Wars during the reign of Catherine II. Foreign policy during the reign of Catherine II. Russian-Turkish wars of the late 18th century

“The heyday of enlightened absolutism” is what historians call the reign of Catherine II. The global development of culture and art, numerous reforms and the rise of corruption, the elimination of the last rights of the peasantry and the rise of the noble class - the Catherine era has become the subject of close attention of historians. However, the main goal of the ambitious empress - to become one of the powerful European powers - would not have been achieved without a competent foreign policy. And here the wars waged by Catherine II, aimed both at expanding territories and strengthening external state borders, played a big role.

Historians identify three main directions on which the empire's foreign policy was focused: southern, western and eastern.

The most significant in this table is perhaps the southern direction. The wars with Turkey brought Russia not only Black Sea territories, but also the opportunity to have its own fleet in the Black Sea, as well as a significant indemnity. The victory in the Turkish war and the annexation of Crimea became a springboard for the expansion of Russian influence in the Caucasus and the annexation of Georgia. The demonstration of military power in these wars added political weight to the empire in the international arena, which, in turn, played a role in the division of the territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Russia received the territories of modern Ukraine and Belarus.

Thanks to the competent and thoughtful foreign policy of Catherine II, Russia in the second half of the 18th century was able to significantly expand its own territories. From the south, the lands of the northern and eastern Black Sea region, including Crimea, were transferred to it, from the west - the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that is, the territories of modern Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland. Russia's positions in the north were also confirmed - the war with Sweden finally established the country's borders along the Baltic coast. Such notable victories could not but affect the general authority of the Russian Empire - the Declaration of Armed Neutrality proposed by Catherine II was warmly supported by all countries - maritime powers that did not take part in the Anglo-American wars of independence. The principles of such neutrality are still widely used in modern international law.

Russian foreign policy under Catherine II was different:

establishing closer relations with European countries;

Russian military expansion.

The main geopolitical achievements of Catherine II’s foreign policy were:

conquering access to the Black Sea and annexing Crimea to Russia;

the beginning of Georgia's annexation to Russia;

liquidation of the Polish state, annexation of all Ukraine (except for the Lvov region), all of Belarus and Eastern Poland to Russia.

During the reign of Catherine II there were a number of wars:

Russian-Turkish war 1768 - 1774;

capture of Crimea in 1783;

Russian-Turkish war 1787 - 1791;

Russian-Swedish war 1788 - 1790;

partitions of Poland 1772, 1793 and 1795

The main reasons for the Russian-Turkish wars at the end of the 18th century. were:

the struggle for access to the Black Sea and the Black Sea territories;

fulfillment of allied obligations.

The reason for the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774. there was an increase in Russian influence in Poland. The war against Russia was started by Turkey and its allies - France, Austria and the Crimean Khanate. The goals of Turkey and the allies in the war were:

strengthening the positions of Turkey and allies in the Black Sea;

striking a blow to Russia's expansion through Poland into Europe. The fighting took place on land and at sea and revealed the leadership talent of A.V. Suvorov and P.A. Rumyantseva.

The most important battles of this war were.

victory of Rumyantsev in the battle of the Ryabaya Mogila and Kagul in 1770;

Chesma naval battle 1770;

victory A.V. Suvorov in the battle of Kozludzha.

The war was successful for Russia; it was stopped by Russia in 1774 due to the need to suppress the uprising of E. Pugachev. The signed Kuchuk-Kanardzhi peace treaty, which became one of the most striking victories of Russian diplomacy, suited Russia:

Russia gained access to the Sea of ​​Azov with the fortresses of Azov and Taganrog;

Kabarda was annexed to Russia;

Russia received a small outlet to the Black Sea between the Dnieper and Bug;

Moldova and Wallachia became independent states and moved into the zone of Russian interests;

Russian merchant ships received the right of passage through the Bosporus and Dardanelles;

The Crimean Khanate ceased to be a vassal of Turkey and became an independent state.

Despite the forced cessation, this war was of great political importance for Russia - victory in it, in addition to extensive territorial acquisitions, predetermined the future conquest of Crimea. Having become a state independent from Turkey, the Crimean Khanate lost the basis of its existence - the centuries-old political, economic and military support of Turkey. Left alone with Russia, the Crimean Khanate quickly fell into the zone of Russian influence and did not last even 10 years. In 1783, under strong military and diplomatic pressure from Russia, the Crimean Khanate disintegrated, Khan Shagin-Girey resigned, and Crimea was occupied by Russian troops almost without resistance and included in Russia.

The next step in expanding the territory of Russia under Catherine II was the beginning of the inclusion of Eastern Georgia into Russia. In 1783, the rulers of two Georgian principalities - Kartli and Kakheti - signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with Russia, according to which allied relations were established between the principalities and Russia against Turkey and Eastern Georgia came under the military protection of Russia.

Russia's foreign policy successes, the annexation of Crimea and rapprochement with Georgia, pushed Turkey to start a new war - 1787 - 1791, the main goal of which was revenge for the defeat in the war of 1768 - 1774. and the return of Crimea. A. Suvorov and F. Ushakov became heroes of the new war. A.V. Suvorov won victories under:

Kinburn - 1787;

Fokshanami and Rymnik - 1789;

Izmail, previously considered an impregnable fortress, was taken - 1790

The capture of Izmail is considered an example of Suvorov's military art and the military art of that time. Before the assault, by order of Suvorov, a fortress was built, repeating Izmail (model), on which soldiers trained day and night to take the impregnable fortress until exhaustion. As a result, the professionalism of the soldiers played its part and came as a complete surprise to the Turks, and Izmail was taken relatively easily. After this, Suvorov’s statement became widespread: “It’s hard in training, but it’s easy in battle.” F. Ushakov's squadron also won a number of victories at sea, the most important of which were the Battle of Kerch and the Battle of the South at Kaliakria. The first allowed the Russian fleet to enter the Black Sea from the Azov Sea, and the second demonstrated the strength of the Russian fleet and finally convinced the Turks of the futility of the war.

In 1791, the Treaty of Iasi was signed in Iasi, which:

confirmed the main provisions of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty;

established a new border between Russia and Turkey: along the Dniester in the west and Kuban in the east;

legitimized the inclusion of Crimea into Russia;

confirmed Turkey's renunciation of claims to Crimea and Georgia.

As a result of two victorious wars with Turkey, carried out during Catherine's era, Russia acquired vast territories in the north and east of the Black Sea and became a Black Sea power. The centuries-old idea of ​​achieving access to the Black Sea has been achieved. In addition, the sworn enemy of Russia and other European nations was destroyed - the Crimean Khanate, which for centuries terrorized Russia and other countries with its raids. Russian victory in two Russian-Turkish wars - 1768 - 1774. and 1787 - 1791 - in its significance it is equal to the victory in the Northern War.

Russian-Turkish War 1787 - 1791 Sweden tried to take advantage, which in 1788 attacked Russia from the north in order to regain the territories lost during the Northern War and subsequent wars. As a result, Russia was forced to simultaneously fight a war on two fronts - in the north and south. In the short war of 1788 - 1790. Sweden did not achieve tangible successes and in 1790 the Revel Peace Treaty was signed, according to which the parties returned to the pre-war borders.

In addition to the south, another direction of Russian expansion at the end of the 18th century. became the western direction, and the object of claims was Poland, once one of the most powerful European states. In the early 1770s. Poland was in a state of deep crisis. On the other hand, Poland was surrounded by three predator states that were rapidly gaining strength - Prussia (the future Germany), Austria (the future Austria-Hungary) and Russia.

In 1772, as a result of the national betrayal of the Polish leadership and strong military-diplomatic pressure from surrounding countries, Poland actually ceased to exist as an independent state, although officially it remained one. The troops of Austria, Prussia and Russia entered the territory of Poland, which divided Poland among themselves into three parts - zones of influence. Subsequently, the boundaries between the occupation zones were revised twice more. These events went down in history as the partitions of Poland:

according to the first partition of Poland in 1772, Eastern Belarus and Pskov went to Russia;

according to the second partition of Poland in 1793, Volyn passed to Russia;

after the third partition of Poland, which occurred in 1795 after the suppression of the national liberation uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Western Belarus and Left Bank Ukraine went to Russia (the Lvov region and a number of Ukrainian lands went to Austria, which they were part of until 1918. ).

The Kościuszko Uprising was the last attempt to preserve Polish independence. After his defeat, in 1795, Poland ceased to exist as an independent state for 123 years (until the restoration of independence in 1917 - 1918) and was finally divided between Russia, Prussia (from 1871 - Germany) and Austria. As a result, the entire territory of Ukraine (except for the extreme western part), all of Belarus and the eastern part of Poland went to Russia.

Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774- one of the key wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires, as a result of which Novorossiya (now southern Ukraine), the northern Caucasus and Crimea became part of Russia.

The war was preceded by an internal crisis in Poland, where there was discord between the szlachta and King Stanisław August Poniatowski, a former lover of the Russian Empress Catherine II, who was dependent on Russian support.

A detachment of Cossacks in Russian service, pursuing Polish rebel forces, entered the city of Balta, thus invading the territory of the Ottoman Empire. She, in turn, was quick to accuse them of massacring the city’s residents, which was rejected by the Russian side. Taking advantage of the incident, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on September 25 of the year. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish rebels, while Russia was supported by Great Britain by sending military advisers to the Russian fleet.

The Polish rebels were utterly defeated by Alexander Suvorov, after which he moved to the theater of operations against Turkey. In the years Suvorov won several important battles, developing the previous success of Pyotr Rumyantsev at Larga and Cahul.

Naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean under the command of Count Alexei Orlov brought even more important victories. In the year, Egypt and Syria rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, while its fleet was completely destroyed by Russian ships.

The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774 was a link in a series of mostly victorious wars for Russia in the southwestern direction (Russian-Turkish wars).

Campaign of 1769

The Russian troops were divided into 3 armies: the main one, under the command of Prince Golitsyn (about 65 thousand), gathered near Kyiv; the second army, Rumyantsev (up to 43 thousand), was supposed to protect our southern borders from Tatar invasions and was located near Poltava and Bakhmut; third army, gen. Olitsa (up to 15 thousand) - near Dubna, was appointed to assist the main one.

The offensive of Rumyantsev, who was in a hurry to forestall the Turks in Moldova, was extremely slowed down by the spring thaw, as well as news of the appearance of plague in the Danube principalities, so that he, moving along the left bank of the Prut, only approached the village on June 2. Tsitsora (30 ver. from Iasi) and then came into contact with our Moldavian corps. Meanwhile, the main forces of the 2nd Army crossed the Bug in early June and settled on the Kodyma River; General Berg's detachment is still assigned for expeditions against the Crimea. The actions of the main army in this campaign were brilliant and were marked by victories at Ryabaya Mogila, Larga, and Kagul, where the Turks and Tatars suffered a terrible defeat. In the Battle of Kagul, the army of the Ottoman Empire numbered 150 thousand people. and 150 guns, and Rumyantsev’s detachment has only 27 thousand people. and 118 guns. The fortresses of Izmail and Kilia surrendered to Repnin’s detachment (who replaced the deceased Shtofeln); in November Brailov fell, and by the end of the same month the main army was stationed in quarters in Moldavia and Wallachia.

Actions gr. Panin was also successful: on September 16 he captured Bendery, and on September 28 Akkerman was taken. Almost simultaneously with the Battle of Cahul, the Turks suffered defeat at sea: their fleet, stationed in the bay near the Chesma fortress, was burned by our fire ships. The Russian fleet was commanded by Orlov, Admiral Spiridov and Greig.

The result of the 1770 campaign was:

1. strong Russian occupation of the Danube principalities (the Principality of Moldova and Wallachia),
2. the separation from Turkey of the Budzhak and Edisan hordes, which wandered between the lower reaches of the Dniester and Bug, which in turn influenced the Crimean Tatars.

The replacement of Kaplan-Girey by Selim prepared discord between the Turks and Crimeans, and it was decided to take advantage of this in the next campaign, the main goal of which was the capture of Crimea.

Campaign of 1771

The execution of this enterprise was entrusted to the 2nd Army, the composition of which was strengthened, and the leadership was entrusted to Prince Dolgorukov. Meanwhile, the Sultan, despite enormous difficulties, managed to reorganize his army; significant forces were concentrated in the Danube fortresses, and already in May 1771, Turkish troops began to raid Wallachia and tried to oust Russian troops from there. A number of these attempts, which continued until late autumn, were generally unsuccessful.

Meanwhile, Prince Dolgorukov, who set out on a campaign at the beginning of April, captured Perekop at the end of June, and after that Russian troops occupied Kafa (Feodosia) and Kozlov (Evpatoria). Significant assistance to the main forces was provided by the detachment of Prince Shcherbatov, advancing from Genichesk along the Arabat Spit, and the Azov flotilla, led by Senyavin. All these successes, as well as the weakness of the assistance provided by Turkey to the Tatars, persuaded the latter to conclude an agreement with Prince Dolgoruky, according to which Crimea was declared independent under the auspices of Russia. Then, in addition to the garrisons left in some cities, our troops were withdrawn from the Crimea and settled for the winter in Ukraine.

Meanwhile, the successes of Russian weapons began to greatly alarm our western neighbors: the Austrian minister Kaunitz, through the Prussian king Frederick II (who was also afraid of the strengthening of Russia), offered the empress his mediation to conclude peace with the Sultan; Catherine rejected this offer, saying that she herself had already ordered negotiations to be opened with the Turks. She really wanted to end her quarrel with Turkey due to the worsened relations with Sweden; misunderstandings with Austria and Prussia were settled mainly through the division of Polish possessions. Almost all of 1772. and the beginning of 1773, negotiations with Turkish commissioners took place in Focsani and Bucharest; but since the Porte, incited by the French ambassador, did not agree to recognize the independence of the Crimea, the war resumed in the spring of 1773.

Campaign of 1773

During April and May 1773, the Russian detachments of Weisman, gr. Saltykova and Suvorova made a series of successful searches on the right bank of the Danube, and on June 9 Rumyantsev himself with the main forces crossed the Danube at the village. Gurobala (approx. 30 ver. below Silistria). On June 18, he approached Silistria, captured its advanced fortifications, but for further actions against the fortress he recognized his forces as insufficient, and upon learning of the approach of 30 thousand Numan Pasha’s army, he retreated to Gurobal.

Weisman was sent to meet the Turks who stopped at Kainarzhi, who on June 22 attacked and defeated the enemy, but was himself killed. Despite this victory, Rumyantsev still did not consider himself strong enough for offensive actions and retreated back across the Danube. Then the Turks themselves went on the offensive: at the beginning of July, a strong detachment of them invaded Mal. Wallachia and took Craiova; but the attempts they made (in August and September) against Zhurzhevo and Girsov ended in failure.

The Empress persistently demanded the resumption of decisive offensive actions beyond the Danube; however, due to the late season, Rumyantsev did not recognize this as possible, but limited himself to sending (at the end of September) the detachments of General Ungern and Prince Dolgorukov to the right bank of the Danube to clear the entire Bulgarian territory from the enemy to the Shumla-Varna line. These detachments defeated the Turks at Karasu, but after Ungern's unsuccessful attack on Varna they returned to the left. the coast, where the entire army of Rumyantsev was located in winter quarters; on the right bank only Girsov was occupied by Suvorov’s detachment.

Extremely dissatisfied with the ineffectiveness of the past campaign, Rumyantsev decided, with the onset of spring 1774, to penetrate all the way to the Balkans, despite the fact that his army was very weakened, that he left strong Turkish fortresses in his rear, and that the enemy fleet dominated the Black Sea. To facilitate the actions of Rumyantsev’s army and divert the attention of the Turks, our squadron in the Archipelago was strengthened, and the 2nd Army was assigned to the siege of Ochakov.

The beginning of the war. Battle of Chesma (1770)

By the second half of the 18th century, the times when Europeans associated the name of the Turks with the end of the world were long gone. However, the power of Turkey, or the Ottoman Porte, did not yet seem illusory to Europe. Having lost the sea to the Europeans, the Turks continued to be formidable opponents on land. This was all the more strange since European military art had stepped far forward, and the modus operandi of the Turkish army had hardly changed over the past three centuries. The Turks immediately brought a huge mass of troops into battle. Their first blow was terrible, but if the enemy managed to withstand it, then the battle was usually lost by the Turks. The Turkish troops easily succumbed to panic, and their numerical superiority turned against them, making it difficult to rebuild battle formations and repel the enemy counterattack. The Turks preferred to attack with large concentrations of cavalry. The most combat-ready part of the infantry were regular detachments of Janissaries, formed by forcibly recruiting boys and young men in the Christian parts of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish artillery was not inferior in quality to European artillery, but the Turks lagged behind in the organization of artillery.

Eugene Savoysky was the first to discover successful field battle tactics against the Turks at the beginning of the 18th century. The Austrian generalissimo initially sought to withstand the first onslaught of the Turks, building his troops in huge squares and protecting them with slingshots. If successful on the battlefield, he moved on to the siege of Turkish fortresses.

For a long time, the Russian army could not successfully resist the Turks: the Turkish campaigns during the time of Sophia ended ingloriously, Peter I suffered a disaster on the banks of the Prut. Only Field Marshal Minich, a student of the Prince of Savoy, managed to find the real course of action in the war with them. The Stavuchany victory, the capture of Khotyn, and the occupation of Moldova were original feats and, at that time, brilliant. However, Minich also adhered to purely defensive tactics. The slow movements of troops built in clumsy divisional squares, long sieges of fortresses, as well as the name of a foreigner and intolerable pride prevented Minich from winning decisive victories.

The war declared on Russia by Turkey in 1768 entailed fundamental changes in the actions of the Russian army. The Russians, under the command of Golitsyn and Rumyantsev, spent the first year of the war timidly, trying mainly to prevent a Turkish invasion. But 1770 deafened both the Turks and the Russians with the thunder of unheard-of victories. Rumyantsev's military talent suddenly showed up in full brilliance. He decided to destroy the slingshots, which instilled timidity in the soldiers, and attack the mounted masses of the Turks with small, agile squares. The success of this tactic was stunning. The 38,000-strong Russian army defeated 80,000 Turks at Larga, and then crushed the 150,000-strong army of the Grand Vizier on the Cahul River. The Battle of Cahul became the largest victory of the European army over the Turks in the entire history of their military conflicts.

Rumyantsev reported to Catherine about this victory: “May I be allowed, most gracious empress, to liken the present case to the deeds of the ancient Romans, whom Your Imperial Majesty ordered me to imitate: isn’t this what Your Imperial Majesty’s army now acts when it does not ask how great the enemy is, but only looking for where he is.”

Unfortunately, such glorious victories did not lead to the end of the war. Rumyantsev's military advantages, undoubted in the field of tactics, somehow strangely disappeared when it came to strategy. Here he was still captivated by outdated views. Instead of pursuing the Turks and building on their success, Rumyantsev took up the “proper” siege of Turkish fortresses, scattered his forces and wasted time, allowing the Turks to recover from their defeats. His caution extended to the point that he often did not give precise instructions to his subordinates in order to have an excuse in case of failure. Seeking glory, Rumyantsev feared disgrace, and spent 1771 in indecisive, sluggish actions.

The Empress herself showed much more determination. She developed amazing energy in herself, worked like a real chief of the general staff, went into the details of military preparations, drew up plans and instructions, rushed with all her might to build the Azov flotilla and frigates for the Black Sea, sent her agents to all corners and crannies of the Turkish Empire in search of , where to start a mess, conspiracy or uprising, raised the Imeretian and Georgian kings against the Turks and at every step came up against her unpreparedness for war: having decided to send a naval expedition to the shores of the Morea, she asked her ambassador in London to send her a map of the Mediterranean Sea and the Archipelago; trying to raise Transcaucasia, she was perplexed where Tiflis was located - whether on the Caspian, Black Sea coast or inside the country. Her thoughts were dispelled by the Orlov brothers, who only knew how to decide, and not to think. At one of the first meetings of the council, which gathered on war matters under the chairmanship of the empress, Grigory Orlov proposed sending an expedition to the Mediterranean Sea. A little later, his brother Alexei, who was recovering his treatment in Italy, indicated the direct goal of the expedition: if we go, then go to Constantinople and free all Orthodox from the heavy yoke, and drive the infidel Mohammedans, according to the word of Peter the Great, into the empty and sandy fields and steppes , to their former homes. He himself asked to be the leader of the uprising of Turkish Christians.

It was necessary to have a lot of faith in providence, writes V.O. ironically. Klyuchevsky, in order to send a fleet for such a task, bypassing almost the entire Europe, which Catherine herself four years ago recognized as worthless. And he hastened to justify the review. As soon as the squadron, which sailed from Kronstadt (July 1769) under the command of Spiridov, entered the open sea, one ship of the latest construction turned out to be unfit for further voyage. The Russian ambassadors in Denmark and England, who inspected the passing squadron, were struck by the ignorance of the officers, the lack of good sailors, the many sick people and the despondency of the entire crew.

The squadron moved slowly. Catherine was losing her temper with impatience and asked Spiridov, for God’s sake, not to hesitate, to gather his spiritual strength and not to disgrace her in front of the whole world. Of the 15 large and small ships of the squadron, only 8 reached the Mediterranean Sea. When A. Orlov examined them in Livorno, his hair stood on end and his heart bled: no provisions, no money, no doctors, no knowledgeable officers. With a small detachment, he quickly raised the Morea against the Turks, but was defeated by the Turkish army that arrived in time and abandoned the Greeks to their fate, irritated by the fact that he did not find Themistocles in them. Having united with another Russian squadron that had meanwhile arrived, Orlov chased the Turkish fleet and in the Chios Strait near the Chesma fortress overtook an armada twice as large as the Russians. The daredevil was frightened when he saw “that structure,” and out of desperation he attacked it.

After a four-hour battle, when after the Russian “Eustathius” the Turkish flagship, which it set on fire, took off, the Turks took refuge in Chesme Bay. A day later (June 26, 1770) on a moonlit night, the Russians launched fire ships and by morning the Turkish fleet crowded in the bay was burned. Not long before, Catherine wrote to one of her ambassadors: “If God pleases, you will see miracles.” And, Klyuchevsky notes, a miracle happened: a fleet worse than the Russian one was found in the Archipelago. “If we had not been dealing with the Turks, [we] would all have been easily crushed,” wrote A. Orlov.

The successes of Russian weapons turned France, Austria and Sweden against Russia. Catherine II entered into negotiations with the Sultan, but Türkiye, having fully recovered from the shock, showed intransigence. “If the peace treaty does not preserve the independence of the Tatars [of Crimea], nor shipping on the Black Sea, then it can be truly said that with all the victories, we did not win a penny over the Turks,” Catherine expressed her opinion to the Russian envoy in Constantinople, “I will be the first to say that such a world will be as shameful as Prut and Belgrade in terms of circumstances.”

The year 1772 passed in fruitless negotiations, and in March 1773 hostilities resumed.

Arrival of Suvorov in the army

In the winter of 1772, Suvorov received an order to inspect the Russian-Swedish border “with a note of political circumstances.” As he expected, there was no serious military threat from Sweden. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, he managed to obtain an appointment to the Moldavian army from Catherine II. On April 4, the Military Collegium determined that Major General Suvorov should be sent to the 1st Army, giving him 2 thousand rubles granted by the highest authorities for the journey. Four days later, having received a travel passport, Suvorov left for the Rumyantsev army.

In early May he was already in Iasi. Rumyantsev received him rather coldly, without showing any distinction (envy and arrogance were among Rumyantsev’s unkind qualities) and appointed Suvorov to the corps of Lieutenant General Count Saltykov, located at the Negoeshti Monastery.

Suvorov's arrival in Moldova coincided with the beginning of active operations against the Turks. Back in February, Rumyantsev received orders from the Empress to go beyond the Danube, defeat the vizier and occupy the region to the Balkans. Rumyantsev did not fulfill this order - he had only about 50 thousand people, with whom he had to guard a cordon line 750 miles long, as well as the Wallachian and Moldavian principalities. Meanwhile, the Turkish forces in the Shumla area were growing and had already begun to harass Russian outposts on the Danube.

Battle of Turtukai

Rumyantsev developed a plan for conducting small-scale searches on the right bank of the Danube. The main one - the raid on Turtukai - was entrusted to Suvorov.

The Turtukai fortress covered the crossing of the Danube at the mouth of the Argesh River. The Danube here is not wide, and Turkish patrols often crossed themselves to the Russian shore.

Suvorov immediately found himself in his native, offensive element. He prepared 17 boats to ferry his 600 men. Since the mouth of Arges was under fire from Turkish artillery, he gave the order to secretly deliver the ships on carts. At the same time, he asked Saltykov for infantry for reinforcements.

On the evening of May 7, Suvorov once again inspected the crossing and went to bed at the outposts not far from the shore. Before dawn, he was awakened by gunshots and loud cries of “Alla, Alla!” - this Turkish detachment attacked the Cossacks. Jumping to his feet, Alexander Vasilyevich saw the Turks galloping not far from him. He barely had time to gallop away after the Cossacks.

With the help of infantry, the Turks were driven away. One of the prisoners testified that the Turtukai garrison reached 4 thousand people.

On the morning of May 8, carts with boats and reinforcements arrived. Saltykov sent cavalry. Suvorov is perplexed: why does he need her? Nevertheless, he schedules the crossing on the night of May 9 and sits down to write the disposition: the infantry will cross by boat, the cavalry will cross by swimming; the attack is carried out by two squares, the arrows disturb the enemy, the reserve does not reinforce unnecessarily; repulse Turkish raids offensively; the details depend on the circumstances and the skill of the commanders; Burn and destroy Turtukai; from each corporal allocate four people to take the loot, the rest should not be distracted by robbery; to spare wives, children and ordinary people very much, not to touch mosques and clergy, so that the enemy would spare Christian churches; God help you!

Suvorov is worried about the lack of infantry in his detachment. He writes several notes one after another to Saltykov, where he persistently repeats: “Alas, there are few infantry; the carabinieri is extraordinary, but what should they do on the other side?”; “It still seems to me that there are not enough infantry, and hardly more than 500.” In the last note, he assures Saltykov that “everything will be fine, as [if] God favors” and adds: “And there seems to be little infantry.” Suvorov needs a resounding success, so he does not want to rely on one surprise. The notes reflect not wavering will, but the mature deliberation of his actions.

In the evening, Alexander Vasilyevich once again drove around the shore and placed the battery himself.

As night fell, the Russians began crossing. The Turks opened fire, but in the darkness they were unable to do much damage. The Russians lined up in a square and charged with bayonets. The attack was carried out hotly, the officers were the first to attack the enemy batteries. The excitement was so great that no prisoners were taken. Suvorov was in one of the squares. An exploding Turkish cannon wounded him in the right leg and side, and he, bleeding, was forced to fight off the oncoming Janissary. Help arrived in time and repulsed him. Three Turkish camps near the city and Turtukai itself were taken quickly, and at four o’clock in the morning it was all over. The city was mined and blown up, 700 local Christians were transported to the Russian shore. Turkish losses reached 1,500 people; The Russians wounded about 200, there were few killed, mostly those who drowned during the crossing.

Even before dawn, while his leg and side were being bandaged, Suvorov sent short notes to Saltykov and Rumyantsev informing them of their success. “Your Excellency, we won,” he wrote to Saltykov, “glory to God, glory to you.” He apparently liked the second part of the phrase because of its rhythm, and in a note to Rumyantsev he joked:

Glory to God, glory to you,
Turtukai has been taken and I am there.

Returning to his shore, Suvorov built a square and served a prayer service. The soldiers generously provided the priests with looted gold and silver.

On the same day, having rested, Alexander Vasilyevich began to write a detailed report to Saltykov. In it, he firmly defines the price of victory: “Everyone here rejoiced greatly... Truly yesterday we were veni, vade, vince (distorted “veni, vidi, vici: “I came, I saw, I conquered.” - S.Ts.), and I'm so first-timer. I will continue to serve Your Excellency; I am a simple-minded person. Just, father, let’s quickly get the second class (that is, the Order of St. George, II degree. - Author).” Two days later, he repeats in the same naive tone: “Do not abandon, Your Excellency, my dear comrades, and for God’s sake do not forget me. It seems that I really deserved the St. George second class; No matter how cold I am towards myself, it seems to me that way too. My chest and broken side hurt a lot, my head seemed to be swollen; forgive me for going to Bucharest for a day or two to take a steam bath..."

Suvorov's victory looked even more impressive against the backdrop of the failure of the other searches, in one of which the Turks killed 200 Russian soldiers and officers and captured Prince Repnin. Alexander Vasilyevich received the reward he asked for.

A period of inaction ensued, and the Turks restored the fortifications of Turtukai. Suvorov was powerless to do anything against this and dispelled his melancholy by zealously preparing his troops. Unfortunately, before he had time to recover from his wound, he fell ill with local fever. Severe paroxysms were repeated every other day, and on June 4 Suvorov requested to go to Bucharest for treatment. But the next day he received an order from Rumyantsev for a new search on Turtukai. Alexander Vasilyevich immediately felt better, which he immediately reported to Saltykov, hoping to take charge of the matter. However, on June 7, a sharp exacerbation of the disease occurred, and Suvorov was forced to entrust the command of the operation to Prince Meshchersky. Still, Alexander Vasilyevich personally drew up a “good disposition” and scheduled a search on the night of June 8, trusting that his replacement officers would repeat his dashing raid a month ago. Imagine his indignation when he learned that the search had failed: the Russians caught the Turks on their guard and returned. Enraged, Suvorov left for Bucharest without speaking to anyone. On the same day, he wrote a letter of justification to Saltykov: everything was ready - both the flotilla and the disposition, “it’s disgusting to talk about the rest; Your Excellency will guess for yourself, but let it be between us; I’m a stranger, I don’t want to make enemies for myself here.” The vagueness of expressions in the official report is due to the fact that one of the main culprits of the failure - Colonel Baturin - was friendly with Suvorov, which forced Alexander Vasilyevich to restrain his expressions. But in a private letter the next day, Suvorov gives vent to his feelings: “G.B. [Baturin] is the reason for everything; everyone was scared. Could there be such a colonel in the Russian army? Isn't it better to be a governor, or even a senator? What a shame! Everyone was afraid, their faces were not the same. For God's sake, Your Excellency, burn the letter. Again, I remind you that I don’t want [myself] an enemy here and would rather give up everything than wish to have one... My God, when I think about what meanness this is, my veins are torn!”

Suvorov suffers from a fever, from shame for his subordinates and from fears that the need for a search may pass. On June 14, half ill, he returns to Negoesti and schedules a new attack on the night of the 17th. The disposition is the same, but, given the previous failure, Suvorov orders “the rear ones to be pushed very much onto the front ones.”

This time, about 2,500 people crossed to the Turkish coast. The battle was stubborn and lasted four hours. Almost all Russian officers were wounded. Baturin's two columns again almost ruined the whole thing by not supporting the attack in time. However, the rest of the troops performed well, even the new recruits. Suvorov himself, due to another attack of fever, walked leaning on two Cossacks, and spoke so quietly that he kept an officer next to him, repeating his orders. The victory gave him strength, and at the end of the battle, Alexander Vasilyevich mounted his horse.

Turtukai was destroyed for the second time. This time, the crossing of the Danube by other Russian detachments was also successful. Rumyantsev besieged Silistria. Suvorov did not send his detachment with a flotilla to reinforce Saltykov, but asked to return to Negoesti: “Order, your Excellency, that I with all my group turn to Negoesti; it is not great... Believe me, your Excellency is of no great use to us, and even more so to me, I need to recover; If consumption comes, I won’t be fit for purpose.” Apparently he was on the verge of exhaustion. Saltykov allowed not to take part in the offensive, especially since soon the Russian troops that had crossed to the Turkish coast again began to gather at the crossings. Rumyantsev did not have enough strength for a wide offensive. General Weissman was tasked with covering the retreat. On June 22, at Kuchuk-Kainardzhi, Weisman's 5,000-strong detachment inflicted a complete defeat on the 20,000-strong Turkish army. Weisman himself, standing in the front rank of the square, received a mortal wound in the chest. As he fell, he only managed to say: “Don’t tell people.” Weisman was one of the most capable generals of the Russian army and a favorite of the soldiers. Their rage at the loss of their beloved commander exceeded all measure: the Russians not only did not take prisoners in this battle, but also killed those who had already surrendered before Weisman’s death. Weisman's military talent was of the same kind as Suvorov's, and Alexander Vasilyevich, not being personally acquainted with Weisman, felt this very well. His grief was sincere. “So I was left alone,” he wrote, having received confirmation of the death of the young general.

By early August, balance at the front had been restored.

Weisman's death forced Rumyantsev to take a closer look at Suvorov. The commander-in-chief decided to remove Alexander Vasilyevich from direct subordination to Saltykov and give him the opportunity to act independently. This marked the beginning of a long-term friendship between the two commanders, which lasted until Rumyantsev’s death. Both of them, by the way, were very hostile towards possible rivals in military glory, and did not tarnish their relationship with either intrigue or envious squabbles.

Suvorov's release from Saltykov's command had another reason. Their relationship seemed good only in appearance, but in reality it was very strained. The inactive nature of the chief provoked open ridicule from Suvorov, who, with the air of a simpleton, compared the three generals - Kamensky, Saltykov and himself: “Kamensky knows military affairs, but it does not know him; Suvorov does not know military affairs, but it knows it, and Saltykov is neither familiar with military affairs, nor is he himself known to him.” Saltykov himself was glad to get rid of the subordinate with whom he was stabbed in the eyes. So, Kamensky shrugged his shoulders with an innocent look: “I don’t know which of the two of them is the boss in Negoesti.”

Suvorov was unable to leave immediately upon Rumyantsev’s call - he slipped on the wet stairs of the Negoesti Monastery and, falling on his back, was badly injured. He could barely breathe and was taken to Bucharest, where he spent two weeks.

Battle of Girsovo

Upon Suvorov’s recovery, Rumyantsev entrusted him with a very important task: a search in the Girsovo area - the only point on the other side of the Danube that was held by the Russians and which had already been attacked by the Turks twice. Rumyantsev did not embarrass Suvorov with detailed instructions, and reported to Catherine II: “I entrusted the important Girs post to Suvorov, who confirmed his readiness and ability for any task.” Generals Ungarn and Miloradovich were ordered to support Suvorov.

Suvorov did not have to look for the Turks. On the night of September 3, he was informed that Turkish cavalry had appeared 20 versts from Girsov. The Cossacks received orders to lure her closer under the fire of Russian redoubts. Suvorov observed the actions of the Turks from the forward trench (auxiliary field fortification, a 4-corner trench with bastions at the corners). The Turkish cavalry indeed at first chaotically pursued the Cossacks, but when the latter cleared the field, the Janissaries sitting behind the horsemen dismounted, unexpectedly lined up in three rows in the European style and moved forward. Suvorov realized that the Turks were demonstrating the lessons learned from the French officers; he pointed out their maneuvers to his subordinates and laughed heartily.

The Russian cannons were camouflaged in the bastions, so Suvorov did not order the artillerymen to reveal themselves until the last minute. The Turks had already approached the forward redoubt, and still no one responded to their shooting. They calmly surrounded the trench from all sides and suddenly attacked it so quickly that Suvorov barely had time to move inside the fortification. Grapeshot volleys cut off their first ranks and threw them into confusion. The grenadiers struck from the trench with bayonets, on the other side Miloradovich’s brigade was pressing on the Turks.

For some time the Turks held out very stubbornly, but then fled in disorder. The hussars and Cossacks pursued them for 30 miles until the horses were exhausted.

The Girsovo affair cost the 10,000-strong Turkish detachment 1,500 killed; Russian losses amounted to 200 soldiers and officers. The battle ended the 1773 campaign.

Beginning of the 1774 campaign

In February 1774, Suvorov received a rescript from Catherine II regarding promotion to lieutenant general. The limits of his independence have expanded even wider, and Rumyantsev entrusts him with joint actions with Lieutenant General Kamensky on the other side of the Danube. Repnin's division had to go to his aid at the first request of Alexander Vasilyevich. Rumyantsev allowed Suvorov and Kamensky to act at their discretion, without directly subordinating one to the other.

The Turks were also preparing for active action. Sultan Abdul-Hamid, who ascended the throne in place of his recently deceased brother, although he preferred to spend time in harem pleasures, called on the faithful to crush the infidels and ordered the Grand Vizier to go on the offensive.

The 1774 campaign opened in May. On the 28th, Kamensky moved to Bazardzhik. Suvorov was supposed to cover his movement, but due to the delay of replenishment, he was able to set out only on May 30. To make up for time, he moved not along the agreed road, but along the shortest one, which turned out to be extremely bad. At the same time, hoping to quickly reach the designated point, Suvorov did not warn Kamensky about changing his route. Kamensky was amazed when he lost sight of Suvorov’s troops and immediately reported to Rumyantsev, but he answered evasively that Kamensky himself had the ability to force Suvorov to obey. Rumyantsev was disingenuous: Kamensky did not have such an opportunity precisely because of the strange softness of the commander-in-chief, who allowed dual command in this operation; Suvorov, condemning dual command as a harmful thing in general, in this case willingly took advantage of this circumstance.

On June 2, Kamensky, after a successful business, occupied Bazardzhik and stopped there, awaiting Suvorov’s approach. Without waiting, on May 9 he moved to the village of Yushenli to attack Shumla. Only here Kamensky received news of Suvorov’s approach, thus remaining in uncertainty for 10 days.

During these movements, the vizier, not yet knowing about the Russian offensive, ordered Effendi Abdul-Razak and the Janissary Agha with 40 thousand people to go to Girsa. The Turks set out from Shumla to Kozludzhi on the day Kamensky left Bazardzhik.

Battle of Kozludzhi

On June 9, Turks and Russians from different sides entered the forest in the Kozludzha area and began to approach each other, unaware of each other. Suvorov, having connected with Kamensky, postponed explanations until another time and immediately went on reconnaissance. On the way, he learned about the Cossack attack on Turkish outposts. The Cossacks were driven away, but took several prisoners. Suvorov reinforced the Cossacks with cavalry, and he himself followed them with infantry. We had to walk along narrow paths, in complete uncertainty regarding the enemy’s location. Suddenly, from behind the trees and bushes, cavalry appeared, driven forward by the Albanians. The horsemen crashed into the Russian infantry and confused its formations; panic began and turned into flight. The Albanians, in order to increase the horror among the Russians, cut off the heads of prisoners before their eyes. Suvorov could not do anything, and he himself barely escaped from the spagi who attacked him (cavalry units recruited by the Turks from the inhabitants of North Africa). “In this battle,” he said, “I was captured and pursued by the Turks for a very long time. Knowing the Turkish language, I myself heard their agreement among themselves not to shoot at me or chop me down, but to try to take me alive: they found out that it was me. With this intention, they overtook me several times so close that they almost grabbed my jacket with their hands; but at each of their attacks my horse rushed forward like an arrow, and the Turks chasing me suddenly fell behind by several fathoms. That’s how I was saved!”

The brigade of Prince Mochebelov arrived in time and drove off the Albanians. Suvorov again led the troops forward. There was terrible stuffiness in the forest. Suvorov's troops arrived at Kozludzhi after a tiring night march, the horses were not watered, many soldiers fell dead from heatstroke and exhaustion.

Thus, Suvorov walked 9 miles, fighting off the Turks from time to time, and finally emerged from the forest. At that moment, as if taking pity on the Russians, a downpour poured in, refreshing the exhausted people and horses. The rain seriously damaged the Turks, wetting their long clothes and, most importantly, the cartridges and gunpowder that the Turks kept in their pockets.

8 thousand Russians came out of the forest into the clearing, without artillery.

The Turkish army, formed on the heights in front of the camp, opened fire. Suvorov quickly formed troops in a square in two lines and sent rangers forward. The Turks repulsed them and attacked the square several times, frustrating some of them, but the Russians, reinforced by a second line, continued to move forward.

The Turks gradually converged on the camp, the approach to which was covered by a ravine. Suvorov placed 10 guns that had arrived in front of the camp and, after a short bombardment, attacked with cavalry in front. Russian fire and the sight of Cossack lava with peaks at the ready filled the Turks with horror. There was complete chaos in the camp, the Janissaries cut off the tracks of the artillery horses and shot at their riders in order to get a horse for themselves. Several shots were even fired at Abdul Razaq, who was trying to stop the fugitives.

Battle of Kozludzhi June 9, 1774 Engraving of Buddeus from a drawing by Schubert. 1795

By sunset, the camp with trophies was in the hands of Suvorov. The pursuit of the Turks continued until night. Thus, Suvorov’s soldiers spent the whole day on the march, under fire and in hand-to-hand combat; Suvorov himself did not get off his horse all this time.

Official documents about the battle of Kozludzhi are confusing and contradictory, including those coming from Suvorov himself. In his autobiography, he gives a somewhat comical explanation for this: “I am not responsible for the report, below [as well as] for my report, due to the weakness of my health.” But his state of health, as we have seen, allowed Suvorov to endure the terrible strain of his strength; the paper confusion was caused by the fact that the battle was a complete improvisation on both sides, was entirely determined by the “tactics of circumstances,” was accompanied by incredible turmoil, and was completely not coordinated with Kamensky. In addition, Suvorov did not want to admit that he was on the verge of defeat several times, and only his usual determination helped correct the situation. Fortunately, this time nothing was damaged from the clash between Suvorov and Kamensky except the service-hierarchical principle. Kamensky managed to swallow the insult in silence and, in his report to Rumyantsev, praised the actions of everyone, and Suvorov in particular. But from now on they began to treat each other with hostility, which grew over the years. The strength of this enmity can be judged by the fact that in 1799, Kamensky’s son, having fallen under the command of Suvorov in Italy, doubted a good reception, however, in vain.

Kuchuk-Kainardzhi world

This stupid victory also had stupid consequences. At the military council, it was decided to wait for food to be delivered and not go to Shumla until then. This was all the more surprising since the vizier in Shumla after the battle at Kozludzha had only about a thousand people. Suvorov and Kamensky spent six days inactive. Rumyantsev was dissatisfied: “It’s not days and hours, but moments in this state of the road.” In 1792, Alexander Vasilyevich, recalling this episode, made excuses: “Kamensky prevented me from moving the theater of war through Shumla to the Balkans.” Suvorov himself had few troops, and they were exhausted. Obviously, Kamensky not only did not want to follow him, but also demanded obedience, and Suvorov, apparently feeling guilty for his past “amateur action,” did not insist. They could no longer be together. Rumyantsev again subordinated Suvorov to Saltykov, and he left for Bucharest.

The battle of Kozludzhi was the last in this war. Türkiye entered into negotiations with Russia, which Rumyantsev conducted quite well. On July 10, the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty was concluded. Russia received Kinburn, Azov, Kerch, free navigation in the Black Sea and 4.5 million rubles in indemnity. The independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed, which significantly weakened Turkey’s position in the Northern Black Sea region.


Map of the Russian Empire indicating territorial acquisitions under the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty (highlighted in red).

Question to point I No. 1. Name the reasons for the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.

The unresolved problem of Russia's access to the Black Sea;

Significant strengthening of Russia since the beginning of the century;

Significant weakening of the Ottoman Empire;

The dreams of many Russian statesmen are to raise an uprising of the Orthodox of Greece and the Balkan countries, and maybe even recapture Constantinople (Istanbul) and make the Hagia Sophia (converted into the Aya Sophia Mosque) an Orthodox church again.

Question to point I No. 2. On the map (p. 188) show the directions of the campaigns, the places of the main battles, as well as the territories ceded to Russia under the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty of 1774.

Russian armies operated in the Northern Black Sea region, in the Kuban, as well as in the Danube lands. It was in the last theater that the main land battles of the war took place - near the Larga and Cahul rivers. Also, a squadron of the Baltic Fleet operated in the Aegean Sea. It was she who was supposed to raise the Greeks to revolt and help them. She won two naval victories - in the Chios Strait and in Chesme Bay.

According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhisky peace of Russia, the lands between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug were ceded. The Ottoman Empire also committed itself not to help the Crimean Khanate, which made its annexation into the Russian Empire only a matter of time (it was annexed in 1783).

Question to point I No. 3. List the main consequences of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 for the socio-economic and political development of Russia.

Consequences.

Nine years after the end of this war, Russia conquered the Crimean Khanate, which had been bothering it with raids for three centuries. The empire became calmer.

Russia received the so-called Wild Field - the lands of Southern Ukraine are very fertile, but almost uninhabited due to the constant raids of the Crimean Tatars. Peasants from other areas began to move there, which changed the demographic situation in this area.

A number of cities were founded on the new lands, which influenced the rest of Russia because it allowed for the expansion of trade.

To settle new lands, Catherine II invited settlers from the German principalities in large numbers.

Getting rid of the threat of the Crimean Tatars made it possible to get rid of the Zaporozhye Sich, that is, in political terms, another center of freemen was destroyed.

Impressed by the successes of Russia, Georgia in 1783 recognized vassal dependence on it.

Question to point II No. 1. On the map (p. 189) show the directions of the campaigns, the places of the main battles, as well as the territories ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Jassy in 1791.

At the mouth of the Dnieper, a victory was won over the Turkish landing force on the Kinburn Spit, and they also managed to take Ochakov.

In the Danube basin, the battles of Focsani and the Rymnik River were won, and the strongest fortress of Izmail was taken.

On the Black Sea, the Russian fleet won victories at Kaliakria and off the island of Tendra.

According to the Treaty of Yassy, ​​Russia confirmed its rights to the Crimean Peninsula, and also received lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester.

Question to point II No. 2. What significance did this victory have for the Russian Empire and why did it become possible?

Success in the war became possible thanks to the military reform of G.A. Potemkin, and also because the Ottoman Empire was unable to accumulate enough forces for revenge.

Thanks to this victory, Russia finally secured access to the Black Sea and the Crimean Peninsula.

Question to point III No. 1. On the map (p. 195) show the territories that were transferred to Russia as a result of the three divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Russia received the territories of modern Lithuania, Belarus and most of Ukraine. She gathered under her rule all the lands of the Old Russian state, with the exception of Galicia, thus practically fulfilling the task that she had set for herself back in the 15th century.

Question to point III No. 2. How did the sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth affect the international position of the Russian Empire and the situation in Europe?

The divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created a common border between Russia and Prussia, as well as Austria. At the same time, the partitions rather weakened Russia’s position in Europe, because since the time of Peter I, St. Petersburg actually controlled the entire Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and in the end received only part of it. The partitions further strengthened the alliance between Russia and Austria, but did not affect the situation in Europe as a whole much - Warsaw has not played any significant role there for a long time.

Question for paragraph No. 1. Using the map (p. 195), describe the western and southern borders of the Russian Empire, established under Catherine II. How did the new line of the state border characterize the results of the empress’s foreign policy and Russia’s position on the map of Europe and the world?

Under Catherine II, the western borders moved towards the Western Bug - this shows the results of the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The southern border ran along the Dniester and the Black Sea coast - this was the result of the most successful foreign policy - towards Turkey. It was this southern border that made it possible to build the Black Sea Fleet.

Question for paragraph No. 2. Using the textbook materials and additional sources, make a table “Russian-Turkish wars in the second half of the 18th century.” Summarize their results for Russia and Turkey.

Question for paragraph No. 3. Using additional sources, prepare a report about one of the outstanding Russian commanders and naval commanders of the second half of the 18th century.

Samuel Greig was born in 1735 into the family of a Scottish merchant captain. He began sailing on his father's ships, at the age of 15 he entered service in the Royal Navy of Great Britain, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant. He performed well during the Seven Years' War, but it was difficult to advance without high patrons.

Initially, he was sent to Russia by his own government - St. Petersburg asked London to provide several military officers for its fleet. In Russia, Greig, who began to be called Samuil Karlovich, soon rose to the rank of captain 1st rank (the highest naval rank before admiral). Subsequently, Greig also received the rank of admiral.

Greig commanded part of the Baltic squadron that fought during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 in the Aegean Sea. In the Battle of Chios, he led the center of the battle line. During the campaign, the Scot continued to rise in service and in the Battle of Chesma the entire fleet was subordinate to him. It was Greig who owned this great victory, because the formal commander Alexey Orlov did not know maritime affairs.

After the victory over the Turks, Samuil Karlovich was appointed governor of the Kronstadt port. In this position, he strengthened the Baltic Fleet, which he later headed.

The admiral had to command the Baltic Fleet during the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-1790. The war began with the Battle of Hogland, which ended in Russian victory.

Immediately after this victory, the admiral became infected with typhoid fever, which was rampant in the fleet, and after several days of illness, he died on board the ship. His son Alexey Samuilovich also joined the navy and also rose to the rank of admiral.