Age psychology full life cycle of human development. Children's development center. Description and life cycle of the liver fluke

Traditionally, it is customary to divide the life cycle into the following periods:

1) prenatal (intrauterine);

2) childhood;

3) adolescence;

4) maturity (adult state);

5) advanced age, old age.

In turn, each of the periods consists of several stages that have a number of characteristic features.

I. Prenatal period includes three stages:

1) pre-embryonic stage lasts two weeks, corresponds to the development of a fertilized egg before its introduction into the wall of the uterus and the formation of the umbilical cord;

2) germinal (embryonic) the stage lasts from the beginning of the third week after fertilization until the end of the second month of development. At this stage, anatomical and physiological differentiation of various organs occurs;

3) fetal stage begins from the third month of development and ends by the time of birth. At this time, the body systems develop that allow it to survive after birth. The fetus acquires the ability to survive in the air at the beginning of the seventh month, therefore, starting from this time, the fetus is already called a child.

II. Childhood period includes stages:

1)neonatal stage and infancy (from birth to 1 year);

2)early childhood stage (or "first childhood" from 1 year to 3 years) -

period of development of functional independence and speech;

3)preschool stage (or "second childhood", from 3 to 6 years) is characterized by the development of the child's personality and cognitive processes;

4)early childhood stage (or "third childhood", from 6 to 11-12 years old) corresponds to the inclusion of the child in a social group and the development of intellectual skills and knowledge.

III. Adolescence is divided into two periods:

1) adolescence (or puberty) the period corresponds to puberty and lasts from 11-12 years to 14-15 years. At this time, under the influence of constitutional changes, a teenager develops a new idea of ​​himself;

2) youthful (juvenile) period from 16 to 20-23 years old represents the transition to maturity, from a biological point of view already an adult, but has not yet reached social maturity: youth is characterized by a sense of psychological independence, although a person has not yet assumed any social obligations. Youth acts as a period of making responsible decisions that determine the entire future life of a person, the choice of a profession and one's place in life, the choice of the meaning of life, the formation of one's worldview and self-awareness, and the choice of a life partner.

During the transition from one age stage of development to another, critical periods, or crises, are distinguished, when the former form of a person’s relationship with the outside world is destroyed and a new system of relationships with the world and people is formed, which is accompanied by significant psychological difficulties for the person himself and his social environment.

There are small crises (crisis of 1 year, crisis of 7 years, crisis of 17-18 years) and large crises (newborn crisis, crisis of 3 years, adolescent crisis of 13-14 years). During major crises, the relationship between the child and society is rebuilt. And small crises are outwardly calmer, associated with the growth of skills and independence of a person. During the critical phase, children are difficult to educate, show stubbornness, negativism, obstinacy, and disobedience.

IV. Maturity is divided into a number of stages and crises. Stage of early maturity, or youth (from 20-23 years old to 30-33 years old) , corresponds to the entry of a person into an intense personal life and professional activity, the period of "formation", self-affirmation of oneself in love, sex, career, family, society.

In mature years, their crisis periods stand out: crisis 33-35 years - when, having reached a certain social : marital status, a person begins to think with anxiety: is this really all that life can give me? Is there really nothing better? And some begin to feverishly change something in their lives: work, spouse, place of residence, hobbies, etc. Then comes short period of stabilization from 35 to 40-43 years old, when a person consolidates everything that he has achieved, is confident in his professional skills, in his authority, has an acceptable level of career success and material prosperity, health, family status, sex normalize.

After a period of stability comes critical decade 45-55 years , when a person begins to feel the approach of middle age, when the first signs of deterioration in health, loss of beauty and physical fitness, alienation in the family and in relations with grown-up children appear, the fear comes that you will not get anything better in life, in a career, in love; as a result, there is a feeling of fatigue from the boring reality, depressive moods, from which a person hides either in dreams of new love victories, or in real attempts to “prove his youth” through love affairs or a career take-off. The final period is from 55 to 65 years - a period of physiological and psychological balance, a decrease in sexual tension, a gradual withdrawal of a person from active work and social life. The age from 65 to 75 is referred to as the first old age. After 75 years, age is considered advanced - a person rethinks his whole life, realizes his “I” in spiritual thoughts about the years he has lived, and either accepts his life as a unique destiny that does not need to be redone, or realizes that life went wrong, in vain.

In old age (old age), a person has to overcome three sub-crises: the first of these is the reassessment of one's own "I" in addition to its professional role, which for many people remains the main one until retirement. The second sub-crisis is associated with the awareness of deteriorating health and aging of the body, which makes it possible for a person to develop the necessary indifference in this regard.

As a result of the third sub-crisis, self-concern disappears in a person, and now he can accept the thought of death without horror.

Faced with death, a person goes through a series of stages (stages of denial, anger, "bargaining", depression, acceptance of death).

For any living being, procreation is the main meaning of life. Insects are no exception. Faced with mosquito invasions, many begin to wonder how exactly they reproduce. In fact, this is an interesting process, from the point of view of knowledge about animal nature.

Brief introduction to insects

Mosquitoes are gnats. The length of their body is 5-15 mm. The body is thin and quite soft. Many species of mosquitoes are characterized by long legs and transparent wings. Although there are other types of these insects. For example, large mosquitoes with dark or spotted wings live in tropical regions. The body of some species reaches a length of 10 cm.

Many mosquitoes are discreetly colored. However, some species may have a pronounced green or black color. On closer inspection, you can see long antennae on the head. They allow mosquitoes to navigate well in space.

The piercing-sucking oral apparatus is presented in the form of a tube. Inside are miniature jaws. Their sharpness can be compared to blades. They are necessary in order to gnaw through microscopic holes in the skin. Then the sucking proboscis is launched here.

Full transformation into an adult occurs in four stages:

• egg;
• larva;
• chrysalis;
• imago.

A fertilized female is looking for a victim to drink blood. This contributes to the proper maturation of the eggs. For their deposition, any place where there is water is chosen: a groove, a pond, a river, a depression, a pit, or various containers filled with water. Different types of mosquitoes lay their eggs in different ways. Some - several pieces glued together, others - one egg each. Each clutch of one female has up to 150 eggs.

The rate of development of eggs in water depends on its temperature. As a rule, this takes several days. After this time, mobile larvae appear from the eggs, the size of which is about 2 mm. In water, they look for microorganisms, which are the main source of food. The larvae “hang” under the surface of the water upside down, periodically replenishing their air supply through a special tube.

After a few molts, the larva becomes a pupa. She is also able to swim and move. As breathing tubes, there are small horns that rise above the water. The weight of the chrysalis is so small that in a stationary state it floats to the surface of the water. The chrysalis can be at depth only in motion.

The time of pupal development largely depends on the temperature of the water and some other factors. After about 4-5 days, the back of the pupa bursts, and an adult mosquito with wings is selected from here. They move to vegetation near water and form swarms.

The life of females lasts 3-4 weeks. During this period, they are able to grow 4 generations. In warmer countries, the female bears up to 8 generations in her life.

Mosquitoes inhabit almost the entire planet. There are even types of bloodsuckers that live in the northern regions. In addition to Antarctica, mosquitoes can be found everywhere. Some species feel comfortable in temperate climates, some in tropical forests.

However, there are places where the probability of meeting mosquitoes is highest:

• Since humans are the main source of blood, mosquitoes always try to live near humans. It is simply necessary for procreation;
• Many species of mosquitoes feel quite comfortable in regions with elevated climatic temperatures;
• Also attractive for these insects are places with high humidity. Wetlands with minimal water fluctuations are the best environment for breeding healthy offspring;
• Ponds with stagnant water. There are many microorganisms that the larvae feed on. This becomes the reason that mosquitoes are often infected with various infections.

For wintering, mosquitoes choose not only wet, but also warm enough places. It can be basements, caves, landings, hollows in trees, residential apartments.

Scientists have proven that these insects are able to adapt to almost any climate. Today, mosquitoes can be found in the northern regions, where they did not live before. There is an assumption that bloodsuckers may soon adapt to life in Antarctica.

The main factor influencing the development time of mosquitoes is the ambient temperature. Under favorable conditions, a mosquito can turn from an egg into an adult in five days. However, the standard development time reaches 40 days. If there is a sufficiently large food base in the reservoir, the larva develops quite quickly. It makes a larger one.

To attract males for mating, females flap their wings in a special way, creating a characteristic squeak. The sensitive antennae of mosquitoes pick up these vibrations at a great distance. The squeak of an adult is significantly different from the sound that juveniles make. Adult females create a whole swarm around themselves, in which mating takes place.

After fertilization, the female is able to lay up to 150 eggs at a time. As a rule, their number directly depends on whether the female has found where to get enough blood. Even if she does not find a victim, the eggs will still be laid. However, there will be only a few of them here.

Choosing a wet basement for wintering, fertilized females can lay eggs here. When they turn into adults, they easily enter the living room through the smallest cracks. However, some people may notice that mosquitoes fly into their home even in winter. This indicates that the apartment is not only warm, but also quite damp.

As for private houses, the probability of the appearance of bloodsuckers is much higher here. They are attracted to any container filled with water. In addition, the house itself can be in a favorable environment for mosquitoes. For example, if a building is built on a swampy area, then mosquitoes will definitely take a fancy to it.

Often, mosquitoes live and breed in the bathroom, which almost always has high humidity. That is why this room needs the most thorough ventilation. If the apartment is kept clean and humidity is controlled, it is unlikely that mosquitoes will be able to breed here. However, this does not mean that they will not appear in your home. There are several main ways to get bloodsuckers into an apartment:

• When entering, a person opens the front door. This time is quite enough for the insects to fly inside;
• Often, mosquitoes imperceptibly sit on a person’s clothing. This is how people themselves bring bloodsuckers into the house;
• If there are a lot of mosquitoes in a dark entrance, an open doorway from which light shines will surely attract insects;
• Ventilation pipes are also a popular way for mosquitoes to enter a home from the attic or basement. They need to be cleaned regularly, closing the entrance with a fine mesh;
• Mosquitoes react to the strong smell of sweat. Failure to follow the rules of personal hygiene significantly increases the likelihood of bloodsuckers in the home.

Video: “The life cycle of mosquitoes”

Interesting Facts:

1. Carefully examining ancient finds, archaeologists have come to the conclusion that mosquitoes existed in the era of dinosaurs. More than 170 million years ago, bloodsuckers began to not only appear, but also actively develop. This was facilitated by green plants in large numbers, a warm climate and high humidity. Mosquitoes fed only on pollen and nectar of plants. It was only in the course of evolution that females switched to blood in order to provide healthier offspring.
2. If the mosquito is hungry, its weight barely reaches 3 g. In one bite, the female mosquito is able to knock out up to 5 ml of blood. When satiated, the mass of the insect increases two to three times. The blood is digested within two days.
3. The ability of mosquitoes to adapt to various conditions of survival can be called unique. Even in the event that the female does not find a victim to drink blood, she will still give offspring, albeit not so large.
4. Few people know, but in the proboscis of a mosquito there are microscopic jaws that look like blades. They cut the victim's flesh. In the resulting hole, the insect launches its proboscis.
5. To get enough blood, the female needs about five minutes. After that, she will calmly fly away, and will no longer annoy her with her squeak.
6. If a person is attacked by thousands of mosquitoes at the same time, in a short time he can lose half of his blood. Anemia can cause death.
7. Mosquitoes sleep every two hours. They simply sit on the grass, wall or other surface, and sit without moving. However, at the slightest fluctuations in the air, they wake up. In winter, insects fall into a state of suspended animation, hiding in secluded places.
8. Without stopping, the female is able to fly about two kilometers. At the same time, its speed is 3 km per hour. Given the characteristics of the body of an insect, it is able to rise to a sufficiently high height, of course, if the wind allows.
9. When flying, a mosquito flaps its wings at a speed of more than 1000 beats per second.
10. To attract the male, the female performs a kind of dance in the air.
11. Special suction cups on the paws allow the mosquito to hold firmly on any surface.
12. Mosquito activity increases many times during the full moon.
13. Mosquitoes have infrared vision, which allows them to move in the dark without any problems.
14. Experts say that if mosquitoes completely disappear on the entire planet, this could cause a global catastrophe. In one of the Canadian cities, a mosquito even has a monument.

Biologist Pratik Gurkha believes that the price chart of bitcoin repeats the reproductive cycle of Bicteria. According to his observations, based on comparing the behavior of the bitcoin rate with the phases of the development of bacteria, in the near future the rate of bitcoin will resume growth and reach $50,000.

Some traders have been wary of bitcoin price predictions as of late, as well as various interpretations of technical analysis – and with good reason. Over time, the price of bitcoin has shown a clear unpredictability and volatility, and only a few crypto enthusiasts are able to accurately predict the behavior of this asset in the market. And while there is no “right” or “wrong” way to analyze the Bitcoin market, trading experience, extensive knowledge of finance and/or cold statistics are certainly valued in this activity.

It is on objective observations and cold statistics that the assumption of the interdisciplinary scientist Pratik Gurkha, who is interested in economics and innovation, is based. According to him, the price movement of bitcoin can be predicted using the life cycle of a simple bacterium in a petri dish.

Gurkha's analysis is not far-fetched, although it is rather unconventional. Gurkha noted that the bitcoin diagram resembles the reproductive picture of a bacterium: lag phase (reproduction delay phase) - log phase (exponential phase) - stationary phase - dying (logarithmic death) phase.

At the first stage (lag phase), bacteria adapt to environmental conditions. The second is characterized by exponential growth (log phase): bacteria divide until they reach the limits at which the environment will not allow maintaining the further viability of the population. After this stage, existing bacteria feed on available resources (stationary phase) until exhaustion and death occurs (decay phase). It is noteworthy that Gurkha does not mention the last stage in the context of bitcoin, as he believes that this will not affect the cryptocurrency.

The scientist transferred his observations to the bitcoin chart and expressed it in a mathematical formula. Gurkha assumes that the price of bitcoin follows exactly the same life cycle as a bacterium, and is confident that the price of the coin will continue to behave in a similar way in the future.

According to Gurkha's forecast, bitcoin will no doubt rise to $20,000 again as a new bull cycle (exponential phase) starts any day now. Gurcha predicted new phase highs to reach $50,000, and future rallies would allow bitcoin to reach $250,000. Unlike typical technical analysis, Gurkha used a completely different set of parameters, which, however, also indicated a continued rise in bitcoin .

There is a seven-year, rather simplified complete life cycle of human development, which tells a lot about the ages of a woman. Its "authorship" is attributed to different cultures. But one thing is the same - that the "magic" number seven very well reflects the age boundaries.

• Up to 7 years - child,
• Up to 14 - girl,
• Under 21 - young woman,
• Up to 28 - warrior,
• Up to 35 - mother,
• Up to 42 - wife,
• Up to 49 - woman,
• Up to 56 and beyond - wisdom itself.

Further, some say that the cycles repeat themselves, while others say that by the age of 56 a woman has either learned the secret wisdom and can be the “oldest woman of the family”, the voice of Nature herself, or not. And now let's talk about the age psychology of a woman and the full life cycle of human development in a little more detail.

Only with seven-year of age, a “genderless” little man becomes a girl, feels his belonging to the female sex, although the first thoughts about obvious signs of his own “otherness” are laid at the age of 5. BUT from 14- a sense of one's own spiritual impulses, it's time for falling in love and the emergence of strong feelings.

From 21 years old a new time begins. The girl, who had previously experienced her first feelings and studied the inner world, becomes interested in the outer world. Diana is a hunter, a warrior who tries her hand in the real world and is interested in literally everything - this is a girl under 28 years old. The first successes inspire, the first wounds make you think.

And so, by the age of 28 the girl comes with a solid baggage of knowledge. And even if she got married at 20, then, by the standards of age psychology, only by the age of 28 does a girl reach the age of mature and fertile motherhood - such is the life cycle of a person. And there is something absolutely right in this - only by gaining one's own knowledge, one can pass on something significant to the next generation.

Before 35 a woman enjoys the happiness of motherhood and the construction of a “hearth”, comfort, life and her own “cell in society”. But as she approaches the next frontier, she discovers that there are other interests as well. And all the previous ones - a family, a home, a stable and very comfortable job - were just a protective shell behind which one could hide from adversity and do the most natural thing for a woman - the birth and upbringing of children.

Just at the age 35-42 years old women renew their social status, change their place of work and even their families - the feeling is so great at this moment that everything needs to be done anew. And preferably - in the best way, because there will be no time to change ...

By 42-47 years a woman either calms down in her own loneliness and the status of a “divorced woman”, or is already completely confident in her family. It is to this age that the concept of “woman” is most applicable - confident in who she is, what she is capable of, and in many other ways. There are more and more blessings, mental strengths and opportunities, too, but the physical extinction is not yet felt too sharply. By the end of this period, a woman finally asks herself the sacramental question “who am I”, “why am I here”, “where from” ...

And now these are not the superficial questions asked by teenagers or warrior maidens conquering the world - this is a real journey into yourself. She finally looks into the abyss that opens before everyone. This dialogue with eternity promises either a return to momentary interests and living the lives of children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren ... or genuine wisdom that finally comes by age 56.

Any developmental psychology, the full life cycle of human development from the beginning to spiritual infinity, of course, is very conditional. They have a place for discrepancies of 2-3 years, and for real deviations - when one or another person seems to “get stuck” at one stage or suddenly returns to the previous round of the cycle. But any "inconsistency" even with the conditional life cycle still looks very unnatural.

The textbook for the course of developmental psychology (developmental psychology) reflects the full life cycle that a person goes through. The age patterns of development in infancy, early and preschool childhood, primary school and adolescence, adolescence, youth, maturity and late maturity are considered. Variants of personality development depending on its orientation are traced. The theoretical and factual material is presented in the traditions of the psychological school of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, D. B. Elkonin.
The manual is addressed to students of psychological faculties of pedagogical institutes and universities, but it can also be useful to a wider range of readers - school teachers, parents, young people interested in psychology.

Foreword
A person lives in the space of time: in the past, in the present, in the future, in parallel time. Sometimes it turns out to be completely out of time. At the same time, no matter what time it is, at every moment of time it contains (is it present?) All three colors of time. The present without an admixture of the past and the future causes fear, horror. Strictly speaking, every moment of human life is an elementary, of course, virtual unit of eternity. If this were not so, man would never have the idea of ​​eternity. This means that a person carries with him all the types of time he endures, mastered and overcome, as well as the types of space mastered by him. Their virtuality should not confuse. They are perceived as more real than reality itself. True, people still guessed to give eternity to the gods. O. Mandelstam once spoke of space as an internal excess. In the same way, there is an internal excess of time in man, even, perhaps, to a greater extent than space. When a person does not know how to tame it, the excess turns into a shortage of time. But this same surplus of time is collected in the "instant - duration", in the "eternal instant"; thanks to it, “states of absolute temporal intensity” arise (G.G. Shpet), a “real future field” arises (L.S. Vygotsky), or a “world of monstrous relevance” (M.K. Mamardashvili), when “less than a year lasts century "(B.L. Pasternak). MM. Bakhtin called such states “timeless gaping between two moments of time”. Time has not only an astronomical, but also an energy dimension: the forces of attraction of the past and the future are not equal. There is a "chain connecting with the past, and a ray with the future" (V.V. Kandinsky). Bl. Augustine said that only through the tension of action can the future become the present. Without the tension of action, the future will forever remain where it is. Augustine, of course, had in mind the necessary future: the obscene comes by itself, becoming just as present.
All of the above allows us to believe in the idea of ​​V. Khlebnikov about the existence of the "State of Times". If this seems too solemn or unbelievable to someone, let him try to object to L. Carroll about the fact that "time is a character." After all, the face is above the state! And since the face, then at least one should be polite with him, which is what the authors of this book on developmental psychology do, i.e. human development over time. Outside the category of development, psychology as a science is hardly possible, since a person is never equal to himself. It is either greater or less than itself. He continuously has to overcome not only spatial, social, but also "chronological gouges and ditches" (G. Adamovich), to get out of the "chronological province" (S.S. Averintsev).
In the light of what has been said, all psychology should be developmental psychology, more precisely, developmental psychology. This is hindered by the fact that we have a very vague idea of ​​what age is, what is the age norm and whether it exists at all. The “norm of development” really sounds strange, since the norm is related to the border, the limit, the standard, finally. But after all, what the human body is capable of, no one has yet determined, and no one has refuted this old assertion of Spinoza. It is much more productive to talk about development as a norm.
Of course, we know that there is astronomical time, there is meaningful time, the measure of which is our thoughts and actions, there is psychological time, in which the whole person is present with all his past, present and future, there is spiritual time, the dominant of which is the ideas of man about eternity, about meaning, about values. Psychological and spiritual time are perpendicular to continuous astronomical and discrete event time. On this perpendicular axis (axes) a high or low inner man is built. The height depends on whether a person finds himself at the intersection of many times or gets entangled in their networks. In the first case, he will be able to choose a meaningful vector of his further movement, growth, development, activity; but the second - will be a hostage, a prisoner of external circumstances. Of course, chance and fate play a significant role in the development of a person, but even more important is one's own effort. Not everyone gets to be at the right time, in the right place. I have already had to draw lessons useful for psychology from the work of O. Mandelstam. I will quote one more essay from the poet “A Conversation about Dante”: “Dante never enters into combat with matter without preparing an organ to capture it, without armed with a meter for counting a specific dripping or melting time. In poetry, in which everything is a measure, and revolves around it and for its sake, meters are tools of a special nature, carrying a special active function. Here, the quivering compass needle not only indulges the magnetic storm, but also creates it itself. Such tools, functional organs, neoplasms are also created by man. This, in fact, is the essence of development. O. Mandelstam, for example, was able to hear the time. He described his noise. A person is always in living, life time, which differs from the chronological time of life. Life time also determines the life space, the life world of a person, to which much attention is paid in the book. The dependence is, of course, mutual. The artist R. Poussette-Dart called one of his compositions: “Time is the mind of space. Space is the flesh of time." Together they make up the chronotope (the term of A.A. Ukhtomsky), which is the result and condition for the development of conscious and unconscious life. Chronotope, like all living things, stubbornly resists conceptualization. His image was given by S. Dali in his flowing watch in the painting “Persistence of Memory”. He commented on it: “... this is not only a fantastic image of the world; these fluid cheeses contain the highest formula of space-time. This image was born suddenly, and, I believe, it was then that I wrested from the Irrational one of its main secrets, one of its archetypes, because my soft watch determines life more precisely than any equation: space-time thickens to, freezing, spread out like Camembert, doomed to go rotten and grow champignons of spiritual impulses - sparks that start the engine of the universe.
The above images of time, space, chronotope are not so easy to implant into the body of psychology, including the body of developmental psychology. Human development is non-linear, not progressive. O. Mandelstam wrote that “A thunderstorm serves as a prototype of a historical event in nature. The prototype of the absence of events can be considered the movement of the hour hand on the dial. This fully applies to the development of culture, in which, according to Yu.M. Lotman, gradual and explosive processes are combined. The same applies to the development of the individual. It, if it happens, is eventful, it contains unplanned thunderstorm events, explosions, ups and downs, new births, crises described by the authors. What has been said is as undoubted as it is difficult to study, since the trajectory of the development of each person is unique, unrepeatable, unpredictable. This is the complexity and charm of the science of human development; against all odds, it is still possible, as the book that the reader is about to read demonstrates well. The science of human mental development is presented in it as the result (of course, not the last one) of the efforts of many generations of scientists who understood the dramatic and tragic nature of human development, taking this understanding out of the presentation of their results. The authors of this book followed suit. Tragedy and drama are still the prerogative of art. However, the reader will meet him in the book. But he will have to read a lot himself into the epic presentation of the course of development presented in it.
You can do it the way I did, in real notes. You can (and should) do it your way. It is useful to try to recognize yourself in the descriptions of the authors. For my part, I will say that such recognition in developmental psychology is achieved more easily than in academic general psychology.
The book presents not only childhood and youth. It also represents maturity, which is not often found in our literature. When reading it, it should be remembered that the achievements of each age have enduring value. My teacher, the outstanding child psychologist A. V. Zaporozhets, took care of the amplification of child development and did not advise to show unreasonable haste, to accelerate the transition of the child from one stage of development to another. It is also necessary to remember the testament of P.A. Florensky that genius is the preservation of childhood for life, and talent is the preservation of youth for life.
Doctor of Psychology,
professor, academician of the Russian Academy of Education
V.P. Zinchenko
SECTION I. PROBLEMS OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 1. Life and work
The property of domestic psychology has become an activity approach, according to which the psyche develops as a result of activity (life activity). Activity is understood as a more active interaction of the individual with the environment, aimed at satisfying his needs. This approach implies, therefore, the inextricable connection of the individual with the environment and his active interaction with it as a necessary condition for the development of the psyche.
The activity approach in psychology was developed by L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein, P.Ya. Galperin, A.V. Zaporozhets, D.B. Elkonin, A.R. Luria and other researchers. The ideas of many well-known foreign psychologists (K. Levin, J. Piaget, E. Erickson, A. Maslow, etc.) are also based on the inseparable connection between the individual and the environment and imply his active interaction with it.
The activity approach turned out to be very fruitful in developmental psychology, which studies the complex processes of the development of the psyche in ontogeny*. The greatest contribution to its formation was made by studies devoted specifically to age-related development. It became no less productive in phylogenetic** studies and zoopsychology (A.N. Leontiev, K.E. Fabry). It should be noted that the historical approach to the development of the mental, the study of the patterns of phylogenetic transformations, makes it possible to better understand the ontogeny of the psyche, the features of its development at various age stages.
* Ontogeny is a process of individual development.
** Phylogeny is the process of the historical development of a species.