that the conductor resistanceka - 75 Ohm (Fig. 4.40).

This information is intended for specialists. In short, we can say that this cable is ideal for transmitting a video signal from an antenna or video camera to a receiver (TV) and distributing the video signal to several sources (Fig. 4.41).

receiving or transmitting a signal. Each conductor is enclosed in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer shell is also made of PVC. The cable can be additionally equipped with a waterproof polypropylene sheath. There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath can be easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive cores.

Rice. 4.45. Tip RJ-45 for connecting to a computer
S/FTP, or foil, shielded with common screen from foil, in addition, each pair is additionally enclosed in a screen. In addition, twisted pair

/are divided into categories according to the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks, is a category ria CAT5e. It consists of 4 pairs of wires different colors. Data transfer speed - up to 1 Gb/s when using all pairs.

You can see such a cable used as a telephone wire of category CAT1 or CAT2, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.

Telephone cables and wires

Telephone conductors are divided into 2 main types. The first ones are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a separate apartment or house.

TPPep - the main type of cable for laying a line designed for a large number of subscribers (Fig. 4.46).

The cable consists of two wires twisted into pairs. TPG made of soft copper wire, with a cross section of 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2, covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, pairs are combined into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer shell is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters “e” and “i” in the name stand for film screen. There are varieties of cable armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic seal. In short, this is a cable for conducting telephone communication V apartment house, it is intended for installation in almost all conditions: underground, in cable ducts or by air.

To conduct a telephone line to an individual subscriber and distribute indoors, the following telephone wires are used: two types.

TRV- one- or two-pair telephone distribution wire (Fig. 4.47).
Rice. 4.47. Telephone TRV wire

This is a flat wire withdivided by the base, veincopper, single wire, ce0.4 or 0.5 mm 2. Quantitynumber of cores - 2 or 4. Insulation fromPVC. Designed for conducting telephone lines indoors.

Operated with temperature from -10 to +40 °C. Humidity should not exceed 80% at temperature+30 °С.

TRP - the characteristics coincide with the expansion valve. The only difference is the insulation; for TRP it is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.48).

Rice. 4.48. TRP wire

Possessing increased resistance to environmental influences. Such places include baths, ovens and cellars. In general, anywhere where it is too hot, humid or cold and there is a possibility mechanical damage. It is clear that PVS or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or ShVVP.

RKGM - power installation single-core wire of increased heat resistance, flexible. Copper core, multi-wire, cross-section from 0.75 to 120 mm 2. Insulation made of silicone rubber, fiberglass shell, impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish (Fig. 4.51).
Rice. 4.51. The wire RKGM

This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Resistant to vibration, high humidity (up to 100% at a temperature of +35 °C), heat-resistant (operating temperature range from 60 to +180 °C). In addition, the wire is protected from harmful effects varnishes, solvents and fungal mold. The ideal guidefor rooms from abovetemperature (boiler rooms and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections.

PNSV- single-core heating wire. TPZh single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel (Fig. 4.52).
Rice. 4.52. The wire PNSV

Core cross-section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm 2. PVC or polyethylene insulation. Rated voltage up to 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is heat-resistant: the operating temperature range is from -50 to +80 ° C, it is resistant to alkalis and moisture-resistant (tolerates immersion in water). Used as heating element: in domestic conditions, heated floors are installed using PNSV.

runway - single-core copper wire. The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, the sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC (Fig. 4.53).
Rice. 4.53. The wire runway

Core cross-section - from 1.2 to 25 mm 2. Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +80 °C. Applicable for engines artesian wells immersed in water under high pressure conditions.

LED cableVery interesting option power Under the transparent outer shell along the power TPGs there are additionalwires from the afterbirthtightly connected

LEDs of different colors. They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, burn with a constant, fairly strong light (Fig. 4.54).

Such a cable performs not only decorative functions, although it can be used to create entire light paintings. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for connecting to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, LED cables are used to connect stage equipment. It is useful because if it breaks, you don’t have to look for the damage site: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power conductors, there are computer luminous cables.

In addition to LED cables, there are electroluminescent cables. They glow evenly along their entire length. Using such cables you can create luminous inscriptions and even entire paintings. This is an excellent alternative to the flexible neon tubes from which such products are usually made. designer jewelry. In addition, electroluminescent cable is cheaper than neon tubes and is not limited in length.

Used for conducting lines indoors and in telephone sets. Highly flexible wire. PRPPM - flat wire with a dividing base and single-wire copper conductors with insulation and polyethylene sheath (Fig. 4.50). There is a modificationPRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores

Special types of cables and wires

For installation electrical systems in places where the conditions are very different from usual, special cables are used,

Compared to expansion valves, the wire is more resistant to the external environment and can be laid outside buildings. SHTLP - telephone flat cord with copper stranded conductors. The core insulation is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.49). Insulated TPGs are covered with a PVC sheath. Number of cores - 2 or 4, cross-section - from 0.08 to 0.12 mm 2.

The use of electricity in our lives has become so familiar and mandatory that we can no longer imagine life without electrical appliances. But we must not forget that electricity in the house is not only a factor of comfort, but also a source of increased danger.

Therefore, when planning to electrify a new house or change the wiring in an old one, you should approach fire safety issues as carefully as possible. This will contribute to long-term and trouble-free operation of your home’s electrical network. Later in the article we will look in detail at what types of installation wires and cables there are and their purpose.

We will consider cables suitable only for electrical wiring indoors or outdoors. All other types of electrical cables are the topic of a separate article. Find out what is the difference between a cable and a wire.

Electrical cables can be:

• Aluminum
• Copper

Currently, preference is given to electrical cables with copper conductors. The resistance of this metal is much lower than that of aluminum.

Accordingly, with the same copper cord is able to pass more current, therefore, provide more power. In addition, electrical cables made of copper last longer.

Nevertheless, aluminum is cheaper than copper, so not so long ago aluminum wiring was installed everywhere. And now those who want to save money and are not very concerned about security use it.

In addition to the metal of the conductor, electrical cables are divided into:

• Single-core. Rigid and not flexible, they are good for hidden wiring of a simple configuration. They do not need to be changed often, they are quite reliable and durable.
• Stranded. Soft, designed to withstand constant bending. Very flexible, they are suitable for electrical cords of any household appliances, extension cords, and carriers. This type of power cord is used for open-type electrical wiring. The safety requirement for such wires is double insulation. That is, each core is insulated separately, and then enclosed in a common shell.

IMPORTANT! Do not connect wires from different metals simple twist. If you feel the need to use both copper and aluminum wire, make the connection only through the terminal block. Otherwise, the galvanic couple formed by direct twisting will oxidize and either overheat or lose contact.

The best decision would be make electrical wiring from identical cables- either only copper or only aluminum.

For hidden wiring: technical specifications

From the marking of the power cable you can immediately understand its characteristics. The letters in the abbreviation indicate the materials from which it is made, the numbers indicate the number of cores and cross-section. Abbreviations type AVVG or VVG - marking of unarmored wire or cable, or as the masters say, “naked.” The letter A indicates that the wire is aluminum. If it is missing, then the wire is copper.

For outdoor installation

Underground supply to the building is made only with the help of armored electrical cables AVBBSHV or VBBSHV. The steel armor tape on such energy cables passes over the second insulating layer and has its own protection - a rubber coating.

Such protection of conductive elements from groundwater and mechanical stress ensures the durability and reliability of the electrical supply.

For installation external electrical wiring on street-side walls or roofs the optimal types of wires/cables are AVVG or VVG. These grades have excellent insulation that can withstand exposure to low and high temperatures, ultraviolet.

In rooms with high humidity

For rooms with high humidity - baths, sheds, basements and other outbuildings special wiring required. This especially applies to objects where not only humidity, but also temperature is increased.

It is best to use heat-resistant electrical cables with silicone protective insulation PVKV or RKGM brands.

IMPORTANT! When installing electrical wiring in damp rooms, do not forget to take care of grounding the wiring itself and all electrical appliances.

Dimensions and calculation of the cross-section of aluminum and copper

This is the most important point when choosing the right electrical cable. To make an accurate calculation you need to take a few simple steps:

• Calculate the total power of all electrical appliances in the home. This figure will allow you to determine the characteristics of the electric main running from the support to the house.
• Calculate the total power of devices for each room. This allows you to select the desired cross-section of the power cable that will be laid in each room.
• Lead the incoming cable to the terminal block and make it through by room, taking into account the cable cross-section for each room separately.

Cable cross-section based on power is calculated using a special table, which can be found in any electrical reference book. When making calculations, round up and add 20-25% margin.

So, for example, a cable with a diameter of about 1.8 mm (section 2.5 mm) will withstand:

• Copper: 21 amperes (4.6 kW at 220V)
• Aluminum: 16 amperes (3.5 kW at 220V)

This difference clearly shows the advantage of copper electrical cable over aluminum.

This video discusses in detail how to correctly calculate the cross-section of an electrical cable or wire when repairing or replacing electrical wiring:

Choosing what to prioritize when purchasing

Choice the right brand the electrical cable is determined only by the decision of the electrician. The main requirement is an exact match of the cross-section potential power consumption.

When choosing equipment for open-type wiring, the color of the wire can play an important role. If you plan to install wires using cable ducts, it is worth remembering the type and standard color of cable insulation depending on the brand:

When purchasing, be sure to pay attention to all the inscriptions that indicate:

• GOST standards
• manufacturer
• brand

There should be a tag on the bay containing all this data. In addition, along the entire length of the wire, right on the insulation, its brand and cross-section are indicated. If you do not find at least one of the items listed, you cannot buy such an energy cable.

There are several brands of cables that are prohibited for use due to fire hazard. This:

• PUNP
• PUNGP
• PUVP
• PBPP

Their cost compared to, say, VVG, is significantly lower, and can be distinguished by appearance Only a specialist can remove a prohibited wire from the right one. That's why Please check all labels carefully before purchasing on the coil and insulation of the electrical cable.

Some unscrupulous manufacturers reduce the cost of production, and therefore the selling price, by unauthorizedly reducing the cross-section of conductors and reducing the thickness of the wire insulation. Also, semi-underground factories are sold under the guise copper cable copper-plated aluminum.

Therefore, before choosing and purchasing an electrical cable for your home, carefully check all manufacturer certificates and do not buy products from little-known companies.

If you carefully approach the calculations when electrifying a room and do not skimp on materials, the electrical wiring will be durable and safe. Proper quality of cables, correct calculation of their cross-sections and compliance with safety precautions during installation are the key to comfort, fire safety and reliability of your home.

Useful and interesting video about the types and classification of power electrical cables and household wires: